Search

The use of traditional Chinese medicine based on the modern medical can improve the clinical efficacy of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). This paper will sum the advantages of AIDS, the characteristics of syndrome differentiation and treatment, the progress of syndrome, the efficacy evaluation strategy and the immune regulation mechanism of traditional Chinese medicine (CM), and discuss the achievements and deficiency in these related fields. We believe that the basic research of CM on AIDS has made many achievements, but there are still some problems, such as the lack of recognized CM etiology and pathogenesis theory, syndrome classification and diagnostic criteria, the core index set of clinical efficacy evaluation, and the lack of research on the mechanism of CM on AIDS. We suggest setting up a multidisciplinary research team and a big data research platform to solve the those problems and provide strong support for the clinical research of AIDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the characteristics of HIV molecular transmission network of men who have sex with men ( MSM) among newly reported HIV cases in Jinan, China. Methods The plasma samples of newly reported HIV - 1 MSM in Jinan from 2022 to 2023 were collected. The pol region gene was amplified using nested PCR followed by sequencing. The obtained sequences were used to construct phylogenetic tree and molecular transmission network. The related factors for participants entering a cluster were analyzed. Drug resistance mutations were identified and analyzed using the online software of HIV drug resistance database of Stanford University. Results This study obtained 207 sequences and identified 15 HIV - 1 subtypes. The dominant subtypes were CRF07_BC (76/207, 36. 7% ) and CRF01_AE (74/207, 35. 7% ), Mowed by B subtypes (21/207, 10. 1% ), CRF114_0155 (9/207, 4. 3% ), and CRF55_01B (8/207, 3. 9% ). Setting 1. 5% as the gene distance threshold, a total of 15 molecular clusters were formed by 42 sequences, with a transmission network entry rate of 20. 3%. Multivariate Logistic Analysis results showed that MSM with college or above education level and CD4 count >500 cells/µl were more likely to enter the molecular transmission network. Among the 207 participants, 11(5. 3% ) were detected with drug resistance mutations, including 2 with PI resistance mutations, 6 with NRTI resistance mutations, 2 with NNRTI resistance mutations, and 2 with INSTI resistance mutations. One participant was detected with both NRTI and NNRTI resistance mutations. Conclusion The gene subtypes of newly reported HIV cases are diverse, mainly were CRF07_BC and CRF01 _AE. MSM with younger age and higher education level are active populations in the HIV transmission network. HIV transmission network monitoring is a long - term and continuous work, and it is necessary to strengthen the traceability of key populations in the network and provide more effective intervention strategies to reduce the HIV transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the significant psychological impact experienced by a woman who was bitten by a family member infected with HIV. From March 24, 2023, to May 24, 2023, we provided nursing care through outpatient observation, interviews, and Line communication to identify her healthcare issues, including (1) acute pain, (2) readiness to enhance coping skills, and (3) anxiety. Her healthcare issues were addressed by (1) guiding her to use ice packs to reduce swelling and pain in the affected area, (2) providing information on preventing HIV transmission through bites, and (3) comforting her anxiety and monitoring her symptoms through regular Line communication. By sharing this case's care experience, we focus on medication education and counseling for HIV-exposed individuals to alleviate severe anxiety during the period of post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV and while waiting for HIV test results [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

目的了解中老年HIV/AIDS患者合并慢性非传染性疾病（简称慢性病）的患病率及与生命质量的关联。方法采用横断面研究调查广州医科大学附属市八医院感染科门诊432名45岁及以上HIV/AIDS患者，经质量控制366名研究对象纳入分析。采用自制问卷和欧洲5维健康量表（EQ-5D-3L）调查慢性病和生命质量，采用Tobit回归分析慢性病与生命质量的关联。结果366名研究对象纳入分析，合并心血管疾病29人（7.9%），高血压45人（12.3%），高血糖122人（33.3%），高脂血症151人（41.3%），癌症7人（1.9%），慢性肾脏疾病17人（4.6%），慢性肝脏疾病38人（10.4%），肌肉骨骼疾病21人（5.7%），合并至少一类慢性病253人（69.1%）。EQ-5D效用指数的中位数（上下四分位数）为1.000（0.964~1.000）。多因素Tobit回归结果显示，合并癌症［ba=-0.08， 95%CI（-0.15， -0.01）， P=0.036］、慢性肾脏疾病［ba=-0.07， 95%CI（-0.12， -0.02）， P=0.006］、肌肉骨骼疾病［ba=-0.09， 95%CI（-0.13， -0.05）， Pba=-0.05， 95%CI（-0.08， -0.01）， P=0.013］均与EQ-5D效用指数呈负向关联。不同CD4+T细胞水平分层分析结果显示，CD4≤500个/μL组合并高血压［ba=-0.07， 95%CI（-0.12， -0.02）， P=0.007］、慢性肾脏疾病［ba=-0.10， 95%CI（-0.18， -0.03）， P=0.006］、肌肉骨骼疾病［ba=-0.15， 95%CI（-0.22， -0.07）， Pba=-0.09， 95%CI（-0.09， -0.01）， Pba=-0.11， 95%CI（-0.20， -0.01）， P=0.031］与EQ-5D效用指数呈负向关联。结论中老年HIV/AIDS患者合并慢性非传染性疾病比例较高，合并癌症、慢性肾脏疾病等慢性病及慢性病类数与生命质量呈负向关联，但这种关联在不同CD4水平HIV/AIDS患者中存在差异，建议对HIV/AIDS患者的慢性病进行预防和早期识别，并加强艾滋病与慢性病卫生服务的联系与整合，对艾滋病和慢性病进行共同管理和控制，以提高目标人群的生命质量。

Background The prevalence and epidemiology of pre-treatment drug resistance (PDR) and acquired drug resistance (ADR) among HIV-infected individuals vary considerably in different regions of China. Both types of drug resistance have adverse effects on the antiviral treatment outcomes for patients, potentially exacerbating their poor prognosis. Currently, there is a paucity of research on the prevalence and epidemiology of PDR and ADR among HIV-infected individuals in Southwest China. Objective This study investigated the prevalence and epidemiology of pre-treatment drug resistance and acquired drug resistance among people living with HIV (PLWH) in Southwest China. Methods This was a large cross-sectional study that enrolled PLWH who visited Guiyang Public Health Clinical Center between January 1, 2021, and June 30, 2023, and underwent drug resistance gene testing. HIV-1 genotype and drug resistance were analyzed using HIV-1 pol sequence. The Stanford University HIV Drug Resistance Database was used to analyze major drug resistance mutations in the reverse transcriptase and protease Sanger sequences. Risk factors associated with pre-treatment drug resistance were evaluated using a Logistic regression model. Results A total of 1 613 individuals were included in the study, with 824 ART-naive and 789 ART-experienced. The most common genotype among ART-naive patients was B+C (47.0%), and the drug resistance rate was 18.7% (154/824) with non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) accounting for 14.9% (123/824), nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) accounting for 1.7% (14/824), protease inhibitors (PIs) accounting for 2.7% (22/824), and integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) accounting for 1.9% (16/824). Among the ART-experienced patients, the most common genotype was CRF01-AE (37.4%), with a drug resistance rate of 27.8% (219/789). The mutation rates for NNRTIs, NRTIs, PIs, and INSTIs were 7.7% (61/789), 19.3% (152/789), 2.7% (21/789), and 1.1% (9/789), respectively. Furthermore, multivariate Logistic regression modeling revealed that transmission route, CD4+ T-cell count, viral load, and the time interval between diagnosis and ART initiation were associated with an increased risk of pre-treatment drug resistance (P

ObjectiveTo analyze the failure of antiretroviral therapy (ART) and drug resistance characteristics among the newly reported HIV-infected patients in Taizhou City from 2020 to 2022.MethodsBlood samples, sociodemographic characteristics and ART information of the newly reported HIV-infected patients who received ART for ≥6 months in Taizhou City from 2020 to 2022 were collected for the detection of recent infections and HIV-1 genotypic drug resistance. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influencing factors of treatment failure. The gene sequences of cases with failed ART were submitted to the HIV drug resistance database of Stanford University to determine the drug resistance mutation sites and drug resistance characteristics.ResultsAmong the 1 023 newly reported HIV-infected patients receiving ART, the median age (P25,P75) was 47 (33, 58) years, 81.4% were male, 66.4% (679/1 023) were infected through heterosexual transmission, 74.7% had a WHO clinical stage Ⅰ/Ⅱ, 62.2% had a baseline CD4 count of >200 cell·μL-1, 94.4% (966/1 023) received an immediate ART, and 78.7% were long-term infected. Among the 66 patients with treatment failure (6.5%), the likelihood of treatment failure was lower in those with homosexual transmission (OR=0.39, 95%CI: 0.17‒0.84) and without history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) (OR=0.45, 95%CI: 0.24‒0.92), but higher in those with a baseline CD4 count of ≤200 cell·μL-1, delayed ART (OR=3.19, 95%CI: 1.24‒7.52), and primary drug resistance (OR=4.69, 95%CI: 1.68‒11.89). Among the 36 HIV-infected patients with virological failure, 27 sequences were successfully amplified, with a successful amplification rate of 75.0% (27/36). The total drug resistance rate was 55.6% (15/27), of which the drug resistance rates of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs), non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) and protease inhibitors (PIs) were 37.0% (10/27), 51.9% (14/27) and 3.7% (1/27), respectively. Among the NNRTIs, the degree of resistance to efavirenz and nevirapine was consistent, with a majority (51.9%) of highly drug-resistant. K103N and M184V were the most common mutation sites, but PIs mutations occured less frequently. A total of 8 genotypes of HIV-1 were detected, in which subtype CRF01_AE accounted for 37.0% (10/27), followed by CRF07_BC [14.8% (4/27)], CRF08_BC [14.8% (4/27)] and subtype C [14.8% (4/27)].ConclusionDuring the period from 2020 to 2022, the newly reported HIV-infected individuals in Taizhou City were predominated by long-term infections. Immediate initiation of ART can reduce the risk of treatment failure in HIV-infected individuals. Virological treatment failures are primarily associated with resistance to NRTIs and NNRTIs. It is recommended to strengthen active detection and promptly initiate ART to minimize the occurrence of ART failure. Simultaneously, there is a need to intensify drug resistance detection targeted for those with treatment failure, so as to provide a scientific guidance for drug replacement.

Objective To systematically evaluate the incidence of self-harm behavior and self-harm ideation among HIV/AIDS patients, providing evidence-based support for effectively improving their mental health. Methods A comprehensive search of relevant studies was conducted in databases including CNKI, CBM, VIP, WanFang Data, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, and PsyclNFO, covering literature up to August 20, 2024. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and assessed the quality. Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 17.0 software. Results A total of 9 studies were included, with a sample size of 17 414. Meta-analysis of the random effects model showed that the combined incidence of self-harm behaviors and self-harm ideation in HIV/AIDS patients was 12.3% (95%CI: 9.2%-15.4%), the incidence of self-harm behaviors was 12.4% (95%CI: 7.2%-17.6%), and the incidence of self-harm ideation was 13.3%(95%CI: 8.2%-18.5%). Subgroup analyses showed that the prevalence of self-harm behaviors and self-harm ideation was higher among HIV/AIDS patients in Asia and was higher in moderate-quality studies than in high-quality studies. In addition, higher prevalence rates were also observed in studies published before 2015, in people aged 18-24 years, and in studies with <50% males, but these results need to be interpreted with caution in conjunction with the results of the heterogeneity analysis. Conclusion The incidence of self-harm behavior and self-harm ideation is relatively high among HIV/AIDS patients, particularly in Asia. Further research is needed to validate differences among various groups and to develop effective intervention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired immune deficiency syndrome is an infectious disease with high mortality caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Even after antiretroviral therapy, the virus reservoir formed by the provirus integrated in the host genome can evade host immune surveillance and clearance. The existing methods of HIV reservoir detection mainly include cell culture induced virus growth assay in vitro and direct detection of the provirus genome based on PCR technology. Understanding and measuring accurately of HIV reservoir can provide reliable technical basis for HIV treatment research. This article summarizes and analyzes various detection methods of HIV reservoirs in recent years and their advantages and disadvantages, in order to select the suitable method for different detection objects of HIV reservior, and give appropriate suggestions, to provide technical support and theoretical guidance for further research on acquired immune deficiency syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand the status of alexithymia in people living with HIV aged 50 years and over, and to analyze its influencing factors. Methods From November 2023 to March 2024, HIV 一 infected people aged 50 and over in Luzhou City, Ziyang City and Zigong City of Sichuan Province were selected by convenience sampling method. The 20 - item Toronto Alexithymia Scale (TAS - 20), Loneliness Scale (UCAL) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale (MoCA) were used to conduct a questionnaire survey on people living with HIV aged 50 and oven T 一 test and ANOVA were used to compare the scores of alexithymia in HIV 一 infected people aged 50 years and above with different characteristics. Multiple linear regression analysis was used to explore the influencing factors of alexithymia in HIV - infected people aged 50 years and above. Results The average scores of TAS - 20, UCAL and MoCA were (61. 93 ± 10. 99) points, (44. 91 ± 9. 87) points and (18. 56 ± 4.86) points, respectively, in 207 HIV 一 infected patients aged 50 years and above. The detection rate of Alexithymia was 52. 2%. The results of multivariate analysis showed that non 一 marriage (仔=0. 13,95% CIt 0. 03 - 0. 53), loneliness (仔= 0. 44, 95% CIz 0. 32 - 0. 55), poor cognitive function (仔二 一 0. 25, 95% CI: - 0. 37 - 0, 14) may be the influencing factor of alexithymia in HIV 一 infected persons aged 50 years and above. Conclusion Compared with other age groups, HIV - infected people aged 50 and above have a higher prevalence of alexithymia, and AIDS prevention and control managers should focus on unmarried, lonely and poor cognitive performance of infected people, to develop personalized interventions for them to alleviate alexithymia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To assess the risk of cardiovascular disease ( CVD) in patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy ( ART), to understand the differences among patients with different risk levels in Kunming, and to analyze the risk factors affecting CVD. Methods From July to December 2023, a questionnaire was conducted with patients already on ART, and relevant data were collected. The D:A:D model was used to assess CVD risk, and patients were classified into low-risk, medium-risk, and high-risk groups. Chi-square tests and rank-sum tests were used to compare differences among groups, and logistic regression was performed to analyze factors influencing CVD. Results A total of 4, 139 patients were included, with 3, 119 ( 75.4%) in the low-risk group, 1, 020 ( 24.6%) in the medium- to high-risk groups [756 ( 18.3%) in the medium-risk group and 264 ( 6.3%) in the high-risk group]. Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that being male, aged ≥50 years, having a history of smoking, hypertension, a family history of CVD, homosexual transmission, being underweight, overweight, or obese, having a history of diabetes, high blood glucose, higher education ( college and above) dyslipidemia, ART duration ≥10 years, CD4 count ≥200 cells/μL, and use of ART drugs were all associated with a CVD risk ≥10% ( all P < 0.05) . Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that, among these variables, only same-sex transmission did not have a statistically significant difference ( P > 0.05) . Conclusion Male gender, older age, comorbid non-AIDS-defining illnesses ( such as diabetes and hypertension), smoking history, family history of CVD, being overweight or obese, ART duration over 10 years, abnormal lipid metabolism, low CD4 cell count, and ART drug use are associated with higher CVD risk. Comprehensive HIV management should emphasize monitoring of lipid levels, blood pressure, and blood glucose to assess CVD risk, and timely intervention and treatment adjustments should be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the efficacy of 48 weeks of rapid initiation of HIV antiviral therapy in Kunming, and analyze the influencing factors of Non-rapid initiation. Methods Data of patients initially receiving HIV antiviral treatment in The Third People's Hospital of Kunming from January 2018 to December 2022 were retrospectively collected. The time interval between diagnosis and treatment initiation was ≤7 days in the rapid ART group, and > 7 days in the non-rapid ART group. Chi-square test and T-test were used to compare the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics between the two groups and logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the influence factors. The chi-square test was used to compare the difference of CD4 count, viral inhibition rate, cohort retention rate and mortality between the two groups after 48 weeks of treatment. Results The Rapid ART rate was 32.70%, the Non-rapid ART group has higher loss rate in 48 week (χ² = 11.169, P = 0.001), higher mortality (χ² = 3.924, P = 0.048). The risk of Non-rapid initiation was 1.212 times higher in patients without a spouse (P = 0.040). The risk of Non-rapid initiation in patients transmitted by intravenous drug use was 2.987 times that of heterosexual transmission (P < 0.001). Patients with baseline CD4/CD8<0.5 had a 1.423 times greater risk of Non-rapid initiation than patients with CD4/CD8≥0.5 ( P = 0.001), patients with CD4 counts≤350/μL were at higher risk for Non-rapid initiation (P = 0.047). After 48 weeks of treatment, the virus inhibition rate in the Rapid ART group was higher than that in theNon-rapid ART group (P = 0.031), the proportion of patients with CD4/CD8≥ 0.5 was higher in theRapid ART group (P < 0.001). Conclusion Rapid initiation of antiviral therapy is beneficial to improve viral inhibition rate and cohort retention rate, and reduce mortality. For patients without spouses, with intravenous transmission and CD4/CD8<0.5, more interventions should be given to help patients receive antiviral therapy as soon as possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the influencing factors of enteral nutrition therapy intolerance in HIV/AIDS patients, establish and validate a Nomogram model.Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on the clinical data of hospitalized HIV/AIDS patients admitted to the Fourth people's Hospital of Nanning, from January 1, 2015 to September 30, 2021. Through the binary Logistic regression model, the risk factors for feeding intolerance in HIV/AIDS patients were explored, a Nomogram model was constructed and validated.Results A total of 174 HIV/AIDS patients were included, among which 76 patients experienced early enteral nutrition feeding intolerance (43.68%). Multivariate analysis showed that mean arterial pressure ≤ 80 mmHg [OR=2.822, 95%CI(1.267, 6.287)], Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Status Score Ⅱ > 15 points [OR=5.625, 95%CI(1.435, 22.048)], mechanical ventilation application [OR=5.459, 95%CI(2.046, 14.564)], highly active anti-retroviral therapy [OR=2.428, 95%CI(1.118, 5.275)], muscle relaxant use [OR=3.833, 95%CI(1.758, 8.357)], CD4+T cell count ≤200·μL-1[OR=3.785, 95%CI(1.126, 12.724)], the number of antibiotics used >2 [OR=2.365, 95%CI(1.039, 5.384)] were influential factors of feeding intolerance in enteral nutrition therapy in HIV/AIDS patients. A nomogram prediction model was constructed, the model AUC value was 0.849[95%CI(0.794, 0.905)], with the maximum Youden index of 0.555. The optimal threshold was 0.331. The sensitivity was 88.16%, and the specificity was 67.35%. The calibration curve and decision curve indicated good consistency and benefit of the model.Conclusion The prediction model for the risk of enteral nutrition therapy intolerance in HIV/AIDS patients constructed in this study can provide a reference for medical staff to quickly identify the risk of feeding intolerance in HIV/AIDS patients and take preventive nursing measures in time.

Objective To investigate the status and epidemiological characteristics of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection in voluntary blood donors in Jinan, China, and to provide a basis for formulating reasonable HIV blood screening strategies and improving blood donation recruitment in this region. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the preliminary screening results of HIV antibody/antigen and nucleic acid of the blood samples of all voluntary blood donors in Jinan Blood Supply and Security Center from 2014 to 2020. According to the confirmation results of reactive samples from Jinan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, the epidemiological data and blood donation data of HIV-positive individuals were collected by consulting the information management system of Shinow Blood Station. Results Among the 284 778 samples, 277 were reactive for primary screening, resulting in a reactivity rate of 0.97‰. Among the 65 reactive samples based on dual-reagent ELISA, 46 were confirmed positive, with a confirmed positive rate of 0.16‰, while 9 samples were uncertain. Among the confirmed positive blood donors, there were 45 male individuals and 1 female individual, and most of the infected individuals were aged 21-40 years, especially 21-30 years. The highest proportion of the individuals with HIV infection was observed among the first-time blood donors (65.22%), the whole blood donors (95.65%), and the individual voluntary blood donors (95.65%). Conclusion There is a relatively high coincidence rate between ELISA dual-reagent reactivity and confirmation results, and ELISA and nucleic acid testing should be used in combination for blood screening to prevent the missed detection of HIV. HIV infection in voluntary blood donors shows the characteristics of sex, age, and occupation distribution, and targeted publicity of the knowledge of HIV prevention and treatment should be strengthened for different populations. Meanwhile, the internet information sharing system should be used to eliminate HIV-positive blood donors, so as to improve the quality of blood supply from the source.

Countries around the world have enacted HIV-specific statutes that criminalize undisclosed exposure to HIV as a method for preventing and treating the disease. These policies presume that the punishment may encourage people to disclose their infection status to their sexual partners and forgo risky behaviors or increase protective measures, ultimately reducing HIV transmission. When the HIV/AIDS prevention and control law was passed in 1990, Taiwan enacted an HIV- specific statute to criminalize nondisclosure transmission of HIV through sexual intercourse or sharing needles. In the past three decades, the policy scope was extended to attempted acts even if the virus is not transmitted, and longer sentences were adopted, equivalent to sentences for aggravated assault. However, little is known whether such harsh criminal laws are effective HIV prevention methods or have potential negative impacts. This study searched for empirical studies discussing the effects of HIV criminal laws on public health from PubMed and collected twenty- six district court judgments involving 37 defendants charged with criminal HIV transmission from the Judicial Yuan Judgment Court Decisions Inquiry database. Empirical studies show that criminal HIV laws have an insignificant effect on changing risky behavior, failing to produce the expected epidemic prevention benefits of deterring risky behaviors. Although evidence is insufficient to demonstrate that criminal HIV laws hinder the willingness to test, health caregivers are worried about the accessibility of care. Some worry that the care of patients with HIV may still be impeded by stigma. A disturbing proportion of court cases in Taiwan have involved prosecution and punishment of attempted behaviors, including almost zero-risk behaviors. The intention to infect is not considered, while knowledge of the infection status is deemed sufficient. Phylogenetic analysis—the study of the genetic relatedness between HIV strains—has been adopted by courts as evidence to prove that HIV transmission occurred directly between the defendant and the witness. The severity of the sentences is also concerning. Policymakers should consider the benefits of criminalizing public health risks and evaluate the use of noncriminal prevention and control measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the anti-human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) activity of Euonymus fortunei extract and its mechanism, providing a theoretical basis for the research and development of traditional Chinese herbal resources in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Methods The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)-HIV-1bal cell model system was used as the experimental model, and the effect of Euonymus fortunei extract on the cell activity and anti-HIV-1 activity of PBMCs was investigated by CellTiter-Glo assay and HIV-1 p24 antigen assay. Additionally, the mechanism of anti-HIV-1 action of Euonymus fortunei extract was determined through the time-of-addition assay and HIV-1 enzymatic assays. Results In the PBMCs-HIV-1bal cell model, Euonymus fortunei extract showed no significant effect on cellular activity at the highest concentration, with a median cytotoxic concentration (CC50)>40 μg/mL. Within the non-cytotoxic concentration range, the level of HIV-1bal decreased with the increase of the extract concentration, with the IC50=0.084 μg/mL, and the SI>476.19. Time-of-addition assay revealed that Euonymus fortunei extract had the highest inhibitory activity on HIV-1IIIB when it was added to cells at the same time as the virus, and the inhibitory rate of HIV-1 activity decreased at 2 h and gradually lost its inhibitory effect on the virus at 18-24 h, similar to the known HIV entry inhibitor Enfuvirtid (T-20). Key HIV-1 enzyme activity experiments found that the extract had no significant inhibitory effect on reverse transcriptase activity but exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of integrase activity, with integrase activity decreasing with increasing extract concentration (IC50=0.18 μg/mL); The extract could inhibit the activity of HIV-1 protease in a certain concentration range (IC50=39.18 μg/mL). Conclusions In this study, it was found that Euonymus fortunei extract has a strong inhibitory activity against HIV-1 activity, which may exert anti-HIV-1 effects by acting on viral entry into cells and inhibiting integrase activity, and has a good application prospect in the research and development of multi-target new drugs against HIV-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the characteristics of pulmonary artery diameter in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection-associated pulmonary hypertension (PAH), and to explore the clinical significance of pulmonary artery diameter correlation indices combined with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) for early screening and diagnosis of HIV-associated pulmonary hypertension, aiming to provide valuable clinical insights. Methods A retrospective analysis was conducted on 65 HIV-infected patients admitted to the Eighth Hospital Affiliated to Guangzhou Medical University between May 2017 and December 2023. Based on echocardiography findings, the patients were categorized into an observation group (23 cases with PAH) and a control group (42 cases without PAH) . Measurements of pulmonary artery diameter (PA), distal pulmonary artery diameter (dPA), and aortic diameter were obtained in both groups, and the ratio of dPA to aortic diameter (rPA) was calculated. Additionally, serum TNF-α levels were recorded. The clinical significance of each index in early screening and diagnosis of HIV-related pulmonary hypertension was analyzed. Results The PA, dPA, rPA, and TNF- α levels in the observation group were significantly higher compared to those in the control group. Pearson linear correlation analysis revealed a significant positive correlation between TNF-α and both dPA and rPA. Two-column correlation analysis demonstrated a significant association between HIV-PAH and PA, dPA, rPA, as well as TNF-α (P < 0.05). The combined measurement of serum TNF-α with dPA and rPA exhibited an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.891 for diagnosing HIV-APAH, with a sensitivity of 0.870 and specificity of 0.881. Conclusion The combination of pulmonary artery diameter and TNF- α provides a more accurate indication of the presence of HIVPAH, enabling early screening, follow-up, or intervention in high-risk patients. This finding holds significant implications for enhancing patient prognosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

T cell receptors （TCR） immune repertoire is sum of all TCR in body， and diversity of TCR immune repertoire is closely related to HIV recognition and immune escape. High-throughput immune repertoire sequencing technology is able to detect and analyze all sequences of TCR immune repertoire， truly reflect genetic information of all TCR， and comprehensively reveal complexity and diversity of TCR immune repertoire. Analysis of changes in TCR immune group database of HIV patients through high-throughput sequencing technology can monitor their diagnosis and treatment， disease progression and prognosis， and can also contribute to vaccine development， latent reservoir clearance and clinical efficacy evaluation， so as to provide a theoretical basis for enriching prevention and treatment ideas and targets of HIV/AIDS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gag-Pol protein is one of the important structural proteins of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), comprising the basic scaffold proteins and functional enzymes required during the lifecycle of HIV. Currently, the inhibitors targeting different functional domains on Gag-Pol include capsid (CA) inhibitors, protease inhibitors, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and integrase inhibitors. The CA inhibitors inhibit the maturation of CA or disrupt the assembly of CA, so as to affect the replication of HIV. The primary mechanism of protease inhibitors is to inhibit the protease from cleaving at the cleavage site CA-spacer peptide 1 (SP1). The reverse transcriptase inhibitors block the reverse transcription process of HIV by mimicking the reverse transcription substrates. The integrase inhibitors impact the activity of integrase by targeting the zinc-finger structure at the active center of integrase. This article summarizes the inhibitors targeting HIV Gag-Pol protein and their mechanisms, and reviews the approved dosages and usages of approved patent drugs, so as to provide the references for the future clinical combination therapies and the development of new inhibitors targeting HIV Gag-Pol protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To understand the new HIV-1 infection in MSM (men who have sex with men) sentinel population in Haikou and explore the influencing factors of HIV/AIDS epidemic, so as to provide a basis for AIDS prevention and control. Methods A continuous cross-sectional study was used to detect HIV-1 infection in the MSM sentinel surveillance population in Haikou City from 2019 to 2023, excluding those with known past positive results and those who had been on antiretroviral therapy for more than six months. The positive cases suitable for new infection testing were examined by HIV-1 restriction antigen affinity enzyme immunization method, and binary non-conditional logistic regression model conducted multivariate analysis of new infections. Results A total of 2 001 MSM were recruited, with a median age M(P25, P75) of 28 (23, 33) years, 89.8% were recruited from the Internet, 90.8% were single; 79.7% resided in the local area for >2 years, 72.6% were educated to college level or above, and the proportion of household registration in the province was 78.0%. From 2019 to 2023, the HIV-1 positive rate among MSM in Haikou from 2019 to 2023 was 6.85% (137/2 001), with a new infection rate of 2.95% (59/2 001). The estimated new infection rate was 8.61% (95%CI: 6.41-10.81), with no significant trend changes in HIV-1 positivity and new infection rates over the years (P>0.05). Multivariate analysis revealed that, compared to those who lived locally for ≤2 years, those residing locally for >2 years had a lower probability of recent HIV-1 infection (OR=0.473, 95%CI: 0.273-0.821). Compared to those who had never received intervention services, those who had received such services had a lower risk of recent HIV-1 infection (OR=0.347, 95%CI: 0.197-0.613). Conclusions In recent years, the Haikou MSM population has shown characteristics of higher education and younger age, and the rate of new HIV-1 infections has not changed significantly. Receiving intervention services is the protection factor to prevent HIV-1 new infections, whereas the mobile MSM population has a higher risk of HIV-1 new infection. Health management of the mobile MSM population should be strengthened to expand the coverage of AIDS intervention services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective lo explore the application value ot a recombinant antigen-based capture enzyme immunoassay (KAg-CEIA) in detection of recent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in the sentinel surveillance population. Methods Among the HIV/AIDS sentinel surveillance population in Yunnan province in 2015, the confirmed HIV-1 antibodies positive plasma specimens matching the detection criteria for recent HIV-1 infection were tested by HIV-1 RAg-CEIA. The recent HIV-1 infection specimens were classified by the normalized optical density (ODn) values, and then the HIV-1 incidence in population were estimated. The detection and analysis data were compared with those by BED capture enzyme immunoassay (BED-CEIA) and limiting antigen avidity enzyme immunoassay (LAg-Avidity EIA), respectively. Results A total of 51 313 plasma specimens were tested for HIV antibodies, in which 1 255 specimens were HIV-1 antibodies positive. 253 out of 373 specimens matching the detection criteria for recent HIV-1 infection were tested by the 3 assays, respectively. By RAg-CEIA, BED-CEIA and LAg-Avidity EIA, 88, 78 and 54 specimens were classified as recent HIV-1 infections, and the HIV-1 incidence in the sentinel surveillance population was 0.33% (95% CI: 0.26%~0.39%), 0.31% (95% CI: 0.24%-0.38%) and 0.31% (95% CI: 0.22%-0.39%), respectively. The differences between the HIV-1 incidence by the 3 assays were not statistically significant (P = 0.927). Among the sub-populations, the HIV-1 incidence in men who have sex with men (MSM) were 3.50% (95% CI: 2.48%-4.52%), 3.92% (95% CI: 2.76%-5.08%) and 4.17% (95% CI: 2.79%-5.55%), respectively. The differences between the HIV-1 incidence by the 3 assays were not statistically significant (P = 0.763). The ODn values by RAg-CEIA were linear correlation with those by BED-CEIA (Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was 0.911), and those by LAg-Avidity EIA (Spearman' s rank correlation coefficient was 0.755), respectively. Conclusion HIV-1 RAg-CEIA can be effectively used in classification of recent HIV-1 infections and estimation of HIV-1 incidence, indicating that this approach has a good application prospect in detection of recent HIV-1 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aims to investigate the mortality among HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Fangchenggang City, Guangxi Province, and to identify associated factors with AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related deaths, providing scientific evidence for reducing AIDS mortality. Methods We collected data from the National Comprehensive AIDS Prevention and Control Information System. These data included socio-demographic and follow-up records of 2 728 HIV-1 infected individuals receiving Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) treatment in Fangchenggang City from January 1, 2005 to July 5, 2022. This dataset included socio-demographic and follow-up records during the specified period, providing a comprehensive insight into the therapeutic responses, survival rates, and potential associated complications among ART-treated HIV/AIDS patients within Fangchenggang City. Socio-demographic and follow-up data were analyzed using the cumulative incidence function (CIF) under a competing risk framework and the Fine-Gray subdistribution hazard regression model to assess the associated factors with both AIDS-related and non-AIDS-related deaths. Results With an average follow-up period of 6.7 person-years, 295 cases experienced AIDS-related death with a mortality rate of 1.06/100 person-years, while 227 cases died from non-AIDS-related causes, with a mortality rate of 1.2/100 person-years. Under consideration of competing risks, the cumulative incidence of AIDS-related death at 1 year, 5 years, and 13 years post-diagnosis was 2.5%, 8.5%, and 15.0%, respectively. The factors associated with a higher risk of AIDS-related death included: age 60 years or older (aHR = 1.5, 95% CI: 1.05~2.15), current spouse's infection status unknown/not investigated (aHR = 1.39, 95 % CI: 1.03~1.90), history of prophylactic treatment for opportunistic infections (aHR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.06~1.84), and occurrence of opportunistic infections or tumors (aHR = 1.65, 95% CI: 1.12~2.45) . On the contrary, factors associated with a lower risk of AIDS-related death included: being female (aHR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.49~0.90), initial treatment regimen containing EFV (aHR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.25~0.68), having changed the treatment regimen (aHR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.12~0.29), first CD4 cell count ≥ 200 cells/µL (aHR = 0.30, 95% CI: 0.20~0.45), initial viral load (VL) between 50 to 1000 copies/ml (aHR = 0.31, 95% CI: 0.18-0.54), and VL < 50 copies/ml (aHR = 0.61, 95% CI: 0.44~0.84). Regarding non-AIDS related deaths, passive detection (aHR = 1.41, 95% CI: 1.0~1.98), uninvestigated/unknown spouse's infection status (aHR = 1.40, 95% CI: 1.01~1.95), and first CD4 cell count ≥200 cells/ (JLL (aHR = 1.68, 95% CI: 1.27~2.22) were found to be associated with increased risk. In contrast, lower risk factors included being female (aHR = 0.55, 95 % CI: 0.37-0.81), having experienced a change in antiviral treatment regimen post-initiation (aHR = 0.33, 95%CI :0.21-0.50), initial treatment regimens containing EFV (aHR = 0.55, 95% CI: 0.34-0.88), and NVP (aHR = 0.50, 95% CI: 0.3-0.83). Conclusion The mortality rate among HIV/AIDS patients receiving ART in Fangchenggang City is relatively low. This study underscores the importance of preventing and treating opportunistic infections or tumors for improving the survival of HIV/AIDS patients. HIV/AIDS care clinics should particularly focus on monitoring and following up on female patients, older patients, and those detected passively, enhancing medication adherence, expanding HIV testing among key populations, and thereby striving to reduce the mortality rate among AIDS patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the transmission of HIV-1 infections newly found in Luzhou city, Sichuan Province in 2021, and to investigate the risk factors and characteristics of HIV-1 transmission network, so as to provide data for the prevention and control of AIDS epidemic in Luzhou. Methods The blood samples and demographic information of 363 newly reported HIV-1 infections in Luzhou in 2021 were collected. The HIV-1 pol gene sequence was amplified by nested PCR, and the virus subtype and transmissible drug resistance were analyzed according to the pol gene sequence. The molecular network was constructed based on the optimal gene distance (d=1.5%) and the characteristics of molecular transmission network and its influencing factors were analyzed. Results A total of 346 valid sequences were obtained, including 113 cases of CRF07_BC subtype (32.66%), 107 cases of CRF01_AE subtype (30.92%), 99 cases of CRF08_BC subtype (28.61%), 18 cases of CRF105_0108 subtype (5.20%), and 9 cases of other subtypes (2.60%). The rate of transmitted drug resistance of HIV-1 was 15.03% (52/346), and dual drug resistance was detected in 4 samples. A total of 34 molecular clusters were formed, and the number of cases in the clusters ranged from 2 to 25, with 148 individuals (42.77%) included in the transmission network under the optimal genetic distance threshold (1.5%). There were significant differences in age, education level, infection route, genotype, and registered residence registration (P<0.05). Logistic regression found that education level and registered residence were the influencing factors of network access. Conclusion The newly reported HIV -1 infection in Luzhou city shows diversity of virus genes. CRF01_AE, CRF07_BC, and CRF08_ BC subtype have become the main subtype of epidemic virus strains, and molecular transmission network should be established for long-term monitoring in this region to take targeted measures to block its further transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To describe the characteristics of commercial sexual behavior of HIV-infected men who have sex with men (MSM) and analyze its influencing factors. Methods An anonymous questionnaire survey was conducted through the recruitment of HIV-infected MSM by two social organizations in Chongqing. The x² test was used to compare the commercial sexual behavior of HIV infected with MSM with different social demographic characteristics, mental health status, and sexual behavioral characteristics. Multivariate Logistic regression model was used to analyze the influencing factors of commercial behavior. Results A total of 1 501 cases of HIV infection with MSM were investigated in this study. In total 12.50% of the respondents reported same-sex commercial sex in the past six months, of which 28.34% reported unprotected commercial sex behavior. The results of multivariate Logistic regression showed HIV-infected MSM with marital status as marriage/cohabitation (OR =2.345, 95%CI: 1.442-3.814), working status as part-time and others (OR=6.522, 95%CI: 3.575-11.900), monthly income exceeding 5 000 yuan (OR=7.890, 95%CI: 4.254-14.634), age of first sexual intercourse less than 18 years old (OR= 1.818, 95%CI: 1.014-3.260), using same-sex dating software (using one: OR=2.984, 95%CI: 1.477-6.030; using two: OR = 3.683, 95%C$: 1.650-8.221; using 3 and above: OR=21.777, 95%CI: 8.349-56.804), drinking (0R=2.528, 95%C$: 1.5684.074), and using Rush (OR=3.114, 95%CI: 1.988-4.877) were more likely to have commercial sexual behavior (P < 0.05). Conclusion The commercial sexual behavior of HIV infection with MSM is common in Chongqing, and the proportion of commercial sexual behavior without condom is high_ Comprehensive measures should be taken to intervene the drinking, Rush use, and commercial sexual behavior of this population in order to reduce the further spread of HIV/STIs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a virus that causes defects in the human immune system. HIV can abnormally activate immune cells, greatly reduce CD4 +T lymphocytes in the intestine, weaken the defense against pathogenic bacteria, make intestinal immune dysfunction, imbalance of intestinal flora, and cause other system abnormalities. In clinical practice, anti retroviral therapy (ART) is accompanied by diarrhea, nausea, allergy and other adverse reactions. In recent years, studies have found that the combination of probiotics and ART treatment can regulate intestinal flora, inhibit bacterial translocation, and reduce the inflammatory coefficient of HIV infected people. This article mainly summarizes the efficacy and mechanism of adjuvant treatment of HIV patients by supplementing a variety of probiotics after the intestinal microecological changes caused by HIV. It shows that dietary adjuvant treatment of HIV infection with probiotics has a positive effect and is an economic and feasible treatment method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the population data of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections among voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou between 2012 and 2022, and analyze its characteristics and trends, so as to provide valuable data for formulating targeted prevention and ensuring blood safety. Methods Voluntary blood donors samples from 2012 to 2022 were screened for p24 antigen and anti-HIV by two ELISA diagnostic kits and HIV RNA by nucleic acid test(NAT). The reactive blood samples were sent to the Disease Control and Prevention Center of Guangzhou for anti-HIV confirmatory test by Western blot. The population characteristics of blood donors with confirmed-positive HIV were subsequently analyzed. Results There were a total of 3 351 596 blood samples from voluntary blood donors in Guangzhou from 2012 to 2022, of which 708 samples were confirmed-positive of anti-HIV, with a total positive rate of 21.12/100 000, showing a decreasing trend (P

Objective To explore the the potential risks of antiretroviral therapy(ART) drugs on blood safety among blood donors in Shenzhen. Methods High pressure liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) was used to measure ART drugs concentrations in the plasma of regular blood donors (negative control group, n=86) and anti-HIV positive individuals (experimental group, n=98, detected from approximately 440 000 blood donors during 2019—2023). The baseline plasma concentrations of ART drugs in the negative control group were clarified, and the impact of ART drugs on blood safety was analyzed. Results The baseline concentrations of ART drugs were not detected in 86 samples of negative control group. Four positive ART drugs samples were detected in 1∶2 pooled plasma samples of 98 anti-HIV positive blood donors plasma in the resolution test. The ART positive rate of anti-HIV positive donors was 4.08%, with tenofovir, lamivudine and efavirenz detected in three blood donors and lamivudine, lopinavir, ritonavir and zidovudine detected in one blood donor. Conclusion ART drugs were found among anti-HIV positive blood donors in Shenzhen. Additional research is needed to investigate the motivation of these specific donors, so as to ascertain the groups most susceptible to potential risks, and guarantee blood safety.

Objective To establish a magnetic bead enrichment strategy for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus deoxyribonucleic acid (HIV DNA) in peripheral blood, and to verify the improvement of the sensitivity of this method for the detection of HIV DNA in HIV infected patients after early antiretrovital treatment (ART). Methods Peripheral whole blood was collected at 4 timepoints in one ART HIV window period (WP) patient. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were isolated on a Ficoll gradient. CD4+ T lymphocytes were enriched from total PBMCs by negative sorting. HIV DNA concentration in magnetic beads enriched group and whole blood group was detected by HIV DNA detection kit. Results CD4+ T cells were isolated by magnetic beads and identified by FCM for purity at (96.4 ± 2.6)%. The viability was (95.9 ± 2.9)%, as demonstrated by trypan blue staining. The person on continued ART treatment in this study had significantly greater reduction in HIV viral load and undetectable HIV plasma RNA at follow up timepoint 4. No HIV DNA was detected in the whole blood group at all 4 timepoints. The quantitative results of HIV DNA in the CD4+ T lymphocyte group of the magnetic bead enrichment group were 73.4, 429.3, 137.1, 449.9 copies/106 CD4+ T cell′s respectively. Conclusion The magnetic bead enrichment method can be more sensitive in detecting the limit low copy HIV DNA in blood samples, and provide early confirmatory data for HIV WP infection and breakthrough infection after ART treatment.

ObjectiveTo describe epidemiological characteristics of newly reported human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immune deficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) patients in Fujian province through constructing a HIV molecular transmission network for effective prevention and control of HIV infection. MethodsBlood samples were collected and HIV RNA were extracted from 1 136 newly reported antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV/AIDS patients in Fujian province in 2020. With HIV subtype B primers, HIV gene sequences of the HIV/AIDS patients were obtained by reverse transcription PCR using a self-established genotypic drug resistance detection method. A molecular transmission network was constructed for the HIV/AIDS patients based on the analysis using HIV-TRACE. ResultsOf the 908 participants with valid HIV gene sequencing results, 763 (84.03%) were males; 697 (76.76%) were aged 20 – 59 years; 852 (93.83%) were infected via sexual transmission; 351 (38.66%) had low education (illiteracy or primary school education); and 426 (46.92%) were married. The predominant HIV genotypes for the participants were CRF07_ BC and CRF01_ AE, together accounting for 82.49% of the infections. Drug resistance was detected in 48 (5.3%) of the participants. Under the 1.5% gene distance threshold, 108 molecular transmission clusters were established for 377 (41.52%) of the participants, with the largest cluster of CRF01_ AE subtype, 23 cluster nodes, and 21 clusters having 4 or more nodes. The results of multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that the participants aged 60 years and older (odds ratio [OR] = 1.875, 95% confidence interval [95%CI]: 1.215 – 3.241), being infected with subtype CRF07_ BC (OR = 2.112, 95%CI: 1.632 – 3.211) or CRF01_AE (OR = 1.987, 95%CI: 1.411 – 3.645), and being married (OR = 1.713, 95%CI: 1.245 – 2.487) were more likely to enter a molecular transmission network; but the participants having drug resistance were less likely to enter a molecular transmission network (OR = 0.195, 95%CI: 0.134 – 0.326) compared to those not having drug resistance. ConclusionAmong HIV/AIDS patients in Fujian province, molecular transmission network-related HIV infection was prevalent and influence by multiple factors; drug resistance was also prevalent among antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV/AIDS patients. The study results should be concerned in regional HIV/AIDS control and prevention.

Immunotherapy has become a common means of cancer treatment. In immunotherapy, PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors have significant efficacy. Cancer and various opportunistic infections are common complications in patients with AIDS. Owing to the special immune situation of these patients, AIDS is regarded as an exclusion standard in most clinical trials for cancer immunotherapy, conferring immunotherapy difficulty in treating patients with AIDS. The popularity of effective antiretroviral drugs has prolonged the lifetime of people with AIDS. Therefore, exploiting the opportunity of using immunotherapy in AIDS with cancer is urgent.

Objective To investigate the efficacy and safety of sofosbuvir/velpatasvir alone or in combination with ribavirin in Chinese patients with genotype 3B HCV/HIV infection. Methods A total of 299 patients with genotype 3B HCV/HIV infection who attended The Third People’s Hospital of Kunming from January 2017 to December 2020 were enrolled and treated with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir alone or in combination with ribavirin for 12 weeks, and they were followed up for 12 weeks after drug withdrawal. The patients were evaluated in terms of sustained virologic response at 12 weeks after treatment (SVR12) and adverse reactions. The independent-samples t test or the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups, and the chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups； the Agresti-Coull method was used to evaluate the 95% confidence interval (CI) of SVR12； univariate and multivariate non-conditional logistic regression analyses were used to investigate the influencing factors for SVR. Results The 299 patients with genotype 3B HCV/HIV infection had a mean age of 43.92±6.84 years, among whom the male patients accounted for 77.3% (231/299), the patients with liver cirrhosis accounted for 36.5% (109/299), the patients with a history of antiviral therapy accounted for 13.4% (40/299), and the patients receiving sofosbuvir/velpatasvir combined with ribavirin accounted for 27.8% (83/299) . The overall SVR was 87.0% (260/299) for all patients, and there was no significant difference in SVR12 between the patients receiving sofosbuvir/velpatasvir alone and those receiving sofosbuvir/velpatasvir combined with ribavirin (87.5% vs 85.5%，χ2 =0.203，P=0.653) . There was a significant difference in SVR12 between the patients without liver cirrhosis and those with liver cirrhosis (90.0% vs 81.7%，χ2 =4.256，P=0.039), and the patients receiving antiviral therapy for the first time had a significantly higher SVR12 than the treatment-experienced patients (93.4% vs 45.0%，χ2 =71.670，P<0.001) . The univariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that platelet count (odds ratio ［OR］=0.957，95%CI：0.931— 0.984，P=0.002), liver stiffness measurement (OR=1.446，95%CI：1.147— 1.822，P= 0.002), and experience in treatment (OR=13.807，95%CI：2.970—64.174，P=0.001) were independent influencing factors for SVR in patients with genotype 3B HCV/HIV infection. There were 41 cases of serious adverse events, all of which occurred within 2 weeks after antiviral therapy, and 28 cases were resolved without drug withdrawal or active treatment, while 13 cases were not resolved after active treatment and were resolved after the antiviral drugs were stopped for 2—5 days, with no similar reactions observed when the drugs were used again after remission. Conclusion Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir alone or in combination with ribavirin has relatively good efficacy and safety in patients with genotype 3B HCV/HIV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the cost-effectiveness of the expanded HIV testing strategy in Luzhou from 2018 to 2020, and to provide a basis for implementing or adjusting the strategy according to local conditions. Methods The cost data of HIV testing institutions at all levels were collected by self-made cost collection tools, and the number of tested people and newly reported cases were obtained from China Disease Prevention and Control Information system. The number of potential HIV infections averted by the sexual transmission route was estimated using the Bernoulli-process model, and the cost-effectiveness ratio was analyzed. Results From 2018 to 2020, the cumulative investment cost of Luzhou city in the HIV expansion testing was 151.76 million yuan after discounting, and the average cost in the three years was 50.58 million yuan. A total of 5,60 million people received HIV test in the past three years, with 7 318 new cases detected, and the average cost was 27.1 yuan per test. According to the Bernoulli -proc ess model, the number of new infections prevented by sexual transmission in Luzhou city was 545 (67-7 373). Cost effectiveness analysis showed that from 2018 to 2020, the cost for identifying each new HIV-infected person was 21 000 yuan, and 92 000 yuan (7 000-755 000) for preventing each HIV infection. Conclusion The expanded HIV testing strategy implemented in Luzhou from 2018 to 2020 accords with the cost-effectiveness principle and has economic effects. The cost-effectiveness of testing varies greatly in different regions, so the expanded testing strategy should be implemented according to the epidemic situation of different regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To apply Social Network Analysis (SNA) to analyze the characteristics of the social support network from 18 to 50 years old HIV/AIDS patients receiving community follow 一 up management in Luzhou City, and to provide a basis for the development of social support and health intervention work. Methods A quota sampling method was used, with young and middle - aged HIV/AIDS patients receiving community follow - up management in Luzhou City as the survey subjects, A social support network matrix questionnaire was designed, and a relationship matrix was constructed using Excel 2016. The social support network characteristics were analyzed using UCINET 6. 0 software, and a 2 - mode social network graph was drawn using Net 一 Draw. Results The social support scores of 165 young and middle 一 aged HIV/AIDS patients who received community follow 一 up management in Luzhou City were 24. 15 ±8. 10, as follows: hospital(2, 45), community (2. 36), family (2. 16), new media (1. 65), traditional media (1. 59), friends (1. 47), relatives (1. 30), social organizations (1. 18), colleagues (0. 95), and neighbors (0. 83); The overall density matrix of the social support network is 1. 59, with a core edge final goodness of fit of 0. 61, indicating a good fit. Among them, hospitals and communities had the highest centrality and were located in the main core position, while family and new media were in the secondary core position. The rest were situated in the periphery. Conclusion The social support level of young and middle - aged HIV/AIDS patients receiving community follow 一 up management in Luzhou City is relatively low, mainly relying on support from hospitals, community health service centers, family, new media, and social organizations as supplementary sources. In the future, it is recommended to establish a social support network with hospitals and communities as the core, utilizing family members as bridges. Furthermore, expanding the social support network through social organizations and implementing internet 一 based health interventions can increase the variety and intensity of support, improve the patients' quality of life, and also serve as a reference for other regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the influencing factors of condom use frequency and multiple sexual partners (two variables reflecting risky sexual behavior) among HIV 一 infected women of childbearing age in Xinjiang, and to explore the mediating effect of the, r discrimination perception 一 anxiety 一 risky sexual behaviorH path. Methods From September 2021 to September 2022, 231 HIV 一 infected women of childbearing age were selected from designated antiviral treatment institutions in Xinjiang Province by convenient sampling method. A questionnaire survey was conducted among them, and binary logistic regression was used to analyze the factors related to condom use and multiple sexual partners per sexual act, ROC curve and AUC value were used to evaluate the model effect. AMOS software was used to establish the mediating effect model of the discrimination 一 anxiety - risky behavior path. Results Among the 231 participants, 25.41% were infected with multiple sexual partners, 36.4% used condoms every time they had sex, 47. 6% were protected, and 52.4% were mild or vulnerable. Unclear HIV infection status of sexual partners(OR - 12. 515, 95% CI: 3. 088 一 50. 724), high perception of discrimination(OR = 1. 103, 95% CI: 1.052 -1. 156) were risk factors for multiple sexual partners, and medication compliance was good(OR 二 0. 338, 95% CI: 0. 149 -0. 763) as a protective factor for multiple sexual partners; HIV positive OR unknown sexual partner(95% CIt 0. 049 - 0. 499), rural domicile(OR = 0. 477, 95% C/：0. 260 - 0. 877), anxiety (OA = 0. 973, 95% C7：0. 949 - 0. 997) were the relevant factors for condom use;, r Discrimination perception, r could indirectly affect, r risky sexual behavior" through, r anxiety1 r, and the indirect effect size of this path was 0. 031, accounting for 10. 8% of the total effect. Coildusion Low frequency of condom use and multiple sexual partners in HIV infected women of childbearing age in Xinjiang Province lead to the occurrence of risky sexual behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the molecular network characteristics of the transmission relationship of newly confirmed hu- man immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection in Jinan, to provide basis for epidemic trend and prevention. Methods A total of 168 blood samples newly reported to be infected with HIV-1 in Jinan in 2021 were collected. The pol region gene of HIV-1 was amplified by nested PCR, the evolutionary tree was constructed by neighbor-joining method, and the molecular network was constructed by gene distance < 1.5%. The related factors of the network were analyzed. The mutation sites of drug resistance were analyzed by the online software tool of HIV drug resistance database of Stanford University. Results There were 9 subtypes in the sample sequence. The dominant subtypes were two epidemic recombination types circulating recombinant form (CRF), CRF01_AE subtype (41.7%, 70/168), and CRF07_BC subtype (36.3%, 61/168). The other subtypes were B, CRF68_01B, CRF55_01B, CRF65_CPX, CRF67_01B, CRF96_CPX, and C. When the gene distance was 1.50%, a total of 15 molecular clusters were formed, with a total of 51 sequences, and the network entry rate was 30.4%. Surveillance drug-resistance mutations (SDRM) were monitored in 7 samples, with drug resistance transmission rate of 4.2%, focusing on drug resistance site mutations of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Conclusion There are abundant HIV-1 subtypes in Jinan, mainly CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC subtypes. A molecular transmission network should be established for long-term monitoring to take targeted measures to block its spread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To explore the characteristics of opportunistic infections (OIs) in HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune reconstitution after ART treatment so as to provide a reference for preventing and managing HIV infections. Methods The clinical data including opportunistic infections specifically were acquired from 112 HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune reconstitution from the outpatient department of Wuming Hospital, Guangxi Medical University. The impact of baseline CD4+T lymphocyte counts on the incidence, type, and mixed infection rates of the opportunistic infections were analyzed. Results The opportunistic infection rate among the 112 HIV-infected individuals with suboptimal immune reconstitution was 42.86%, among which fungal infections were the most commonly seen. The opportunistic infection rate of the patients with a baseline of CD4+T lymphocyte counts ≤ 50/μL was significantly higher than that of the patients with a baseline of CD4+T lymphocyte counts > 50/μL, and there was no significant difference in the type of opportunistic infections as well as the rate of mixed infections. Conclusion HIV-infected people with suboptimal immune reconstitution in Guangxi are susceptible to HIV OIs. Among them, the group with a baseline CD4+ T lymphocyte counts ≤ 50/μL has a higher rate of OIs, mainly fungal infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

As a retrovirus with high recombination and mutation rate， HIV targets CD4+ T lymphocytes， causing damage to the body's immune system and eventually leading to severe immune function defects. Different subtypes of the HIV virus exhibit significant sequence differences in their structural and regulatory genes， and this diversity is closely related to etiology， transmission， diagnosis， drug therapy， disease progression， and vaccine development. As a country with the largest number of HIV subtypes， rapid and accurate typing of the HIV virus holds great significance for China's efforts in disease prevention and control. This study provides a comprehensive reveiw of domestic and international HIV genotyping methods， and summarizes the clinical significance of different subtypes in order to provide reference for further research.

Objective　To investigate the prevalence of HIV-1 drug resistance and genotypes in HIV/AIDS patients before antiretroviral therapy in Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture (Dali), so as to provide a theoretical basis for more effective antiviral drug application in the clinic. Methods　A total of 122 adults with HIV/AIDS on initial antiretroviral therapy were recruited in Dali from January to August 2018 before antiretroviral therapy.Amplification of HIV-1 pol genes for drug resistance analysis. Results　A total of 114 samples were successfully sequenced and 7 HIV-1 genotypes were identified according to the phylogenetic analysis, including three predominant genotypes such as CRF08_BC (59.6%, 68/114) 、CRF07_BC (25.4%, 29/114) and CRF01_AE (7.0%, 8/114) . The HIV-1 genotypes showed statistical differences among the main transmission route (χ2 = 25.637, P < 0.001) . CRF08_BC were mainly in heterosexual and drug users, and CRF01_AE were mainly in homosexual.Surveillance drug resistance mutations (SDRMs) were 21.9% (25/114) .A higher proportion of mutations E138A (9.6%, 11/114) and V179D/E (9.6%, 11/114) were accessory drug-resistant mutations. HIV-1 drug-resistant rate was 1.8% (2/114), and NRTIs and NNRTIs were 0.9% (1/114) respectively. Conclusion　In HIV-1/AIDS patients before antiretroviral therapy in Dali, HIV-1 genotypes are multiple, with a low prevalence rate of HIV-1 drug resistance. To maintain effective public health antiretroviral therapy strategies, it is essential to strengthen the monitoring of HIV-1 drug resistance and master the data, and timely select and adjust the first-line antiretroviral therapy plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Explore characteristics of western blot band patterns and the epidemiological factors in cases with indeterminate HIV antibody and seroconversion with follow-up visit. Methods: Analyze western blot band patterns and the epidemiological factors on 790 cases with indeterminate HIV antibody and 71 follow-up seroconversion cases, in Taiyuan city from 2017 to 2022 years. Results: (1) Samples which have indeterminate HIV antibody, main come from hospitals, blood centers, and HIV voluntary counseling and testing (VCT) institutions, accounting for 84.47%. The positive seroconversion samples were mainly from hospitals and VCT institutions, accounting for 88.73%. In uncertain samples, the seroconversion rate of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) clinic and VCT patients were higher than other sources, which was 50% and 25.49%. (2) The majority of uncertain samples and seroconversion samples were at the age of 20-40 years old, accounting for 53.8%. Among the uncertain samples, the rate of seroconversion samples at the age of 20-30 years old was the highest, accounting for 15.57%. (3) There was no significant difference in education level and gender among indeterminate samples, but the proportion of male seroconversion samples was much higher than that of female, and the rate of high educated population was relatively higher. (4) The majority of the indeterminate samples were married people, without high-risk behaviors, and employed people. The samples of positive conversion were mainly unmarried, divorced, widowed, spouses infected HIV, men who have sex with men (MSM), students, and unemployed people. (5) P24 and P17 were main bands and patterns in indeterminate samples, while P24 and P17 were the main bands in seroconversion samples. The patterns containing P24 or gP160 band were main and had the higher rate to seroconvert. Conclusion: Among the indeterminate HIV antibody samples, samples with characteristics of STD clinic, VCT, MSM, 20-30 years old, unmarried, unemployed and P24 or gP160 band were more likely to seroconvert. It is necessary to focus on the pepole who have above factors for prevention and control. It is important to follow up and test cases with above characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To analyze the drug re;sistane;e; of HIV/AIDS patients aged -50 years who failed antiviral treatment in Yunnan Province from 201 1 to 2020, and to provide; reference; for the prevention of drug resistance and ART treatment in this population. Methods Demographic information and drug resistance; test results of ART failure; patients 5= 50 years olel in Yunnan Preivine;e; from January 201 1 to December 2020 were; e;olle;e;te;el for comprehensive; analysis. Results There; were; 1 865 cases of ART failure; in HIV/AIDS patients ageel -50 years from 2011 te; 2020, anel the; overall drug resistance; rate; was 57.64%. There; were; signifieant differences in drug resistance; rate; among different age;, region, ge;ne; subtype, treatment plan anel treatment duration (P < 0. 05), among which the; drug resistance; rate; erf 50 - 60 years old patients was relatively higher (59.26%). The; rate; of drug resistance; in boreler areas was relatively high, especially in Lincang City, where; it reached 73.08%. The; drug resistance rate; erf gene; subtype; CRF01_AE was 69.05%. In the; first treatment regimen, the; first - line; treatment regimen Tenofovir (TDF) + Lamivudine; (3TC) + Ne;virapine; (NVP) hael the; highest drug resistance rate; (72. 50%), while; the; se;e;onel - line; treatment hael a lower drug resistance; rate;. Moreover, studies showed that this population was highly resistant to 3TC, Emtricitabinc; (FTC) anel NVP. Conclusion From 2011 to 2020, the; proportion of HIV/AIDS enrolled patients ageel 5= 50 in Yunnan Province; show an increasing trend year by year. The; cumulative; drug resistance; rate; of this population is higher than that erf the; entire; age; group. Therefore;, it is necessary to strengthen the; management erf this population based on its unique; c;harac;tcristics, strengthen drug resistance; monitoring, anel prevent the; occurrence; of treatment failure; caused by multiple; drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cancer Research on Prevention & Treatment is the property of Cancer Research on Prevention & Treatment Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

ObjectiveTo investigate the risk factors of anemia in HIV-infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy （HAART） in the Pudong New Area.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was conducted among HIV-infected patients who started HAART from 2005 to 2020 in Pudong New Area. Cox proportional hazards model was used to analyze the risk factors of anemia， moderate or severe anemia， and chronic anemia. The piecewise linear mixed-effect model was used to analyze the association between initial HAART classes and hemoglobin change in the follow-up.ResultsA total of 2 403 HIV-infected patients were included in the analysis. Among them， there were 357 cases of new onset anemia， 86 cases of chronic anemia and 102 cases of moderate or severe anemia， with the incidence density of 4.41/100 person years， 0.89/100 person years and 0.96/100 person years respectively. Multifactorial Cox regression analysis results showed that female， age >45 years， baseline CD4+ T lymphocyte count （CD4） 45 years， CD4

INTRODUCTION: Infectious endocarditis (IE) in injecting drug patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is manifested predominantly by damage to the tricuspid valve (TV). The pathogen of the disease is Staphylococcus aureus. The IE peculiarities of the TV in this category of patients are multiple septic emboli in the small circulation, which may result from flotation vegetations, and predominance of pulmonary symptomatology over cardiac phenomena. CASE PRESENTATION: A 30-year-old female HIV-infected injecting drug user was dynamically monitored for the laboratory-confirmed IE development by transthoracic echocardiography during a year. The patient was twice admitted to the intensive care unit in a serious condition with purulent-septic complications in the lungs in the form of bilateral polysegmental destructive (septic) pneumonia confirmed by X-ray and multispiral computed tomography. After intensive therapy, the patient refused further ARV treatment and consultations with a cardiac surgeon. A clinical follow-up demonstrated IE of the TV and right-sided lower lobe pneumonia in an HIV-infected drug-dependent patient after a cesarean section. Immunodeficiency without appropriate ARV therapy had a negative impact on the course of the disease. According to transthoracic echocardiography, an increase in TV vegetations from 7 mm to 16 mm and regurgitation were observed, whereas left ventricular ejection fraction decreased from 60% to 47% during the follow-up. Complications of cesarean section, immunodeficiency, and absence of ARV therapy could be the trigger factors of the IE development. Injection drug use with possible violations of asepsis and circulation of microorganisms of the causative agents in the blood contributed to the rapid development of the disease and was a determining factor of the infectious process in the TV. CONCLUSIONS: Echocardiography remains the primary radiological diagnostic method for examining HIV-infected drug-dependent patients with fever and/or after medical manipulations. However, this group of patients more frequently clinically manifests the disease with bright pulmonary pathology. Therefore, radiological methods should necessarily be a priority during the diagnostic search. The sources of septic embolism in the small circulation in IE may be loose and floating TV vegetations.

Psychological distress, a newly defined negative emotion in psychological research for HIV/AIDS patients, has increasingly attracted the attention of researchers. Scales are the most commonly used tools to assess the psychological status of these patients. We reviewed the widely used HIV/AIDS-related psychological distress assessment tools with good reliability and validity, and summarized that in foreign counties, relevant research is relatively mature, and there are many relatively sound assessment scales for a wide range of applications, but the research in this area is still in its infancy in China. HIV/AIDS-related psychological distress assessment tools suitable for China's national conditions and cultural background can be further developed based on drawing lessons from relevant scales and research abroad.

Objective To analyze the correlation between HIV-RNA load and T lymphocyte subsets in HIV/AIDS patients co-infected with syphilis in Guizhou province in recent three years. Methods A total of 2 869 newly diagnosed HIV/AIDS patients who did not receive antiretroviral therapy (ART) were selected in the public health rescue center of Guiyang from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2021. According to results of syphilis testing, patients were divided into the simple HIV infection group (n= 2 289), the current HIV/syphilis infection group (n=333) and the previous HIV/syphilis infection group (n=247). The general demography data and the baseline data of laboratory test indicators were compared between the three groups of patients. The correlation between the HIV-RNA load and T lymphocyte subsets in different groups of HIV was analyzed. Results The age of the HIV/syphilis current infection group was lower than that of the HIV/ syphilis simple infection group and the HIV/syphilis past infection group, and the proportion of males was higher than that of the HIV simple infection group and the HIV/syphilis past infection group (P＜0.05). The HIV-RNA load was lower in the HIV/syphilis current infected group than that in the HIV-only infected group. CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells, and CD3+T cells were higher in the HIV/syphilis current infected group than those of the HIV simple infection group (P＜0.05). The HIVRNA load was higher in the HIV/syphilis previous infection group than that in the HIV/syphilis current infection group, and CD4+T cells, CD8+T cells and CD3+T cells were lower than those in the HIV/syphilis current infection group (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the CD4/CD8 ratio between different HIV groups (P＞0.05). The HIV-RNA load of grade Ⅰ, Ⅱ and Ⅲ decreased sequentially in the simple HIV infection group and the previous HIV/syphilis infection group (P＜0.05). The HIV-RNA load of grade Ⅱ and Ⅲ in the HIV/syphilis current infection group was lower than that of grade Ⅰ (P＜0.05). There was a negative correlation between HIV-RNA load and T lymphocyte subsets in the three groups of patients (P＜0.01). Conclusion Changes in T lymphocyte subsets occur after HIV/syphilis co-infection. With changes in HIV-RNA load, there are also differences in the T lymphocyte subsets of HIV/syphilis co-infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been found that people living with HIV/AIDS (hereafter referred to as HIV/AIDS patients) often suffer from a combination of osteoporosis, the pathogenesis of which is still unclear. The pathogenesis of osteoporosis is still unknown. With the continuous research on intestinal microecology, the dysbiosis of intestinal flora is considered to be one of the pathogenic mechanisms of osteoporosis. Therefore, this paper provides an overview of the research progress on the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in HIV/AIDS patients with intestinal flora and intestinal dysbiosis, with a view to providing new ideas for the treatment and prevention of HIV-related osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence rate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease（NAFLD） tends to increase in the general population around the world, and the incidence rate of liver malignancies caused by NAFLD is also increasing continuously. Obesity is an independent risk factor for NAFLD. Among the individuals with HIV infection who have a normal body weight, 25% have NAFLD, and lean NAFLD is relatively common in individuals with HIV infection. With reference to related articles in China and globally, this article reviews the epidemiology, pathophysiology, histology, diagnosis, screening, intervention, treatment, and clinical management of NAFLD, in order to improve the awareness of NAFLD in individuals with HIV infection among the public, clinicians, and related institutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of China Tropical Medicine is the property of China Tropical Medicine Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A young male diagnosed with severe hemophilia A since childhood, was presented with recurrent joint and urinary bleeding. Annualized bleed rates dropped below five with low dose prophylactic medication.Bleeding in the right knee joint recently aggravated. Due to coexisting HIV infection and advanced hemophilic arthritis, the patient was managed by a multi-disciplinary team(MDT).Total knee arthroplasty was performed by an experienced surgeon using modern prosthesis design and intraoperative navigation technologies.Physical and rehabilitation therapy was provided during the postoperative period, and joint function improved. The MDT managed the young patient with HIV infection and advanced hemophilic arthritis. The patient was diagnosed with osteoporosis thought to have been caused by hemophilia, HIV infection and antiviral drugs; and he received treatment. The treatment of this patient reflects the importance of multidisciplinary cooperation in the management of difficult and rare diseases.