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This paper investigates a crisis in leadership in the Christian church after changes in imperial policy made it more acceptable socially and more advantageous financially to occupy clerical positions. For several decades in the early 5th century, Isidore of Pelusium and his network of friends reproached and lamented the venal conduct of Eusebius, bishop of Pelusium, and several clerics he had appointed. But their efforts to alter the situation had little effect. To understand why this was so, the paper considers the types of people who wrote letters lamenting the situation in order to understand the nature of their response in relation to their social or political position, and it explores reasons why Eusebius and the other clerics were not dislodged by the censure and even derision of their critics. The conflict, it is argued, exposes the limitations of παρρησία as a means of altering the actions of the powerful and qualifies the role of ascetic authority in the de facto exercise of episcopal office in Late Antiquity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Der Artikel untersucht die Bedeutung der sogenannten Legal Technologies für die Sozialpolitik und das Sozialrecht in Deutschland. Auf der Basis einer empirischen Untersuchung entwickelt er eine Typologie von Anbietern digitaler Rechtsdienstleistungen und diskutiert ihre Bedeutung sowie die Implikationen für das Politikfeld. Die Hauptthese des Textes lautet, dass neue Geschäftsmodelle für digitale Rechtsdienstleistungen Konzentrationsprozesse befördern, die auch auf anderen Online-Märkten zu beobachten sind. Sie fordern die bisherigen anwaltlichen Strategien der Positionierung und Kooperation heraus und können Zugänge zum Recht so verändern, dass Rückwirkungen auf das Feld der Sozialpolitik zu erwarten sind. This paper deals with the transformation of the market for legal services in Germany which has been fostered by digitalization. Legal technology has opened up a new market for digital legal services which also affects social policy and social law. Based on empirical research, the paper presents a typology of digital legal service providers who challenge established market positions of lawyers in social law. It discusses to what extent the transformation of this market is similar to other internet markets and what might be the implications of this development for social policy and social law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bibliometrics is a current topic in many libraries. It is often associated with many questions, which are also repeated from time to time. In this article, the two authors have identified the 10 most frequently asked questions and try to answer them in separate and independent sections. They address questions about data providers such as Web of Science, Scopus and Dimensions, but also PubMed, ArXiv, EconBiz, as well as bibliometric indicators such as the Journal Impact Factor (JIF), CiteScore (CS), Scimago Journal Rank (SJR), Source Normalized Impact per paper (SNIP). However, spotlights will also be put on related topics such as Open Access and Altmetrics e. g. Altmetric.com, Plum Metric and Article-Level-Metric (ALM). The organizational embedding, the question of how culture-changing topics affect science management and libraries as well as the aspect that libraries should take on an expert function on these data-driven topics complete the article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The article contains a list of contact persons of the DMV (German Mathematical Society) at various German universities and colleges. It also mentions some dissertation topics and their supervisors. Furthermore, scientific papers and research projects by mathematicians at various universities are listed. Information about the DMV, its board and presidency, as well as contact details and membership fees, are also provided. However, no further information is given about the content of the papers or research projects. [Extracted from the article]

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This paper examines the ›Eneasroman‹ of Heinrich von Veldeke within the context of its co-transmission. The different composite manuscripts, combining the ›Eneasroman‹ with various co-texts, raise the question of what conclusions can be drawn from them about the understanding and reception of the novel. It becomes obvious that the surviving compilations, all of them from the late Middle Ages, do not aim at highlighting the elaborate semantics of love. Instead, various historiographical and epistemological connections between the ›Eneasroman‹ and its accompanying texts are established, which emphasize the historical dimensions of the novel and the salvational significance of Eneas as the progenitor of the Romans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Die Öffnung ihrer digitalen Sammlungen für die Nachnutzung ist ein wichtiges strategisches Ziel der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit Fragen der Digitalisierung und der Öffnung digitaler Sammlungen und diskutiert, wie diese am besten als Daten für die Forschung zugänglich gemacht werden können. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt dabei auf historischen Zeitungen im Forschungskontext. Weiters wird auf das Konzept von „Collections as Data" und die Rolle von GLAM Labs eingegangen, die in jüngster Zeit in vielen Bibliotheken, darunter auch in der Österreichischen Nationalbibliothek, eingerichtet wurden. Opening its digital collections for reuse is an important strategic goal of the Austrian National Library. This paper deals with questions of digitisation and opening digital collections and discusses how these can best be made accessible as data for research. One focus is on historical newspapers in a research context. This paper also discusses the concept of "Collections as Data" and the role of GLAM Labs, which have recently been established in many libraries, including the Austrian National Library. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper argues against the assertion that several of Kant's writings were published in the form of pirate editions. It seeks to establish that most of the the editions in question (printed between 1769 and 1803) were lawfully printed. Presumably, these editions were to be sold exclusively at book fairs in Frankfurt and Leipzig; both locations are printed on their title pages, although no information on the publisher is provided. The paper also presents crucial results of detailed comparisons of all contemporary editions of Kant's writings and delivers a short historical sketch of eighteenth-century copyright law and the philosophical debate on this topic. Finally, the importance of book fairs for trading and selling books at that time is emphasized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The now archaic optative subjunctive was common in earlier forms of the German language. This paper examines two questions: Why is the optative subjunctive rarely used today? Which linguistic constructions are presently used in the contexts and functions that originally accompanied the optative subjunctive? The paper goes beyond previous studies on this subjunctive and its substitutes by explaining closely how its context, function and syntax in historical instances may have an impact on the constructions that have replaced it. Furthermore, this paper argues that pragmatic change, economy, analogy and especially expressiveness can explain such displacement by specific constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seit dem Informationspapier der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft aus dem Jahr 2021 wird das Thema Datentracking in der Wissenschaft viel diskutiert. Jedoch sind bislang weder umfassende Konzepte sichtbar, wie der damit einhergehenden Gefährdung der wissenschaftlichen Autonomie und Integrität beispielsweise durch die Stärkung digitaler Souveränität abgeholfen werden könnte, noch kommt der Griff der maßgeblichen wirtschaftlichen Akteure nach dem gesamten Forschungszyklus angemessen in den Blick. Dieser Aufsatz betrachtet die wissenschaftlichen Workflows und deren Unterminierung durch datenbasierte Geschäftsmodelle. Since the German Research Foundation's Information Paper 2021, data tracking in science has been widely discussed. However, comprehensive concepts on how to remedy this threat to scientific autonomy and integrity, for example by strengthening digital sovereignty, are not given, nor is the grip of the relevant economic actors on the entire research cycle adequately addressed. This paper looks at scientific workflows and their undermining by data-based business models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper investigates the sources of information and their quality as accessible to the government of the Federal Republic of Germany when trying to assess the situation of company funded pensions between 1949 and 1985 for the Company Pension Act of 1974. By taking a closer look at multiple government surveys as well as official statistics, the paper shows that the government only had very little access to verifiable and detailed information on the matter and relied largely on estimates. There were no coherent sources of information, and none were set up after the Act came into effect. The trend of a growing distribution and extent of corporate retirement plans from the late 1940s to the 1980s as seen in the government surveys is congruent with our findings. Furthermore, the Company Pension Act strengthened this already growing trend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Der Beitrag bezieht die aktuelle schwedische Bibliotheksdebatte auf die europaweit entfachte Diskussion zur Verteidigung und Stärkung der Demokratie. Im Zuge der Kritik an Habermas' Öffentlichkeitskonzept, dessen frühe Version von homogenisierenden Vorstellungen geleitet war, wird nun versucht, demokratische Prozeduren und Repräsentationsweisen ausgehend von divergierenden Überzeugungen (Dissens) und länger anhaltenden Konflikten neu zu fassen. Der demokratiesichernde Auftrag – nicht nur – der schwedischen Bibliotheken zeichnet sich dadurch aus, in Krisen- und Konfliktlagen Informationen und Orientierungswissen bereitzustellen, ein sicherer öffentlicher Raum zu sein und sowohl das Personal als auch die Anwendenden mit Ressourcen auszustatten, die ihnen jederzeit ermöglichen, gesprächsbereit und handlungsfähig zu bleiben. This paper relates the current library debate in Sweden to the ongoing discussion across Europe about defending and strengthening democracy. In the wake of the criticism of Habermas' notion of the 'public sphere', which was guided by homogenising ideas in its early version, this paper now attempts to reconceptualise democratic processes and modes of representation considering divergent views (dissent) and long-term conflicts. Along with other institutions, the Swedish libraries follow the mandate to safeguard democracy by providing information and knowledge for orientation in situations of crisis and conflict, by being safe public spaces and by providing both library personnel and library users with resources that enable them to remain open to discussions and to be capable to always act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In historical works, one likes to argue with profits or gains. Corporate profits also play a central role in Knut Borchardt's well-regarded thesis that the economy in the middle phase of the Weimar Republic could be described as an «abnormal, in fact sick, economy» and therefore problems had accumulated that were extraordinarily significant on the long run in the collapse of Germany's first democracy. According to this view, excessive wages in particular have caused a compression of those incomes that normally finance investment. A verification of this profit compression thesis is not possible with only commercial balance sheets, as these are considered unreliable due to the large entrepreneurial discretion involved in balance sheet preparation. The situation is different with tax balance sheets: tax law severely restricts the scope for discretion in balance sheet preparation, and tax balance sheets have been subject to scrutiny by the tax authorities since 1925. Therefore, tax balance sheets are considered as a very reliable basis for return calculations. By using all surviving tax balance sheets, Mark Spoerer has presented a study of the return on equity of industrial stock corporations for the years 1925 to 1941. For the years from 1925 to 1929, he concludes that in the «Golden Twenties» the return on equity of industrial stock corporations could not have been more than two to a maximum of five percent. He claims that through his work the profit compression thesis has been empirically verified. So far, there has been no critical examination of this work. The aim of this paper is to make up for this. It is shown that the surviving balance sheets do not allow conclusions to be drawn about the profitability of all industrial joint-stock corporations. On the other hand, it is shown that some tax balance sheets of very large companies, which have been included with a high degree of weight in the calculation of returns, contain considerable errors. In addition, some companies have used special tax rules to transfer the expense of future or previous periods to the years 1925 to 1929. Both – the erroneous accounting and the special tax rules – result in significant understatements of profits in the surviving tax balance sheets. Consequently, the calculated returns cannot be correct. Finally, an outlook is given on the consequences of the results of this paper for the use of tax balance sheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Dieser Beitrag nimmt die von Strübing und Kollegen vorgeschlagenen Gütekriterien zum Anlass, deren Nutzen aus Sicht der analytisch-empirischen Soziologie sowie umgekehrt die Notwendigkeit analytisch-empirischer Gütekriterien für die qualitative Forschung zu diskutieren. Es werden zwei potentielle blinde Flecken der analytisch-empirischen Gütekontrolle besprochen. Erstens, die Möglichkeit der Theorieschöpfung aus einer reichhaltigen Empirie durch gegenstandsangemessene Methoden und der in der analytisch-empirischen Methodologie vernachlässigten Entstehungszusammenhang; zweitens, ein zu rigider Methodenbegriff. Die Fruchtbarkeit der Vorschläge von Strübing et al. wird hinsichtlich dieser Schwächen diskutiert. Obwohl hinsichtlich des ersten blinden Flecks Verbesserungspotential besteht, sind die Gütekriterien zu unbestimmt und zu speziell zugleich. Sie geben einerseits zu wenige Anhaltspunkte für systematische Methodenforschung und konkrete Gütebestimmung, enthalten andererseits in ihren Begründungen eine inhaltliche Festlegung auf bestimmte Methoden. Im zweiten Teil des Beitrags werden ausgewählte analytisch-empirische Gütekriterien diskutiert: 1) die Gütekriterien der Theoriebildung, 2) die interne und externe Validität sowie 3) Transparenz und Reproduzierbarkeit. Analytisch-empirische Gütekriterien beziehen sich auf alle Aspekte des Forschungsprozesses und nicht nur (wie behauptet) auf den engen Bereich der Messung. Die ausgewählten drei Anforderungsbereiche sind konkreten Methoden und auch einer Qualitativ-Quantitativ-Spaltung vorgelagert. Sie sollten daher in einem umfassenden Gütebegriff für die qualitative Forschung stärker berücksichtigt werden. This paper uses the quality criteria proposed by Strübing and colleagues as an opportunity to discuss their usefulness from the perspective of analytical sociology as well as the need for "analytical-empirical" quality criteria for qualitative research. Two potential blind spots of analytic-empirical quality control are discussed. First, the possibility of theory construction from rich empirics through adequate methods, and, more generally, the neglect of the context of discovery in analytical-empirical research; second, an overly rigid notion of methods. The fruitfulness of Strübing et al.'s proposals is discussed regarding those potential weaknesses. Although there is room for improvement with respect to the first blind spot, the quality criteria are too vague and too specific at the same time. On the one hand, they contain too few guiding principles for systematic methods research as well as quality determination in particular cases, on the other hand, their justifications already contain implicit commitments to certain methods. In the second part of the paper, selected analytical-empirical quality criteria are discussed: 1) quality criteria of theory building, 2) internal and external validity, and 3) transparency and reproducibility. Analytical-empirical quality criteria exist for all aspects of the research process and not only (as claimed) for the narrow aspect of measurement. The selected requirements concern a more general level above particular methods as well as the qualitative-quantitative distinction. They should therefore be given greater consideration in a comprehensive list of criteria for qualitative research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kommunikation ist das Rückgrat vieler organisationaler Prozesse. Gegenwärtig findet eine zunehmende Virtualisierung dieser Kommunikationsprozesse statt. In der bisherigen Forschung dazu wurde primär auf virtuelle Kommunikationskanäle fokussiert. Soziologische Kommunikationstheorien unterstreichen jedoch, dass Kommunikation durch geteilte Situationsdefinitionen gerahmt wird. Da diese Theorien aber von leibhaftiger Kopräsenz ausgehen, ist unklar, inwiefern soziale Situationen auch virtuell geteilt werden. In unserem Beitrag zeigen wir im systematischen Vergleich von face-to-face Kommunikation und softwaregestützter Videotelefonie, welche Aspekte von Situationen unter den jeweiligen Kommunikationsbedingungen geteilt werden und wie sich die jeweilige Situiertheit auf Kommunikation auswirkt. Diese Analyse macht deutlich, wie eine zunehmende Virtualisierung besonders relevante Formen organisationaler Kommunikation verändert. Der Beitrag trägt somit dazu bei, das soziologische Konzept der sozialen Situation für virtuelle Situationen zu öffnen. Communication is the very backbone of many organizational processes. Currently, there is an increasing virtualization of these communication processes. Previous research on this has focused primarily on virtual communication channels. However, sociological theories of communication emphasize that communication is framed by shared definitions of situations. Since these theories assume corporeal co-presence, it is uncertain to what degree social situations are also shared virtually. In our paper, we use a systematic comparison of face-to-face communication and software-assisted video telephony to show which aspects of situations are shared under each set of communication conditions and how the respective situationality affects communication. This analysis makes evident how an increasing virtualization changes particularly relevant forms of organizational communication. The paper thus contributes to opening the sociological concept of social situation to virtual situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I explore how bio-hybrid forms can be created and combined starting from organic forms. The thesis put forward is epistemological: the combinatorial practice of bionics, biomimetics, biorobotics, and all design strategies inspired by nature is not based on a kind of biomimetic inspiration, i. e., on a kind of imitation of nature, but on a practice of translation. To develop this thesis, I focus on the practices of contemporary biorobotics, first examining the practice of translating natural forms into technical artefacts as developed by Raoul Heinrich Francé at the beginning of the 20th century, secondly, analysing the production of robots capable of replicating complex locomotion systems and, finally, investigating the interaction between robots and living organisms (fish). In the last part of the paper, I reflect on the philosophical payoff and broader conditions of possibility for this translational practice. I discuss when and to what extent a translation of biological forms into biotechnical ones is acceptable and point out the notion of form that underlies this practice. Moreover, I draw attention to the need to philosophically investigate what happens between different domains of knowledge – and especially between science and technology. This article is thus an invitation to philosophers to develop a philosophy in the interstices of knowledge production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Bürger*innen werden in den vorherrschenden Kreislaufwirtschaftsdiskursen entweder passiv als Nutzer*innen von neuen Sharing- oder Reuse-Geschäftsmodellen dargestellt oder ihr individuelles Verhalten wird moralisiert, wobei Lebensmittelverpackungen besonders moralisch aufgeladen sind. Die Konsumarbeit, die hinter dem Umgang mit Lebensmittelverpackungen in Privathaushalten steckt, z. B. das Sammeln, Säubern, Sortieren, Kompostieren, Heraustragen und Einwerfen des Verpackungsmülls, wird dabei in der Regel ausgeblendet. Dieser Beitrag argumentiert, dass im Zuge der globalen Plastikkrise nicht nur das Mülltrennen, sondern auch die Müllvermeidung zur Aufgabe von Bürger*innen geworden ist. Um den Blick auf diese verborgene Konsumarbeit zu legen, werden empirische Einblicke in den alltäglichen Umgang von Bürger*innen mit Verpackungsmüll in deren häuslicher Umgebung geben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen erstens, dass Bürger*innen Wiederverwendung bereits auf „informelle Weise" praktizieren, die Verwendung von Essensbehältern für fremd zubereite Speisen jedoch mit einem organisatorischen Aufwand und Absprachen innerhalb des Haushalts verbunden sind. Zweitens bestehen große Unsicherheiten beim Trennen und Sortieren von Verpackungsabfällen. Es wird geschlussfolgert, dass sich Bürger*innen in einem Spannungsfeld zwischen moralisiertem Alltagshandeln und dem Bemühen, es „richtig machen" zu wollen, einem beschleunigten Alltag mit zunehmend flexibilisierten Ernährungsmustern sowie einer zeitlich und räumlich entgrenzten Erwerbsarbeit befinden. Damit möchte der Beitrag einer Versimplifizierung von Konsumverhalten entgegenwirken und zu einem komplexeren Verständnis der Rollen von Bürger*innen in Kreislaufwirtschaftsdiskursen beitragen. In the prevailing circular economy discourses, citizens are either passively portrayed as users of new sharing or reuse business models, or their individual behavior is moralized, with food packaging particularly morally charged. The consumption work behind the handling of food packaging in private households, e. g. collecting, cleaning, sorting, composting, carrying out and throwing in the packaging waste, is usually ignored. This paper argues that in the wake of the global plastic crisis, not only waste separation but also waste prevention has become the responsibility of citizens. In order to shed light on this hidden consumption work, empirical insights into citizens' everyday handling of packaging waste in their domestic environment are provided. The results show firstly that citizens already practice reuse in an "informal way", but the use of food containers for meals prepared by others requires organizational effort and agreements within the household. Second, there is great uncertainty in separating and sorting packaging waste. It is concluded that citizens find themselves in a field of tension between moralized everyday actions and the effort to "do it right", an accelerated everyday life with increasingly flexible dietary patterns and a temporally and spatially delimited gainful employment. In this way, the article aims to counteract a simplification of consumer behavior and to contribute to a more complex understanding of the roles of citizens in discourses of circular economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plinius der Jüngere berichtet in seinen Briefen verschiedentlich über seine Sklaven. Weitaus häufiger jedoch bleiben diese auf der Textebene unsichtbar, obwohl ihre Anwesenheit in den geschilderten Zusammenhängen vorauszusetzen ist. Der Beitrag beleuchtet im Rückgriff auf Clifford Geertz' Methode der „dichten Beschreibung" die Bedeutung, die der Diskurs über die Behandlung von Sklaven für Plinius hatte, und untersucht in diesem Licht die von ihm beschriebenen Nahverhältnisse zu bestimmten Sklaven und Freigelassenen seiner familia urbana. Die „dichte Beschreibung" wird dabei mittels einer Diskursanalyse umgesetzt, die zum Verständnis der Lebenswelt des Plinius beitragen soll. Diese wird mit Rudolf Vierhaus als „symbolisch gedeutete Wirklichkeit" aufgefaßt. Die Stimmen der Sklavinnen und Sklaven selbst sind dagegen in diesem Diskurs nicht greifbar. Summary: In his letters, Pliny the Younger gives various reports about his slaves. For the most part, however, they remain invisible on the textual level, even if their presence is to be assumed in the described contexts. Drawing on Clifford Geertz's method of "thick description", this paper illuminates the significance which the discourse on the treatment of slaves had for Pliny. In this light, it examines the close relationships which Pliny, according to his letters, had with certain slaves and freedmen belonging to his familia urbana. Within that context, the "thick description" is implemented by means of a discourse analysis in order to contribute to the understanding of Pliny's lifeworld (Lebenswelt), which, with Rudolf Vierhaus, is understood as "reality interpreted symbolically". The voices of the slaves themselves, on the other hand, are not tangible in this discourse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]