2,511 results
Search Results
2. Writing Your Psychology Research Paper
- Author
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BALDWIN, SCOTT A. and BALDWIN, SCOTT A.
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- 2017
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3. Destructive Behavior of a Person in Historical Retrospective: Factors, Diagnosis and Prevention
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Erofeeva, Maria A., Rueva, Evgeniya O., Aryamov, Andrey A., Bodaevsky, Viktor P., Novikova, Tatyana Y., Rudenko, Artem V., and Filippov, Mikhail N.
- Abstract
In conditions of the current development of society which is characterized by mounting social, economic and political crises, the problem of destructive behavior of an individual acquires special significance and topicality. The paper presents the results of a theoretical and methodological analysis of this problem in foreign and domestic literature in several areas: analysis of the attitude of society towards destructive behavior in its historical aspect; philosophical and theological approach; sociological and demographic areas in the study of destructive behavior, biological and biochemical; genetic approaches; psychological and sociopsychological aspects in the study of destructive behavior of a person. In view of the analysis of various approaches and areas in the study of destructive behavior, the conclusions have been drawn that destructive behavior is represented as a complex phenomenon, caused by biological factors (genetic predisposition, constitutional features of the body structure, the use of psychoactive substances, etc.), social (economic and social crises ), psychopathological (connection with mental disorders), psychological (especially the system of needs and motives of activity), socio-psychological (the impact of socio-psychological maladaptation and characteristics of the values and meaning sphere of an individual) plans. These factors are interconnected and each of them has its own specific role in the complex of destructive behavior, and therefore it is impossible to obtain a holistic view of the phenomenon under consideration taken separately from the entire system of interconnected components.
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- 2020
4. Pragmatism vs. Idealism and the Identity Crisis of OER Advocacy
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Jhangiani, Rajiv Sunil
- Abstract
The open education (OE) movement is in its adolescent years and experiencing an identity crisis as it is pulled towards both pragmatism (marked by an emphasis on cost savings, resources, and incremental change) and idealism (marked by an emphasis on permissions, practices, and radical change). In this article, I describe these tensions (free vs. freedom; evolution vs. revolution; and resources vs. practices) before going on to argue in favour of a nuanced resolution to this Eriksonian crisis that reflects the diverse needs and motivations of educators. The merits of an integrated approach and its implications for the future trajectory of the OE movement are discussed. [This paper was presented at the 2017 Open Education Consortium Global Conference, held in Cape Town (South Africa) in March 8th-10th 2017.]
- Published
- 2017
5. The Relationship between First-Year Learning Communities and Academic Performance in Introductory Psychology and Sociology
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Ma-Kellams, Christine and Kwon, Roy
- Abstract
Objective: How do learning communities influence academic performance in Introductory Psychology? Method: The present research examines the relationship between participation in first-year students learning communities and academic performance across a variety of course requirements (midterms, finals, papers, and class participation) in introductory psychology and, for comparison, sociology courses. Results: Students who took Introductory Psychology as part of a first-year-student learning community outperformed their peers (who took the same course without a learning community) on the first exam of the semester and were less likely to miss assignments but otherwise showed no significant differences on the other course assignments; introductory sociology students part of these communities showed even greater differences in performance that lasted through the end of the semester. Conclusion: First-year students learning communities offers significant albeit limited benefits for student performance in introductory courses in the social sciences. Teaching Implications: Short of institutional efforts to enact programming for first-year learning communities, introductory psychology instructors can attempt to simulate the experience of such communities by promoting a sense of belonging via extra-curricular service or discipline-related activities.
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- 2022
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6. Community Representations in Learning Communities
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Dingyloudi, Filitsa and Strijbos, Jan-Willem
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This conceptual paper revisits a set of pivotal learning community notions filtered through sociological and community psychology perspectives to unravel representations of the community construct within learning contexts. A conceptual review of sociological and community psychology perspectives on the community construct is initially presented. These representations act as lens for a further integrative conceptual review of the community construct in pivotal learning community notions. This integrative conceptual review shows that although most learning communities share a basic set of community representations, some foundational differences are also observed. Our contribution aims to enhance readers' understanding of how "community" is represented in learning communities, which in turn can inform any design decisions and facilitation strategies by learning community researchers and practitioners.
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- 2020
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7. Music, Selves and Societies: Respondent Paper
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Craig Robertson
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Music therapy ,business.industry ,Field (Bourdieu) ,05 social sciences ,Wish ,Public policy ,050801 communication & media studies ,Public relations ,BF1-990 ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,0508 media and communications ,Respondent ,Psychology ,M1-5000 ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Sociology ,business ,Music - Abstract
Researchers working within the field of music and society often comment that they wish to use their research for the betterment of society and individuals, wherever possible. In many cases, this process of betterment requires some sort of behavioral change—whether this is changing poor habits to promote healthy living and thinking or changing destructive behavior in order to lead more productive and connected lives. It can increasingly be seen in the world today that social behavior has a complex array of influences and motivations and rarely is empirical evidence one of them. No amount of thoroughly researched evidence or logically developed arguments influences this behavior. Brexit and the Trump administration are two examples of this phenomenon. What seems to influence this seemingly bizarre social behavior is a collective belief in a narrative. The narrative needs to speak to common emotions, senses of identities and memories, but it does not need to necessarily be supported by empirical evidence to be effective. There is a need to understand this power of narrative in the public discourse if we are to truly influence how public policy engages with music.
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- 2021
8. Habitus and the Psychosocial: Bourdieu with Feelings
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Reay, Diane
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This paper explores the potential of habitus to provide a window on the psychosocial. The paper works with a notion of psychosocial study as inquiry into the mutual constitution of the individual and the social relations within which they are enmeshed. At the same time it attempts to deepen and enrich notions of habitus. Although the strong focus on agency and structure has overshadowed the role of emotions and the emotional life of individuals within conceptualisations of habitus in Bourdieu's work, the paper argue that there are strong links between the psychosocial and Bourdieu's concept of habitus. Drawing on empirical data on the affective aspects of living in an unequal society, the paper seeks to develop a psychosocial understanding of habitus that allows for a better and richer understanding of how the exterior -- wider social structures -- is experienced and mediated by the interior, the psyche.
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- 2015
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9. Paper-and-pencil versus computerized administration mode: Comparison of data quality and risk behavior prevalence estimates in the European school Survey Project on Alcohol and other Drugs (ESPAD)
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Elisa Benedetti, Loredana Fortunato, Marco Scalese, Emanuela Colasante, Roberta Potente, Sabrina Molinaro, and Arianna Cutilli
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Male ,Questionnaires ,European People ,Prevalence ,Social Sciences ,Surveys ,Logistic regression ,Geographical Locations ,Sociology ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Ethnicities ,Psychology ,media_common ,Multidisciplinary ,Schools ,Alcohol Consumption ,Pharmaceutics ,Data Accuracy ,Italian People ,Europe ,Research Design ,Population Surveillance ,Medicine ,Female ,Research Article ,Drug Administration ,Adolescent ,Alcohol Drinking ,Medical Records Systems, Computerized ,Substance-Related Disorders ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Science ,education ,MEDLINE ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Education ,Young Adult ,Drug Therapy ,media_common.cataloged_instance ,Humans ,European Union ,European union ,Students ,Nutrition ,Selection bias ,Behavior ,Data collection ,Survey Research ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Diet ,Data quality ,Informatics ,People and Places ,Population Groupings ,Demography - Abstract
PurposeThe aim of this experimental study was to investigate whether paper-and-pencil and computerized surveys administered in the school setting yield equivalent data quality indicators and risk behavior prevalence estimates.MethodsData were drawn from the European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD®) carried out in Italy to monitor drug, alcohol, tobacco use and other risk-behaviors among Italian high school students aged 15-19 years. A sub-sample of schools was recruited for the study (1673 pupils). For each school, two entire randomly selected courses (from the first to the fifth grade) participated and were assigned randomly to the self-administered paper-and-pencil (N = 811) or computerized survey (N = 862). Differences in data quality were assessed using the following indicators: questionnaire completeness (missing gender and/or 50% of missing answers) and internal consistency (repetitive extreme response patterns). Separate logistic regression models were used to estimate the mode effect on the reporting of each risk behavior, controlling for gender and age. Finally, the prevalence estimates of the experimental study were compared to the results of the national ESPAD® study.ResultsThe computerized administration mode produced a higher proportion of invalid questionnaires, but the prevalence estimates generated from responses to the paper-and-pencil and computerized surveys were generally equivalent. Nevertheless, comparing these results with those of the national ESPAD® study, some differences in the prevalence rates were found.ConclusionsThe findings suggest that in a proctored school setting, the computerized survey mode yields almost the same results as the paper-and-pencil mode. However, because of the reliance on existing informatics facilities until when all schools in the country will be sufficiently equipped for the computerized data collection, they should be given the opportunity to choose between paper-and-pencil and computerized survey modes, in order to avoid a possible selection bias.
- Published
- 2019
10. The contribution of cause-effect link to representing the core of scientific paper—The role of Semantic Link Network.
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Cao, Mengyun, Sun, Xiaoping, and Zhuge, Hai
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COMPLEXITY (Philosophy) , *CAUSATION (Philosophy) , *SEMANTICS , *RESEARCH , *PHILOSOPHY - Abstract
The Semantic Link Network is a general semantic model for modeling the structure and the evolution of complex systems. Various semantic links play different roles in rendering the semantics of complex system. One of the basic semantic links represents cause-effect relation, which plays an important role in representation and understanding. This paper verifies the role of the Semantic Link Network in representing the core of text by investigating the contribution of cause-effect link to representing the core of scientific papers. Research carries out with the following steps: (1) Two propositions on the contribution of cause-effect link in rendering the core of paper are proposed and verified through a statistical survey, which shows that the sentences on cause-effect links cover about 65% of key words within each paper on average. (2) An algorithm based on syntactic patterns is designed for automatically extracting cause-effect link from scientific papers, which recalls about 70% of manually annotated cause-effect links on average, indicating that the result adapts to the scale of data sets. (3) The effects of cause-effect link on four schemes of incorporating cause-effect link into the existing instances of the Semantic Link Network for enhancing the summarization of scientific papers are investigated. The experiments show that the quality of the summaries is significantly improved, which verifies the role of semantic links. The significance of this research lies in two aspects: (1) it verifies that the Semantic Link Network connects the important concepts to render the core of text; and, (2) it provides an evidence for realizing content services such as summarization, recommendation and question answering based on the Semantic Link Network, and it can inspire relevant research on content computing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
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11. Ten simple rules for collaboratively writing a multi-authored paper.
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Frassl, Marieke A., Hamilton, David P., Denfeld, Blaize A., de Eyto, Elvira, Hampton, Stephanie E., Keller, Philipp S., Sharma, Sapna, Lewis, Abigail S. L., Weyhenmeyer, Gesa A., O’Reilly, Catherine M., Lofton, Mary E., and Catalán, Núria
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AUTHORSHIP collaboration ,COLLABORATIVE learning ,ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (Academic dissertations) ,INFORMATION resources management ,GROUP work in research - Abstract
An editorial is presented which discusses the collaborative writing with multiple authors which has additional challenges including varied levels of engagement of coauthors, provision of fair credit through authorship or acknowledgements and acceptance of diversity of work styles. Also discussed are the 10 simple rules for collaboratively writing a multi-authored paper which include to build a writing team wisely; to create a data management plan and to jointly decide on authorship guidelines.
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- 2018
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12. The contribution of cause-effect link to representing the core of scientific paper—The role of Semantic Link Network
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Xiaoping Sun, Mengyun Cao, and Hai Zhuge
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Semantic link ,Computer and Information Sciences ,Lexical semantics ,Computer science ,Science ,lcsh:Medicine ,Social Sciences ,02 engineering and technology ,Semantic data model ,Research and Analysis Methods ,Systems Science ,Automation ,Sociology ,020204 information systems ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Question answering ,Psychology ,Syntax ,lcsh:Science ,Data Curation ,Language ,Grammar ,Multidisciplinary ,Information retrieval ,Applied Mathematics ,Simulation and Modeling ,Research ,lcsh:R ,Publications ,Cognitive Psychology ,Biology and Life Sciences ,Linguistics ,Complex Systems ,Reasoning ,Automatic summarization ,Semantics ,Lexical Semantics ,Social Networks ,Physical Sciences ,Cognitive Science ,lcsh:Q ,020201 artificial intelligence & image processing ,Mathematics ,Algorithms ,Network Analysis ,Research Article ,Neuroscience - Abstract
The Semantic Link Network is a general semantic model for modeling the structure and the evolution of complex systems. Various semantic links play different roles in rendering the semantics of complex system. One of the basic semantic links represents cause-effect relation, which plays an important role in representation and understanding. This paper verifies the role of the Semantic Link Network in representing the core of text by investigating the contribution of cause-effect link to representing the core of scientific papers. Research carries out with the following steps: (1) Two propositions on the contribution of cause-effect link in rendering the core of paper are proposed and verified through a statistical survey, which shows that the sentences on cause-effect links cover about 65% of key words within each paper on average. (2) An algorithm based on syntactic patterns is designed for automatically extracting cause-effect link from scientific papers, which recalls about 70% of manually annotated cause-effect links on average, indicating that the result adapts to the scale of data sets. (3) The effects of cause-effect link on four schemes of incorporating cause-effect link into the existing instances of the Semantic Link Network for enhancing the summarization of scientific papers are investigated. The experiments show that the quality of the summaries is significantly improved, which verifies the role of semantic links. The significance of this research lies in two aspects: (1) it verifies that the Semantic Link Network connects the important concepts to render the core of text; and, (2) it provides an evidence for realizing content services such as summarization, recommendation and question answering based on the Semantic Link Network, and it can inspire relevant research on content computing.
- Published
- 2018
13. Component Theories for Human Resource Development in China: A Proposition
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Schmidtke, Carsten and Chen, Peng
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Chinese scholars have not yet achieved consensus on the specific theories that should be part of a Chinese HRD theory base. A review of the Chinese HRD literature has identified four theory domains frequently mentioned as a possible foundation for the discipline: management, economics, sociology, and psychology/learning. Considering Swanson and Holton's (2009) argument that theory is important for any emergent discipline, the purpose of this paper is to help ignite the discussion on a theoretical foundation by going beyond the level of domains and proposing an initial core of theories for HRD in China. The proposed theories were chosen because of their fit with the four theory domains, with Deng Xiaoping's guidelines for the development of the Chinese economy and its human resources, and with the Chinese cultural context.
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- 2016
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14. Occurrence mechanism and coping paths of accidents of highly aggregated tourist crowds based on system dynamics.
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Yin, Jie, Zheng, Xiang-min, and Tsaur, Ruey-Chyn
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SYSTEM dynamics ,CROWDS ,ACCIDENTS ,TOURISTS ,FILTER paper - Abstract
The safety of highly aggregated tourist crowds is a challenging and important issue. This paper not only provided a comprehensive analysis of the accidents of highly aggregated tourist crowds but also determined the occurrence mechanism and coping paths. Based on the analysis of multiple cases, we found that the variable status of highly aggregated tourist crowds was the result of the interaction of three main elements: multisource pressure, state mutations and management responses. A series of factors interact and result in accidents, and the lack of a management response or a low-quality management response is the root cause of such accidents. A high-quality management response is a basic safety precaution for highly aggregated tourist crowds. Therefore, forming a virtuous circle of multisource pressure, state mutations and management responses is an effective path for coping with accidents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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15. Mind Matters: a psychoeducation programme for individuals with intellectual disabilities and co-morbid diagnoses of mental disorder
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Ashworth, Sarah, Jansen, Krista, Bullock, Lydia, and Mooney, Paul
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- 2017
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16. Under Studied Markets and Marketing Stakeholders: STIGMA IN MARKETING AND CONSUMER RESEARCH: A LITERATURE REVIEW AND RESEARCH AGENDA.
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Rodrigues Rocha, Rodolfo and Rodriguez Veloso, Andres
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LITERATURE reviews ,CONSUMER research ,SOCIOLOGY ,PSYCHOLOGY ,MARKETING - Abstract
The article focuses on conducting a systematic literature review of stigma in marketing and consumer research, aiming to categorize types of stigma and suggest research directions. Topics include analyzing 82 relevant papers, employing frameworks from sociology and psychology, and outlining a comprehensive research agenda for advancing knowledge in marketing and consumer behavior.
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- 2023
17. Embedding psychological thinking: an evaluation of a regional training model for probation staff
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Mapplebeck, Clare, Ramsden, Jo, Lowton, Mark, Short, Sammy, and Burn, Flora
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- 2017
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18. (Re) Honoring the Legacy of Jessie Bernard: An Analysis of Junior Scholars' Outstanding Feminist Family Scholarship.
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Weaver, Shannon E., Sharp, Elizabeth A., and Britton, Carmen
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AWARDS ,FEMINISM ,SCHOLARLY method ,MARRIAGE ,MENTORING ,MOTHERHOOD ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SEX distribution ,SOCIOLOGY ,STUDENTS ,THEORY ,FAMILY relations - Abstract
As a further tribute to feminist scholar Jessie Bernard, in this paper, we review the entire collection of the National Council on Family Relations' Jessie Bernard Outstanding papers awarded to feminist junior scholars spanning from 1990 to 2018. In so doing, we showcase Jessie Bernard's devotion to mentoring young scholars as we highlight evolving feminist family scholarship of student/new professionals. In this paper, we sought to:(a) honor Jessie Bernard's intellectual legacy, (b) celebrate contributions of young feminist family scholar's work, and (c) explore how the award collection maps on to wider feminist theoretical debates and empirical shifts within feminist family science over the past three decades. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2020
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19. The psychology quadrant: an outcome measure based on the START risk assessment
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Gill, Matthew John and Brookes, Samantha
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- 2017
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20. Social cognition remediation interventions: A systematic mapping review.
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Fernández-Sotos, Patricia, Torio, Iosune, Fernández-Caballero, Antonio, Navarro, Elena, González, Pascual, Dompablo, Mónica, and Rodriguez-Jimenez, Roberto
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META-analysis ,SOCIAL perception ,AUTISM spectrum disorders ,THEORY of mind ,SOCIAL science research - Abstract
Background: Impairments in social cognition have been described in several psychiatric and neurological disorders. Given the importance of the relationship between social cognition and functioning and quality of life in these disorders, there is a growing interest in social cognition remediation interventions. The aim of this study was to carry out a systematic mapping review to describe the state of the art in social cognition training and remediation interventions. Methods: Publications from 2006 to 2016 on social cognition interventions were reviewed in four databases: Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed and Embase. From the initial result set of 3229 publications, a final total of 241 publications were selected. Results: The study revealed an increasing interest in social cognition remediation interventions, especially in the fields of psychiatry and psychology, with a gradual growth in the number of publications. These were frequently published in high impact factor journals and underpinned by robust scientific evidence. Most studies were conducted on schizophrenia, followed by autism spectrum disorders. Theory of mind and emotional processing were the focus of most interventions, whilst a limited number of studies addressed attributional bias and social perception. Targeted interventions in social cognition were the most frequent practice in the selected papers, followed by non-specific treatment interventions and broad-based interventions. Conclusions: Research in social cognition remediation interventions is growing. Further studies are needed on attributional bias and social perception remediation programs, while the comparative efficacy of different interventions also remains unclear. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2019
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21. The unbearable emptiness of tweeting—About journal articles.
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Robinson-Garcia, Nicolas, Costas, Rodrigo, Isett, Kimberley, Melkers, Julia, and Hicks, Diana
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MICROBLOGS ,DENTAL research ,SCIENTIFIC literature ,SCHOLARLY communication - Abstract
Enthusiasm for using Twitter as a source of data in the social sciences extends to measuring the impact of research with Twitter data being a key component in the new altmetrics approach. In this paper, we examine tweets containing links to research articles in the field of dentistry to assess the extent to which tweeting about scientific papers signifies engagement with, attention to, or consumption of scientific literature. The main goal is to better comprehend the role Twitter plays in scholarly communication and the potential value of tweet counts as traces of broader engagement with scientific literature. In particular, the pattern of tweeting to the top ten most tweeted scientific dental articles and of tweeting by accounts is examined. The ideal that tweeting about scholarly articles represents curating and informing about state-of-the-art appears not to be realized in practice. We see much presumably human tweeting almost entirely mechanical and devoid of original thought, no evidence of conversation, tweets generated by monomania, duplicate tweeting from many accounts under centralized professional management and tweets generated by bots. Some accounts exemplify the ideal, but they represent less than 10% of tweets. Therefore, any conclusions drawn from twitter data is swamped by the mechanical nature of the bulk of tweeting behavior. In light of these results, we discuss the compatibility of Twitter with the research enterprise as well as some of the financial incentives behind these patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
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- 2017
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22. A Systematic Literature Review of Substance-Use Prevention Programs Amongst Refugee Youth.
- Author
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Aleer, Elijah, Alam, Khorshed, and Rashid, Afzalur
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SUBSTANCE abuse prevention , *PSYCHOTHERAPY , *CINAHL database , *DISEASE prevalence , *SYSTEMATIC reviews , *MEDLINE , *PSYCHOLOGY , *BEHAVIORAL sciences , *HUMANITIES , *ONLINE information services , *SOCIOLOGY , *QUALITY assurance , *MEDICAL screening , *REFUGEES , *PSYCHOLOGY information storage & retrieval systems , *ADOLESCENCE , *CHILDREN , *ADULTS - Abstract
This paper aims at exploring existing literature on substance use prevention programs, focusing on refugee youth. A comprehensive search for relevant articles was conducted on Scopus, PubMed, and EBSCOhost Megafile databases including Academic Search Ultimate, APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL with Full Text, E-Journals, Humanities Source Ultimate, Psychology and Behavioural Sciences Collection, and Sociology Source Ultimate. Initially, a total of 485 studies were retrieved; nine papers were retained for quality assessment after removing duplicates. Of the nine studies that met the inclusion criteria, only three are found to partially addressed substance use prevention programs. The two substance use prevention programs that emerge from the study are Adelante Social and Marketing Campaign (ASMC), and Screening and Brief Intervention (SBI). Six others explored protective factors and strategies for preventing substance use. The study findings show that refugee youth held negative attitudes toward institutions that provide substance use prevention programs. This review concluded that refugee youth often experience persistent substance use as they are not aware of prevention programs that may reduce the prevalence and/or severity of such misuse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
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23. A dataset of publication records for Nobel laureates.
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Li, Jichao, Yin, Yian, Fortunato, Santo, and Wang, Dashun
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NOBEL Prize winners ,METADATA ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIOLOGY - Abstract
A central question in the science of science concerns how to develop a quantitative understanding of the evolution and impact of individual careers. Over the course of history, a relatively small fraction of individuals have made disproportionate, profound, and lasting impacts on science and society. Despite a long-standing interest in the careers of scientific elites across diverse disciplines, it remains difficult to collect large-scale career histories that could serve as training sets for systematic empirical and theoretical studies. Here, by combining unstructured data collected from CVs, university websites, and Wikipedia, together with the publication and citation database from Microsoft Academic Graph (MAG), we reconstructed publication histories of nearly all Nobel prize winners from the past century, through both manual curation and algorithmic disambiguation procedures. Data validation shows that the collected dataset presents among the most comprehensive collection of publication records for Nobel laureates currently available. As our quantitative understanding of science deepens, this dataset is expected to have increasing value. It will not only allow us to quantitatively probe novel patterns of productivity, collaboration, and impact governing successful scientific careers, it may also help us unearth the fundamental principles underlying creativity and the genesis of scientific breakthroughs. Design Type(s) data integration objective • source-based data analysis objective • metadata search and retrieval objective Measurement Type(s) publication Technology Type(s) digital curation Factor Type(s) Knowledge Field • temporal_instant Sample Characteristic(s) Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format) [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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24. How Communication Technology Fosters Individual and Social Wellbeing During the Covid-19 Pandemic: Preliminary Support For a Digital Interaction Model
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Claudia Marino, Santinello Massimo, Michela Lenzi, Marta Gaboardi, Carmen Cervone, Natale Canale, Matteo Giraldo, Mark D. Griffiths, and Alessio Vieno
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Knowledge management ,Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ,Coronavirus-19 ,COVID-19 ,Online social support ,Positive mental health ,Posttraumatic growth ,Prosocial behaviors ,Social sharing of emotions ,Explanatory model ,Pandemic ,Sociology ,business.industry ,Mental health ,Social relation ,Prosocial behavior ,Information and Communications Technology ,Positive psychology ,Psychology ,business ,Social psychology ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Research Paper - Abstract
The aim of the present study was to test an explanatory model for individual and social wellbeing which incorporates the advantages of using digital technologies during the COVID-19 pandemic. The study was carried out in Italy, one of the countries that has been most severely affected by the pandemic worldwide. The study was designed to include variables that might be specifically pertinent to the uniqueness of the restrictions imposed by the pandemic. Adults living in Italy (n = 1412) completed an online survey during the lockdown period in March 2020. Results showed two distinct digital interaction processes highlighted by the facilitating use of online emotions (“e-motions”) and online social support (“e-support”). In short, e-motions were positively related to posttraumatic growth, which in turn was positively associated with positive mental health and higher engagement in prosocial behaviors. Moreover, individuals who perceived themselves as having greater e-support were characterized by higher levels of positive mental health, which it turn was positively associated with prosocial behaviors. Collectively, these two digital interaction processes suggest that digital technologies appear to be critical resources in helping individuals cope with difficulties raised by the COVID-19 pandemic.
- Published
- 2021
25. Call for papers: Special issue on evolutionary game theory of small groups and their larger societies.
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Grigolini, Paolo
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GAME theory , *SOCIAL groups , *PSYCHOLOGY , *SOCIOLOGY , *CHAOS theory - Abstract
This is a call for papers that should contribute to the unification of behavioral sciences and team management, focusing on the biological origin of cooperation and swarm intelligence, moving from biology to psychology and from sociology to political science, with the help of the theoretical tools of complex networks. This issue should shed light into the origin of ergodicity breaking and contribute to establishing a connection, still lacking theoretical support, between complexity properties that are expected to be correlated. Examples are: non-Poisson renewal events and multi-fractality; complexity matching and chaos synchronization; criticality and extended criticality of small size systems. Although the emphasis is on systems of small size, and especially on the search of the size maximizing both information transport and cooperation emergence, special attention will be devoted to the interaction between small groups and their larger societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
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26. Philippe Tissié's Psychopedagogical Conceptions of Physical Education: Franco-Swedish Hybridity (1886–1935).
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Lebecq, Pierre-Alban, Moralès, Yves, Saint-Martin, Jean, Travaillot, Yves, and Bazoge, Natalia
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GYMNASTICS ,PHYSICAL education ,SOCIAL sciences ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIOLOGY - Abstract
Swedish gymnastics has been reduced to a directory of progressive analytical movements intended to form the basis of what is known in French physical education as a global gymnastics. This article explains how Philippe Tissié was inspired by Swedish gymnastics in his development of a hybrid vision between the Swedish method of physical education and the French model that was largely derived from the works of Jean Saint-Martin Amoros and Philippe Sarremejane. The paper demonstrates how Tissié's French gymnastics was not only limited to analytical movements but also included the practice of sports. At the same time, it explains how the creation of this hybrid model meshed scientific findings from life sciences (biology and physiology) with human and social sciences (psychology and sociology). Between 1886 and 1935, Tissié's appropriation, thus, enabled him to structure his conceptions of physical education and to move from the Swedish to the Franco-Swedish method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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27. Fine-tuned intruder discrimination favors ant parasitoidism
- Author
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Franklin H. Rocha, Yann Hénaut, Jean-Paul Lachaud, Gabriela Pérez-Lachaud, Javier Valle-Mora, ECOSUR Unidad Chetumal, EI Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT)-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología [Mexico] (CONACYT), ECOSUR Unidad Tapachula, Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale (CRCA), Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-CHU Toulouse [Toulouse]-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Recherches sur la Cognition Animale - UMR5169 (CRCA), Institut des sciences du cerveau de Toulouse. (ISCT), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Toulouse - Jean Jaurès (UT2J)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Toulouse (CHU Toulouse)-Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre de Biologie Intégrative (CBI), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and LACHAUD, Jean-Paul
- Subjects
0106 biological sciences ,0301 basic medicine ,Life Cycles ,[SDV.BA] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology ,ved/biology.organism_classification_rank.species ,Wasps ,Social Sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Predation ,Parasitoid ,Habits ,Larvae ,Nest ,Sociology ,Filter Paper ,Psychology ,ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS ,[SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Animal Behavior ,Weevil ,[SDV.BA]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Animal biology ,Eukaryota ,Agriculture ,Myrmecophily ,ANT ,Insects ,Laboratory Equipment ,[SDV.EE] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment ,Animal Sociality ,Social Systems ,Medicine ,Insect Pests ,Engineering and Technology ,Biological Assay ,Research Article ,Ectatomma tuberculatum ,Arthropoda ,Science ,Zoology ,Equipment ,Isoptera ,010603 evolutionary biology ,Host-Parasite Interactions ,Nesting Habits ,03 medical and health sciences ,Pests ,Animals ,Eucharitidae ,Arthropods ,Behavior ,ved/biology ,Ants ,Organisms ,Biology and Life Sciences ,[SDV.EE.IEO] Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis ,biology.organism_classification ,Invertebrates ,Hymenoptera ,030104 developmental biology ,Weevils ,Developmental Biology ,[SDV.EE.IEO]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment/Symbiosis - Abstract
A diversity of arthropods (myrmecophiles) thrives within ant nests, many of them unmolested though some, such as the specialized Eucharitidae parasitoids, may cause direct damage to their hosts. Ants are known to discriminate between nestmates and non-nestmates, but whether they recognize the strength of a threat and their capacity to adjust their behavior accordingly have not been fully explored. We aimed to determine whether Ectatomma tuberculatum ants exhibited specific behavioral responses to potential or actual intruders posing different threats to the host colony and to contribute to an understanding of complex ant-eucharitid interactions. Behavioral responses differed significantly according to intruder type. Ants evicted intruders that represented a threat to the colony's health (dead ants) or were not suitable as prey items (filter paper, eucharitid parasitoid wasps, non myrmecophilous adult weevils), but killed potential prey (weevil larvae, termites). The timing of detection was in accordance with the nature and size of the intruder: corpses (a potential source of contamination) were detected faster than any other intruder and transported to the refuse piles within 15 min. The structure and complexity of behavioral sequences differed among those intruders that were discarded. Workers not only recognized and discriminated between several distinct intruders but also adjusted their behavior to the type of intruder encountered. Our results confirm the previously documented recognition capabilities of E. tuberculatum workers and reveal a very fine-tuned intruder discrimination response. Colony-level prophylactic and hygienic behavioral responses through effective removal of inedible intruders appears to be the most general and flexible form of defense in ants against a diverse array of intruders. However, this generalized response to both potentially lethal and harmless intruders might have driven the evolution of ant-eucharitid interactions, opening a window for parasitoid attack and allowing adult parasitoid wasps to quickly leave the natal nest unharmed.
- Published
- 2019
28. Applied Psychology Readings : Selected Papers From Singapore Conference on Applied Psychology, 2016
- Author
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Man-Tak Leung, Lee Ming Tan, Man-Tak Leung, and Lee Ming Tan
- Subjects
- Environmental psychology, Community psychology, Social psychology, Sex (Psychology), Gender identity, Gender expression, Personality, Psychotherapy, Sociology, Psychology, Counseling, School psychology, Child psychology, Clinical health psychology
- Abstract
This book features the best papers presented at the Singapore Conference on Applied Psychology in 2016. Chapters include research conducted by experts in the field of applied psychology from the Asia-Pacific region, and cover areas such as community and environmental psychology, psychotherapy and counseling, health, child and school psychology, and gender studies. Put together by East Asia Research (Singapore), in collaboration with Hong Kong Shue Yan University, this book serves as a valuable resource for readers wanting to access to the latest research in the field of applied psychology with a focus on Asia-Pacific.
- Published
- 2017
29. The Medium in the Sociology of Niklas Luhmann: From Children to Human Beings.
- Author
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Morgner, Christian
- Subjects
- *
HUMAN beings , *DEVELOPMENTAL psychology , *UNPUBLISHED materials , *MODERN society , *SOCIOLOGY , *EDUCATIONAL sociology - Abstract
In this paper, Christian Morgner provides a critical reading of Niklas Luhmann's thinking as ignoring human beings or even as antihumanist. Here, he presents an alternative view that centers on Luhmann's idea of the child or human being as a medium. To explain Luhmann's use of these ideas to conceptualize the child and the consequences for research, Morgner refers to the translation of Luhmann's paper "The Child as the Medium of Education" and to as yet unpublished material from his famous card‐box reference system. Drawing on these materials, Morgner can more clearly illuminate Luhmann's novel perspective and how it could inform further theoretical development, supported by new analysis of existing research in other fields, including developmental psychology, education, philosophy, and sociology. He concludes that, far from neglecting the human, Luhmann's theory takes human being very seriously and acknowledges its key role as a form‐giving medium in addressing the challenges faced by contemporary society. This renewed perspective should be of particular interest to educational theorists, enabling them to more freely apply his ideas in various settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Why Are the Elderly More Averse to Immigration When They Are More Likely to Benefit? evidence across countries : Evidence across Countries
- Author
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Schotte, Simone and Winkler, Hernan
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MEASURES ,IMMIGRANT ,RESEARCH ,ADULTHOOD ,ECONOMIC GROWTH ,IMMIGRANTS ,AGING ,CITIZENSHIP ,CITIZENS ,SURVEY DATA ,SOCIETIES ,POPULATION PROJECTIONS ,POPULATION ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,MIGRANTS ,IMMIGRATION POLICY ,ESTIMATES ,WORLD POPULATION ,POLICIES ,IMMIGRATION POLICIES ,POLICY ,SCENARIOS ,TIME ,HOST COUNTRY ,ETHNICITY ,YOUTH ,GENERATIONS ,ADOLESCENCE ,ETHNIC GROUP ,EFFECTS ,POPULATIONS ,BULLETIN ,ORGANIZATIONS ,MIGRATION ,YOUNG WORKERS ,PENSIONS ,SCENARIO ,POLITICAL SUPPORT ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,HOUSEHOLD INCOME ,DEMOCRACY ,POLICY RESEARCH ,PSYCHOLOGY ,DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,AGE ,WAGES ,FERTILITY ,KNOWLEDGE ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,AGE GROUPS ,PROGRESS ,OLDER PEOPLE ,LABOR MARKET ,ELDERLY ,MORTALITY ,SOCIAL NORMS ,SOCIOLOGY ,THEORY ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,LABOR FORCE ,POPULATION SIZE ,NORMS ,SIZE ,IMMIGRATION ,DISCRIMINATION ,PROJECTIONS ,MIGRATION POLICY ,SOCIAL SECURITY ,NATIVE WORKERS ,RESEARCH WORKING PAPERS ,PUBLICATIONS ,DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGES ,WEIGHT ,HOUSEHOLD SURVEYS ,METHODOLOGY ,SURVEYS - Abstract
Using household surveys for 24 countries over a 10-year period, this paper investigates why the elderly are more averse to open immigration policies than their younger peers. The analysis finds that the negative correlation between age and pro-immigration attitudes is mostly explained by a cohort or generational change. In fact, once controlling for year of birth, the correlation between age and pro-immigration attitudes is either positive or zero in most of the countries in the sample. Under certain assumptions, the estimates suggest that aging societies will tend to become less averse to open immigration regimes over time.
- Published
- 2016
31. Modelling Creativity: Identifying Key Components through a Corpus-Based Approach.
- Author
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Jordanous, Anna and Keller, Bill
- Subjects
CREATIVE ability ,NATURAL language processing ,ONTOLOGY ,MATHEMATICAL analysis ,QUANTITATIVE research - Abstract
Creativity is a complex, multi-faceted concept encompassing a variety of related aspects, abilities, properties and behaviours. If we wish to study creativity scientifically, then a tractable and well-articulated model of creativity is required. Such a model would be of great value to researchers investigating the nature of creativity and in particular, those concerned with the evaluation of creative practice. This paper describes a unique approach to developing a suitable model of how creative behaviour emerges that is based on the words people use to describe the concept. Using techniques from the field of statistical natural language processing, we identify a collection of fourteen key components of creativity through an analysis of a corpus of academic papers on the topic. Words are identified which appear significantly often in connection with discussions of the concept. Using a measure of lexical similarity to help cluster these words, a number of distinct themes emerge, which collectively contribute to a comprehensive and multi-perspective model of creativity. The components provide an ontology of creativity: a set of building blocks which can be used to model creative practice in a variety of domains. The components have been employed in two case studies to evaluate the creativity of computational systems and have proven useful in articulating achievements of this work and directions for further research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Children Reading to Dogs: A Systematic Review of the Literature.
- Author
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Hall, Sophie Susannah, Gee, Nancy R., and Mills, Daniel Simon
- Subjects
HUMAN-animal communication ,MENTAL health ,EVIDENCE-based medicine ,SYSTEMATIC reviews ,ANIMAL psychology - Abstract
Background: Despite growing interest in the value of human-animal interactions (HAI) to human mental and physical health the quality of the evidence on which postulated benefits from animals to human psychological health are based is often unclear. To date there exist no systematic reviews on the effects of HAI in educational settings specifically focussing on the perceived benefits to children of reading to dogs. With rising popularity and implementation of these programmes in schools, it is essential that the evidence base exploring the pedagogic value of these initiatives is well documented. Methods: Using PRISMA guidelines we systematically investigated the literature reporting the pedagogic effects of reading to dogs. Because research in this area is in the early stages of scientific enquiry we adopted broad inclusion criteria, accepting all reports which discussed measurable effects related to the topic that were written in English. Multiple online databases were searched during January-March 2015; grey literature searches were also conducted. The search results which met the inclusion criteria were evaluated, and discussed, in relation to the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine levels of evidence; 27 papers were classified as Level 5, 13 as Level 4, 7 as Level 2c and 1 as Level 2b. Conclusion: The evidence suggests that reading to a dog may have a beneficial effect on a number of behavioural processes which contribute to a positive effect on the environment in which reading is practiced, leading to improved reading performance. However, the evidence base on which these inferences are made is of low quality. There is a clear need for the use of higher quality research methodologies and the inclusion of appropriate controls in order to draw causal inferences on whether or how reading to dogs may benefit children’s reading practices. The mechanisms for any effect remain a matter of conjecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. The Relationship Between First-Year Learning Communities and Academic Performance in Introductory Psychology and Sociology.
- Author
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Ma-Kellams, Christine and Kwon, Roy
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LEARNING communities ,ACADEMIC achievement ,COMMUNITY psychology ,COMMUNITIES ,SOCIOLOGY ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL influence - Abstract
Objective: How do learning communities influence academic performance in Introductory Psychology? Method: The present research examines the relationship between participation in first-year students learning communities and academic performance across a variety of course requirements (midterms, finals, papers, and class participation) in introductory psychology and, for comparison, sociology courses. Results: Students who took Introductory Psychology as part of a first-year-student learning community outperformed their peers (who took the same course without a learning community) on the first exam of the semester and were less likely to miss assignments but otherwise showed no significant differences on the other course assignments; introductory sociology students part of these communities showed even greater differences in performance that lasted through the end of the semester. Conclusion: First-year students learning communities offers significant albeit limited benefits for student performance in introductory courses in the social sciences. Teaching Implications: Short of institutional efforts to enact programming for first-year learning communities, introductory psychology instructors can attempt to simulate the experience of such communities by promoting a sense of belonging via extra-curricular service or discipline-related activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. The long run impact of early childhood deworming on numeracy and literacy: Evidence from Uganda.
- Author
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Croke, Kevin and Atun, Rifat
- Subjects
LONGITUDINAL method ,PRESCHOOL children ,LITERACY ,CHILDREN ,HELMINTHIASIS - Abstract
Background: Up to 1.45 billion people currently suffer from soil transmitted helminth infection, with the largest burden occurring in Africa and Asia. Safe and cost effective deworming treatment exists, but there is a debate about mass distribution of this treatment in high prevalence settings. While the World Health Organization recommends mass administration of anthelmintic drugs for preschool and school-aged children in high (>20%) prevalence settings, and several long run follow up studies of an influential trial have suggested large benefits that persist over time, recent systematic reviews have called this recommendation into question. Methods and findings: This paper analyzes the long-term impact of a cluster-randomized trial in eastern Uganda that provided mass deworming treatment to preschool aged children from 2000 to 2003 on the numeracy and literacy skills of children and young adults living in those villages in 2010-2015. This study uses numeracy and literacy data collected seven to twelve years after the end of the deworming trial in a randomly selected subset of communities from the original trial, by an education-focused survey that had no relationship to the deworming study. Building on an earlier working paper which used data from 2010 and 2011 survey rounds, this paper uses an additional four years of numeracy and literacy data (2012, 2013, 2014, and 2015). Aggregating data from all survey rounds, the difference between numeracy scores in treatment versus control communities is 0.07 standard deviations (SD) (95% CI -0.10, 0.24, p = 0.40), the difference in literacy scores is 0.05 SD (95% CI -0.16, 0.27, p = 0.62), and the difference in total scores is 0.07 SD (95% CI -0.11, 0.25, p = 0.44). There are significant differences in program impact by gender, with numeracy and literacy differentially positively affected for girls, and by age, with treatment effects larger for the primary school aged subsample. There are also significant treatment interactions for those living in households with more treatment-eligible children. There is no evidence of differential treatment effects on age at program eligibility or number of years of program eligibility. Conclusions: Mass deworming of preschool aged children in high prevalence communities in Uganda resulted in no statistically significant gains in numeracy or literacy 7-12 years after program completion. Point estimates were positive but imprecise; the study lacked sufficient power to rule out substantial positive effects or more modest negative effects. However, there is suggestive evidence that deworming was relatively more beneficial for girls, primary school aged children, and children living in households with other treated children. Research approval: As this analysis was conducted on secondary data which is publicly available, no research approval was sought or received. All individual records were anonymized by the data provider prior to public release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Participation of children with disabilities in school: A realist systematic review of psychosocial and environmental factors.
- Author
-
Maciver, Donald, Rutherford, Marion, Arakelyan, Stella, Kramer, Jessica M., Richmond, Janet, Todorova, Liliya, Romero-Ayuso, Dulce, Nakamura-Thomas, Hiromi, ten Velden, Marjon, Finlayson, Ian, O’Hare, Anne, and Forsyth, Kirsty
- Subjects
CHILDREN with disabilities ,PSYCHOSOCIAL factors ,SOCIAL support ,CLINICAL trials ,DATA analysis - Abstract
Background: In order to make informed decisions about how best to support children and young people with disabilities, effective strategies that facilitate active and meaningful participation in school are required. Clinical factors, diagnosis or impairments somewhat helpful in determining what should be provided in interventions. However, clinical factors alone will not offer a clear view of how to support participation. It is helpful then to look at wider psychosocial and environmental factors. The aim of this review was to synthesise evidence of psychosocial and environmental factors associated with school participation of 4–12 year old children with disabilities to inform the development of participation-fostering interventions. Methods: A systematic search and synthesis using realist methods was conducted of published research. Papers had to include consideration of psychosocial and/or environment factors for school participation of children with disabilities. The review was completed in accordance with the Realist and Meta-narrative Evidence Syntheses: Evolving Standards (RAMESES) and Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines. Papers were identified via Boolean search of the electronic databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, PhycINFO and ERIC (January 2006-October 2018). Appraisal focussed on contributions in terms of whether the articles are appropriate for the review (relevance) and research quality (rigour). Data were analyzed using content and thematic analysis methods using a realist framework. A narrative synthesis of results was reported. Results and implications: We identified 1828 papers in the initial search. Seventy two papers were included in the final synthesis. Synthesis of findings led to three overarching mechanisms representing psychosocial factors for children (1) identity (2) competence and (3) experience of mind and body. Environmental aspects (context) compromised five interrelated areas: (1) structures and organization, (2) peers, (3) adults, (4) space and (5) objects. Our synthesis provides insights on how professionals may organize efforts to improve children’s participation. Consideration of these findings will help to proactively deal with suboptimal participation outcomes. Development of theoretically determined assessments and interventions for management of school participation are now required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Tourism research from its inception to present day: Subject area, geography, and gender distributions.
- Author
-
Kirilenko, Andrei P. and Stepchenkova, Svetlana
- Subjects
DATA mining ,SEX distribution ,GEOGRAPHIC information systems ,SOCIAL network analysis ,POPULATION dynamics - Abstract
This paper uses text data mining to identify long-term developments in tourism academic research from the perspectives of thematic focus, geography, and gender of tourism authorship. Abstracts of papers published in the period of 1970–2017 in high-ranking tourist journals were extracted from the Scopus database and served as data source for the analysis. Fourteen subject areas were identified using the Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) text mining approach. LDA integrated with GIS information allowed to obtain geography distribution and trends of scholarly output, while probabilistic methods of gender identification based on social network data mining were used to track gender dynamics with sufficient confidence. The findings indicate that, while all 14 topics have been prominent from the inception of tourism studies to the present day, the geography of scholarship has notably expanded and the share of female authorship has increased through time and currently almost equals that of male authorship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Ageing and Family Solidarity in Europe : Patterns and Driving Factors of Intergenerational Support
- Author
-
Albertini, Marco
- Subjects
CHILDCARE ,CHILDHOOD ,CHILDREN ,IMMIGRANTS ,FAMILIES ,NUCLEAR FAMILY ,ELDERLY MEN ,AGING ,CHILD ,DEMOGRAPHY ,BENEFIT ,YOUNG ADULTS ,SOCIETIES ,POPULATION ,MIGRANTS ,UNEMPLOYMENT ,MOTHERS ,AGE DISTRIBUTION ,WOMEN ,WORKERS ,MEN ,FEMALE ,PENSION ,SIBLINGS ,CHILDLESSNESS ,RISK FACTORS ,ISOLATION ,HEALTH ,SOCIAL CLASSES ,INTERVENTION ,AGED ,OLD AGE ,PARTNERS ,ORGANIZATIONS ,PENSIONS ,AGEING ,POLICY DISCUSSIONS ,DAY CARE ,INHERITANCE ,ELDERLY PEOPLE ,AGE ,SOCIAL SCIENCES ,LOWER CLASS ,FERTILITY ,AGE GROUPS ,PARENTS IN LAW ,PROGRESS ,PARENTING ,OLDER PEOPLE ,ELDERLY ,SOCIAL STRATIFICATION ,MORTALITY ,DISABILITY ,YOUNG ADULT ,DEVELOPMENT POLICY ,SOCIAL ISOLATION ,RISKS ,INTERVIEW ,LIVING CONDITIONS ,INEQUALITY ,EQUALITY ,FAMILY MEMBERS ,AUTONOMY ,SOCIAL CLASS ,STRESS ,FAMILY STRUCTURE ,SOCIAL POLICY ,EMPOWERMENT ,DIVERSITY ,RESIDENTIAL CARE ,KINSHIP ,GERONTOLOGY ,WELFARE STATES ,SOCIAL WORK ,WIVES ,PARENTS ,RELATIONSHIPS ,PARENTHOOD ,OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH ,RESIDENCE ,LIFE EXPECTANCY ,MARRIAGE ,WILL ,CARE WORK ,SEXES ,GENDER DIFFERENCES ,POLICY ,FAMILY ,ETHNICITY ,HEALTH CARE ,GENERATIONS ,INEQUALITIES ,INSURANCE ,NURSING ,MIGRATION ,POWER ,GENDER EQUITY ,SPOUSES ,SOCIAL EXCLUSION ,POLICY RESEARCH ,PSYCHOLOGY ,QUALITY OF LIFE ,PEOPLE ,BENEFITS ,WELFARE STATE ,STRATEGY ,HOME ,POLICY RESEARCH WORKING PAPER ,FAMILY SUPPORT ,DIVORCE ,HOMES ,MARITAL STATUS ,GENDER EQUALITY ,PARTNER ,RESPONSIBILITY ,SOCIOLOGY ,ADULTS ,NORMS ,ARGUMENTS ,FAMILY RELATIONS ,OBSERVATION ,GENDER ,GENDER ROLES ,SOCIAL NETWORKS ,EU ,SOCIAL SUPPORT ,FATHERS ,GERIATRICS ,CULTURAL DIFFERENCES ,INSURANCES ,LAW - Abstract
At the beginning of the twenty-first century, intergenerational relations remain a key aspect of the future development and sustainability of the European social model. In the present paper, patterns of intergenerational support and the main driving factors behind individuals' transfer behavior are explored. In particular, the data form the Survey of Health, Ageing, and Retirement in Europe are utilized to shed light on the main factors behind the likelihood and intensity of social support, and financial help provided to and received from other family members by ageing and elderly Europeans. The analysis also takes into consideration patterns and factors correlated with grandparenting activities. Finally, special attention is devoted to the condition of those individuals who are sandwiched between care obligations toward their elderly parents and young adult children. It is shown that the likelihood of the exchange of support between family generations is highest in Scandinavian countries and lowest in Southern Europe. The intensity of support follows an opposite North-South gradient. In addition, relevant gender-related inequalities are documented. In general, time-demanding support obligations are more likely to fall on the shoulders of women in the early stage of their later life, while mainly benefitting elderly men.
- Published
- 2016
38. Local chatter or international buzz? Language differences on posts about Zika research on Twitter and Facebook.
- Author
-
Barata, Germana, Shores, Kenneth, and Alperin, Juan Pablo
- Subjects
ZIKA Virus Epidemic, 2015-2016 ,MEDICAL emergencies ,SOCIAL media ,MASS media & language ,ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Background: When the Zika virus outbreak became a global health emergency in early 2016, the scientific community responded with an increased output of Zika-related research. This upsurge in research naturally made its way into academic journals along with editorials, news, and reports. However, it is not yet known how or whether these scholarly communications were distributed to the populations most affected by Zika. Methodology/Principal findings: To understand how scientific outputs about Zika reached global and local audiences, we collected Tweets and Facebook posts that linked to Zika-related research in the first six months of 2016. Using a language detection algorithm, we found that up to 90% of Twitter and 76% of Facebook posts are in English. However, when none of the authors of the scholarly article are from English-speaking countries, posts on both social media are less likely to be in English. The effect is most pronounced on Facebook, where the likelihood of posting in English is between 11 and 16% lower when none of the authors are from English-speaking countries, as compared to when some or all are. Similarly, posts about papers written with a Brazilian author are 13% more likely to be in Portuguese on Facebook than when made on Twitter. Conclusions/Significance: Our main conclusion is that scholarly communication on Twitter and Facebook of Zika-related research is dominated by English, despite Brazil being the epicenter of the Zika epidemic. This result suggests that scholarly findings about the Zika virus are unlikely to be distributed directly to relevant populations through these popular online mediums. Nevertheless, there are differences between platforms. Compared to Twitter, scholarly communication on Facebook is more likely to be in the language of an author’s country. The Zika outbreak provides a useful case-study for understanding how scientific outputs are communicated to relevant populations. Our results suggest that Facebook is a more effective channel than Twitter, if communication is desired to be in the native language of the affected country. Further research should explore how local media—such as governmental websites, newspapers and magazines, as well as television and radio—disseminate scholarly publication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. "Otherness", otherism, discrimination, and health inequalities: entrenched challenges for modern psychiatric disciplines.
- Author
-
Bhugra, Dinesh, Smith, Alexander, Liebrenz, Michael, Ventriglio, Antonio, Gnanapragasam, Sam Nishanth, Buadze, Ana, Pemberton, Max, and Poulter, Daniel
- Subjects
HEALTH policy ,SOCIOLOGY ,PATIENT advocacy ,DISCRIMINATION (Sociology) ,ATTITUDE (Psychology) ,GROUP identity ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL stigma ,GENDER identity ,PARADIGMS (Social sciences) ,SOCIAL classes ,INTERSECTIONALITY ,HEALTH equity ,PSYCHIATRIC treatment - Abstract
Identity is a complex concept that can be informed by various factors, involving biological, psychological, experiential, and social influences. Specifically, one's social identity refers to the ways in which individuals can adopt attributes from established collective categories, like cultural identities, ethnic identities, gender identities, and class identities, amongst others. Social identity can encompass unique and diverse interactions at an individual level, known as micro-identities, that may be selectively expressed, hidden, or downplayed, contingent on distinct sociocultural settings. However, the formation of social identity is recurrently defined in opposition to perceptions of the Other, which can entail adverse paradigms of marginalisation, stigma, and discrimination. Although this theory of Otherness has been developed across different fields, particularly sociology, it may be important in psychiatric contexts as it can engender inherent risk factors and mental health inequalities. Consequently, this paper seeks to bring attention towards these issues, exploring the construction of Otherness and its detrimental outcomes for psychiatry, such as systemic discrimination and disparities in therapeutic support, alongside recommended initiatives to mitigate against the effects of Otherness. This may require multifactorial approaches that include cultural competency training, interventions informed by micro-identities and intersectionality, patient advocacy, and structural changes to mental health policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Mapping online hate: A scientometric analysis on research trends and hotspots in research on online hate.
- Author
-
Waqas, Ahmed, Salminen, Joni, Jung, Soon-gyo, Almerekhi, Hind, and Jansen, Bernard J.
- Subjects
MEDLINE ,INTIMATE partner violence ,TREND analysis ,HATE groups ,SCIENCE databases ,SOCIAL participation - Abstract
Internet and social media participation open doors to a plethora of positive opportunities for the general public. However, in addition to these positive aspects, digital technology also provides an effective medium for spreading hateful content in the form of cyberbullying, bigotry, hateful ideologies, and harassment of individuals and groups. This research aims to investigate the growing body of online hate research (OHR) by mapping general research indices, prevalent themes of research, research hotspots, and influential stakeholders such as organizations and contributing regions. For this, we use scientometric techniques and collect research papers from the Web of Science core database published through March 2019. We apply a predefined search strategy to retrieve peer-reviewed OHR and analyze the data using CiteSpace software by identifying influential papers, themes of research, and collaborating institutions. Our results show that higher-income countries contribute most to OHR, with Western countries accounting for most of the publications, funded by North American and European funding agencies. We also observed increased research activity post-2005, starting from more than 50 publications to more than 550 in 2018. This applies to a number of publications as well as citations. The hotbeds of OHR focus on cyberbullying, social media platforms, co-morbid mental disorders, and profiling of aggressors and victims. Moreover, we identified four main clusters of OHR: (1) Cyberbullying, (2) Sexual solicitation and intimate partner violence, (3) Deep learning and automation, and (4) Extremist and online hate groups, which highlight the cross-disciplinary and multifaceted nature of OHR as a field of research. The research has implications for researchers and policymakers engaged in OHR and its associated problems for individuals and society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Exploring the unintended consequences of learning a new language at a South African university.
- Author
-
Murray, Mike
- Subjects
AFRICAN languages ,SOUTH Africans ,PROPENSITY score matching ,LANGUAGE policy ,LANGUAGE schools ,RESEARCH ethics - Abstract
The University of KwaZulu-Natal has introduced a new language policy requiring all students who have not done Zulu as a first (or second) language at school to complete a six-month course in Zulu as part of their undergraduate curriculum. Given that English is the medium of instruction that is being used for all their other courses, the time that these students have had to spend learning this new language may be adversely affecting the marks that they could be getting for their other courses. Having to do a course in Zulu is also preventing them from being able to take another course in their chosen area of study. If one were able to randomly assign students to the group who have to take the Zulu course, then any difference in performance between the two groups could be directly attributed to the new language policy that is being introduced at the university. Given the context of this paper, however, such a random allocation is not possible. Students who have not done Zulu at school have to eventually complete a course in Zulu before graduating. If this cohort differs (in any other way) from those who do not have to take this course, then any observed difference in overall performance between the two groups may be a result of these group differences rather than the new rule that has been implemented. Methodology: This paper uses regression adjustment and entropy matching to achieve an appropriate balance between the two groups. Having achieved this balance any difference in the overall performance between the two groups can then be attributed directly to the new language policy that has been implemented. Our results indicate, after matching, that a significant difference in performance between the two groups occurs with Black African Zulu home language speakers in particular not performing as well as students from the other race and language groups. The data came from the University of KwaZulu-Natal and the study has been approved by the University Ethics committee and Research committee. Results and conclusions: Using a weighted mean of marks to measure performance, the ATT estimates that result indicate that students in the treated group would all perform significantly better had they been allowed instead to enrol in the non-treated group. Furthermore, Zulu home language speakers, who are not actually forced to take this course, are significantly underperforming whether they have chosen to take this course in Zulu or not. Surprisingly, their underperformance is worse in the treated group. Because one would expect them to be scoring a higher mark for Zulu in this treated group, forfeiting the chance to take another course in their chosen area of study is clearly affecting the type of mark they could be getting for their other courses had they chosen to remain in the non-treated group. With English being the medium of instruction at this university, should the university not also consider introducing a compulsory course in English for these Zulu home language speakers? Females are doing better than males in both groups. The effect being stronger in the treated group suggests that females appear to cope better with the learning of a new language. Significant college effects are also being observed, suggesting that this new language rule possibly needs to be adjusted for the college a student wants to study in. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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- View/download PDF
42. Crossing cultural divides: A qualitative systematic review of factors influencing the provision of healthcare related to female genital mutilation from the perspective of health professionals.
- Author
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Evans, Catrin, Tweheyo, Ritah, McGarry, Julie, Eldridge, Jeanette, Albert, Juliet, Nkoyo, Valentine, and Higginbottom, Gina
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FEMALE genital mutilation ,MEDICAL care ,MEDICAL personnel ,HIGH-income countries ,FACILITATORS (Persons) - Abstract
Introduction: As a result of global migration, health professionals in destination countries are increasingly being called upon to provide care for women and girls who have experienced female genital mutilation/cutting (FGM/C). There is considerable evidence to suggest that their care experiences are sub-optimal. This systematic review sought to illuminate possible reasons for this by exploring the views, experiences, barriers and facilitators to providing FGM-related healthcare in high income countries, from health professionals’ perspectives. Methods: Sixteen electronic databases/resources were searched from inception to December 2017, supplemented by reference list searching and suggestions from experts. Inclusion criteria were: qualitative studies (including grey literature) of any design, any cadre of health worker, from OECD countries, of any date and any language. Two reviewers undertook screening, selection, quality appraisal and data extraction using tools from the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Synthesis involved an inductive thematic approach to identify descriptive themes and interpret these into higher order analytical constructs. Confidence in the review findings was assessed using GRADE-CERQual. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD420150300042015). Results: Thirty papers (representing 28 distinct studies) from nine different countries were included. The majority of studies focused on maternity contexts. No studies specifically examined health professionals’ role in FGM/C prevention/safeguarding. There were 20 descriptive themes summarised into six analytical themes that highlighted factors perceived to influence care: knowledge and training, communication, cultural (mis)understandings, identification of FGM/C, clinical management practices and service configuration. Together, these inter-linked themes illuminate the ways in which confidence, communication and competence at provider level and the existence and enactment of pathways, protocols and specialist support at service/system level facilitate or hinder care. Conclusions: FGM/C is a complex and culturally shaped phenomenon. In order to work effectively across cultural divides, there is a need for provider training, clear guidelines, care pathways and specialist FGM/C centres to support mainstream services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Fine-tuned intruder discrimination favors ant parasitoidism.
- Author
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Pérez-Lachaud, Gabriela, Rocha, Franklin H., Valle-Mora, Javier, Hénaut, Yann, and Lachaud, Jean-Paul
- Subjects
ARTHROPODA ,EUCHARITIDAE ,KELEP ,INSECT larvae ,LIFE cycles (Biology) - Abstract
A diversity of arthropods (myrmecophiles) thrives within ant nests, many of them unmolested though some, such as the specialized Eucharitidae parasitoids, may cause direct damage to their hosts. Ants are known to discriminate between nestmates and non-nestmates, but whether they recognize the strength of a threat and their capacity to adjust their behavior accordingly have not been fully explored. We aimed to determine whether Ectatomma tuberculatum ants exhibited specific behavioral responses to potential or actual intruders posing different threats to the host colony and to contribute to an understanding of complex ant-eucharitid interactions. Behavioral responses differed significantly according to intruder type. Ants evicted intruders that represented a threat to the colony’s health (dead ants) or were not suitable as prey items (filter paper, eucharitid parasitoid wasps, non myrmecophilous adult weevils), but killed potential prey (weevil larvae, termites). The timing of detection was in accordance with the nature and size of the intruder: corpses (a potential source of contamination) were detected faster than any other intruder and transported to the refuse piles within 15 min. The structure and complexity of behavioral sequences differed among those intruders that were discarded. Workers not only recognized and discriminated between several distinct intruders but also adjusted their behavior to the type of intruder encountered. Our results confirm the previously documented recognition capabilities of E. tuberculatum workers and reveal a very fine-tuned intruder discrimination response. Colony-level prophylactic and hygienic behavioral responses through effective removal of inedible intruders appears to be the most general and flexible form of defense in ants against a diverse array of intruders. However, this generalized response to both potentially lethal and harmless intruders might have driven the evolution of ant-eucharitid interactions, opening a window for parasitoid attack and allowing adult parasitoid wasps to quickly leave the natal nest unharmed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. SUICIDE AND HUMAN SACRIFICE; SACRIFICIAL VICTIM HYPOTHESIS ON THE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF SUICIDE.
- Author
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Riordan, D. Vincent
- Subjects
SUICIDE & psychology ,SUICIDE risk factors ,ADAPTABILITY (Personality) ,CONFLICT (Psychology) ,DEFENSE mechanisms (Psychology) ,BIOLOGICAL evolution ,HOMICIDE ,INTERPERSONAL relations ,PSYCHOLOGY ,PSYCHOLOGY & religion ,RITES & ceremonies ,SCAPEGOAT ,SOCIOLOGY ,SUICIDE ,VICTIM psychology ,THEORY ,SOCIOECONOMIC factors ,SUICIDAL ideation - Abstract
Suicide is widespread amongst humans, unique to our species, but difficult to reconcile with natural selection. This paper links the evolutionary origins of suicide to the archaic, but once widespread, practice of human sacrifice, which like suicide, was also unique to humans, and difficult to reconcile with natural selection. It considers potential explanations for the origins of human sacrifice, particularly René Girard's mimetic theory. This states that the emergence in humans of mimetic (imitation) traits which enhanced cooperation would also have undermined social hierarchies, and therefore an additional method of curtailing conspecific conflict must have emerged contemporaneously with the emergence of our cooperative traits. Girard proposed the scapegoat mechanism, whereby group unity was spontaneously restored by the unanimous blaming and killing of single victims, with subsequent crises defused and social cohesion maintained by the ritualistic repetition of such killings. Thus, rather than homicide being the product of religion, he claimed that religion was the product of homicide. This paper proposes that suicidality is the modern expression of traits which emerged in the ancestral environment of evolutionary adaptedness as a willingness on the part of some individuals, in certain circumstances, to be sacrificial victims, thereby being adaptive by facilitating ritualistic killings, reinforcing religious paradigms, and inhibiting the outbreak of more lethal conflicts. Using Hamilton's rule of inclusive fitness, it is argued that risk factors for suicide can be understood in terms of victim selection and social circumstances, which would have maximised inclusive fitness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
45. Using occupational therapy principles and practice to support independent message generation by individuals using AAC instead of facilitated communication.
- Author
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McMahon, Loren F., Shane, Howard C., and Schlosser, Ralf W.
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- *
FACILITATED communication , *SPEECH therapy , *SOCIOLOGY , *EDUCATION , *PSYCHOLOGY , *PEDIATRICS , *OCCUPATIONAL therapy , *COMMUNICATIVE disorders , *COMMUNICATION , *ASSISTIVE technology - Abstract
Facilitated communication (FC) has been a heavily debated and documented topic across multiple disciplines, including sociology, education, psychology, pediatrics, speech-language pathology, and disability studies. Although many professionals from various disciplines and advocates have offered opinions, suggestions, and research on the topic, there has been minimal input from the occupational therapy (OT) profession. The lack of OT input is noteworthy as OTs are experts in enabling upper extremity performance and independence through a variety of training, adaptation and modification strategies, and use of external supports. Because of their professional code of ethics and a specific knowledge base, OTs are uniquely positioned to provide a host of ethical and evidence-based strategies that enable independent access to communication technology. The consideration of multiple access options is contrary to the typical facilitated encounter where facilitators exclusively choose to manipulate an upper extremity in order for letters to be selected on a display or keyboard. The purpose of this paper is threefold: (a) To offer insight into the standard of care by OTs including their ethical standards; (b) to identify varied accommodations that enable access using a feature-matching standard of care that eliminates the need for a facilitator; and (c) to highlight how to increase independent assistive technology/augmentative and alternative communication access, thus dissuading the need or use of facilitated access to letters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Barriers and facilitators for GPs in dementia advance care planning: A systematic integrative review.
- Author
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Tilburgs, Bram, Vernooij-Dassen, Myrra, Koopmans, Raymond, Perry, Marieke, van Gennip, Hans, and Engels, Yvonne
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TREATMENT of dementia ,MEDICAL care ,GENERAL practitioners ,TREATMENT effectiveness ,DATA analysis ,MANAGEMENT - Abstract
Background: Due to the disease’s progressive nature, advance care planning (ACP) is recommended for people with early stage dementia. General practitioners (GPs) should initiate ACP because of their longstanding relationships with their patients and their early involvement with the disease, however ACP is seldom applied. Aim: To determine the barriers and facilitators faced by GPs related to ACP with people with dementia. Data sources: We systematically searched the relevant databases for papers published between January 1995 and December 2016, using the terms: primary healthcare, GP, dementia, and ACP. We conducted a systematic integrative review following Whittemore and Knafl’s method. Papers containing empirical data about GP barriers and/or facilitators regarding ACP for people with dementia were included. We evaluated quality using the Mixed-Method-Appraisal-Tool and analyzed data using qualitative content analysis. Results: Ten qualitative, five quantitative, and one mixed-method paper revealed four themes: timely initiation of ACP, stakeholder engagement, important aspects of ACP the conversation, and prerequisites for ACP. Important barriers were: uncertainty about the timing of ACP, how to plan for an uncertain future, lack of knowledge about dementia, difficulties assessing people with dementia’s decisional capacities, and changing preferences. Facilitators for ACP were: an early start when cognitive decline is still mild, inclusion of all stakeholders, and discussing social and medical issues aimed at maintaining normal life. Conclusion: Discussing future care is difficult due to uncertainties about the future and the decisional capacities of people with dementia. Based on the facilitators, we recommend that GPs use a timely and goal-oriented approach and involve all stakeholders. ACP discussions should focus on the ability of people with dementia to maintain normal daily function as well as on their quality of life, instead of end-of-life-discussions only. GPs need training to acquire knowledge and skills to timely initiate collaborative ACP discussions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Depressive Symptoms of Chinese Rural-to-Urban Migrant Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
- Author
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Yan, Lixia, Wang, Siyuan, Yuan, Yang, Zhang, Yu, and Zhang, Junhua
- Subjects
RURAL-urban migration ,CHILDREN of migrant laborers ,DEPRESSION in children ,META-analysis ,APPLIED psychology - Abstract
There are many contradictions in previous studies of the status of depressive symptoms among Chinese migrant children, the number of which in the compulsory education stage is about 13.9 million. This systematic review and meta-analysis were designed to compare depressive symptoms among migrant children and their urban children. Around 2,710 papers were retrieved from PubMed, OVID, the Web of Knowledge, CNKI, Wan Fang, Chongqing VIP, and Chinese Social Sciences Citation Index on January 27, 2020. Thirty-Two studies met study criteria with 14,906 migrant children and 10,792 urban children. Migrant children scored significantly higher for depressive symptoms score (SMD = 0.307, 95% CI [0.222, 0.393]). Region significantly influenced the difference of depressive symptoms between migrant children and urban children. Large effect sizes came from studies using scales that focus on depressive mood while studies using scales that focus on depressive behavioural symptoms had small effect sizes. Future research should focus on treatments to decrease depressive mood of migrant children. Future studies can add information about the length of their current stay in the urban location to improve the quality of study. PROSPERO registry: Systematic review registration no. CRD42018090676. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Embedding Behavioral and Social Sciences across the Medical Curriculum: (Auto) Ethnographic Insights from Medical Schools in the United Kingdom.
- Author
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Dikomitis, Lisa, Wenning, Brianne, Ghobrial, Andrew, and Adams, Karen M.
- Subjects
MEDICAL schools ,MEDICAL sciences ,BEHAVIORAL sciences ,MEDICAL students ,MEDICAL education - Abstract
Key concepts and theories that are taught in order to develop cultural competency skills are often introduced to medical students throughout behavioral and social science (BSS) learning content. BSS represents a core component of medical education in the United Kingdom. In this paper, we examine, through (auto)ethnographic data and reflections, the experiences of BSS in medical education. The empirical data and insights have been collected in two ways: (1) through long-term ethnographic fieldwork among medical students and (2) via autoethnographic reflexive practice undertaken by the co-authors who studied, worked, examined, and collaborated with colleagues at different UK medical schools. Our findings indicate that despite BSS constituting a mandatory, essential component of the medical curriculum, medical students did not always perceive BSS as useful for their future practice as doctors, nor did they find it to be clinically relevant, in comparison to the biomedical learning content. We suggest that it is paramount for all stakeholders to commit to cultivating and developing cultural competency skills in medical education, through robustly embedding BSS learning content across the undergraduate medical curriculum. We conclude with recommendations for a wide range of educational practices that would ensure a full integration of BSS in the medical curriculum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Embodied Social Work Practice Within Risk Society.
- Author
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Smeeton, Joe and O'Connor, Patrick
- Subjects
CHILD welfare ,DECISION making ,EXPERIENCE ,PHENOMENOLOGY ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SOCIAL services ,SOCIAL workers ,SOCIOLOGY ,PROFESSIONAL practice ,OCCUPATIONAL roles ,ECONOMIC competition ,SOCIAL worker attitudes - Abstract
This paper critically discusses the limitations of theorising social work from psychological and sociological perspectives and argues that phenomenology offers more opportunity to understand the embodied experiences of service users and social workers themselves. The paper argues that psychology and sociology have a limited analysis of being-in-the-world, which ought to be social work's primary consideration. The paper offers an overview of the sociology of risk before embarking on an extensive description and discussion of Heidegger's and Merleau-Ponty's phenomenology applied to the lived experience of child protection social workers working within risk society. The argument is put that phenomenology is a useful tool for understanding the lived experience of social work practitioners. Findings: The authors conclude that embodied social work practice containing fear and anxiety can be thought of as akin to taking part in extreme risk sports and that this is an unhealthy experience that is likely to skew decision-making and adversely affect the lives of social workers and service users. Applications: The authors argue that phenomenology can enhance understanding of practice and decision-making and offers insights into the lived experience of social workers. Phenomenology is useful for helping social workers negotiate risk-saturated environments, through a focus on meaning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Untitled.
- Subjects
SOCIAL values ,INDUCTIVE effect ,SOCIOLOGY ,PSYCHOLOGY ,SENSORY perception - Abstract
A series of recent publications in sociology, moral psychology, and social psychology have voiced concern about the existence of "sacred" values within the social sciences. More specifically, such critics contend that the construction of sacred victims (i.e. the morally, and thus empirically inviolable) in sociology and other disciplines has biased both theory construction and the gathering and consideration of evidence. This paper argues that these contributions have incorrectly directed analysis at the field's communicated content, the opus operatum. As argued here, the correct level of analysis, one which can account for the existence of sacred valuations within a scientific field (i.e. immunity from peer criticism) is more so at the sub-cognitive, generative mental schemata more specifically, which as principles of composition are within, but therefore not of, perception. This paper outlines the content of such heuristics (oppressor-victim binaries), the psychological orientation they engender, their origin and rationalization amid and under the express theorization within the field, the vulnerabilities of intellectual fields their adoption reveal, and the recursive, selfreinforcing effect they have on the field (i.e. self-evidency resulting from accumulations of scholarship). The paper concludes with noting that areas of sociology will remain in an assimilationist phase (in the Piagetian sense) if such modus operandi are not brought into explicit recognition, hence discussion, within the discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
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