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ObjectiveTo propose targeted prevention and control measures， improve product quality， and ensure food safety， Salmonella contamination in the production and processing of prefabricated crispy pork in a large food processing factory was analyzed.MethodsA total of 103 meat samples were collected during the production and processing of prefabricated crispy pork， and 165 environmental samples were collected before processing. Qualitative and quantitative analyses of Salmonella were performed. Finally， serological typing， multilocus sequence typing （MLST）， and pulsed filed gel electrophoresis （PFGE） typing of the isolated Salmonella strains were evaluated.ResultsThe isolation rate of Salmonella from meat samples was 47.6% （49/103）. The isolation rate of Salmonella from environmental samples was 1.2% （2/165）. Fifty-one Salmonella strains were divided into 9 serotypes and 9 STs. Among them， Salmonella enteritidis ST11 was dominant in the production and processing of prefabricated crispy pork， and was detected in the environment. Twenty-two strains of Salmonella enteritidis were divided into 7 PFGE bands， with a similarity of over 92.9%.ConclusionA high overall contamination rate of Salmonella was found in meat samples. Therefore， controlling Salmonella contamination of raw meat is key to improving product quality. The amount of Salmonella contamination in fried products can be effectively controlled. Furthermore， strict separation of processing and storage areas for poultry and stored products is necessary to prevent cross-contamination of microorganisms in food.

The development of electric arc furnace （EAF） short process steelmaking is an important way for the iron and steel industry to realize the goal of "double carbon". In recent years， the modern EAF technology has been developing rapidly， and the bottom-blowing stirring technology of EAF is also progressing and being promoted， which makes an important contribution to the high efficiency and energy saving in production with EAF. This paper summarizes the mechanism， process characteristics， system composition， gas type， bottom blowing element type and process arrangement of the electric arc furnace， and summarizes the application of the bottom blowing technology. Simulation calculations shows that the flow rate of molten steel is obviously low in the area far away from the bottom blowing device. By arranging the bottom blowingdevice and optimizing the volume of bottom blowing gas in conjunction with the furnace characteristics， it is possible to effectively enhance the dynamic conditions of the molten pool， facilitate the mass transfer of elements within the molten steel， thereby achieving the goal of reducing energy and raw material consumption， and enhancing production efficiency.Therefore， it can be inferred that conducting research， combining different techniques such as blowing， power supply andpowder injection， formulating bottom blowing process system according to the characteristics of different new furnaces， as well as realizing intelligent bottom blowing are important directions for the development of short process steelmaking of modern EAF

The experimental process of rebound testing of rubber material was simulated using finite element analysis software ABAQUS, and the energy changes during the rebound process were discussed, laying the foundation for further research on viscoelasticity of rubber materials. The results showed that the characterization results of the new method were basically consistent with the actual test results, proving that the fitted intrinsic equation was consistent with the properties of the material itself, and at the same time characterizing the accurate energy changes during the rebound process. During the impact process, the kinetic energy of the pendulum was mainly transformed into the elastic potential energy and dissipation energy of the specimen. In addition, by analyzing the changes in the temperature field of the sample model, it was more intuitive to observe the temperature rise due to the energy loss during rubber deformation, indicating that part of the lost kinetic energy was converted into thermal energy and dissipated into the environment.

ObjectiveTo understand the contamination and drug resistance characteristics of non-typhoidal Salmonella （NTS） during pig slaughter.MethodsA total of 170 carcasses and environmental samples were collected from two large-scale pig slaughterhouses in May and August 2021 in Shandong Province， China. Whole genome sequencing （WGS） combined with bioinformatics was used to analyze the data of the NTS isolates.ResultsNTS was detected in 29 of 170 pork samples， detection rate was 17.1%. Salmonella typhimurium was the predominant serotype （58.6%， 17/29） in the samples. The results of the drug sensitivity analysis showed that 29 NTS strains had 15 drug resistance spectra， with the highest rate of tetracycline resistance （100.0%， 29/29）， followed by ampicillin and chloramphenicol （79.3%， 23/29）. The multidrug resistance rate was 86.2% （25/29 patients）. Multilocus sequence typing （MLST） showed that ST19 was the main type， accounting for 48.3% （14/29） of cases. Analysis of drug resistance genes showed that they carried mainly tet（A）， tet（B）， tet（M）， blaTEM-1B， blaCMY-97， floR， cmlA1， etc.ConclusionThe phenomenon of NTS contamination exists in some pig slaughterhouses in Shandong Province. NTS has shown resistance to multiple antibiotics， suggesting that attention should be paid to the prevention of NTS in pig slaughterhouses.

ObjectiveThis study aimed to clarify the heat inactivation mechanics of Salmonella in commercial crispy meat and provide guidance for its safe consumption by studying the inactivation pattern of Salmonella in crispy meat at different heating temperatures.MethodsThe crispy meat inoculated with 108 CFU/g Salmonella typhimurium was heat treated at 80 ℃， 90 ℃， 100 ℃， 110 ℃， and 120 ℃ for a certain time. The thermal inactivation curves of Salmonella in crispy meat were fitted using a linear model， a Logistic model， and a Weibull model， and the optimal model was verified by external experiments.ResultsThe results showed that compared with the linear model and the Logistic model， the Weibull model was more suitable to describe the thermal inactivation of Salmonella in crispy meat. The judgment coefficient R2 of the primary model was more than 0.992 1， and the R2 of the secondary model was 0.949 2 and 0.995 9， respectively. The accuracy Af and deviation Bf of the model verified at 95 ℃ and 105 ℃ were within the acceptable range， which indicated that the model constructed in this experiment can better describe the inactivation pattern of Salmonella in crispy meat in the temperature range of 80 ℃-120 ℃.ConclusionThis study is expected to guide the safe heating of crispy meat to reduce microbial risk during consumption.

Background There is an issue of mismatch between supply and demand of medical care resources in China. The implementation of contracted family doctor services is an effective measure to address the issue, and to improve the hierarchical diagnosis and treatment system. Therefore, it is urgent to speed up the training and ensure the training quality of general practice workforce. Objective To develop a comprehensive and systematic general practitioner (GP) competency model after analyzing the concept and structural domains of competencies (including inner competencies) required for GPs to deliver contracted healthcare services, providing insights into the realization of training eligible GPs in terms of quantity and quality, and the improvement of quality and efficiency of contracted services. Methods From December 2020 to September 2021, we conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 38 GPs from 10 medical institutions in four cities (Zhenjiang, Taizhou and Suzhou in Jiangsu Province, and Foshan in Guangdong Province) , then treated the interview results applying the three-level coding and theoretical saturation used in the grounded theory. After that, we developed a General Practitioner Competency Model. Results The model consists of 10 items, which belong to four domains: general care capability, humanistic practice capability, team cooperation capability, learning and development capability. General care capability and learning and development capability belong to external competencies, which represent the external performance and driving force of competencies, and determine the level of competencies of GPs to provide contracted services. Humanistic practice capability and team cooperation capability reflect the internal traits and competencies, which belong to the inner competencies, and determine the potential of GPs to provide contracted services. Conclusion The model developed by us is complete and comprehensive, in which the inner competencies of GPs have been fully explored, which may be contributive to the training of GPs delivering contracted services, and to the development of a GP competency assessment system using quantitative empirical methods.

Objective To observe the clinical significance of miR-135b-5p in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) tissues and to conduct a bioinformatics analysis of its predicted target genes. Methods The expression levels of miR-135b-5p in OSCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues were compared using data from TCGA and GEO databases, and the correlations of miR-135b-5p expression level with clinicopathologic characteristics were analyzed. Fresh tissues were collected in the clinic, and the expression of miR-135b-5p was verified by quantitative real-time PCR. The target genes with enriched pathways were analyzed by using bioinformatics methods. A protein-protein interaction network was constructed to screen hub genes. Results The expression levels of miR-135b-5p were significantly upregulated in OSCC tissues compared to adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.001) and had a good diagnostic capability (AUC=0.960, P < 0.001). The expression level of miR-135b-5p was positively correlated with histopathological grading (P=0.011). Enrichment analyses revealed that the target genes of miR-135b-5p were significantly associated with tumor-related signaling pathways, such as the calcium signaling pathway, the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway and the cAMP signaling pathway. Ten core target genes were obtained by screening: DLG2, ANK3, ERBB4, SCN2B, NBEA, GABRB2, ATP2B2, SNTA1, CACNA1D, and SPTBN4. Conclusion miR-135b-5p may act as an oncogene miRNA in OSCC and has the potential value of acting as a diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target for OSCC.

In order to investigate smoking behaviors and nicotine exposure levels of cigarette smokers after switching to using heated tobacco products, 50 volunteers who regularly smoked cigarettes were recruited and randomly divided into two groups, one switched to a heated tobacco product known as IQOS and the other group to a domestic heated tobacco product M. Their general smoking characteristics were collected via questionnaires and their smoking parameters were recorded by a CReSS pocket analyzer. The contents of nicotine exposure biomarker in the volunteers'urine samples before and after switching were determined by HPLC-MS/MS. The results showed that: 1) The smoking behaviors of the smokers were basically unchanged after switching to the heated tobacco products, the puffing volume and duration did not change significantly. However, the puffing interval of the two groups significantly shortened from (14.3±8.0) s and (15.3±9.0) s to (9.8±8.3) s and (9.7± 5.4) s, respectively. 2) The contents of total nicotine metabolites and nicotine exposure biomarkers (i.e. cotinine) in the volunteers'urine samples did not change significantly after switching to the heated tobacco products. 3) There was no significant difference of the smoking behaviors between the volunteers switched to IQOS and those to M, and the levels of total nicotine metabolites and cotinine in the urine samples of the two groups were also quite similar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of liver, intestine, lung and other organ chips and multi-organ chip models were summarized in this paper. The chip design and specific applications of these chip models in drug toxicity assessment and environmental toxicological evaluations were introduced emphatically, and the existing researches and application potentials of organ chips in the risk assessment of tobacco products were also discussed. This work provides the insights and ideas for the application of microfluidic organ chips in in vitro toxicological studies of tobacco products and other environmental exposures. In vitro toxicology evaluation plays an important role in the health risk assessment of tobacco products, the simulation of the physiological microenvironment and biological function in organ chips is of great significance in the construction of in vitro models. The application of microfluidic organ chips to in vitro toxicology of tobacco products could provide an innovative experimental platform for studying the formation mechanisms of tobacco-related diseases, and realize the multi-dimensional life analysis on the micro and nano scales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To investigate the effect of ulinastatin (UTI) pretreatment on liver regeneration and energy metabolism after 70% hepatectomy combined wíth ischemia reperfuison injury in rats. Methods Totally 120 healthy clean grade male Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 230~280 g were selected and aligned into three groups randomly: imple partial hepatectomy (PH) group, partial hepatectomy combined with ischemia reperfuison (PHIR) group and ulinastatin (UTI) group, with forty rats in each. Rats in each group had the left and middle liver lobes resected, but the remnant lobes (right and caudate lobes) were treated differently as follows: the blood flow to the reserved lobes was not occluded in PH group, but occluded for 30 minutes in PHIR group, and then reperfused. UTI group had the same liver resection and blood flow occlussion as PHIR group except for administration of ulinastatin 50 000 U/kg by i.v. injection via caudal vein. Inferior vena cava blood and the reserved liver tissue were collected to measure serum alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), apoptois index (AI), regenerated liver weight, PCNA staining as well as ATP, ADP and AMP contents. Results Serum ALT and AST activites and AI level were lower, and the regenerated liver weight and poitive PCNA staining as well as ATP content and energy charge were significantly higher inUTI group than in PHIR group (P<0.05). Conclusion ulinastatin can promote liver regeneration after major hepatectomy combined with ischemia reperfuison injury, which is possibly related to maintaining energy metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To establish the equivalent of perforating through reinforced concrete and concrete, the material's equivalent factor of reinforced concrete and concrete was introduced and it is presented by the thickness ratio between reinforced concrete target and concrete target. Suppose the velocities after penetrating the targets are all the same, simulation on the processes of penetrat vertically through reinforced concrete and concrete targets separately by one projectile was performed based on ANSYS LS-DYNA. The relationship between equivalent factor and entering velocity is obtained. This research provides support in theory and data information for building the equivalent target of penetration projectile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the effectiveness of endoscopic radical mastectomy for breast cancer combined with total pectoral muscle reconstruction with breast implants., Methods: The clinical data of 138 female patients with breast cancer who met the selection criteria between April 2019 and December 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 43.8 years (range, 27-61 years). The maximum diameter of the tumors ranged from 1.00 to 7.10 cm, with an average of 2.70 cm. Pathological examination showed that 108 cases were positive for both estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor, and 40 cases were positive for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. All patients underwent endoscopic radical mastectomy for breast cancer combined with total pectoral muscle reconstruction with breast implants. The operation time, intraoperative blood loss, prosthesis size, and occurences of nipple-areola complex (NAC) ischemia, flap ischemia, infection, and capsular contracture were recorded. The Breast-Q2.0 score was used to evaluate breast aesthetics, patient satisfaction, and quality of life (including the social mental health score, breast satisfaction score, and chest pain score). Patients were divided into two groups based on the time of operation after the technique was implemented: group A (within 1 year, 25 cases) and group B (after 1 year, 113 cases). The above outcome indicators were compared between the two groups. Furthermore, based on the postoperative follow-up duration, patients were classified into a short-term group (follow-up time was less than 1 year) and a long-term group (follow-up time was more than 1 year). The baseline data and postoperative Breast-Q2.0 scores were compared between the two groups., Results: The average operation time was 120.76 minutes, the average intraoperative blood loss was 23.77 mL, and the average prosthesis size was 218.37 mL. Postoperative NAC ischemia occurred in 21 cases (15.22%), flap ischemia in 30 cases (21.74%), infection in 23 cases (16.67%), capsular contracture in 33 cases (23.91%), and prosthesis removal in 2 cases (1.45%). The operation time of group A was significantly longer than that of group B ( P <0.05), and there was no significant difference in intraoperative blood loss, prosthesis size, and related complications between the two groups ( P >0.05). All patients were followed up 3-48 months (mean, 20 months). There were 33 cases in the short-term group and 105 cases in the long-term group. There was no significant difference in baseline data such as age, body mass index, number of menopause cases, number of neoadjuvant chemotherapy cases, number of axillary lymph node dissection cases, breast cup size, degree of breast ptosis, and postoperative radiotherapy constituent ratio between the two groups ( P >0.05). At last follow-up, the breast satisfaction score in the patients' Breast-Q2.0 score ranged from 33 to 100, with an average of 60.9; the social mental health score ranged from 38 to 100, with an average of 71.3; the chest pain score ranged from 20 to 80, with an average of 47.3. The social mental health score of the long-term group was significantly higher than that of the short-term group ( P <0.05); there was no significant difference in breast satisfaction scores and chest pain scores between the two groups ( P >0.05). No patient died during the follow-up, and 2 patients relapsed at 649 days and 689 days postoperatively, respectively. The recurrence-free survival rate was 98.62%., Conclusion: Endoscopic radical mastectomy for breast cancer combined with total pectoral muscle reconstruction with breast implants has fewer complications and less damage, and the aesthetic effect of reconstructed breast is better.

Objective: To investigate the clinical effect of biofeedback and electrical stimulation therapy (BFES) combined with Sabale capsules (SC) on chronic prostatitis / chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS)., Methods: A total of 140 outpatients meeting CP/CPPS diagnostic and research criteria in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University were randomly divided into groups A (blank control), B (BFES intervention), C (SC intervention) and D (BFES+SC intervention), 35 cases in each group. The patients in group A were left untreated, while those in groups B, C and D received BFES, SC and BFES+SC, respectively, all for 12 weeks. Then the patients were followed up at 30 days after treatment and the urinary flow rate and NIH-CPSI scores were obtained and compared with the baseline., Results: In comparison with the baseline, the total NIH-CPSI scores after intervention were significantly decreased in groups B, (［27.30 ± 2.44］ vs ［19.43 ± 2.33］), C (［26.77 ± 2.54］ vs ［19.40 ± 2.75］) and D (［27.67 ± 3.69］ vs ［15.57 ± 1.94］) (all P < 0.05), and so were the individual item scores in pain or discomfort (［12.50 ± 1.94］ vs ［9.40 ± 2.01］, ［11.93 ± 1.64］ vs ［9.23 ± 1.96］, and ［12.33 ± 2.20］ vs ［7.50 ± 1.55］), urination symptoms (［6.07 ± 1.57］ vs ［3.83 ± 1.05］, ［5.97 ± 1.33］ vs ［3.77 ± 1.14］, and ［6.20 ± 1.88］ vs ［2.87 ± 0.94］), quality of life (QOL) (［8.73 ± 1.62］ vs ［6.20 ± 1.42］, ［8.87 ± 1.25］ vs ［6.40 ± 1.59］, and ［9.13 ± 1.70］ vs ［5.20 ± 1.40］) (all P < 0.05), while the maximum urinary flow rate (Qmax) was remarkably increased (［15.72 ± 2.38］ vs ［19.73 ± 2.85］, ［16.20 ± 2.44］ vs ［19.46 ± 2.48］, and ［15.83 ± 2.52］ vs ［22.49 ± 2.76］) (all P < 0.05), and so was the average urinary flow rate (Qavg) (［9. 282 ± 1.52］ vs ［11.27 ± 1.95］, ［8.97 ± 1.25］ vs ［11.16 ± 1.74］, and ［9.20 ± 1.36］ vs ［13.50 ± 2.30］) (all P < 0.05). The decrease in NIH-CPSI total and item scores and increase in Qmax and Qavg after treatment were more significant in group D than in B and C (P < 0.05), but showed no statistically significant difference between groups B and C (P > 0.05). Nor was any significant change observed in the above parameters in group A after treatment ( P > 0.05)., Conclusions: Biofeedback and electrical stimulation therapy combined with Sabale capsules can alleviate urination dysfunction, pelvic floor tension myalgia and other symptoms and significantly improve the QOL of CP/CPPS patients.

To screen the sensitive cell lines of active fraction from clove(AFC) on human colon cancer cells, investigate the effects of AFC on the cells proliferation and apoptosis as well as PI3 K/Akt/mTOR(phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mechanistic target of rapamycin) signaling pathways involved, and reveal the mechanism of AFC for inducing apoptosis of human colorectal carcinoma cells. Cell counting kit-8(CCK-8) assay was used to detect the cytotoxic effect of different concentrations of AFC. AFC-induced apoptosis was detected by Hoechst 33258 fluorescence staining and Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining. HCT116 cells were treated with AFC with or without pretreatment with insulin-like growth factor-Ⅰ(IGF-Ⅰ), and then the protein expression levels of caspase-3, caspase-9, poly ADP-ribose polymerase(PARP), PI3 K, p-PI3 K, Akt, p-Akt, mTOR and p-mTOR in PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway were detected by Western blot. RESULTS:: showed that the most obvious inhibitory effect of AFC was on human colon cancer HCT116 cells, and the optimal AFC treatment time was 48 hours. After AFC treatment, typical apoptotic features such as nuclear chromatin concentration, nuclear fragmentation and apoptotic bodies appeared in a dose-dependent manner. Annexin V-FITC/PI double staining showed that as compared with the control group, 50 and 100 μg·mL~(-1) AFC groups increased the apoptosis rate of HCT116 cells significantly(P&lt;0.001); AFC activated caspase-9, cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP in a concentration-dependent manner. The protein expression levels of cleaved caspase-3/procaspase-3, cleaved PARP/PARP and caspase-9/β-actin after treatment of AFC(100 μg·mL~(-1)) were significantly different from those in the control group(P&lt;0.001). The relative protein expression of p-PI3 K, p-Akt and p-mTOR decreased in a concentration dependent manner, while Akt and mTOR showed no significant differences among groups. The ratios of p-PI3 K/PI3 K, p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR in the AFC groups(50 and 100 μg·mL~(-1)) were significantly lower than those in the control group(P&lt;0.01). Its combination with IGF-Ⅰ weakened the effect of AFC in inhibiting PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The ratios of p-Akt/Akt and p-mTOR/mTOR in the AFC+IGF-Ⅰ group were significantly enhanced as compared with the AFC group(P&lt;0.05). Apoptosis-related protein expression levels(cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP) in HCT116 cells treated with AFC+IGF-Ⅰ were also down regulated. As compared with the AFC group, the ratios of cleaved caspase-3/procaspase-3 and cleaved PARP/PARP in the AFC+IGF-Ⅰ group were significantly decreased(P&lt;0.01). In summary, AFC activated caspase-mediated cascades and induced HCT116 cells apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner, which may be associated with the inhibition of the PI3 K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway.

Objective: In the context of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, the subject was designed to develop a new tracheal intubation device based on magnetic navigation technology to improve the success rate of tracheal intubation and reduce the risk of occupational exposure of medical staff., Methods: The new tracheal intubation device was designed with the uniqueness of the magnetic field environment and magnetic steering of magnetic navigation technology. And preliminary magnetic navigation tracheal intubation experiments were performed on the tracheal intubation simulator., Results: Magnetic navigation tracheal intubation can successfully implement tracheal intubation, and the time required is lower than that of traditional laryngoscopy., Conclusions: The tracheal intubation based on magnetic navigation technology is feasible, with high efficiency and easy operation. That is expected to be widely used for tracheal intubation during treatment of patients outside the hospital in the future. At the same time, magnetic navigation endotracheal intubation technology will be the key technology for the development of endotracheal intubation robots.

Objective: The microRNA (miRNA) prognostic model can predict the prognosis of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) on the basis of bioinformatics. Moreover, it can accurately group OSCC patients to improve targeted treatment., Methods: We downloaded the miRNA and mRNA expression profile and clinical data of OSCC from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). The risk score model of miRNA was screened and established by univariate and multivariate Cox regression models. The performance of this prognostic model was tested by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and area under the curve (AUC). The target genes of six miRNAs were predicted and intersected with differential mRNA for enrichment analysis by Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) signaling pathway and gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis. A protein protein interaction network (PPI) was constructed to screen hub genes., Results: By using univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses, the prognostic risk model was obtained. The AUC of the ROC curve for predicting 5-year survival in the training group, test group, and whole cohort were 0.757, 0.673, and 0.724, respectively. Furthermore, univariate Cox regression and multivariate Cox regression considering other clinical factors showed that the six-miRNAs signature could serve as an independent prognostic factor (P<0.001). The top 10 hub genes in the PPI network screened by intersecting target genes include CCNB1, EGF, KIF23, MCM10, ITGAV, MELK, PLK4, ADCY2, CENPF, and TRIP13. EGF and ADCY2 were associated with survival prognosis (P<0.05)., Conclusions: The six-miRNAs signature could efficiently function as a novel and independent prognostic model for OSCC patients, which may be a new method to guide the accurate targeting treatment of OSCC.

Infectious keratitis is a serious eye disease that may cause blindness. Currently, microbial culture remains the gold standard for diagnosis of many ocular infections, but the technique is limited by low sensitivity and time consuming. Developing rapid and sensitive early diagnostic methods for infectious keratitis is important for guiding timely and effective treatment in clinical practice. Molecular diagnostic techniques use detection of specific nucleic acid sequences as evidence for presence of suspected pathogens. This kind of techniques develops very fast because of its sensitive, specific, rapid and high-throughput advantages. In this review, we highlight recent advances in the application of molecular diagnostic techniques in the diagnosis of infectious keratitis, and discuss the problems and prospects of molecular diagnosis for detecting pathogens in keratitis.

Objective: To study the bone state with ultimate stress by examining biomechanical distribution of upper femur in Chinese, in order to accumulate more experiences for clinical work., Methods: Totally 60 Chinese femurs from fresh cadavers were randomly divided into two groups. All the femurs were cleaned, and the body age ranged from 36 to 72 years old, averaged 56.4 years, including 41 from males, and 19 from females. These two groups underwent mechanical stress and bending stress tests. Special mechanical laboratory and machines were used to get the information. Results about the loading value at each testing point under stress were collected., Results: The four faces of the upper femur suffered different stress under external forces. The bone on upper femur can tolerate more mechanical stress than bending stress. Medial and lateral region of the femur neck and the rear side of the small tuberosity section were themain position enduring the vertical stress. The rear position of the base femur neck and the small tuberosity section were the main regions enduring the bending stress. Those main positions had strong cancellous bones. The intertrochanteric fracture fixation and artificial femoral stems were designed depending on this biomechanical basis., Conclusion: According to our experiment result, doctors need to chose more effective fixations for upper femur fracture, and femoral stems for the patients. More information should be collected by further researches.

Objective: To understand the smoking behaviors and its influencing factors among male smokers in two districts in Chengdu., Methods: A face to face questionnaire survey was conducted among 320 male smokers in Chengdu. And the data were analyzed with descriptive epidemiological method, t test, χ2 test, one-way analysis of variance, Kruskal-Wails H rank sum test and cumulative odds logistic regression model., Results: More cigarette smoking (t=2.327, P=0.021) and using cigarette with lower tar level (t=-11.251, P<0.001) after changing the brand of cigarette were found among the males surveyed. The cumulative odds logistic regression analysis showed that males with lower education level (OR=1.968, P=0.040), with higher income level (OR=2.053, P=0.043), leaving shorter butts (OR=2.366, P=0.010) and with high nicotine dependence (OR=7.143, P<0.001) had more cigarette smoking., Conclusion: Smokers who changed the brand of cigarette were more likely to choose low tar cigarette. Smokers with low education level, high income level and high nicotine dependence are the target population for health education and behavior intervention in smoking control.

Objective: To evaluate epidemiologic features and laboratory findings of fungal endophthalmitis in north China., Methods: Eighty-one patients (81 eyes) were diagnosed with fungal endophthalmitis at our institution from January 2000 to December 2012. Patient history, etiological agents, direct smear examination, fungal culture and pathogen sensitivity to antifungal drug were evaluated., Results: The fungal endophthalmitis was exogenous in 73 cases (90.1%), among which 43 had fungal keratitis in which Fusarium was the first pathogen occupied 88.4% (38 of 43 cases). Twenty seven of 73 cases (33.3%) occurred after penetrating ocular trauma and Aspergillus was the most common pathogens isolated in these cases (11 of 27; 40.7%). The left 3 cases were associated with ocular surgery. Four of the other eight eyes (9.9%) with endogenous infection had association with drug abuse. Aspergillus was the main isolated pathogens from the endogenous fungal endophthalmitis (4 of 8 cases). Hyphae were found in 52 (77.6%) of 67 smear samples by direct microscopic examination. Fungal pathogens cultured from 81 samples were identified as 10 genera and 18 species; Fusarium accounted for 60.5% (49 eyes), Aspergillus for 21.0% (17 eyes) and Candida for 6.2% (5/81). The total sensitive rate of Fusarium and Aspergillus in vitro to voriconazole, amphotericin B, ketconazole, itraconazole and fluconazole was 84.7% (33/39), 71.8% (28/39), 43.6% (17/39), 17.9% (7/39) and 7.7% (3/39) respectively., Conclusions: Fungal endophthalmitis in north China is predominantly exogenous. Fungal keratitis and penetrating trauma are the main common etiological factors. Fusarium ranks first in pathogens, followed by Aspergillus and Candida. Fusarium was the first pathogen of exogenous fungal endophthalmitis caused by fungal keratitis. Aspergillus was the most common isolated pathogens from exogenous fungal endophthalmitis caused by penetrating ocular trauma and it also was the first pathogen of endogenous fungal endophthalmitis. Microscopic detection of hyphae from samples is helpful in the diagnosis. Fusarium ranks first in pathogens, followed by Aspergillus. They both are more sensitive to voriconazole and amphotericin B than ketconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole.

Objective: To explore whether microRNA-200a (miR-200a) could be used as a novel biomarker of liver cancer using a rat model system., Methods: Diethylnitrosamine abdominal injection was applied to induce liver cancer in the F344 rat strain (n =40); ten unmodeled rats served as controls. In addition, human subjects with normal healthy liver (n =10), liver cirrhosis (n =10), and liver cancer (n =10) were enrolled in the study. Blood samples from both rats and patients and rats' livers were collected for analysis. Real-time quantitative PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used respectively to measure the expressions of serum miR-200a and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) for all rat and human subjects. In situ hybridization was used to detect the miR-200a expression in the rats' livers., Results: Comparison of normal rats and the liver cancer modeled rats showed that the latter had significantly lower expression of miR-200a (P less than 0.05), with decreasing expression following the progression of liver injury to cancer (liver cirrhosis rats less than early liver cancer rats less than advanced liver cancer rats); in contrast, the AFP levels were significantly higher in the liver cancer modeled rats only at the early and advanced stages of the liver cancer (P less than 0.05). These, Results: suggested that miR-200a expression decreases during the developmental process of liver cancer, while AFP expression increases distinctly at the stage of tumor formation. Analysis of the human subjects' clinical samples showed that miR-200a expression was decreased in both liver cirrhosis patients and liver cancer patients (vs. normal liver subjects, P less than 0.05), while AFP showed abnormal expression only in the patients with liver cancer. Comparison of the normal rats and modeled rats using in situ hybridization showed the positive rates for miR-200a expression were 1.00% +/- 0.01% in rats with normal liver, 0.37% +/- 0.03% in rats with fibrotic liver, 0.14% +/- 0.01% in rats with cirrhotic liver, 0.05% +/- 0.00% in rats with early stage liver cancer, and 0.01% +/- 0.00% in rats with advanced stage liver cancer., Conclusion: MiR-200a may play an important role in liver cancer development and may have diagnostic value for indicating early liver cancer.

Trichinosis caused by Trichinella spiralis is a parasitic zoonosis with world-wide distribution, which impacts on the development of animal husbandry and food safety, and thus threatens human health. T. spiralis has the ability to evade the host immune response, which results in forming a long-term infection in the host. The previous studies indicated that a changed host immune state due to T. spiralis was an important reason for the evasion. Among the factors, cytokines, dendritic cells and regulatory T cells played an important role in the regulation of the host immune process.

Objective: To observe the effect of resveratrol and propofol, used either alone or in combination, on hepatocyte apoptosis in rats with hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury (HIRI)., Methods: A total of 144 male SD rats were randomized into 8 equal groups, including a sham-operated group and 7 HIRI (established using Pringle method) groups with pretreatments with normal saline, Tween80, propofol (10 or 20 mg·kg(-1)·h(-1)), or resveratrol (10 or 20 mg/kg), or both propofol and resveratrol 10 min before hepatic portal vein occlusion. At 1, 3 and 6 h after the reperfusion, 6 rats from each group were sacrificed for histopathological examination of the liver tissue, detection of hepatocyte apoptosis using TUNEL assay, and measurement of Bcl-2, Bax and caspase-3 protein expressions using immunohistochemistry., Results: Compared with normal saline and Tween80, propofol and resveratrol at different doses used alone or in combination all significantly alleviated the hepatic pathologies, lowered the apoptosis index (P<0.05), increased Bcl-2 expression (P<0.05), and reduced Bax and caspase-3 expressions in the liver tissues following HIRI (P<0.05). Compared with low doses of propofol and resveratrol used alone, their combination showed more obvious protective effects against hepatocyte apoptosis (P<0.05), but at higher doses, propofol and resveratrol either alone or in combination produced similar effects., Conclusions: Propofol and resveratrol can suppress HIRI-induced hepatocyte apoptosis by up-regulating Bcl-2 and down-regulating Bax and caspase-3 expressions, and their combined use can reduce the effective doses of the drugs.

Objective: To explore the effects of ischemic postconditioning on the remnant liver regeneration under ischemic reperfusion after subtotal hepatectomy., Methods: A total of 90 male SD rats weighting 230-280 g were randomly divided into 3 groups of simple subtotal hepatectomy (SH), ischemia reperfusion (IR) and ischemic postconditioning (IPO). The left and middle liver lobes were resected. And the remnant liver was treated as follows: blood flow was non-blocked in SH group, but blocked for 30 min in IR group, then reperfused. The IPO group was established by 30-30 s intermittent interruptions of blood flow thrice during the early phase of reperfusion. At 1, 6, 12, 24, 48 h respectively, the serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and the positive ratio of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were detected. Also the contents of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) were measured and the regenerated liver weight was calculated., Results: The activities of ALT and AST in IPO group from 1 - 48 h were (138 ± 20), (340 ± 22), (770 ± 55), (389 ± 60), (113 ± 25) U/L and (247 ± 31), (509 ± 51), (972 ± 77), (955 ± 159), (222 ± 44) U/L respectively at each time point and they were significantly lower than those (294 ± 37), (560 ± 69), (1222 ± 162), (540 ± 40), (161 ± 15) U/L and (439 ± 34), (669 ± 94), (1347 ± 118), (1274 ± 223), (403 ± 68) U/L in IR group (P < 0.05); the regenerated liver weight (18.8 ± 3.2, 34.0 ± 3.5%) and positive cell ratio of PCNA (43.9 ± 2.7, 56.2 ± 4.0%) in IPO group at 24 and 48 h were respectively higher than those in IR group ((11.3 ± 2.9), (26.8 ± 2.5)% and (34.5 ± 2.8), (48.8 ± 1.8)%)(P < 0.05); The HGF levels ((261 ± 54) and (252 ± 103) pg/ml) at 24 and 48 h in IPO group were significantly higher than those ((99 ± 47) and (70 ± 19) pg/ml) in IR group (P < 0.05); the contents of ATP in hepatic tissue at 24 and 48 h in IPO group were (22.20 ± 3.6) and (12.87 ± 2.49) µg/g respectively. And they were significantly higher than those in IR group (P < 0.05), but lower than those in SH group (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: Ischemic postconditioning improves the remnant liver regeneration under ischemic reperfusion after subtotal hepatectomy through its actions of stimulating HGF production and maintaining hepatic energy metabolism.

Objective: To investigate the impact of the ischemic postconditioning on the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/IL-6/signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT)-3 signal pathway of liver regeneration., Methods: Ninety healthy clean grade male Sprague-Dawley rats weighting 230 to 280 g were selected and assigned into three groups randomly: group I subtotal hepatectomy (SH), group II ischemia reperfusion (IR), group III ischemic postconditioning (IPO). The left and middle liver was resected, and the remnant liver was treated as followed: the blood flow was not blocked in SH group, but blocked 30 minutes in IR group, then reperfused; IPO groups received three cycles of 30 s-30 s intermittent interruptions of blood flow at onset of reperfusion. At 1, 6, 12, 24, 48 h after reperfusion, the serum TNF-α, IL-6 was detected and the mRNA of cyclinD1, Cdk4, STAT-3 was assayed by real-time PCR as well as the protein expression of cyclinD1 and Cdk4 by Western blot., Results: Compared with SH group, the expression of IL-6 declined at each set time point in IR group (t = 5.076 to 8.334, P = 0.000), but the content of TNF-α increased in early stage (1 to 12 h) (t = 2.972 to 7.215, P = 0.000 - 0.014). The expression of STAT-3, cyclinD1 and Cdk4 mRNA and protein of cyclinD1 and Cdk4 at 24 and 48 h after reperfusion were lower in IR group than in SH group (t = 2.857 to 6.684, P = 0.000 to 0.017). However, there was a significant decrease in TNF-α from 1 to 12 h after reperfusion (t = 2.995 to 4.112, P = 0.002 to 0.017), but a significant increase in IL-6 in IPO group than in IR group (t = 2.458 to 3.543, P = 0.005 to 0.034). The expression of STAT-3, cyclinD1, Cdk4 mRNA and protein of cyclinD1 and Cdk4 at 24 and 48 h after reperfusion were all increased in IPO group in comparison with in IR group (t = 2.383 to 6.803, P = 0.000 to 0.038)., Conclusions: The ischemic postconditioning could promote the remnant liver regeneration after subtotal hepatectomy with ischemia reperfusion injury. Its mechanism relates with the activation of the TNF-α/IL-6/STAT-3 signal pathway of and the cyclinD1-Cdk4 complex which enhances the proliferation of hepatocyte.

Objective: To retrospectively analyze the etiological characteristics of infectious endophthalmitis so as to improve the positive detection rate of its pathogens in laboratory test., Methods: The epidemiological features and laboratory findings of 319 inpatients (319 eyes) diagnosed with infectious endophthalmitis at our institute from January 2000 to December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed., Results: Ocular trauma (n = 230, 72.10%) was a major risk factor for infectious endophthalmitis. Bacteria and fungi were isolated from intraocualr specimens with the positive rates of 43.57% (139/319) and 18.22% (49/269) respectively. The positive rates of bacteria culture were 29.00% for nutrient broth medium and 50.23% for blood enrichment medium respectively. And the difference was statistically significant (χ(2) = 12.58, P < 0.01). The sensitivity of isolated bacteria to levofloxacin was 81.82%. The geometric mean of minimal inhibitory concentrations of amphotericin B, fluconazole, ketoconazole and itraconazole against fungi were 1.05, 5.07, 3.00 and 2.42 µg/ml respectively., Conclusion: The major cause of infectious endophthalmitis is ocular trauma and the dominant pathogen is bacteria. The use of blood enrichment medium may improve the positive rate of bacteria culture. Levofloxacin and amphotericin B are indicated for the treatment of bacterial and fungal endophthalmitis.

Objective: To assess the role of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38MAPK) in the protective effect of remifentanil preconditioning (RPC) on hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats., Methods: Ninety-six male SD rats were randomly assigned into sham-operated group, ischemia-reperfusion group (I/R group), RPC group, and SB (an inhibitor of p38 MAPK) +RPC group. The rats were sacrificed at the end of reperfusion, and serum levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured. HE staining was used to observe the hepatic histopathological changes, and Western blotting was employed to examine p38MAPK and pp38MAPK protein expression. TUNEL staining was used to examine cell apoptosis in the liver tissues., Results: Compared with sham-operated group, I/R group showed significantly increased serum levels of AST, ALT, TNF-α and IL-1β with obvious histopathological changes and cell apoptosis in the liver. RPC significantly decresed the elevated serum levels of AST, ALT, TNF-α and IL-1β and lessened hepatic histopathological changes, and caused reduced p38MAPK phosphorylation and hepatic cell apoptosis index. The protective effects of RPC were abolished by SB 203580 pretreatment., Conclusion: RPC attenuates the production of inflammatory factors by activating p38MAPK signal pathway to improve hepatic ischemia-reperfusion injury, and these effects can be blocked by SB203580, a p38MAPK inhibitor.

Objective: To analyze the function of htpG of S. flexneri 2a 2457T, we constructed an htpG deletion mutant and a recovery mutant., Methods: gamma-Red recombination system was used to construct an htpG deletion mutant of S. flexneri 2a 2457T. In addition, a recover mutant was obtained by introducing a low-copy plasmid containing one copy of htpG gene into the deletion mutant. Then, the growth curves of wild-type strain, deletion mutant and recover mutant were measured. Some of biochemical tests were also investigated. Furthermore, the Sereny tests were performed to evaluate the virulence of these strains., Results: No significant difference were observed among three strains. However, the titers of some inflammatory factors evoked by wild-type strain, deletion mutant and recovery mutant in intraperitoneal injected mice were quite different., Conclusion: These results suggest that the HtpG protein of Shigella flexneri 2a strain 2457T might be involved in the immunopathogenesis.

The normal Raman spectrum (RRS) of solanesol molecules and surface enhanced raman scattering (SERS) of these molecules adsorbted on Pt electrode surface are reported in this paper. By comparison that the results show that the molecules of solanesol is adsorbed on the Pt surface through the C=C bond. The large difference between RRS and SERS demonstrates that the interaction between the molecules and Pt surface is rather strong and this interaction leads to a large disturbance to the molecules structure of solanesol.