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The article presents a detailed discussion regarding India's problem about coping up about family planning. It mentions that since India was predicted to have a large population at the turn of the century, which will be around one billion people, it is necessary that they should implement the methods of birth control to avoid the catastrophe of overpopulation. It mentions that India's population is more than that of the United States and USSR combined. It explains that the idea of birth control is not the first priority for India because essential needs are the primary focus of the country.

The article presents a discussion about the unending relationship between the quality of life and population. It offers information and explanation about the changing economic implications of population growth. It mentions that world population will increase by 2.04 percent between the years 1965 and 1970. It emphasizes that the true potential for growth lies less in mortality reductions, and population will continue to increase because the number of births is much higher than the number of deaths occurring in the world.

Contrary to impressions that might be obtained from the literature on technology and structure, there is not a great deal of reliable evidence that the social structure of organizations is strongly affected by technology. The present research finds a very weak relationship between technological manageability and subordinate participation in decision making. When the conceptualization of technology is expanded to include more than manageability, a moderate relationship with participativeness emerges. No support is found for the hypothesis that the effectiveness of an organization is determined by the consonance between its technology and its social structure. Technology and structure are both multidimensional concepts that cannot be expected to be related in a simple manner. Future research on the determinants of most dimensions of social structure in organizations should probably emphasize independent variables other than technological characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon entering a complex organization for the first time, persons unacquainted with the central "values" of bureaucratic participation must undergo a process of socialization with respect to these patterns. Until such learning takes place, the organization may find it necessary to forego the bureaucratic mode of organization in favor of a form more compatible with the existing beliefs of the new entrants. These questions are considered here within the context of an Appalachian anti-poverty program employing persons native to the area. Results confirming these expectations suggest the importance of cultural and organizational compatibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sociologists have given insufficient attention to the influence of structural properties on the process of socialization. This paper sets forth a set of typologies which is expected to place limits on, but not necessarily determine, the behavioral alternatives within socialization systems. The outline can be used as a heuristic device for comparative analysis of socialization research and for the design and evaluation of socialization programs. Three aspects of the structure of socialization systems are discussed--the novice-agent relationship, the setting, and the target roles. Novice-agent relationships are characterized by four dimensions: 1) specification, 2) relative anomie, 3) incumbency of the target role, and 4) role repetition. Variations in types of setting are: 1) formality of setting, 2) individual or group socialization, 3) serial and disjunctive socialization. Target roles may vary along six dimensions: 1) voluntary, involuntary or semi-voluntary entrance, 2) time boundaries of roles, 3) valuation of roles, 4) socialization into social group or social category, 5) degree of institutionalization of roles, and 6) relation of role to novice's identity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Goal attainment in organizations is maximized when goal displacement is minimal. Goal displacement is minimal where goals are tangible. If there is a high degree of goal intangibility, goal attainment can still be maximized by keeping tangible goals directed toward the central intangible goals, but it is reduced by displacing tangible goals to peripheral goals of system maintenance. The system of evaluation and sanctioning reinforces both the peripheral displacement of goals and the neglect of the claimed goals in favor of goals designed to maintain the organization primarily as an end in itself. Increasing goal attainment is difficult, since those who have most authority to support such activity frequently are not inclined to do so. Five major hypotheses and a model on the marginal propensity to perform are suggested for describing the relationships discussed in this analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous research about the results of leadership training has revealed both desired and dysfunctional consequences. The effects of leadership training are shown to depend on social influences which both support and hinder the transfer of training into managerial performance. Three specific sources of social influences are described and three dimensions of social influence are advanced. Earlier studies are reviewed to illustrate how the social influence variables account for the dysfunctions of leadership training. Interactions between various types of leadership training and the social influences are hypothesized. Finally, a proposition is advanced to explain and permit prediction of the consequences of leadership training in varying situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents various abstracts related to social change, employment and administration. The first one is "Comparative Theories of Social Change." It is a report on a symposium on comparative social change, organized by the Foundation for Research on Human Behavior and financed by the Agency for International Development. The next one is "Job Enlargement," by Paul A. Stewart, which is a case study of the Maytag Company's experience with job enlargement in blue-collar and managerial positions. "The United States Overseas Executive: His Orientations and Career Patterns," by Richard F. Gonazalez and Anant R. Negandi, is the another abstract which presents a study that was undertaken to characterize the overseas executive's orientation, career pattern, social background, military service, mobility and education in the United States. Some other abstracts are "The Faculty Promotion Process: An Empirical Analysis of the Administration," by Fred Luthans; "Managerial Skill and Knowledge," by Kenneth McLennan and "Empirical Sociology in Poland," edited by Jan Szczepanski.

This paper reports a study of the socialization of scientists in five industrial laboratories which vary greatly in size and function. The results indicate that the more thorough the academic socialization of the scientist, the more difficult the industrial adjustment. The most difficult adjustments appear to come from unfulfilled demands for autonomy. As industrial resocialization proceeds, the discrepancy between the amount of autonomy desired and the amount received tends to diminish, producing higher integration into the laboratory. The discrepancy diminishes as demands by scientists for autonomy decrease and laboratory management more willingly grants autonomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of coordinating committees may develop contrasting and even conflicting intentions: to help their colleagues, to accomplish their individual assignments, and to work on the group's task. A number of coordinating committees in a large business firm were given an experimental task designed to simulate the conceptual characteristics of their committees. The effects of three different experimental conditions were examined, each conceived as likely to generate one or another of the three motives just described, and each representing a feasible emphasis in the reward system of a large organization. The results reveal that the potential rewards for individual success, group success, or both, create quite different styles of interpersonal relations and varied degrees of effectiveness in collaboration among members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has a dual purpose: to build a conceptual approach to authoritative relations in organizations that permits a reasonable interpretation of existing research; and to encourage significant future research. Its focus is upon several concepts common in the study of authority, which are often treated as being more or less mutually exclusive but which may also be usefully considered as interacting overlays of authoritative relations. Thus, in this paper authoritative relations are conceived as "integrative," that is, as having "traditional," "functional," and "behavioral" component overlays. In the application of the integrative conceptual approach illustrated here, the crucial issue is the increase of the congruence of the several overlays so that they substantially reinforce one another. The relevant literature is sampled, both to illustrate applied techniques and to sketch an organization structure appropriate for increasing the congruence of the several overlays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although there has been a growth in the amount of social science dealing with consumers, for the most part sociologists have not been concerned with the study of the AGGREGATE behavior of consumers. Here is a discussion of some of the ways that sociological theories and methods may contribute toward the prediction and explanation of aggregate consumption behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Discussion panels," "respondent-oriented inter- views, consumer conferences," and "focused group interviews" have, enjoyed increasing popularity in attempting to solve marketing problems. This article describes the mechanics of conducting group interviews and also some of its consequences. The title of the article, "The Group Depth Interview," reflects a situation in which information is sought from a number of interacting individuals at the same time, using a combination of probing and direct-inquiry techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marketing has reached a stage in its development as a discipline where critical evaluation of research findings and theories from other fields can add new dimensions to the field of marketing. More materials of other disciplines are likely to be incorporated in marketing in the future. This article surveys some of the present and potential contributions of behavioral science findings and quantitative measurement methods to marketing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article proposes the establishment of forensic science groups of mixed disciplines to be responsible in preparing critiques of technologies which affect the future of society. It cites that forensic science can be used to remedy the defects in society brought about by the moderation of technology. The proposal is based on several premises which include change is dominated by technology, the absence of an institution to monitor the general implications of a specific technology, and competitive pressures in politics and economics do not guarantee the exploration of the societally significant implications.

The article reflects on a report by Gunnar Myrdal, which was based on the first Gordon Alport Memorial Lecture presented at Harvard University in November 1971. Gunnar Myrdal, an economist at Stockholm University's Institute for International Economic Studies, argues that social science progress is very much slower than in the natural sciences, and that natural science are producing discoveries that are thrusting radical changes on our society. The section offers several reports in connection with Myrdal's statement about social science and the greater difficulties that social scientist meet when they try to apply their knowledge.

The article discusses on the impact of developments in sciences that deal with the mind and the brain on human values. It is observed that science give rise to causal determinism wherein every act of a person precedes the patterns of brain excitation or obeys the universal laws of chemistry and physics. Advances in brain-behavior sciences resulted in revisions of the general concept of human nature. It was found out that an appropriate program of environmental and training conditioning in order to shape society and human nature into desired mold.

The article offers information about the nationalities in China. Reportedly, about six percent of the Chinese population belongs to the national minorities, where more than 50 are separately recognized nationalities. The national minorities are classified into two divisions such as northern and southern. About 74 percent of the languages used in the country belongs to the Sino-Tiberan family that include Sino-Thai, Miao-Yao, and Tibeto-Burmese. Islam is the largest and the minority religion of the country among other religion including Huis, Kazakhs, and Tadjuks. Furthermore, the social structure of the national minorities include the nationalities with developed system of feudal landlordship, nationalities with prevailing system, and nationalities where slavery existed.

The article discusses the application of scientific methods in analyzing the structure of science. The author states that integration of the history of science with new findings from other fields such as sociology, psychology, and from radical ideas in the histography of science are significant in making an inner theory about the past and modern science. He expresses that it is intriguing that science appeared in many ways universal, supranational, and suprasocietal because its behavior is driven by its existing nature more than by the properties of the society or the aspirations of men who are its agent.

The article explores the causes of competition between creative artists. The author points out that the concept of a creation-space is envisaged as a mathematically more precise and general form of the common notion of a field or area of activity in which the artist has the nature for contribution. Then, the second reason that competition occurs is the notion that no two individuals will occupy the same point in this creation-space, and indeed that when there are many creative artists in a field they will tend to move as far apart as possible so as to fill every corner of the field accessible to them. Finally, the pressure of past excellence on the artist, forcing him to do something outside these filled creation sites, can lead him to wild explorations and distortions.

The article offers information about the role of arts in the revelation of the creative forces behind science. Science is the only field of human activity in which progress is inconvertible and inevitable. However, through arts' own means of revealing, liberating, and giving form and expression to the spiritual stirring of man, art could not only anticipate, but also assist mankind in finding an answer to the challenge posed by science. Arts can serve as the mirror and the barometer revealing and anticipating the struggle between the forces of atomism and fractionation of human conscience, human passions, and human society and the creative forces of harmony and integration.

The article offers information about the author's comment on the relationship between arts and mathematics. The author holds that the basic affinity between mathematics and arts is psychological and spiritual and not metrical or geometrical. He believes that the first essential bond between mathematics and the arts is found in the fact that discovery in mathematics is not a matter of logic but rather the result of mysterious powers which no one understands, and in which the unconscious recognition of beauty must play an important part. Secondly, the affinity between mathematicians and other artists lies in a psychological necessity under which both labor. Then, the third type of evidence of the affinity of mathematics with arts is found in the comparative history of the arts.

The article presents the author's views on the concrete implications of paintings by artists. Artists and scientists are fundamentally alike observers who, conscientious and accurate in noting physical facts, study those facts and make abstract use of them in constructing a work of art or a scientific theory. An artist sees and records with acute visual ability and from a fund of physical experience, knowledge, philosophy, and spiritual concept. He is like a reflecting surface which holds images of this expanded world, the new physical facts, the wider horizons as well as the tensions and the illusions of his time. His statements are colored by emotional and psychological responses.

The article offers information about the total social duty of a scientist. The author holds that the social function of the scientist is the sum of three factors that includes the objective provision of new knowledge, without regard to its use for good or ill, the appreciation not only of the facts, but also of their implications and possible consequences again regardless of choice, and the political choice between one or other course of action. Then, he enumerates the duties of the scientist which includes protecting the unity and universality of science, fostering the growth of science in all its branches, countering the imbalance or disparate growth which can result from the diversion of resources from long-range to short-range objectives, and more.

The article offers information about the author's views of the responsibilities of a scientist after the explosions of the atomic age have poisoned their reputation. The author believes that there are definite possibilities that can be explored, ten years after the ethical and political responsibilities of the scientific mind, in the crisis that followed the explosions of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. These have covered a path marked by great hopes as well as by bitter deceptions. Furthermore, offers the possibility of taking a more practical view of the problem, and to seek action perhaps more modest than what had once envisaged but also more effective.

The article provides information about the author's view of the social conscience of science in the U.S. The author holds that the social conscience of American science has emerged and increasingly will be a factor on the national scene. Furthermore, he predicts that if it can withstand the demands of immediacy and the pressures of political reality, a term needing careful evaluation when used in political affairs, it will contribute more than technique and machines to the national community of which it is part. Consequently, it will remain with the greater international scientific community whose accumulated wisdom and tradition are among the powerful tools of human progress.

The article presents a discussion on the typical political, social, and cultural orientations of chemists, physicists, biologists, and engineers in a sociological concept. Chemists are the most abundant of the scientific professions. It also cites that the engineers are more absorbed in their professional duties and less involved in management and community activities. The physicists include the astronomers, applied mathematicians, and some advanced electrical and electronics engineer. It also cites the various biologist groups.

One of the most outstanding authorities in the field of management theory makes some pertinent comments on a September, 1966, Journal article by James AL. Gibson. Among the premises questioned by Colonel Urwick is the need for a complete and scientifically defensible theory of human behavior in order to design organization in the classical sense of the term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports a survey on the extent to which societal issues are covered in marketing curricula. An analysis of the data indicated that cautious optimism is warranted regarding marketing educators' involvement in socioenvironmental issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article previews the 86th Annual Meeting of the American Historical Association. The conference includes a session on sports titled "Sports as Social History" which includes decision on continuation of independent courses by the sport historians. The conference seeks to resolve the question related to sport historians that should they continue their current independent courses or should they be considered as legitimate sub group of the social history discipline. It suggests that the sports historians should;d be well prepared to tackle all the aspect including issues, activities of the sports if they want to become successful.

The article examines sports as a game occurrence, as an institutionalized game and as a social system. Games are playful in that they usually one or more elements of play such as freedom, separateness, uncertainty, make-believe, unproductiveness and order. In considering sports as an institutionalized game, it should be regarding a long-lasting pattern of culture and social structure. Sports can also be regarded as a social system because it is composed of a group of persons who interact and have a certain set of relationships.

The article argues that the rapidly changing environment may endanger the orderly biological adaptations of man. The effects of science and technology on man are explained. There are offsetting or neutralizing mechanisms that match the alteration of the physical or biotic environments introduced by science and technology. Trends such as automation and the availability of more non-occupational work time create physiological and sociological problems. An individual must practice physical activity in order to accommodate the human being in rapidly changing conditions.

Professor Robert Dubin has asserted that his prediction of stability in industrial conflict has been realized and that the success of his prediction attests to the usefulness of two sociological laws alleged to underlie it. The laws to which Dubin refers appear to be the following. First, as time passes during which groups of people practice specified forms of behavior, institutions develop which tend to stabilize that behavior. Second, as such institutionalization occurs, individuals and groups acquire an interest in perpetuating the stabilized systems of behavior. The general prediction for industrial conflict is: measured by the length and intensity of strikes it will show relative stability in the next several decades. Dubin's operational definition of stability in industrial conflict is identical to the statement that a regression of his five measures of conflict on time for that period will produce coefficients on the time variable which are insignificantly different from zero. By Dubin's own criterion, however, such a prediction could be of value only if a naive predictor would not have given the same information. Unfortunately, the naive predictor used by Dubin also suggests stability in industrial conflict.

The article attempts to subject one sociological contribution to the most stringent test of all -- the ability accurately to predict the course of industrial conflict. This should speak for itself as an example of usefulness of sociology to the disciplines analyzing industrial relations. The article states the prediction as made, secondly marshals the evidence bearing on it, thirdly reviews the model from which the prediction was generated and lastly shows how another model was developed. The past and present do contain at least some of the seeds of the future. While straight extrapolation may be pointless and misleading, a prediction based upon a model of the future social system can be very much in order. For a sociologist in particular, concerned as he is with the stabilities and regularities of social life, there is almost a compulsion to see the scientific task as requiring prediction. But if the tools of social analysis are useful, then the scientifically constructed models of the future social systems should give us the basis for predicting the state of one of the secondary sets of social practices, namely, industrial conflict. A concrete prediction was made ten years ago about the course of industrial conflict in the United States. The trend data bearing on this prediction seem to confirm the general accuracy of the prediction. This lends support to the model from which the prediction was generated. A second model, relating conflict to the power of union and company, complements the first and tested in one instance, the 1959 steel strike proves viable. Judged by results, the sociological analysis of industrial conflict may be considered a positive contribution to knowledge.