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Premise selection is an efficient method to address the performance degradation of automated theorem provers when facing large-scale problems. Currently, the mainstream graph neural networks for premise selection in first-order logic ignore the node order information inside logic formula graphs. To solve the above problem, an order-preserving method for higher-order logical formulas is extended to first-order logic, and a treelet-based graph neural network model is proposed. The model aggregates the information of neighbor nodes in two parts: One part aggregates parent and child node information of the central node, the other part aggregates the order information of the central node. Experimental analysis shows that, compared with the optimal mainstream graph neural network model, the treelet-based graph neural network model improves the classification accuracy by about 2% in the premise selection task.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rumen bacteria can play an important role in the fatty acid deposition in the skeletal muscle of lambs. This study aims to explore the effects of arginine on carcass traits, meat quality, and rumen bacterial composition of lambs. The relationship between rumen bacteria and fatty acid deposition was also determined using metagenomic and gas chromatographs. Among them, metagenomic technology was used to analyze the changes in rumen bacteria after arginine supplementation in lambs. The gas chromatograph was to identify the fatty acid profile in the sheep muscle. The correlation between ruminal bacteria and muscle fatty acids was established after the experiment. Sixteen healthy lambs (three months old) with similar body weight were randomly divided into the control group (basal diet) and the arginine group (basal diet + 1% arginine). The feeding trial lasted for 90 days. The carcass traits were determined to calculate the related indexes after slaughter. Rumen contents were frozen and stored in liquid nitrogen at -80 ℃ for metagenomic analysis of rumen bacteria and volatile fatty acids. Samples were collected from the left longissimus dorsi muscle of the carcass, one part of which was used to determine meat quality, and another part was stored at -20 ℃ for the fatty acid composition. The results showed that there was a significant decrease in the backfat thickness of lambs in arginine (P<0.05), the lightness (L*), yellow (b*), and shear force of longissimus dorsi muscle (P<0.05), whereas, the redness (a*) value significantly increased (P<0.05), compared with the control group. Dietary arginine supplementation improved the color and tenderness of meat, indicating a positive effect on meat quality. The contents of pentadecanoic acid, heptadecanoic acid, and heptadecenoic acid in the arginine group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). By contrast, the contents of tetracosenoic acid, α-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in the arginine group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P<0.05). The n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio in the arginine group decreased significantly (P<0.05). As such, the arginine enhanced the nutritional value of mutton more conducive to human health. Metagenomic analysis showed that the supplementation with arginine significantly increased the abundance of Clostridium, Selenomona, Ruminococcus, and Treponema in rumen (P<0.05). The abundance of Butyrivibrio, Parabacteroides, Succiniclasticum, Methanobrevibacter, and Butyrivibrio proteoclasticus decreased significantly (P<0.05). In addition, the content of butyric acid increased significantly (P<0.05) in the rumen of the arginine group. Dietary supplementation with arginine relatively affected the rumen bacterial community of lambs for the composition of bacterial metabolites. Arginine supplementation promoted the fermentation and degradation of rumen cellulose in lambs. Some key bacteria were significantly correlated with the fatty acid composition, among which Butyrivibrio shared a significant negative correlation with n-3 PUFA (P<0.05), while a significant positive correlation with the saturated fatty acids (P<0.05). Therefore, the rumen bacteria greatly contributed to the hydrogenation of fatty acids. In short, the abundance of hydrogenating bacteria was dominated in the presence of biohydrogenation, leading to the deposition of fatty acids in muscle. In addition, the correlation analysis between fatty acids and meat quality found that the content of fatty acids had a greater impact on the meat color and pH value. In summary, the arginine reduced the abundance of hydrogenating bacteria in the rumen and the occurrence of hydrogenation, thus promoting the deposition of beneficial fatty acids in meat for the high meat quality of lambs. These findings can also provide new nutritional intervention strategies for the high quality of mutton. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Management level and user benefits have greatly contributed to agricultural machinery in recent years. The operational efficiency of agricultural machinery was commonly used to evaluate the utilization rate, operator driving ability, and management efficiency of agricultural machinery. However, the current operational efficiency of agricultural machinery cannot fully represent the overall operational efficiency of agricultural machinery. For example, although the low-power agricultural machinery has low operational efficiency, the generated benefits are not lower than that of high-power agricultural machinery, if the operating time is saturated. In addition, the quality of agricultural machinery operation can seriously affect operational efficiency. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the key influencing factors on the efficiency of agricultural machinery operations. In this study, a comprehensive and comprehensive evaluation was conducted on agricultural machinery operations. The operational efficiency was then evaluated on each agricultural machine using influencing factors. The daily operational information of each machine was taken as a piece of data on that day. The operation status of operators and agricultural machinery were checked to identify the influencing factors on the efficiency of operations, in order to improve the management level and revenue of agricultural machinery. The data was collected from the 32000 deep loosening operations of agricultural machinery. The results show that the main influencing factors on the daily operation efficiency of agricultural machinery were directly obtained, including the daily operation area, fuel consumption, operation quality, repeated operation rate, missed operation rate, and the proportion of effective operation time. The BP_Adaboost neural network (NN) training model was used to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural machinery operation. Manually grading was replaced to avoid the large workload and extremely low efficiency from the subjective factors, inconsistent standards, and labeling errors, due to the large number of agricultural machinery and the large amount of homework data. A comparison was made on the training model and manual grading to predict the remaining data. Manual scoring standards were effectively used to establish the predictive models. A small number of samples were selected to predict the operational efficiency of agricultural machinery. The low accuracy was obtained in the training model if there were too few labeled samples. If the additional labeled samples were added, manual grading was less labor-saving. Semi-supervised BP_Adaboost was utilized to evaluate the efficiency of agricultural machinery operations, where manually scoring some data was marked the daily efficiency. One part was used as training samples, whereas, another part was used as testing samples. The BP_Adaboost was then used to reduce the manual labeling of training samples for the high accuracy of the training model, where the remaining unrated data was predicted after training the model. 1 000 samples were selected from 32 000 deep loosening operation data for labeling, of which 500 were used as training samples and 500 were used as testing samples. The highest prediction accuracy was achieved in the semisupervised method for the selected experimental data when the probability threshold was 97%. If the threshold was too large, there was only a limited increase in samples; If the sample was too small, misclassified samples led to low accuracy. Therefore, there was a significant impact on the sample selection and termination in semi-supervised methods. The prediction accuracies were achieved in 93.36% and 97.03%, respectively, using the BP_Adaboost, and semi-supervised BP_Adaboost with training samples. Statistical analysis was conducted on 32 000 agricultural machinery operation data from the experiment. The effectiveness of the improved model was obtained by combining the partial power agricultural machinery with different-width machines. The operation efficiency varied greatly in the power agricultural machinery when paired with different width machines. The optimal combination of agricultural machinery was recommended to enhance the operational capabilities, according to the operational efficiency. The accuracy of the improved model was higher than that of using the BP_Adaboost alone, depending largely on the selection of the probability threshold. The generalization and standards can be expected for the different datasets and the optimal thresholds. A more reasonable probability threshold can be selected to assign different weights to various indicators for the better performance of the improved model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effect of lonicerin on septic liver injury in rats based on the high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1)/Toll-l-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Methods: 60 male SD rats were divided into model group, control group, positive control group (dexamethasone 10 mg/kg), lonicerin low dose (7.5 mg/kg), lonicerin middle dose (15 mg/kg), lonicerin high dose (30 mg/kg) groups, each group had 10 rats. The cecal ligation and puncture method was used to establish a rat sepsis model. After the experiment, the rats were anesthetized and blood was collected to prepare serum, and the superoxide Dismutase(SOD) activity and the contents of malondialdehyde(MDA), interleukin-6(IL-6), tumor necrosis factor α(TNF-α), interleukin-10(IL-10) in the serum were detected. The liver tissues were separated and weighed, the liver index was calculated, one part was used for HE staining to observe the pathological changes of liver tissue, and the other part was used to prepare tissue homogenate to detect the activities of liver function indexes alanine transaminase(ALT), aspartate Transaminase(AST) and the protein expression of HMGB1,TLR4 and NF-κB in the tissue. Results: Compared with the control group, the serum MDA, TNF-α, IL-6 contents, liver index, and liver tissue AST, ALT activity, HMGB1, TLR4 and NF-κB protein expression were increased significantly in the model group(P<0.05), the SOD activity and IL-10 content decreased significantly (P<0.05). Obvious lesions appeared in liver tissue, hepatocytes were edema and degeneration, and a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrated. Compared with the model group, the serum MDA, TNF-α, IL-6 contents, liver index, and liver tissue AST, ALT activity, HMGB1, TLR4, and NF-κB protein expression in the positive control group and the lonicerin each dose groups decreased significantly(P<0.05), the SOD activity and IL-10 content increased significantly (P<0.05). The lesions and edema were still seen in the lonicerin low and middle dose groups, but the lesions were alleviated. The liver cell structure of the positive control group and the lonicerin high dose group tended to be normal, and no lesions were found. Compared with the positive control group, the serum MDA, TNF-α, IL-6 contents, liver index, and liver tissue AST, ALT activity, HMGB1, TLR4, and NF-κB protein expression in the lonicerin low and middle dose groups increased significantly (P<0.05), the SOD activity and IL-10 content reduced significantly(P<0.05). There were no significant differences in the above indicators in the lonicerin high dose group (P>0.05). Conclusion: Lonicerin can down-regulate the HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathway, reduce inflammation reaction and oxidative stress, improve liver function, and play a protective effect on septic liver injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To evaluate the effects of semen storage temperature and storage duration on mitochondrial membrane potential(MMP). Methods Thirty semen samples from healthy men were collected, and divided into 14 parts respectively, one part was immediately determined (within 1 h), two parts were stored at 4 T;, four parts were stored at room temperature, four parts were stored at 37 T, and three parts were immediately frozen at 一 80 戏.Semen stored at room temperature and 37 七 for 2, 4, 8, 24 h, refrigerated at 4 for 1, 3 d, and frozen at -80 for 1, 3, 7 d, respectively. Sperm mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was analyzed immediately after the storage time was reached. Results At room temperature and 37 兀,speim MMP decreased gradually with the extension of storage time. Compared with the real-time measurement, the MMP of sperm stored for 8, 24 h was significantly decreased (PvO.Ol). At 4, -80, the MMP of sperm stored for 1, 3, 7 d decreased significantly (P <0・ 01)・ Conclusion Storage conditions and storage time of semen in vitro are the important factors affecting mitochondrial fimction of sperm. At room temperature and 37 °C, semen analysis should be completed within 4 hours, and internal quality control before analysis is crucial to MMP test. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of dietary probiotic supplementation on protein synthesis and flavor compounds in lambs. Two experimental groups were randomly allotted for the 18 three-month-old crossbred ewes of Dorper × Small-Tailed Han sheep. The control group was fed a basic diet, and the probiotic group was supplemented with Clostridium butyricum at 5 g/head on the basis of the control diet (the viable number of Clostridium butyricum was 5.0×108 CFU/g). The pre-feeding was set as 7 days, and the feeding period lasted for 90 days. After that, the selected lambs were transported into the abattoir for slaughter, where the longissimus dorsi muscle was immediately dissected and weighed after slaughter. One part of the muscle samples were stored at -80 ℃ for the determination of enzyme activity and gene expression that related to protein synthesis, and another part was stored at -20 ℃ for the determination of flavor substances. Muscle weight, flavor substances, muscle fiber morphology, enzyme activities, and the expression of protein synthesis genes were determined by gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and real-time fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The results demonstrated that compared with the control group, the weight of longissimus dorsi muscle in the probiotic group increased significantly (P<0.05), while the diameter and cross-sectional area of muscle fibers increased significantly (P<0.01), indicating that the probiotics were enhanced the muscle weight of lambs. The activity of branched chain aminotransferase (BCAT) and branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) significantly increased in the muscle of the probiotic group (P<0.05), indicating that the dietary supplementation with probiotics accelerated greatly the metabolism of branched-chain amino acids in lambs. The gene expressions of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), protein kinase B (Akt1), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), p70 ribosomal proteinS6 kinase (p70S6K), and eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 (4EBP1) in the probiotics group were higher than those in the control group (P<0.05), whereas, the gene expressions of forkhead box protein o3 (FoxO3) and muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx) were significantly lower than those in the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the muscle ring-finger protein-1 (MuRF1) gene expression between the two groups (P>0.05). It was confirmed that the probiotics promoted protein synthesis, but inhibited the protein degradation of lambs, when increasing the gene expressions of Akt1, mTOR and p70S6K, and reducing the gene expressions of FoxO3 and MAFbx via the Akt signaling pathway. There was some influence of dietary probiotic supplementation on the composition and relative contents of flavor compounds in lambs. Compared with the control group, the content of hexanal, heptanal, nonanal, and decanal were significantly reduced in the probiotic group (P<0.05), whereas, the content of 1-octanol and 1-octen-3-ol increased significantly (P<0.05). Octanal, nonanal, (E)-2-nonenal, decanal, (E)-2-decenal, dodecanal, 1-octen-3-ol, and phenol greatly contributed to the formation of lamb flavor in the probiotic group, imparting fruit-like, onion-like, sweet, mushroom, grassy and rose-like flavors. Correlation analysis showed that there was a correlation between the critical flavor substances and protein synthesis-related indicators, in which the gene expression of IGF-1 was significantly negatively correlated with the (E)-2-nonenal, decanal and (E)-2-decenal (P<0.05), while positively correlated with the 1-octen-3-ol (P<0.05). The gene expression of Akt1 was negatively correlated with the (E)-2-nonenal (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of probiotics into the diet can be expected to improve the protein synthesis level of lambs through the Akt signaling pathway, which in turn affected the flavor of lamb. The finding can also provide a theoretical basis and reference to regulate the quality of lamb via the diet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effects of high-energy [ Objectives ] The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effects of high energy diet on the expression of cell proliferation,energy metabolism and lipid metabolism related genes in the liver of Hu sheep. [ Methods ] Thirty-six 3-month-old Hu sheep male lambs with good body condition and similar body weight were selected and randomly divided into control diet group( CON) and high energy diet group (HE), and each group had 3 replicates and each replicate had 6 individuals. The energy levels of the diets in the CON and HE group were 10 and 11 MJ·kg-1,respectively. The experiment lasted for 74 d,including a 14 d pre-feeding period. After the feeding period, experimental Hu sheep were smeared and liver tissue was collected. One part was placed in 4% paraformaldehyde and embedded in paraffin for H&E staining and immunohistochemical detection. The other part was placed in liquid nitrogen used to extract RNA and protein for quantitative PCR ( qPCR) and Wes tern blot detection. [Results J H&E staining showed mild vacuolation degeneration in liver tissues of Hu sheep in high-energy feeding group. lmmunohistochemistry showed that PCNA protein was mainly expressed in the nucleus of liver cells,and mTOR and LXRa proteins were mainly localized in the cytoplasm of liver cells. The mRNA and protein expression levels of PCNA and SREBP-1c in liver tissues significantly increased with high energy diet,respectively(P< 0.05). Whereas, the mRNA and protein expression levels of LKBl and AMPK, and the protein expression levels of PGC-la and SIRTl in liver tissue significantly decreased with high energy diet,respectively(P<0.05). In addition, the mRNA and protein expression levels of DGATl and mTOR were not significantly different between high energy and normal diet group( P>0.05). [Conclusions] Improving the dietary energy level can enhance the ability of cell proliferation and fat synthesis in Hu sheep liver tissue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanical stability of soil structure determined the scour resistance, erodibility, collapsibility, slope stability, and foundation stability of the soil, even the large-scale agricultural instruments, as well as irrigation and water conservancy projects. Alternatively, rheology has widely been one part of soil physical characterization under deformation. The rheological parameters can be utilized to clarify the highly complex soil process, including the most significant soil aggregation factors, such as soil bulk density and water content. In this study, the widely distributed Lou soil and loessal soil on the Loess Plateau were selected as the research objects. An amplitude scanning test was selected to simulate the oscillation load process. An investigation was made on the effect of soil bulk density and water content on the mechanical stability of soil structure under the oscillation load. The results show that: 1) The soil density increased the contact point between soil particles, leading to the increasing cohesion and friction between particles. The shear strength parameters were all increased, including the shear stress at the linear viscoelastic region, the shear stress at yield point, the maximum shear stress, and the storage modulus at the yield point, as the increase of soil bulk density, indicating the increase in the stability of soil structure. In terms of viscoelastic parameters, the shear strain at the linear viscoelasticity region and the maximum shear stress decreased, whereas, the shear strain at yield points and integral zone increased first and then decreased, with the increase of soil bulk density. Soil particles were under the most stable way of organization and combination (1.3 g/cm3 ). Shear strength parameters with the change of soil bulk density were more sensitive than viscoelastic parameters. 2) As the increase of soil water content, the shear strength parameters presented the decreasing trends, including the shear stress at the linear viscoelastic region, the shear stress at yield point, the maximum shear stress, and the storage modulus at the yield point, indicating the decreased stability of soil structure. In viscoelastic parameters, the shear strain at the linear viscoelasticity region increased with the increase of water content, but the shear strain at yield point and integral zone decreased. It indicated that the cohesion and friction between soil particles decreased, with the increase of soil water content. The higher water content of soil particles decreased the relative sliding resistance between particles, leading to the deterioration of soil structural stability. 3) The elasticity and shear strength of Lou soil was higher than that of Loessal soil. This was mainly because Lou soil contained a higher content of clay, organic matter, cation exchange capacity, and specific surface area than those of Loessal soil, indicating the improved cementation strength between soil particles. Consequently, the rheological parameters from the amplitude scanning test in the rheometer can be used to quantitatively characterize the mechanical stability of soil structure, providing for rich evaluation parameters to further understand the micromechanical properties of soil. The finding can provide a shred of strong scientific evidence for agricultural water and soil engineering design, as well as the prevention and control of landslide and geological disasters in the Loess Plateau. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Detection of crop pest has widely been one of the most challenges in modern agriculture, due to the intra- and inter-class pests in the field with various colors, sizes, shapes, postures, positions, and complex backgrounds. Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) has presented an excellent performance on the detection and recognition of complex images. However, the current CNN models cannot adapt to the geometric deformation of pests. In this study, a deformable VGG-16 (DVGG-16) model was constructed and then applied for the detection of crop pest in the field. The framework consisted of six convolutional layers, four deformable convolutional layers, five pooling layers, and one global average pooling layer. Furthermore, the network training was utilized to speed up the global average pooling operation, instead of three fully connected layers of VGG-16. Four convolutional layers in VGG-16 were replaced by four deformable convolutional layers, in order to improve the characteristic expression ability of network and the practicality of VGG-16 to insect image deformation. Moreover, a global pooling layer was used instead of three fully connected layers of VGG-16, in order to reduce the number of the training parameters, while accelerate the network training speed free of the over-fitting. The offset was added in the deformable convolution unit, thereby to serve one part of DVGG-16 structure. Among them, another parallel standard convolution unit was used to calculate and then learn end-to-end through gradient backpropagation. Subsequently, the size of deformable convolution kernels and position were adjusted, according to the current need to identify the dynamic image content of crop pests, particularly suitable for different shapes, sizes, and other geometric deformation of the object. Moreover, data augmentation was performed on the original dataset to increase the number of training samples. A series operations were also included for the better generalization ability and robustness of model, such as bilinear interpolation, cropping and rotating images, and adding salt-pepper noise to the images. A parallel convolution layer was used in DVGG-16 to learn the offset corresponding to the input feature map. The constraint was easily broken for the regular grid of normal convolution, where an offset was added at the corresponding position of each sampling point, while the arbitrary sampling was performed around the sampling location. More importantly, the deformable convolution was greatly contributed to the DVGG-16 model for better suitable for various insect images with different shapes, states, and sizes. An image database of actual field pest was evaluated to compare with two feature extraction and two deep learning, including image-based Orchard Insect Automated Identification (IIAI), Local Mean Color Feature and Support Vector Machine (LMCFSVM), Improved Convolutional Neural Network (ICNN), and VGG-16. Specifically, the detection accuracy of DVGG-16 was 91.14%, which was 28.60 and 26.97 percentage higher than that of IIAI and LMCFSVM, and 7.72 and 9.01 percentage higher than that of ICNN and VGG-16 based models, respectively. The training time of DVGG-16 was 7.98 h longer than that of the ICNN, because the deformable convolution operation was realized by bilinear interpolation, which resulted in the increase of computational complexity and training time of DVGG-16 compared with ICNN. The test time of DVGG-16 based model was 0.02 and 0.17 s faster than that ICNN and VGG-16 based models, respectively. Consequently, the DVGG-16 was effective and feasible to detect the variable pests in the field. The finding can provide a strong reference for the effective detection of pests in the complex field background, further to realize the feature extraction of irregular field insect images without changing the spatial resolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To observe the effect of secreted frizzled-related protein 2（sFRP2）overexpression on the apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells（HUVECs）induced by lipopolysaccharide（LPS），and to explore the possible mechanism. Methods HUVECs were divided into two parts. One part was added with different concentrations of LPS（0，5，10，15 and 20 μg/mL），and the other part was treated as control cells without special treatment and cultured for 12 h. CCK-8 was used to detect the cell survival index，the results showed that the survival index of HUVECs treated with 10，15 and 20 μg/mL LPS for 12 h was significantly lower than that of the control cells（all P<0. 01），and 10 μg/mL LPS for 12 h was selected as the subsequent experimental conditions. HUVECs were divided into the overexpression group and negative control group，respectively，transfected with SFRP2 overexpression and negative control lentivirus plasmid；at 48 h after transfection，10 μg/mL LPS was added for 12 h. The expression of SFRP2 mRNA and protein was detected by realtime fluorescence quantitative PCR and Western boltting. Apoptosis rate was detected by flow cytometry. The expression levels of apoptosis-related proteins Bax，Cleaved caspase-3，Bcl-2 and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway related proteins Wnt1，β-catenin and Cyclin D1 were detected by Western boltting. Results The relative expression levels of SFRP2 mRNA in the overexpression group and negative control group were 1. 04 ± 0. 21 and 2. 69 ± 0. 13，respectively，and the relative expression levels of protein were 3. 89 ± 0. 18 and 1. 05 ± 0. 24. The apoptosis rates of the overexpression group and the negative control group were 13. 32% ± 1. 98% and 20. 90% ± 1. 72%，and there were significant difference be⁃ tween the two groups（all P<0. 01）. The expression of Cleaved caspase-3，Bax，Wnt1，β-catenin and Cyclin D1 decreased in the overexpression group，and the expression of Bcl-2 increased（all P< 0. 05）. Conclusion Overexpression of sFRP2 can reduce the apoptosis of HUVECs induced by LPS，and the mechanism may be related to the inhibition of Wnt/ β- catenin signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the mechanism of peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2)in ethanol-induced reproductive damage in male mice. Methods: Male Kunming mice were divided into control group and model group. The control group was treated with distilled water and the model group was treated with ethanol for 12 weeks. Serum was collected for hormone level determination. Sperm was collected, one part was used for semen analysis, the other part was used for Q-PCR detecting the mRNA expressions of PRDX2, BCL-2, BAX and Caspase3, Western blot detecting the protein expressions of PRDX2, BCL-2, BAX, Caspase3 and Cleaved-Caspase3 and Immunofluorescence staining identifying the expression of PRDX2. Statistical analysis results. Results: Compared with the control group, the sperm motility and the androgen level of the model group decreased, the estrogen level increased(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the PRDX2 and BCL-2 protein and mRNA levels of the model group were significantly decreased (P<0.05). Immunofluorescence showed that PRDX2 could be expressed in sperm, and the fluorescence intensity of sperm in model group was significantly reduced. BAX and Caspase3 mRNA of the model group were significantly higher than that of the control group (P<0.05). The BAX and Cleaved-Caspase3 protein levels of the model group were significantly increased (P<0.05). Pearson correlation coefficient analysis showed that PRDX2 was positively correlated with BCl-2 and negatively correlated with BAX and Caspase3 (P<0.05). Conclusion: Ethanol causes the decrease of sperm PRDX2 expression, indirectly induces sperm apoptosis, affects sperm production and development, and impairs the reproductive function of male mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chitosan (CS) was used as raw material to oxidize its C6 primary hydroxyl group to carboxyl group by laccase/2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl radical (TEMPO) system to obtain oxidized chitosan (C-COS), and then reacted with C-COS and silver nitrate to obtain oxidized chitosan-Ag+ complex (C-COS-Ag). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), conductometric titration and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used to characterize four different bacteria as antibacterial templates, and UV spectrophotometer was used to optimized C-COS-Ag antibacterial conditions. The morphology of the bacteria before and after the addition of C-COS-Ag was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that when CS had a carboxyl group content of 1.42%, Ag+ existed in C-COS-Ag were [Ag(NH3)2]OH and Ag2O (one part was--COOAg and the other part was Ag2O) two forms. The optimal antibacterial condition of C-COS-Ag was 1 h and 26 ℃. The diameter of the inhibition zone was greater than 30 mm, and the minimum inhibitory concentration of Escherichia coli was 7.5 μg/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentration of staphylococcus aureus, salmonella and bacillus subtilis was 10 μg/mL. And the cell wall of the bacteria added with C-COS-Ag was damaged, which seriously affected the growth of bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A quasi-ARX multilayer learning network prediction model was established and applied to the adaptive control of nonlinear systems. The kernel of the model is an improved neuro-fuzzy network: one part is a 3-layer nonlinear network with an off-line training self-associative network, the other part is a 3-layer neuro-fuzzy network adjusted online. Accordingly, the parameters were classified and the corresponding estimation algorithms were given. Then, the controller design scheme was proposed based on the advantages of the macrostructure of the model. Simulation analysis verifies the effectiveness of the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Experimenters should have enough capability to prevent and deal with risks in experiments. Basic safety knowledge is only one part of the "puzzle" of this capability. Safety education needs to change from imparting knowledge to training capability. This paper puts forward the concept of safety protection capability ( SPC ), and systematically discusses the five components of SPC, including eight aspects of safety awareness, two kinds of safety knowledge, analysis capability of risk factors, design capability of protection scheme, verification and implementation capability of the protection scheme . This paper also proposes a comprehensive training mode, which asks students to learn the basic knowledge of safety protection firstly, then to deduce the experiments theoretically, and to practice the experiments in reality. Four-year practical experience has proved that this training mode enables students to obtain an improvement of SPC [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the effects of afzelin in the treatment of BALA/C mice with colorectal cancer and its influence on the anti-angiogenesis. Methods Sixty BALA/C mice were divided into the control group, cis-platinum group (20 mg/kg), high-dose afzelin group (100 mg/kg), medium-dose afzelin group (50 mg/kg) and low-dose afzelin group (25 mg/kg). Using LOVO colorectal cancer cells for axillary vaccination to build the colorectal cancer models. After the models were built, the afzelin was gavaged for thirty days. At 24 hours after the last gavage, mice in each group were sacrificed and the tumor tissues were taken, and the weight of tumor tissues, tumor inhibition rate and tumor volume were observed. The tumor tissues were divided into4 parts, the histopathologies were observed by HE staining in one part, while the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), hvpoxia-inducible factor 1-α (HIF-lα) and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR-2) were detected by fluorescence immunoassay in other three parts in the five groups. Results Compared with the model group, the tumor volume and weight were significantly lower in the high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose afzelin groups (both P <0.05). HE staining showed that the morphology and staining of cancer cells in the tumor tissues of the model group were normal, and the structure was intact. The tumor cells in the high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose afzelin groups had large areas of apoptosis. Compared with the model group, the expression of VEGF, HIF-lα and VEGFR-2 decreased significantly in the high-dose, medium-dose, and low-dose afzelin groups (all P <0.05). Conclusion Afzelin in the treatment of BALA/C mice with colorectal cancer is effective, and has good anti-angiogenesis effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limited by the driving conditions of hilly and mountainous terrain, portable digging machine is widely used for fruit tree planting, rubber planting, small tree transplanting and fertilization. The spiral drilling bit of the digging machine can rotate under the drive of the gasoline engine, which can only rotate in one direction. While the lifting and lowering of the spiral drilling bit needs to be done manually, which not only has high labor intensity, but also leads to the inaccurate control of the feed speed and poor digging quality. In addition, the vibration of the gasoline engine is intense and the maneuverability of the digging operation is poor. In order to solve the problem that the gasoline engine can only rotate in one direction, a kind of automatic lifting digging machine was designed based on the three-star gear reversing principle. The automatic lifting digging machine consisted of a gasoline engine, a spiral drill bit, a belt drive mechanism, a three-star gear reversing mechanism, a screw nut lifting mechanism and a frame. By adjusting the position of the reversing handle, the number of meshing gears of the three-star gear reversing mechanism changed, so the single power direction of the gasoline engine could be converted into clockwise and counterclockwise directions. Then the forward and backward rotation of the nut shaft of the screw nut lifting mechanism could be realized. When the digging machine was working, one part of the power of the gasoline engine drove the spiral drill bit to rotate, and the other part of the power drove the screw nut lifting mechanism to move back and forth. Thus the spiral drill bit could feed uniformly. When the digging operation was completed, the spiral drill bit could be reset automatically. In the process of digging, manual operation was required only when changing direction. The average effective digging time of single operation was 57 s. While the manual reversing operation time was only 2 s, accounting for 3.5% of the total time of single pit operation. In the feed stroke and reset stroke of the digging operation, no manual operation would be needed, so it greatly reduced the labor intensity. The average hole depth was 237 mm, and the average hole diameter was 300mm. The digging quality met the requirements of the subsequent fertilization operation. The average maximum throwing radius was 631 mm, and the throwing effect was good which was convenient for soil backfilling. In addition, the middle limit hole of the reversing handle was added. When the spiral drill bit encountered large stones or tree roots during the feed stroke of digging operation, the power transmission path from the gasoline engine to the screw nut lifting mechanism could be temporarily cut off, in order to prevent the screw nut lifting mechanism from getting stuck. So the middle limit hole played a protective role for the whole system. This research also provides design reference for small digging machine to realize automatic lifting, which greatly reduce the labor intensity and improve the digging operation quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To observe the changes in M2 macrophages by detecting the changes in M2-type macrophagespecific markers and gene expression levels in mice infected with alveolar echinococcosis. Methods Forty-eight female BALB/c mice were randomly divided into the control group and model group. In the model group, we used the vesicles in the BALB/c body to prepare a suspension for injection, and the infection model of the alveolar echinococcosis was completed by intraperitoneal injection. The control group was only injected with normal saline. Eight mice were sacrificed respectively at 90, 180 and 300 d after infection, and the liver was removed. One part was fixed in formaldehyde solution for HE and immunohistochemical staining. The other part was frozen and the relative value of Fizzl mRNA was detected by qRTPCR. Results Compared with the control group, the expression of M2 macrophages’ specific marker CD163 increased significantly at 90 d, reached a peak at 180 d, and then decreased, but it was still high(P<0.05). Compared with the control group, the overall trend of M2 macrophages’ specific gene Fizz1 mRNA expression was similar to that of its specific marker CD163(P<0.05). Conclusion The M2 macrophages in the liver of the mice infected with alveolar echinococcosis increase in the middle and late stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The integrity of chloroplast structure and the normal expression of key genes in photosynthesis play an important role in photosynthesis. [Method]This paper researched the influence of the volatile oil of Chenopodium ambrosioides L., and its two main components (α-terpinene and cvmene) on chloroplast ultrastructure and 4 key photosynthetic genes in leaves of Vicia faba seedlings by the technology of TEM and RT-PCR, and in order to intensively study the allelopathic mechanism of C. ambrosioides. [Result]The results showed that the volatile oil, α-terpinene and cymene of C. ambrosioides damaged the ultrastructure of chloroplast in V. faba leaves, and the chloroplast was disorganized with tumid and damaged membrane structure, heterogeneous substrate, disorganized granum-thvlakoid, disappeared starch grain and twisty incompact lamella scattered from the wall to the center of the cell. The relative expression of Ribulose carboxylase gene (Rbes-3C), optical system II CP47 protein gene(PsbB), ATP synthetase beta subunit gene(beta) and plasmid blue pigment genes(PetE) were changed in different extent during photosynthesis. The volatile oil of C. ambrosioides increased the relative expression of these 4 genes. Cymene decreased the relative expression of Rbcs-3C and PsbB, and increased the relative expression of lieta and PetE. The α-terpinene decreased the relative expression of PsbB and increased others. The allelopathic synthesis effect of three treatments on these gene expressions from most significant to least significant were volatile oil, α-terpinene and cymene. [Conclusion] These results indicated that the damage of chloroplast ultrastructure and interference of photosynthetic key gene expression were one part of the allelopalhic mechanism of C. ambrasioides and different components of the volatile oil from C. ambrosioides had a synergistic effect in allelopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

【Objective】In order to explore the role of lipid in buffalo oocytes in vitro maturation process,and optimize the oocytes mature system,the lipid content and distribution of buffalo mature stage GV immature and MII oocytes were investigated.【Method】The ovaries of buffalo were collected from a slaughterhouse in Nanning city to collect the cumulus oocyte complexes,one part of the complexes were used to collect immature oocytes in GV stage,the MII mature oocytes were obtained from another part after in vitro maturation for 22-24 hours. After that,the oocytes of GV and MII phases were placed into 10 μg/m L Nile red stain solution. After 4-5 hours of staining in a dark environment at room temperature,oocytes were observed under a fluorescence microscope. According to the obtained photos,the lipid distribution pattern in oocytes was observed,and the fluorescence intensity was calculated with the analysis of Image J software,and the lipid content in oocytes was calculated with the fluorescence intensity.【Resul】Lipid content of MII stage was significantly lower than that in GV stage(66.63 ± 1. 197 vs. 70. 81 ± 1. 328,P < 0. 05). There was no significant difference in lipid distribution patterns in oocytes of GV stage and MII stage(peripheral: 3. 148 ± 2. 298 vs. 5. 342 ± 3. 858; semi-peripheral: 30. 85 ± 4. 042 vs. 35. 70 ± 4. 265; 66. 00 ± 3. 257 vs. 60. 60 ±3. 933,P > 0. 05).【Conclusion】During the maturation process of the water buffalo oocytes from immature GV stage to mature MII stage,the lipid content is significantly reduced,and the lipid distribution pattern is not changed before and after the vitro maturation of the oocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct solar drying system has the advantages of simple structure, cheapness, and protecting the dried materials from being damaged by dust, rain, dew, and so on; however, there are some disadvantages such as overheating of the dried materials surface, poor quality of the dried material and drying ability limited. In order to solve problems of drying product overheating and drying process uncontrollable in direct solar dryer, a direct solar drying system was designed and built to test system performance by using sweet potatoes as drying material. The system was mainly composed of air inlet, air outlet, dry material tray, transparent glass cover and stainless steel plate. The frame of drying chamber was made of aluminum alloy, and the black endothermic material was uniformly applied to the inner surface of the stainless steel plate of the drying chamber. The tilt angle of the roof glass of the drying chamber was 26.7°. The length, width and height of the drying chamber were 1 000, 800 and 800 mm, respectively. The insulation material of the drying chamber was made of 20 mm thick polyurethane insulation cotton to prevent the heat loss, and the transparent surface of drying chamber adopted ordinary glass with transmittance of 90%. The dry material used in this experiment was fresh sweet potato, purchased in Jingdong Mall, with the origin of Yuxi, Yunnan. Before the experiment, the sweet potatoes were cut into pieces of uniform size and thickness, and divided into 2 parts with the same mass by the balance; one part was used for the experimental group of direct solar drying and the other part was used for the comparison group of open sun drying. The experimental test was conducted on May 7, 2017, from 8:30 to 17:00. The initial mass of dry materials in the experimental group and the control group was 240 g. In addition, dynamic mathematical models of thermal performance of system were built and calculated with the help of MATLAB 2014a software, outdoor meteorological parameters, the characteristics of drying materials and building systems were given, and the correlations between experimental value and simulation value were analyzed. The results showed that the transmittance of drying chamber ranged from 51.7% to 89.6%. The highest air temperature in the drying chamber appeared half an hour later than the peak of outdoor solar radiation intensity. It indicated that the drying chamber had certain delay and resistance to the change of outdoor environment interference. The average drying rate of the direct solar drying system was 7.7 g/h higher than that of the open solar drying system. Time period with drying air temperature ranging from 50 to 70 °C accounted for 80% of the total drying time, which showed that the direct solar drying system can provide the most suitable drying temperature for most dry materials. The total thermal energy obtained by the drying system was 3.92 kWh, and the average solar heat utilization efficiency was 21.23%; the correlation coefficient of the experimental value and the simulated value was 0.98, and the root mean square error was 1, which proves that the dynamic model of dynamic thermal performance can accurately predict the surface temperature of the dry materials in the drying chamber. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A precise and complete mathematical model for the flow field in the pre-stage of jet deflector servo valve is established for the design and research of pilot-stage servo valve. The jet process is divided into four stages: initial jet, deflector pressure recovery, secondary jet, and pressure recovery at receiver opening. In the process of two jets in the pre-stage, the different theoretical models are adopted to build the complete mathematical model of flow field in the pre-stage, and the evolution of jet pattern is described in detail. It is found through analysis that the oil enters the flow field in pre-stage and impacts on the side wall of deflector, and then the flow pattern changes, one part of oil flows out of the deflector along its side wall, the flow velocity of the other part of oil decreases, and a high pressure zone is formed downstream. The oil is affected by the flow divider when it flows out of the deflector, and flows into different channels. The flow and pressure characteristic equations are used to derive the pressure gain, and a mathematic relation between load pressure and deflector offset is established. In the process of numerical simulation, the different turbulence models are adopted to analyze the pressure distribution of flow field in the pre-stage. The effectiveness and rationality of the proposed model describing the jet characteristics is verified by comparing and analyzing the numerically simulated results, the external characteristic experimental results and the calculated results of jet model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In response to challenge of adaptability of support and working resistance in large-height working face,the “cantilever beam-sandwich-voussoir beam” structure model is established,and the preliminary scheme of support resistance is calculated,which is verified by both numerical simulation and large-scale physical modeling.The study shows that the working resistance should meet the supporting demands of roof and rib,and keep itself with good position.The working resistance consists of two parts:one part is to bear the weight of cantilever beam due to breakage of key strata in caving zone；and the other is to balance the voussoir beam structure located in lower strata of fissure zone.When the working resistance is lower than 10 000 kN,the support operates at full capacity,and the deformation of surrounding rock increases distinctly；when the rated resistance higher than 11 000 kN,the indicator decreases distinctly.And the reasonable working resistance is determined to be 12 000 kN,which is verified feasible by the production practice.In mining practice,the terminal resistance is 8 340-10 247 kN and the percentage of safety valve opening is below 5%,so the scheme can meet the production requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By using a " one cup with two spaces" structure, a hot and cold separation type high temperature thermoelectric generating cup is successfully manufactured. Compared with the traditional thermoelectric generator cup, the power generation efficiency is greatly improved. By using the "one cup with two spaces" structure, the cup body is divided into two parts, and the one part is filled with hot water, the other is filled with cold water. The thermoelectric generator is arranged in a heat conducting clapboard which separates the cup body, and the electricity is generated by temperature difference of the cold and hot water, and the cold water is also used for heat dissipation. Thereby, the defects of e traditional thermoelectric generator cups are overcome, the resistance of the thermoelectric generation chip is not increased greatly, and the generation efficiency of the thermoelectric generating cup is greatly improved. On the other hand," one cup with two spaces" structure can satisfy people's demand for drinking water with different temperatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The change of land cover has a profound influence on the quality and distribution pattern of the regional habitat, thus changing the function and evolution of biodiversity. As a special ecology function zone, the ecological security of Three Gorges Reservoir Area affects the whole Yangtze River valley. The proportion of the total area of Three Gorges Reservoir Area in Chongqing City reaches 80%, and thus the study on land cover change and ecosystem and biodiversity function evolution is beneficial to the regional ecological environment protection, remediation and improvement. Taking Three Gorges Reservoir Area (Chongqing section) as an example, this paper analyzed the evolution and trend of regional land cover and biodiversity function from the year of 2005 to 2020 through the comprehensive use of the CA-Markov (cellular automaton and Markov) model and InVEST (integrated valuation of ecosystem services and tradeoffs) model. For the data used in this paper, one part was from the remote sensing monitoring data in The ecological ten years, which was issued by the Ministry of National Environmental Protection, and the other part was from the land use map in 2015. Based on the software of ArcGIS 10.1, ENVI 5.0 and IDRISI, the land use type was classified into 6 kinds in the evolution and trend of land cover and biodiversity function of the study area. On the basis of the simulation of land cover in 2020 by using CA-Markov model, the InVEST model was used to quantitatively calculate the biodiversity function in 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2020. The results showed that: 1) In the 2 periods of 2005-2010 and 2010-2015, various types of land cover areas and land cover dynamic degrees showed the state of "four increase and two decrease" and "three increase and three decrease". 2) The Kappa coefficient reached 0.92 when the CA-Markov model was used in simulation, which showed that the model could be well applied to the simulation of land cover in Three Gorges Reservoir Area (Chongqing section). 3) The highest values of habitat degradation index in the 4 yeas were 0.1681, 0.2071, 0.1909, and 0.1812, respectively, and the higher habitat degradation index was located in the city's surrounding areas as well as the banks of the Yangtze River, Jialing River and Wujiang River, and Daba Mountain's habitat degradation index was lower. 4) The good regional habitat quality was mainly distributed in the areas including Daba Mountain, Wuling Mountain and Simian Mountain, while the poor biodiversity function appeared alongside the Yangtze River and Jialing River. The total score and the average score of the 4 years were 34337710, 36829020, 36345590, 35530500 and 0.5139, 0.5512, 0.5439, 0.5317, respectively. 5) The analysis of habitat quality showed that the function of biodiversity was increasing in the past 15 years, which changed from the large scale fluctuation into small area change, and the biodiversity function of the whole region tended to be stable. The research may reveal the influence of dynamic land cover change on biodiversity function, show the important role of the delineation of red line of ecological protection to regional ecological security, and provide scientific basis for optimizing the regional ecological environment, as well as scientific support for the sustainable development of regional economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the effects of bioactive parts of Xiongma Decoction (parts of ethyl acetate and n-butanol extract) on the CGRP-CRLR/RAMP1 signal pathway so as to clarify its therapeutic mechanism on migraine. Methods We randomly divided 36 male SD rats into 6 groups with 6 in each: blank group, model group, groups of low-, medium- and high-dose Xiongma Decoction bioactive parts, and Sumatriptan group. By giving hypodermic injection of 10mg/kg nitroglycerin, the migraine rat model was copied; Only 18 rats were found to have positive expressions of CGRP, CRLR, and RAMP1 in TCC with immunohistochemistry staining after heart perfusion. For the remaining 18 rats, TCC was stripped directly from the whole brain and divided into two parts, one part used to detect CGRP, CRLR, RAMP1 mRNA expressions by qPCR, and the other part to detect CGRP, CRLR, RAMP1 protein expressions by Western blot. Results The number of CGRP, CRLR and RAMP1 immunoreactive cells, the mRNA and protein expressions on TCC in model group were effectively increased, compared with those in the blank group (P<0.05), indicating that the model copying was successful. Compared with those in the model group, the number of CGRP, CRLR and RAMP1 immunoreactive cells in Xiongma Decoction bioactive parts was significantly decreased, and the expressions of CGRP, CRLR and RAMP1 mRNA and protein were reduced (P<0.05). Conclusion The bioactive parts of Xiongma Decoction can reduce the activity of CGRP-CRLR/RAMP1 signal pathway in TCC of migraine rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: In order to achieve long-term survival, interorganizational cooperation is the most effective way for many small- and medium-sized hospitals to go. The aim of this study was to explore the differences in business performance between periods of strategic alliance and acquisition in one local hospital. Methods: We selected a local teaching hospital in southern Taiwan as the study subject and used the case study method to carry out our analysis. We also collected secondary data about the hospital for performance analysis. There were two periods in which performance was observed: strategic alliance from September 2009 to August 2011 as the first and acquisition from September 2011 to August 2013 as the second. Results: The strategic alliance period was a contract-based relationship. There were no changes in ownership or the management team during this period. After being acquired by a Medical Center, the case hospital became one part of a Medical Foundation system. It became a new hospital. The ownership and management team changed. The results of performance analysis showed that the case hospital had superior input performance, financial performance, and non-financial performance during the period of acquisition than that during the period of non-equity strategic alliance. Conclusions: The involvement and strengthened relationship of interorganizational cooperation and the change in ownership and control affected hospital management. There were also significant differences in business performance between the periods of strategic alliance and acquisition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fresh pork is popular due to its nutrient and good taste, and also one of the most important meat consumed. As the remaining shelf life is short, it is important for producers and retailers to evaluate the freshness and remaining shelf life of fresh pork under the storage temperature. Rapid detection on bacteria of fresh pork is required urgently. The rapid and accurate electrochemical detection are getting more and more concern. The purpose of this paper was to design and develop the device for predicting the remaining shelf life of fresh pork, which was combined with the prediction model of microbial growth and based on the electron transfer of microbial respiration and the principles of primary battery. And the signal acquisition and data analysis software of the device was developed with LabVIEW programming language. The dynamic growth model of total aerobic count was established and verified. The results indicated that the modified Gompertz model could well describe the growth of total aerobic count in fresh pork, and the coefficient of determination was 0.9954. The regression of Belehradek model finely described the effect of temperature on the maximum specific growth rate and the lag phase. The validation of the built model was carried out by comparing the actual and predicted growth curves of total aerobic count in fresh pork at 10 and 22 °C, respectively. By calculating bias factor and accuracy factor, we found that the established model had high reliability and could predict the growth of total aerobic count in fresh pork in the range of temperature from 4 to 30 °C effectively. The electrode was constructed from platinum anode and cathode, and a proton exchange membrane filter was used for retaining the microbes and balancing the charge. The procedure of electrochemical signal from total aerobic count in fresh pork included 3 parts. Electron generated from oxidation of substrate was transmitted to the extracellular space by cytochrome C on cell membrane, then the electrochemical signal was amplified by electron shuttles from the exogenous, and finally it was delivered to Pt electrode. Samples containing microbes were attached to the surface of a platinum anode. The electrode was immersed in phosphate buffer solution (50 mmol/L, pH value of 7.0) containing a redox dye (2, 4-dichlorophenolindophenol), and the voltage generated was measured. The software combined with the established growth model of total aerobic count was developed by LabVIEW for predicting the remaining shelf life of fresh pork. The response time of the electrochemical device was 20 min, and the voltage generated was proportional to total aerobic count above 104 CFU/g. The accuracy factor of predicting the remaining shelf life of fresh pork was between 1.02 and 1.06. The accuracy factor at 10 and 22 °C was 1.04 and 1.03, respectively. But the sensitivity and accuracy of the predicted remaining shelf life between 104 and 105 CFU/g needed further improvement. As this study only focuses on one part of pork, to achieve an accurate prediction of any part of fresh pork sample, the parameters of device and the prediction models should be adjusted with more varieties of fresh pork portion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objectives] The aims of this experiment was to study the nerve toxicological effects of chicken induced by deoxynivalenol(DON), through the changes of brain issue morphology and the indexes of oxidase and antioxidase in sera and brain issues of chicken.[Methods] After feeding a week, 120 Hailan chickens(male, 1 day old)were selected and randomly divided into four groups and 30 chickens of each, according to single factor experiment design. Chickens in control and treatment groups were fed with the same full price diets. Chicken in low, medium and high dose groups were orally gavaged with DON solution with 0.27, 1.68 and 12.21 mg·kg-1 according to the feed intake, respectively. Chickens in control group were orally gavaged with the same dose of sodium chloride solution. The trial was conducted for 36 days. All chickens in treatment group were gavaged with DON once every seven day, a total of 5 times. At the end of the trial, the blood samples were collected via wing vein and the sera were separated for measuring activities of catalase(CAT), superoxide dismutase(SOD), total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase(GSH-Px), and contents of malondialdehyde(MDA), nitric oxide(NO). At the same time, 20 chickens from each group were slaughtered, and the brain tissues were collected immediately, one part was used to observe the changes of pathology and ultrastructure, the other part was used to measure the indexes of oxidase and antioxidase.[Results] Compared with the control group, the activities of CAT, NO, SOD in sera and SOD, GSH-Px in brain tissues significantly decreased(P<0.05)in treatment groups, the contents of serum MDA in three treatment groups and brain tissue MDA in high dose group significantly increased(P<0.05), the activities of serum T-AOC, GSH-Px and brain tissue CAT, and the contents of NO in medium and high dose groups significantly decreased(P<0.05), and the activities of brain T-AOC in high dose group significantly decreased(P<0.05). DON could trigger the neuronophagia with varying degrees in treatment groups, accompanied with part of the nerve fiber breakage. The degrees of degeneration in neurons cell increased with increasing DON concentration through the ultrastructure of cerebral cortex.[Conclusions] DON can cause the lipid peroxidation reaction in serum and brain tissue, resulting in varying degrees of brain damage in chickens. It suggests that DON has some neurotoxic effects to the chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To clarity the connotation and denotation of medicinal cuisine from ancient and modern time, so as to develop the standardization of academic and industrial aspects. Methods With regard of archaeology of knowledge, modern literature involving 18 textbooks, 4 monographs, 32 dictionaries, 6 glossaries of technological terms and 3 regulations, from which the concepts of medicinal cuisine were searched and compared by sorting out, logical analysis and synchronic contrast analysis. Records linked to medicinal cuisine in Twenty-five Histories were searched to evaluate its professionlism. Four oldest designed monographs of medicinal cuisine remained (Tang Dynasty) were retrieved to summarize the application of the diet preparation contained Chinese medical herbs. Results The connotation and denotation of the modern concepts of medicinal cuisine were vague and conflicting. The medicinal cuisine industry was derived from the commercial operation of the non-medical staff. It was in the historical records the Chinese characters of medicinal cuisine recorded, not in the ancient medical records. The purpose of the early diet preparation contained medical herbs only directed at diseases. Conclusion In ancient time, the precise meaning of medicinal cuisine was composed of Chinese medicine and cuisine. It is inappropriate to commercially operate the modern concept of medicinal cuisine which should be one part of dietotherapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To assess the endogenous regulation of basic fibroblast growth factor(bFGF) in the foot wound healing response induced by negative pressure wound therapy (NPWT) in diabetic patients. Methods From January 2010 to December 2014, 40 patients with diabetic foot wounds fitting the inclusion criteria were enrolled in the clinical trial. The subjects were randomly assigned for NPWT or conventional (control group) treatment with a computer randomization algorithm, with 20 cases in each group. Granulated tissue biopsies were collected before(0 day) and 7 days after treatment in both groups. All biopsies were subdivided into two parts. One part was preserved in 4% paraformaldehyde for HE staining, Masson′s trichrome staining and immunocytochemical staining for bFGF expression. Another part was stored at -80 ℃ for Western blotting analysis of bFGF protein expression. Differences between two groups were analyzed by using two- sample t test. Results Compared with control group, the NPWT- treated wounds developed characteristics of granulated tissue, which presented with intense inflammatory cells, fibroblasts and neoformation of vessels. Masson′s trichrome staining showed that the collagen content in the NPWT groupwassignificantlyincreasedcomparedwiththatinthecontrolgroupaftertreatment(13.4%±5.3%vs1.1%± 2.6%，t=9.26，P<0.01，α=0.05). The immunohistochemical analysis revealed that the bFGF expression was significantly up- regulated in foot wounds of NPWT- treated groups when compared with that in the control group(0.21±0.06 vs 0.01±0.03，t=12.06，P<0.01，α=0.05). And the protein expression of bFGF in NPWT group with Western blotting analysis was significantly up-regulated when compared with that in the control group (2.30 ± 1.00 vs 0.12 ± 0.07，t=10.43，P<0.01, α =0.05). Conclusion NPWT enhances the bFGF expression in granulation tissue in diabetic foot wound and promotes the wound healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the development of deepwater gas field, ethylene glycol is commonly used as hydrate inhibitor. Large amounts of salt contained in produced water caused scaling in the treatment of rich glycol liquid with high salt in common ethylene glycol regeneration system,which has serious impact to the offshore production system, even lead to suspend production. Therefore, the process of salt removal from ethylene glycol is supposed to be one part of ethylene glycol regeneration system for deepwater gas production. Models of the process of high solubility salt removal from ethylene glycol have been developed in process simulation program Aspen Plus, through which the effect of recycle temperature, ethylene glycol recycle flow rate, and water content of ethylene glycol on the salt removal process have been simulated and analyzed. The results showed that the salt removal process made a good performance with appropriate process parameters such as the flash pressure（absolute） of 0.15 MPa, the recycle heated temperature of 141~145 ℃, and the recycle flow rate is 60 times of the feed rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Adaption control strategy is a core technology as one part of control software for automatic transmission. The purpose of such strategy development is to compensate deviations due to engine torque signal difference, tolerance of transmission parts during manufacture, purchasing, storage and assembly processes, characteristics change with mileage accumulation, and to ensure acceptable shift quality and good drivability for the whole life of products. Many efforts have been made aimed to design self-learning strategies especially for dual-clutch automatic transmission and automated mechanical transmission by establishing vehicle launch strategy, feedback pressure control and solenoid duty cycle adjustment. While due to lack of pressure sensors in hydraulic automatic transmission, most of theories cannot be used directly. In overseas, main introductions on adaptive methods for upshift and downshift are published, but key technical information is strictly protected by corresponding patents and no detailed knowledge for instance control procedure is issued. According to different shift phases such as filling phase, torque phase and speeding phase, separated adaption methods like self-learning approach based on torque estimation or turbine acceleration signal are analyzed. But pressure sensor signal, longitudinal acceleration signal or high engine torque resolution are required for the application of those strategies, which seems not suitable for series transmission or low-level vehicles with domestic brands. To meet the requirements for TCU (transmission control unit) control software of vehicle production, adaption function for shifting clutches is researched, and corresponding software structure is introduced which includes shift type decision, shift quality monitoring, parameter adjustment and complicated method for adaption data update and storage. In addition, according to different profiles in torque phase and speeding phase for power on upshift and power on downshift, adaption strategies based on shifting time and turbine speed flare issue are proposed respectively. Then, according to shift sequence and shift control parameter of self-learning approach, complete software control procedures for parameter detection, processing, calculation and response are illustrated. It is very helpful for further research since parameter self-adjustment procedure turns to be clear with step by step introduction. A patent testing method is produced for recording shift issues, shift points, driving cycles and checking adaption results. The vehicle testing results showed that through adaption parameter adjustment, shifting time achieves to the target value, 700 ms, during power on upshift with only 2 repeated operations and for power on downshift, engine and turbine speed flare can be avoided gradually which makes shift quality better and more solid. The shift shock is reduced to 5 m/s3, which achieves to production vehicle shift quality level. The deviations due to the inconsistence of transmission from vehicle to vehicle and from engine to engine during manufacture and assembly process and characteristics deterioration can be compensated in very short time according to current research outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spatial structure is an important characteristic of forest and spatial distribution pattern is one part of researches on population spatial behavior, Based on the relationship of neighborhood trees, three kinds of stand spatial structure parameters including uniform angle index, mingling and dominance was proposed by Professor Gangying Hui. In the past decade, stand spatial structure parameters are widely used to analyze stand spatial structure, calculate trees dominance, judge competition among trees, measure species diversity and recover or reconstruct stand structure at domestic and international study.. Measurement accuracy of spatial structural parameters (uniform angle index, mingling degree, and dominance) has a significant role in studying stand spatial structure. In the traditional direct interpretation method(DIM), it is difficult to measure the angle between reference tree and 4 nearest neighbor trees. For this method, the error derived from tree diameters at breast height is not considered in the process of measurement, so uniform angle index value is inaccurate. Moreover, based on DIM, other two parameters of mingle degree and dominance measurement required at least two operators, one person completed measurement and the other recorded field data, thus it is impossible to calculate the observing results immediately In this paper, a new measuring method named as HSSM was proposed using handheld smart station to measure stand spatial structure parameters in order to enhance measurement precision and accuracy, decrease field investigation workload. For measuring uniform angle index, the angle between reference tree and four nearest neighbor trees is not measured directly. Firstly, X-Y coordinates of reference tree and four nearest neighbor trees are measured using handheld smart station. Secondly, the diameters at breast height of five trees are measured corresponding with each tree, specifically, diameters at breast height measurement is to obtain center coordinates of five selected trees so as to increase angle calculation accuracy. Finally, reference tree as central point, intersection angles between four nearest neighbor trees are resolved according to the law of cosines. According to the above-mentioned measurement method, experiment was carried out in one stand forest plot (100 m×100 m) which located at Beijing Olympic Forest Park by three operators. The relative error of uniform angle index average value of HSSM was 2% less than that of DIM, average time-consuming (single person) of HSSM was 90.1s more than that of DIM (double person, 40.7 s), and measurement efficiency of HSSM was 8% lower than that of DIM. The mingle measurement result of HSSM were as the same as that of DIM, but the average time-consuming (single person) of HSSM was 21.5s less than that of DIM (double person, 32.2 s), measurement efficiency of HSSM was about 3 times that of DIM. The results of dominance relative error was 4% between HSSM and DIM, but the average time-consuming (single person) of HSSM was 74.8s more than that of DIM (31.05 s for double person), measurement efficiency of HSSM was 20% lower that of DIM. HSSM had the advantages of single person operation, display and storage directly by the equipment. Moreover, compared with the DIM, HSSM resolved the problem that DIM could not measure the tree center coordinate at breast height of reference tree and nearest neighbor tree, and for HSSM, the distribution of reference tree and nearest neighbor tree could draw conveniently and visually display according to measuring data in the process of interior work . This research can provide references for measuring forest spatial structure measurement accurately and efficiently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Knotter is in the key position of the rectangular baler, and it's working quality is in direct relation to the job performance of the baler. D type knotter is now used more widely in the rectangular baler, and most of them used in domestic are imported from abroad. It is not only expensive but inconvenient in use and maintenance because of the complicated organization. Therefore, a new clip bale knotter was developed in order to develop independent intellectual property rights and meet the needs of the country. The paper was focused on analyzing the structures and working principles of D type knotter of rectangular baler and food packaging clipper machine to form a new kind of knotter. The main innovation of the new design was that the impacting clip action replaced the original knotting action of D type knotter through the U type clip punching device. To evaluate the knotter device, the architecture and working principles of the clip bale knotter were described and some experimental results of knotter applicability were verified. The clip bale knotter was composed of two parts. One part was based on the fan-shape dentate cam disc of D type knotter, for which the original knotter hook and corresponding meshing teeth of the fan-shape dentate cam disc were dismantled and the clipping rope and cutting rope organization were retained. The other part was added with U type clip punching device, U type clip feed mechanism and the driving machinery of punching. By designing U type clip punching device, driving mechanism of punching as well as U type clip feed mechanism, combining the calculation of the motion sketch of the cam swing rod mechanism, the integration of the clip bale knotter was finished. When the knotter worked, rope was sent to the above of the clipping rope disc by the sending rope needle powered by spindle, then the clipping rope disc was rotated to grip the rope, and the swing shaft of the knotter organization was made to swing by spindle cam through the deep-groove ball bearing. By the cooperation between U type clip feed mechanism and related artifacts of the punching device, U type clip was impacted to form a taut knot in the rope. In the process, the cutter swang to be just above the rope knot, and cutting the rope would end the knotting process. The driving machinery of punching and U type punching device moved back with the work of the swing shaft return spring and pushing rope plate respectively. To test the knotter's applicability, a bedstand was made. The knotting rate was used as the judgment standard. Three kinds of normal U type clips and 3 kinds of ropes were chosen to do the orthogonal experiments. The experimental results showed that when the spindle rotation speed was determined to be 90 r/min, it finished impacting clip within 0.7 s, and the rate of knotting and locking of the new knotter reached 99% and 100% respectively. During the experiment, delivering rope, clipping rope, impacting rope and cutting rope operated at an appropriate time sequence which ensured the knotting process to be finished. Compared with D type knotter, the new device had simpler structure, lower manufacturing difficulty and cost, and the operation and maintenance were more convenient. The results show that the knotter design is feasible and lays the foundation for further optimizing the structure and working parameters of the knotter and its evaluation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Partial root-zone irrigation can stimulate the compensation effect of root water uptake at the irrigated zone. Plants can compensate for water stress in one part of the root zone by taking up water from other parts of the root zone where water is available. This study aimed to identify the dynamics and influencing factors of the compensation effect of maize roots (Zea mays L. hybrid cv. Aoyu No. 3007) under partial root zone irrigation. With the split-root technology, we conducted a hydroponic experiment to analyze the root zone water stress that was simulated by the osmotic potential of a nutrient solution (PEG-6000). There were 3 water stress levels, −0.2 (mild water stress), −0.4, −0.6 MPa (moderate water stress), and a control treatment (control, both sides of the root zone supplied with sufficient water). The root growth and hydraulic conductance of each root zone were measured at 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 3, 5, 7 and 9 d after the experiment started. Within 0.25 d after the experiment start, the total hydraulic conductance and the hydraulic conductance per root length between the two root zones in all three treatments and control were not significantly different (P>0.05) if the water stress was less than −0.6 MPa. When the partial water stress lasted more than 0.25 d, the total hydraulic conductance and the hydraulic conductance per root length in stressed root zone were lower (P<0.05) than that in the non-stressed root zone. Compared with non-stressed root zone, the reduction rate of root hydraulic conductance in the stressed root zone was significantly (P<0.05) increased with the increase in partial water stress degree and duration. At five days, compared to the root hydraulic conductance per root length in the non-stressed root zone, the corresponding value in the stressed root zone for the treatments −0.2, −0.4 and −0.6 MPa decreased by 32.70%, 49.90% and 50.97%, respectively. Within 0.25 d after the experiment start, for the treatment −0.4 and −0.6 MPa, the total hydraulic conductance in the stressed root zone reduced by 20% and 30% compare with the treatment −0.2 MPa. Twelve hours after the experiment start, the hydraulic conductance per root length in the non-stressed root zone for the treatment −0.2 MPa increased by 10.11% compared to control, and recovered to control level after 1 d. On the ninth day, the hydraulic conductance per root length in the non-stress root zone for the treatment −0.4 MPa (25.08×10-11 m2/(MPa·s)) was significantly greater (P<0.05) than that for control, indicating this treatment had an obvious compensation effect on root water uptake. However, the corresponding value for the treatment −0.6 MPa reduced by 19.05%-40.11% after 0.5 d, which recovered to the level of control after 5 d. The results indicated that the compensation effect of root water uptake in the non-stress zone can be effectively stimulated. The compensation effect started to occur at 0.5 d after the experiment start and was affected by the degree and duration of the water stress. −0.4 MPa was the threshold of partial root zone water stress for effectively stimulating compensatory effect of root water absorption in non-stressed root zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studying the variation of fruit and stem diameter is critical for optimizing irrigation schedule of tomato under alternate partial root zone drip irrigation (APRI) and improving water use efficiency in the green house. A plant physiology monitoring system (LPS-05MD) was used to measure the variation of fruit diameter and stem diameter during the fruiting stage of tomato under three different irrigation regimes: conventional drip irrigation (CDI), APRI and fixed partial root-zone irrigation (FDI). The soil under CDI were irrigated to 100% field capacity (FC) of the root-zones (from 0 m to a maximum depth of 0.40 m during the fruiting stage) by the drip irrigation system when the soil water content (SWC) in the root-zone reaching 80% FC. During the same day, the APRI and FDI treatments received about 2/3 of the irrigation amount for CDI, but only irrigated to one part of the root-zones (approximately 1/2 of the whole root-zone). For APRI, the irrigated root zone was alternatively changed from one side to another and consequently resulted in the SWC of different sides alternately high and low; whereas in FDI treatment, only the fixed side was irrigated and the other side was kept drying during the growing season. Results indicated that the variation of fruit diameter was significantly higher (P<0.05) in sunny days with high solar radiation rate than that of cloudy day with low solar radiation rate. The increase of tomato fruit diameter per day was not significantly linearly related to average SWC of the whole root zone (R²=0.30, P=0.16), but significantly related to the average solar radiation rate (R²=0.64, P=0.018). Previous studies indicate that the magnitude of MDS (maximum daily stem shrinkage) are not constant over a period of days with the same water status but different environmental conditions, and absolute MDS values registered without considering the evaporative demand might be meaningless. Based on this, there was a positive linear relationship between MDS and ET0 (R²=0.38, P<0.001), and the relationship between the value of MDS divided by ET0 (MDS/ET0) with SWC was significant different than MDS with SWC, which indicated that normalizing the absolute MDS values by environmental parameters, such as ET0, can help to indicate the soil water status precisely. Contrary to the previous results that MDS values increase in response to drought stress, in this study, MDS of APRI decreased with increasing water stress. This might be explained by the low resistance of water flow and high hydraulic capacitance of the tomato cultivar as well as the special physiological responses under APRI. For APRI, MDS/ET0 had a close relationships with SWC in the drying and wet root-zone (R²=0.60, P=0.006 and R² =0.88, P<0.001, respectively), which indicated that MDS normalized by ET0 under APRI was influenced both by SWC of drying side and wet side, and predominantly by the irrigated root-zone. Similarly, MDS/ET0 in FDI treatment was closely linearly related with the SWC in the irrigated root-zone (R²=0.61, P<0.001), but not with the fixed drying side (R²=0.02, P=0.64). This phenomenon can be explained by the decay of roots in the drying root-zone and the diminishment of the chemical signal generated from the drying roots of FDI. To the best of our knowledge, no study has been done to investigate the relationship between MDS (or MDS/ET0) and SWC of different root zone under APRI. The data in this study can help to reveal the mechanisms of variation of fruit diameter and stem diameter, as well as providing useful information for optimizing irrigation schedule of tomato under APRI grown in greenhouse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Underwater high speed target counter-rotation propeller always works at cavitation condition, the cavitation noise line-spectrum is due to the interaction between fore and aft propeller, and the interaction between the fore or aft propeller and wake of the ship. According to the acoustic analogy equation of Goldstein and making vacuole as one part of propeller, the academic prediction of counter-rotation propeller cavitation line-spectrum frequency is presented. The far field sound pressure expression of monopole sound source is deduced, and the line-spectrum prediction frequency is gained. The counter-rotation propeller cavitation is numerically simulated using Schnerr-sauer cavitation model, RNG k-ε turbulence model and dynamic mesh model. The resuits shows that the predicted cavity shapes of DTMB4381 propeller agrees well with the experimental observation and numerical simulation result on open literature, and the counter-rotation propeller cavitation line-spectrum frequency is got by this method which agrees with the result of Academic prediction absolutely. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influence of geometry characteristics of honeycomb ceramic in vertical packed bed heat extraction zone on heat extraction rate was numerically studied using three-dimensional mathematical model on the basis of model validity by experimental validation. Existence of heat extraction zone honeycomb ceramic resulted into different resistance in different positions of heat extraction zone, so gas would redistribute, so one part of the gas entered space where heat exchanger was embedded and there existed directly convective heat transfer between the part of the gas and heat exchanger exterior, while the other part of the gas entered honeycomb ceramic packed in heat extraction zone, heated the honeycomb ceramic through mode of convective heat transfer and then heat was transferred to heat exchanger exterior though thermal radiation. The characteristic sizes of the packed honeycomb ceramic in heat extraction zone had influence on heat extraction zone resistance and gas redistribution, and finally influenced heat extraction rate of heat exchanger. The calculated results show heat extraction rate of heat exchanger decreases with the increasing the characteristic size in the direction of gas flow of heat extraction zone honeycomb ceramic, but when the other two characteristic sizes increase, the heat extraction rate shows a trend of first increase and then decrease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]