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Neste artigo, analisamos o impacto do curso “Feminismos: algumas verdades inconvenientes”, apresentado como videoaulas na plataforma Lúmina e em formato de podcast. O alcance do curso é avaliado através de métricas quantitativas do número de acessos e dos perfis de estudantes do curso. Com base nestes dados, analisamos se o público se interessa mais por temas mais transversais do feminismo ou se assiste igualmente às aulas sobre tópicos que atingem grupos específicos.

Detachment zones are privileged areas for the interaction between surface-derived fluids and rocks, potentially leading to ore deposition. However, the hydrodynamics of detachments and specifically the way by which surface-derived fluids reach crustal depths, remain enigmatic. This question is even more puzzling when the heating caused by the emplacement of a syn-kinematic granite increases the buoyancy of fluids, thus impeding their descent. Here, 2D hydrothermal numerical models are performed. The geometry comprises a detachment and secondary normal faults in the hanging wall. Sensitivity tests were carried out to assess the impact of topographic gradients, syn-tectonic magmatic activity and the depth-dependent permeability contrast between the detachment and the crust. Several flow indicators, integrated over time and combined with particle tracking, enable us to highlight the main controls of fluid circulations. Our study reveals that the infiltration of surface-derived fluids into detachment zones is enhanced by the presence of a heat source at depth, such as a syn-kinematic pluton. Secondary faults are the main percolation path for surface-derived fluids infiltrating the detachment. Plume-like thermal anomalies have been spotted between these faults. The dynamic permeabilities of magmatic intrusions, which depend on sub-solidus temperatures, spatially and temporally reproduce the conceptual model of uranium mineralization in the South Armorican Variscan Domain, which is used as an example.

Granular materials exhibit time- and rate-dependent behaviour resulting from micromechanical processes at the scale of individual particles. Elastic energy is released during these processes and can be detected as acoustic emissions (AE). Using multistage creep tests under isotropic and anisotropic pressure on medium dense samples of dry silica sand, the relationship between the number of AE events NAE and the axial creep strain Ɛa was determined. In addition, the dependence on the mean pressure p and the deviator stress q was investigated. The experimental results show that the development of AE and axial strain during creep are qualitatively comparable. Within the creep phases both the change in Ɛa and NAE can be described by a logarithmic trend with time. The time-dependent development of both measured quantities exhibit a dependence on q. Moreover, the evolution of NAE with time also shows a pronounced increase with increasing p. A time-dependent power law can be assumed to represent the rates of NAE and the rates of Ɛa with time during creep. The exponent m of the power law is similar for all experiments performed. The initial rates of NAE and Ɛa increase with increasing p as well as increasing q/p-ratio. Finally, a linear correlation between log Ɛa and logNAE was found depending on two state parameters a and b, with a seems to be independent on the stress state.

The increasing use of platforms and the availability of data are driving the media and communication transformation in society. Platformization, namely “the penetration of infrastructures, economic processes, and governmental frameworks of platforms in different economic sectors and spheres of life” (Poell, Nieborg, & van Dijck, 2019, p. 5), poses enormous challenges for communication research which deals with data flows, data usage, and the media practices intertwined with platform use. Against the background of the change in digital communication brought about by datafication and platformization, we turn to previous research on platforms and studies applying walkthroughs. We discuss the application of the walkthrough approach at the intersection of science and technology studies (STS) and social semiotic technology research (SST), raising methodological questions for the future study of adaptive learning platforms for illustration. We illustrate the sociotechnical walkthrough as a methodological approach, using our analysis of an adaptive learning platform (Area9) and the associated usage practices. Our analysis features the application of different research personae in order to grasp algorithmic personalization. We conclude with a critical reflection on how the sociotechnical walkthrough approach could fit into a toolkit of traditional and digital methods for future interdisciplinary communications research.

This article proposes to analyse the structuration of the market for training professional animators based on the Parisian market, and through four dynamics: (1) the professionalisation of animation, (2) the increasing role of universities in the training of animators, (3) the influence of European reforms which standardise trainings, (4) the role of the State in accompanying and regulating the market. Indeed, directives at the European Union level have impacts at the local level, particularly in terms of funding. For this purpose, the State mobilises calls for tender in order to organise a market in which training organisations interact both in competition and in cooperation with the aim to position themselves on the market and maintain an attractive position. In addition, universities position themselves on the market through partnerships with associations and companies.

Recent technological advancements now allow for copper to be 3D printed, opening the doors for this technology to take a greater part in heat transfer applications. In this study, copper samples were additively manufactured through a print-debind-sinter process and thermally characterised in terms of thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, and mechanically characterised in terms of Vickers hardness. The microstructure porosity levels appeared to control the thermal properties measured, with the thermal conductivity, while the specific heat was unaffected, while the heat treatment effect caused by the sintering process appeared to control the Vickers hardness measured.

Entrepreneurship has been establishing itself as an increasingly frequent career choice for women. Considering this, we investigated the motivations and career parameters of 416 professionals from southern Brazil, according to their sex. In addition to a sociodemographic questionnaire, business characteristics and entrepreneurial trajectory, the Kaleidoscopic Career Parameters Scale was used. Although female entrepreneurs have highlighted reasons for choosing entrepreneurship greater than the financial issue compared to male entrepreneurs, such reasons were not the most cited by female entrepreneurs. There was no significant difference between sexes in relation to Kaleidoscopic Career parameters. It is concluded that the entrepreneurial career represents an option for professional development and emancipation for both women and men. This study is expected to contribute to entrepreneurship career counseling and the demystification of sexual stereotypes associated with entrepreneurial motivations.

Organizations have suffered from the socioeconomic impacts of the global crisis scenario caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. In this context, it is essential to adopt objective measures to minimize harmful effects on organizational management. This study sought to identify the main strategies for reducing the impacts of COVID-19 on Brazilian organizations. It is a theoretical essay based on a literature review of articles from national and international databases, covering COVID-19, experiences in previous pandemics, as well as Brazilian legislation in force during the pandemic period. Considering this scenario of uncertainties, it is suggested to adopt strategies to minimize unfavorable impacts on corporate activities, such as efficient communication, work planning, digital enhancement, teleworking, and adoption of measures aimed at the welfare of workers. The need for emergency planning to face the pandemic was identified, with measures including empathic policies, provision of support for telework, and actions for adaptation and organizational maintenance during the crisis.

Dentro de la nobleza napolitana, los Carafa fueron sin duda los más fieles y devotos a la Casa de Aragón. Desde 1458 hasta 1576, la familia Carafa ocupó el arzobispado napolitano casi sin interrupción. Su mecenazgo –la restauración del ábside y la cripta de la catedral alrededor de 1500, el Succorpo di San Gennaro–, se sitúa en una perspectiva del patronazgo episcopal napolitano a largo plazo. El objetivo es mostrar cómo la fábrica existente de la catedral determinó las acciones de cada patrocinador desde los tiempos angevinos.

The present special issue of Linguistik Online is dedicated to theoretical and methodological approaches to formulaic language use from a pragmatic perspective. Following the assumption that language use is thoroughly shaped by routines and prefabricated patterns, formulaic language plays a central role in recent theoretical and empirical approaches to language use like construction grammar or corpus pragmatics. Within the field of phraseology, pragmatic approaches have become prevalent, too, be it by corpus linguistic foundations or by a functional perspective on phrasemes in different communicative domains. Based on case studies from various fields like language acquisition, cultural linguistics or colonial studies, the papers of this special issue discuss the role of formulaicity on the different levels of language use. They demonstrate which concepts and empirical methods are suitable to capture the pragmatic aspects of formulaic language use.

This paper presents the contribution of primary agricultural crops produced in Northern Mindanao to its economy and food security of people with the situational analysis and insights of the authors. Rice as the staple food of most Filipinos is insufficient in quantity produced. Corn production is more than enough for the total regional demand. White corn is preferred as secondary staple food, however the corn industry emphasizes yellow corn production and the bulk of this goes to raw materials for livestock and poultry feeds. Coconut, sugar, pineapple and bananas significantly contribute to agricultural exports. Coconut is processed before exporting which can offer employment in the rural areas. Sugarcane, pineapple and bananas have created a change in the land use and hence compete with rice and corn. Northern Mindanao is one of the leading producers of tomatoes, carrots and potatoes, yet farmers have encountered deterring factors in attaining potential income from these products. Although Bukidnon province is the top agricultural producer in the region, poverty in the area remains high.

The objective of this study was to compare and analyze the spatial extent and geographic location of aridity and bioclimatic zones in Morocco and their limitations using different indices used in North Africa and elsewhere in the Mediterranean region. The analysis was based on the use of data from the WORLDCLIM database, spatialization through GIS techniques, and the distribution of different plant species. Hence, the bioclimatic zones were characterized by spatial approach using Emberger pluviothermic Chart. The results showed that according to the different indices of aridity, the hyper-arid areas in Morocco represent 45 to 55% of the country. The spatial distribution of rainfall showed that 48% of Moroccan territory receives less than 100mm annually, while areas where the precipitation is more than 600mm do not exceed 6%. Arid, semi-arid and sub-humid zones potentially affected by desertification represent 42%. The comparison of different indices used showed that De Martonne aridity index seems to be satisfactory for regional studies. The derivation of the bioclimatic zones map, based on the diagram of Emberger, (Q2 and Tmin) showed the existence of five main types of climates in Morocco, ranging from humid to peraride. The per-humid bioclimatic stage is not significant and is limited to the crest of Rif mountains (

Use of near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy in soil analysis. A review. This paper presents a literature review on the development of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for soil analysis and the contribution of this technique to the evaluation of soil fertility analysis. This technique is used to estimate the chemical composition of soil samples on the basis of their absorption properties. It is therefore an indirect method of measurement, which requires a calibration phase for the prediction of these properties. NIR spectroscopy offers many advantages compared to reference analysis: it is known to be a physical, non-destructive, rapid, reproducible and low cost method. Often employed in other analytical domains, such as agro-food, NIR spectroscopy has, however, seldom been used in soil characterization, due to the complexity of the soil matrix. Thanks to the development of chemometric methods, numerous studies have recently been conducted to evaluate the feasibility of the application of the technique in soil analysis. Most authors conclude that NIR spectroscopy is promising; however, to date, use of the technique has not spread to routine laboratories. The paper is organized as follows. Firstly, we provide an overview of the NIR spectroscopy technique and related chemometric methods. Secondly, we describe the soil characteristics that can be predicted using this technique. Finally, we detail examples of results that have been obtained through the use of the technique, mainly in the determination of clay and organic carbon content, and of cation exchange capacity.

Soil science and agricultural development in Rwanda: state of the art. A review. Poor agricultural productivity remains a crucial problem in Rwanda in spite of numerous technological interventions, including aspects of soil management. The objective of this study was to draw lessons from the past with the view to better orient future interventions in soil fertility management. The literature review and iterative field observations were the sources of information. Findings from this study show that substantial progress has been made in the identification of different soil types and their spatial distribution. Factors related to low level of productivity have been identified and sustainable soil fertility management options have been developed at plot level. However, the widespread adoption of these technologies has been problematic. The main reason is the failure to tailor soil fertility management technologies to specific soil types. The study has demonstrated that the soil map of Rwanda (CPR for Carte Pédologique du Rwanda) – 1:50,000 – offers a remarkable potential to constitute a tool to solve this problem. In practice however, the CPR remains underutilized, mainly because of its inaccessibility to its potential users (e.g. policy makers, soil fertility experts, agronomists and extensionists). For its effective use, the following is recommended: Rwandan soil scientists need to increase policy makers' awareness about the usefulness of this soil map; agricultural research needs to adapt from the conventional model to a truly participatory and integrated approach; the CPR legend should be elucidated by providing information on the land units in which soils occur and by bridging Soil Taxonomy with the farmers' soil nomenclature; regional soil reference systems should be established that allow linking soil types with the fertility status of arable land and crop yields. This implies the need for training of Rwandan soil scientists in both Soil Taxonomy (the language of the CPR) and the farmers' soil nomenclature so that they can serve as interpreter for scientists from other disciplines and farmers. Rwandan soil scientists should be trained in the use of Geographic Information System (GIS) software to enable them to exploit the digitized version/soft copy of the CPR and to become familiar with the Rwandan biophysical environment.

Même si la surface de la forêt française a progressé de 60% en un siècle, la plaçant à la quatrième place au rang européen, que sa récolte a dans le même temps doublé, la balance commerciale du bois et des produits dérivés est la seconde déficitaire au niveau national. Cette forêt est également confrontée à d’importants changements : climatiques, pouvant faire varier sa composition et son étendue spatiale ; sociétaux, avec de moins en moins de main-d’oeuvre en forêt simultanément à une prise de conscience des nombreux services écosystémiques rendus par ces espaces naturels ; mais surtout mondiaux avec la diminution des ressources fossiles, qui peuvent être pour partie remplacées par ce matériau polyvalent qu’est le bois. Le bois est effectivement une ressource renouvelable qui peut répondre à différents besoins de nos sociétés (construction, meubles, emballage, papier, chimie, matériaux composites, énergie), avec une utilisation des produits en cascade, jusqu’à un recyclage final ou une valorisation énergétique, assurant une production de matière et d’énergie à faible niveau de dioxyde carbone, particulièrement efficace. Pour relever ce défi conjoint de demandes plus fortes et plus différenciées sur la ressource, et de menaces importantes sur son évolution, quels sont les leviers à la disposition des gestionnaires de la forêt publique ? Cet article présente quelques pistes d’innovations à l’interface entre recherche et gestion, qui explorent des solutions différentiées mais ciblées sur des attentes des gestionnaires. La diversité des exemples en exploitation, renouvellement des peuplements, sylviculture et suivi de la fertilité des sols, souligne la richesse des innovations potentielles et le besoin de les mêler pour répondre aux attentes de la société. La forêt publique est façonnée par l’homme depuis des siècles, permettons-lui ensemble de s’adapter, et de nous aider à relever le défi d’une société plus sobre, valorisant les matériaux renouvelables, tout en continuant à assurer les multiples services écosystémiques.

In Gramado (Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil) four agritourism routes are offered: "Mergulho no Vale", "Raízes Coloniais", "Encantos Coloniais" and "Quatrilho". Released and promoted through the Festa da Colônia (Colonial Festival), some of them receive expressive number of visitors, while the "Quatrilho" (that includes the village where the real drama that inspired the book took place) faces a critical moment of its life cycle. As a research technique it was adopted the direct observation, unstructured interview, and documents research. This refl exive analysis is based on elements of participant management, marketing and communication theories, aiming identifying aspects that can contribute for the route repositioning in the market and increase its visitants demand. Such theoretical contributions indicate the importance of innovation and participation of entrepreneurs in the regional management of tourism as a way of extending the life cycle of this tourist product.

"Leichte Sprache" as the equivalent concept to Easy-to-read and a form of accessible communi-cation has been established in the German-speaking countries since the early 2000s. It is ad-dressed to people with learning disabilities and other groups with difficulties in reading and understanding (simple and complex) written text. In 2009 the German government ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and thereby committed itself to provid-ing accessible information and communication. However, the concept's scientific exploration is still in its early stages. The existing lists of linguistic features and design rules were devel-oped mainly intuitively. A systematic empirical investigation of "Leichte Sprache" is still to be done. The current practice is often slanted towards (over-)simplification, reduction of infor-mation, of lexical and grammatical variety and of stylistic differentiation. "Leichte Sprache" is intended as a means of supporting and enabling participation in different areas of life for the target group. The article wants to investigate the chances and problems of this accessible form of communication as a prerequisite for and a means of political participa-tion from a linguistic point of view. By way of example three texts are linguistically analysed and compared: For the elections to the Bundestag in 2013 the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) released three manifestos, one regular version, one version modified into "Leichte Sprache" and one version modified into einfache Sprache, which is a similar concept allowing more complexity than "Leichte Sprache". The linguistic analysis mainly focuses on the different strategies regarding the presentation of content, regarding lexis, adequate realisation of text type and function as well as on semantic and pragmatic aspects (frames, speech acts). Subsequently, the article discusses which consequences result from the different linguistic presentations with a view to enabling democratic participation.

Soil mapping in Belgium: historical overview and presentation of the current work on valorisation and revision of the Digital Soil Map of Wallonia. Over the past few years, there has been growing concern about soils and their properties, thanks to greater environmental awareness. Consequently, existing documents on soil are valuable in risk assessment and for the research of well-adapted solutions. In this context, this paper reviews the main stages of soil mapping in Belgium and presents current works to valorize the Digital Soil Map of Wallonia and update associated databases. Belgium is among the first countries to be completely covered by a detailed soil map (1:20,000). The origin of the Soil Map of Belgium, its realisation between 1947 and 1991, the principles and characteristics as well as the related products are described. But since its publication, due to the increasing need of soil information and thanks to the development of geographical information systems the Walloon part of the map was digitalised between 2000 and 2003 by the Digital Soil Map of Wallonia (DSMW) Project. From this early action at regional level, a selection of immediately derived products is presented and briefly commented. However, if these products go beyond the initial objective of agricultural production increase, they do not always meet the environmental challenges nor the future legislation at European, national and regional levels. To fill this gap, the recent tasks carried out by the DMSW team are presented through a description of their methodological and technical framework. The long-term objective is to build Regional Soil Information Systems based on the use of the Digital Soil Map of Wallonia as a tool of integration, structuring and referencing of pedological information.

Interest of soil maps to elaborate a sampling strategy in soils contaminated by atmospheric fallouts: application to the study of soil effect on the fate of metallic trace elements. As a result of pollution from atmospheric dusts, some sites of Wallonia (Belgium) are contaminated by metallic trace elements (MTE) such as cadmium, lead and zinc. These metalliferous soils are called 'calaminary sites'. The major aim of this study concerns the multi-scalar characterization of MTE distribution in these contaminated soils and landscapes. The strategy of sampling described in this paper is based on the influence of soil type and its land use on the fate of MTE. After analysis of collected samples, it will be possible to have an idea of the distribution of MTE among soil components, and therefore, to evaluate the risks caused by environmental changes such as an agricultural use of afforested areas.

Making use of the Digital Soil Map of Wallonia and of an available soil analysis database for assessing the risk of pesticide leaching to groundwater. This study shows how the Digital Soil Map of Wallonia and the associated soil database Aardewerk can be combined with the MetaPEARL model to assess the sensitivity of agricultural soils to pesticide transfer into underground water tables in Wallonia (Southern Belgium). MetaPEARL is based on an analytical expression which describes the concentration of leached pesticides at the soil profile bottom depending on available data on soil characteristics, climate and pesticide properties. The results show an important soil sensitivity to pesticide transfer with a coefficient of retention on organic matter (Kom) very weak (about 10 dm3.kg-1) or with a relatively high half-life time (DT50 about 60 days). In this case, the pesticide is weakly retained by soil organic matter or slowly degraded and then stays available in the soil and can be quickly leached during rainfalls. In other respects, the pesticide sensitivity to leaching is strongly correlated with soil texture and its organic matter content. It is also observed that the concentration of leached pesticide is strongly depending of the rainfall surplus (water flux into the soil or hydrous balance). A sensitivity analysis has shown that the model is very sensitive to soil thickness, to organic matter content, to the bulk density of the mineral fraction by textural classes and of the organic matter. Therefore, these pedological variables have to be assessed with the highest precision to avoid adding further uncertainty to the predictions obtained. On the basis of the most sensitive soil variables, the analysis of "spatial" uncertainty related to the results delivered by MetaPEARL, due to the consideration of an unique representative value by soil type and by region (deterministic approach), shows that this approach tends to under-estimate the concentration of pesticide leached in the soil, compared to the use of a stochastic simulation (probabilistic approach) which takes into account the soil characteristic variability within a given soil type. This stochastic approach allows also the calculation of a more relevant threshold of risk probability (percentile) which can be compared to an imposed standard in view to enhance a sustainable management of natural resources.

A methodology for site selection and soil sampling in relation with main parent materials in Wallonia (Southern Belgium). Despite the small size of its territory, Wallonia shows a geological context singularly varied and contrasted. From main geostructures to lithostratigraphical formations, this diversity has greatly influenced soil types. Rock weathering represents one of the main processes in soil forming. Throughout its nature and its composition, the parent material is identified as one of the main factor influencing pedogenesis and soil properties. Understanding the spatial determinism of these properties requires a better characterisation of the parent materials as well as of their spatial distribution. The Soil Science Unit of Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech has therefore initiated the collect of topsoil and subsoil samples representative of the diversity of Walloon agricultural soils, in relation with their parent materials and presenting a wide range of physico-chemical properties. The sampling strategy relies on the stratification of the territory in physical units and on the identification of the dominant parent materials and soils. The 1:20,000 Numerical Soil Map of Wallonia, the 1:250,000 Map of the Main Soil Types of Wallonia and the Map of Rural Space Units helped largely to fulfill these tasks. The very wide panel of feasible analyses on these samples opens interesting prospects on valorization of the data in a regional soil information system. Indeed, considering the importance of samples representativity in the approach, the pedotheque and analytical database should become reference tools in Wallonia, serving needs of numerous research projects.

To a sampling and personal fertility advice, the tools for decision support. Environmental and agronomic issues require always more well thought and suited farmer management of agricultural inputs; soil analysis is therefore an essential tool to support decision. However, for a soil analysis to provide valuable information, it is essential for the sample to be representative of the studied field. Without this representativeness, an analytical result, as accurate as it could be, would not be of interest if it could mislead the farmer. In practice, the main difficulty for the sampler is the recognition of soil criteria which are essential to provide a fertility advice, especially in Wallonia (Belgium) where soil variability is very important. With the Digital Soil Map of Wallonia (DSMW), drowned at the scale 1/5,000, it seems appropriate to give these information to the samplers in an useful form for routine works. That is why a mapping tool for decision support, named REQUACARTO, was designed to be used for soil analysis by provincial laboratories, members of the REQUASUD laboratories network. This tool responds to a real requirement in Wallonia: achieving a quality sampling for the development of personalized soil fertility advice.

This article studies the development of a prediction diagnosis cyber-physical system for DC and AC electric drives of construction robots . The struc-ture of the cyber-physical system is described and the defect statistics for asynchronous drives submitted. Additionally, a critical analysis of existing diagnostic methods, the selection of the optimal set of diagnostic parameters and existing methods for measuring and analyzing the parameters used for the drives adopted in construction robots for is described. As a result of numerous experiments has been revealed the dependence of measurement of wavelet transformation coefficients on the characteristic scales of a serviceable and faulty engine under different loading regimes. Based on the received information has been developed a neural classification network which makes it possible to reveal the current state of the object.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the application of lean production methods in construction with the account of modern advances in information technology. Well-known lean manufacturing approaches integrate BIM and Internet protocols. This allows you to optimize both the design and performance phases of construction work, which contributes to the highest satisfaction of the customer's needs.

Fertility state of agricultural and forest soils in Walloon region. Feeding on plants and animals, the human societies are broadly dependent on soils because these, beyond their role as support of plant production, produce, contain, and collect the most part of the nutriments necessary to life. The sustainable management of the agricultural and forest soils implicates an uninterrupted assessment of their state by the measure of fertility indicators. This last is perceptible as the soil suitability to assume the plant biomass production. The soil suitability results from environmental physical, chemical and biological factors such as parental material, climate, etc. The human activities, particularly the agricultural and forest practices, also play a major role in the soil suitability. To avoid losses towards aquatic environment, these practices have to aim at satisfying the vegetables needs, while watching not to exceed the capacity of soil to keep the nutriments. Several tools exist in Walloon region to estimate the fertility state of soils, mainly at (physico-)chemical levels. This article introduces an outline of the agricultural, and forest soils state in various mineral and organic elements, and specify as well as possible involvements in other environmental problems.

Restoring soil potentialities using zaï and compost in Yatenga (Burkina Faso). Land degradation is a serious problem in the soudano-sahelian zone of Burkina Faso. Studies were carried out between 2002 and 2004 in two villages, Somyaga and Ziga in the Yatenga Province. The main objectives were to identify and characterize the soil potentialities and constraints applying the geomorphopedological approach and to assess the possibilities of restoring degraded soils by implementing the zaï technique and incorporating composted manure with natural phosphorus. Soil identification based on representative morpho-sequences has shown the prevalence of leached tropical ferruginous soils. These soils therefore present a weak potentiality and a poor fertility without fertilization and conservation practices. Experiments with the zaï technique and composted manure enriched with burkina phosphorus conducted over three years markedly improved the above mentioned soil parameters and sorghum yields. Carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and pH increased in the compost treatment. The ANOVA analysis has shown significant differences between compost treatments and the untreated control plots. In general, the increased yields vary from 300 to 500 kg.ha-1 according to the village in our experiment. About 40 species of herbaceous plants and trees have been regenerated by the zaï system in degraded land. Future research is needed to identify vegetal material adapted to the zaï system and to assess the impact on the micro biomass.

Este artigo apresenta os principais aspectos da trajetória da Profa. Sílvia Tatiana Maurer Lane, desde a construção de uma Psicologia Social crítica até a formulação de um projeto de compromisso social da Psicologia. A Profa. Sílvia Lane foi pioneira nas formulações teóricas que colocaram a Psicologia Social brasileira em questão, ressaltando a necessidade de se explicitar seu vínculo com interesses dominantes e de se redirecionar sua produção no sentido de contribuir para a transformação social. Nessa trajetória aliou teoria e prática, contribuindo para a revisão de conceitos e métodos e para a organização da área. Trabalhou incansavelmente e em várias frentes para produzir uma Psicologia Social que reconhecesse o caráter histórico dos fenômenos sociais e humanos e a pessoa como sujeito ativo e histórico. Inicialmente o artigo relata sua presença marcante, dentro dessa perspectiva, na história da Psicologia Social brasileira e latino-americana. A seguir, são apontadas as principais características de sua produção teórica na elaboração de uma Psicologia Social sócio-histórica. Por fim, discute-se seu importante papel na afirmação de uma psicologia comprometida com as realidades brasileira e latino-americana; conhecedora dessa realidade, contribuiu para a construção de instrumental teórico-prático para sua transformação na direção de uma sociedade justa e igualitária. Ou seja, uma psicologia com compromisso social.This article presents the main aspects of the academic trajectory of Professor Sílvia Tatiana Maurer Lane, from the initial proposal of a critical Social Psychology to the formulation of a project for a socially committed Psychology. Sílvia Lane was a pioneer in theoretical propositions which questioned mainstream Brazilian Social Psychology, emphasizing the need to expose its ties with the dominant economic and political interests and redirecting its production towards social transformation. In her career trajectory she brought together theory and praxis, contributing to the revision of concepts and methods, and to the organization of this area of knowledge. She worked tirelessly in various fronts to produce a Social Psychology that could recognize the historical character of social and human phenomena and that conceived people as active and historical beings. The text begins by situating her remarkable presence, within this critical perspective, in Brazilian and Latin American Social Psychology. In sequence, it presents the main characteristics of her theoretical production concerning the development of a Socio-Historical Social Psychology. At the conclusion, it emphasizes her role in consolidating a Psychology that is intrinsically compromised with Brazilian and Latin-American realities; being familiar with this reality, she contributed to the construction of theoretical-practical instruments for its transformation in the direction of a society based on justice and equality. To put is in a different manner, the development of a socially committed Psychology.

Setting up Spatial Decision Support Systems in environmental fields: examples from Outil Géo-Environnemental d'Aide à la Décision (OGEAD) with a special emphasis for soil data. OGEAD is a project that aims to disseminate geographical information related to the environment to civil servants and interested people. This publication describes/explains three examples highlighting environmental data, in particular those related to soil. These examples show an evolution from stand alone applications to WebGIS applications allowing intranet and internet distribution. The publication emphasises the importance of linking data distribution with adapted tools for an efficient use; these tools include various components such as presentation, interpretation and diagnostics.

Pertinence of pedological stratification of regional-scale reference systems about metallic trace elements content in soils.Walloon case studies. The natural background levels of metallic trace elements (ETM) in soils should be known in order (i) to understand the processes in which they are involved and (ii) to settle reference systems dedicated to the appraisal of agricultural or forest management practices, to the detection of contaminations, or to the time-course follow-up of regional values. A methodological framework has thus been set up to evaluate the importance of natural driving factors, also-called the pedogeochemical background, of the spatial distribution of ETM in soils. The methodology also aims at defining indicator values of the current degree of ETM contamination in agricultural soils. The spatial distributions of both ETM content and soil forming factors constitute the basement parameters of regional reference soil systems (RSS) about ETM content. The stratification of these regional reference soil systems on a pedological base, which means that soil volumes are clearly identified, appears to be valuable to refine predictions. This is shown through some case studies in the Walloon Region from Belgium. The more the regional reference systems will consider ancillary soil information as well as the geographic specificities of small natural regions, the more they will be relevant to detect local contaminations. For that reason, the digital soil map of Belgium can be considered as a potential powerfull tool for geochemical mapping, after an adaptation of its legend.

L’objectif de cet article est l’analyse comparative de l’extension spatiale et de la localisation géographique de l’aridité et des étages bioclimatiques du Maroc et de leurs limites en utilisant différents indices utilisés en Afrique du Nord et ailleurs en Méditerranée. L’analyse a été orientée vers l’utilisation des données issues de la base données WorldClim, la spatialisation moyennant les techniques SIG et l’étude de la répartition des différentes espèces végétales. Ainsi, les étages bioclimatiques ont été caractérisés moyennant une approche spatiale en utilisant le diagramme pluviothermique d’Emberger. Les résultats obtenus montrent que les zones hyperarides au Maroc représentent 45 à 55% du territoire en fonction des différents indices d’aridité. La répartition spatiale des pluies indique que 48% du territoire Marocain reçoit moins de 100mm annuellement, alors que les régions où il pleut plus de 600mm ne dépassent pas les 6%. Les zones arides, semi-arides et subhumides potentiellement concernées par la désertification sont de l’ordre de 42%. La comparaison des différents indices utilisés montre que l’indice d’aridité de De Martonne, le plus facile à calculer, reste satisfaisant pour les études à caractère régional. La dérivation de la carte des étages bioclimatiques, en se basant sur le diagramme d’Emberger, (Q2 et Tmin) montre l’existence au Maroc de 5 grands types de climats allant de humide jusqu’au peraride. L’étage perhumide n’existant que sous forme insignifiante au niveau des crêtes de la chaine du Rif (

Neither the Metrology Law nor the Data Protection Law currently prohibit or prevent the use of smart meters. A new issue challenging us, however, is the fact that a wide range of measuring instruments is potentially affected and that their use may be stipulated and thus become mandatory. In the article, smart meters are examined with particular reference to legal metrology and data protection. Both the Metrology Law and the Data Protection Law are based on general principles or axioms. Whereas they apply to all processing of personal data, in metrology they only apply directly to legally recorded measuring instruments. Legal metrology is shaped by detailed provisions at various regulatory levels. Provisions of this type are only encountered occasionally in data protection (in Germany, for example). In order to regulate new technologies on a scale such as that for smart meters, a consistent legal framework is called for. If – as in the case of smart meters – the Energy Law, Metrology Law and Data Protection Law are not sufficiently harmonised, problems could arise. In particular, European metrology legislation has yet to come up with a convincing regulation in this area. In an extreme case, a smart meter is subject to several national or supranational approval procedures. Procedures of this kind should be coordinated to the greatest possible extent and conducted unbureaucratically. Complexity is increasing: ever more legislative fields must be coordinated, ever more players are appearing in the wake of market liberalisation, ever more legal systems interact directly and indirectly, and ultimately a functional smart grid presupposes that there is smooth interplay between all components. This complexity will be coped with in the medium term but scarcely in the initial phase.