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The 15th Malaysian General Election (GE-15) took place on 19 November 2022 successfully. This time the general election was held a year earlier than the 5-year maturity period on 16 July 2023, which is the date of the swearing-in of members of Parliament for the 14th term. The GE-15 results show that there is a pattern of voter support based on a specific geographic location. Therefore, the purpose of writing this article is to analyze voter support patterns based on regional factors. Based on data analysis of the GE 2022 results, observations in the field and analysis of secondary sources such as journal articles and conference papers, the findings of the study show that PH continues to dominate the West Coast region of Peninsular Malaysia as well as in Sabah and Sarawak in urban and semi-urban areas with ethnic mix and Chinese majority, PN controls the East and North Coast regions as well as a small part in the West and South of Peninsular Malaysia in the rural areas of the Malay majority, namely in the East Coast Peninsular zone, namely Kelantan, Terengganu and East Pahang and Central Pahang; North of the peninsula, which is Perlis and Kedah and Penang Seberang Prai North and Central, North Perak, Central Perak; the western part of Peninsular namely North Selangor and West Selangor as well as West Melaka and South Melaka while BN remains in power in the rural areas of central Peninsular Malaysia but with a shrinking number of seats. Therefore, regional influence also affects the voting pattern and needs to be taken into account by the relevant parties to implement campaign. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islamism is a subject that continues to receive scholars’ attention. However, by referring to previous studies, the subject of Islamism has been discussed loosely due to, first, the lack of a consensus on the concept of Islamism among scholars, and second, the question of the identity of Islamism not being thoroughly explored. Thus, this paper aims to fill these gaps by focusing the discussion on the concept, idea, and framework of Islamism identity. Based on previous studies on Islamism, this paper presents its perspective on Islamism by examining these three aspects. Conceptually, Islamism is a form of manifestation of human endeavor invented by conscious Muslims to ensure that Islam can fully play a role in all aspects of life. As an idea, Islamism comprises principles and programs that encompass ideological and practical aspects, respectively. The idea of Islamism has undergone development that subsequently affected the formation of criteria for the identification of Islamist entities (whether conservative or reformist) as well as post-Islamist and nonIslamist entities. This paper may contribute to the literature by presenting a new perspective on the concept and the framework of Islamism identity that can serve as a basis for discussion in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History does not progress linearly, opening space to question discourses and power dynamics in the hierarchy between men and women simultaneously. Therefore, this paper adopts a gender approach with a specific focus on the Leadership Labyrinth coined by Eagly and Carli to dissect the challenges of women’s participation and leadership in the public sphere. The historical background is traced from the 2nd century to the 21st century, divided into phases based on significant events, with attention to leadership, participation, and influence of women. Here, a pertinent question arises: how do women, facing diverse challenges, not only become subjects of development but also choose diverse platforms and discourses to demonstrate that their parity is not singular? Women are found to exhibit their leadership abilities as early rulers, gradually constricted to supporters of movements and homemakers. Subsequently, women successfully lead organizations, advocating for equal treatment, and their voices are included in decision-making at decision making levels. By employing the approach and a research methodology aligned with the study’s objectives, this paper aims to demonstrate that often-overlooked dimensions and perceived obstacles to women’s progress can be supportive factors in enhancing their leadership positions in society. Women are seen strategizing through non-violent means and utilizing domestic spaces, in addition to public spaces. In essence, women strategically organize using capacities and spaces under their control to advocate for their rights and beliefs. The variations resulting from the applied approach showcase the richness of this historical domain in offering an alternative framework for examining women’s leadership. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Curriculum reforms at the secondary-school level in Malaysia began in 1988 and was fully implemented in 1989. Heagly and Evans define curriculum as structured experience provided by the school for the student, so the student can meet all set learning outcomes to the best of their abilities. Prior to the introduction of the Secondary School Integrated Curriculum (KBSM), many issues were identified in the secondary school curriculum that served as the benchmark for curriculum reforms in Malaysia. Based on analysis, the introduction of KBSM was closely related to the turbulent historical issues during the first three decades after independence. These issues include problems with unity, inability to produce skilled labour, and the fragile and still negligible usage of the national language. Therefore, this article analyses the historical issues closely related to the introduction of KBSM, and the individuals responsible for ensuring KBSM comes into reality. The historical method is used as the thrust of this paper. Data collection-wise, this paper uses the qualitative analysis method of archival and library research. This approach aims to gather information and analysis a variety of primary and secondary sources such as the Report of the Education Committee 1956, Report of the Education Review Committee 1960, and the Cabinet Committee Report on Review of Implementation of Education Policies 1979, along with the Curriculum Committee Meeting Minutes in 1972, 1986 and 1987. The findings confirm the three historical issues strongly influenced the thought processes that went into planning and drafting KBSM. Implication-wise, the curriculum underwent reforms, towards a shift in the field of education following these historical issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will discuss the findings of a study that has been conducted to explore the challenges of women with physical disabilities (OKU) in entrepreneurship. The scope of the exploration involves the start-up phase of the business which requires the informant to tell the experience of facing initial challenges in the business. The study was designed using a fully qualitative approach with data collection using the Focus Group Discussion method. The study location involves four Malaysian zones, namely the North, East, Central and South zones. A total of 34 physically disabled women who are traders were selected to be interviewed. The selection of informants was made purposefully by choosing the recipients of the Malaysian Social Welfare Department's launch grant. The thematic analysis carried out shows that there are three main challenges faced by informants during the phase of starting a business, namely: i- lack of access to information, ii- implications of physical disability and iii- dual role challenges. The results of the study give implications to stakeholders' efforts to improve the achievement of empowering women with physical disabilities in starting a business. In addition, this paper also discusses the scientific justification for the proposal for the construction of the Economic Empowerment Model (Entrepreneurship) for Physically Disabled Women as an output of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the tendency of new voters to vote for the first time in the 15th General Election (GE15). Based on the statistics released by the Election Commission (SPR), the number of new voters who voted for the first time is around 6.2 million, of which 1.3 million are between 18 and 20 years old. Since they are a group of first-time voters, the tendency of their political support could be unclearer. Many parties wonder where their political support is headed, especially in the manycornered competition involving extensive political cooperation such as Perikatan Nasional, Pakatan Harapan, Barisan Nasional, and Gerakan Tanah Air. Accordingly, this paper aims to examine the tendency of new voters during the last GE15 campaign period through an online survey. The survey was conducted openly with the target of eligible voters, and 1438 respondents have given feedback. The study results show that 91 percent of the total number of respondents will go out to vote, and they tend to choose elected representatives who have integrity and are free of corruption, do not break promises, and are highly educated. Most of the group of respondents also tend to support national political trends. From that, new voters who vote for the first time have a good intensity of political literacy. Therefore, they become the determinants of changes in the current political support unrelated to political patronage elements like previous generations. They can also be catalysts for change in society in general and the country's leadership in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Every leader who leads the country will definitely introduce their respective slogans to be used as a big thinking framework that will be used as a template in implementing the country's government policy. After three months as the 10th Prime Minister, Dato' Seri Anwar Ibrahim launched his government's slogan, Membangun Malaysia Madani, on 19 January 2023 at the Putrajaya International Convention Center (PICC). Various reactions arose from the introduction of the slogan either positive or negative. Thus, this article discusses the voter's views on the slogan "Malaysia Madani" in the 2023 State Election. This study uses quantitative methods which are questionnaires in the field, interviews and also qualitative methods which are references to secondary data which are journal articles, conference/seminar papers and related scientific books. The results of the study found that the majority of respondents had heard the term 'Malaysia Madani' but they did not fully understand the slogan. Although the term has been called PMX for a long time, that is in 1995, but the term has not been widely covered by the media and the public. Overall, voters during PRN 2023 can accept or agree with the term Madani Malaysia which has good life values. Although they agree with the good terms and values, the issue of support for leaders, governments and political parties is another matter. Therefore, in order to get strong support from the people, leaders, governments and political parties need to not only introduce, but also practice these good values in order to be an example and thus convince the voters to support them in a future election. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional economic activity is one of the important elements in the Orang Asli community's way of life to secure food for a living and at the same time sustaining their customs and belief systems. However, as the global economy is revolving and becoming money-based economy, the Orang Asli community is facing a great threat. Hence, this study aims to observe the Orang Asli especially the Semelai and Semai communities' traditional economic activity and challenges in sustaining their traditional activities. Therefore, the data collection method used is survey and in-depth interview. This study finds that both Semelai and Semai community practices the same economic activity which is cash-crop economic activity and self-sufficiency. Both subgroups do have few similarities and also differences in values and belief system especially involving the traditional agriculture activity. In fact, they are at risk of food insecurity. Hence, this paper highlights the importance of preserving the traditional economic activity so the community able to gain equal access to food supplies and reclaim their rights as Orang Asli. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A nation-state is a sovereign state with the people have an awareness that they have something in common. There is something in common that can be seen among those who live together in the same nationstate territory based on language, customs and old traditions that are shared. In short, a nation-state is a state entity that is free from any world concept of empire. In Malaysia, the basis of nation-state building has existed since the reign of the Malay king, while the British administrative system during the colonial period had introduced Malaya to the concept of a modern nation-state. Thus, this study aims to highlight the history of the nation-state formation in Malaysia and the challenges in order to achieve the goal. This is a qualitative academic history article and the writing used the document analysis method. In addition to that, the Social Science analysis methods are also used to give a more extensive and broad writing analysis. The results of the study found that the nation-state building in the country is an ongoing process. The process has been formed through the traditional nation-state concept that existed before the British colonial era, thus the process keep developed during the colonial period and continued after the independence based on the development of as a sovereign nation-state. Until the post-independence era, the policies that the government tried to highlight continued to empower the nation-state concept to form a nation-of-intent in the country that became the objective of all independent countries. This paper is expected to give such a broad overview of the history and challenges faced by the country in its efforts to form a nation-of-intent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Public Service Announcements (PSAs) in capturing the public's attention to awareness messages is increasingly challenging due to the advancements in visual technology that have elevated audience preferences. In order to maximize attention and induce behavioral changes, the common use of fear as a visual rhetoric (RV) threat in various local campaigns, especially those involving health, has been employed. However, implementations of fear appeals lacking empirical foundations often fail to engage attention and instead motivate defensive audience responses. Fear-based RV failures are attributed to the lack of a persuasive fear model specifically tailored to negotiate with the audience's knowledge and experiences. These weaknesses are more noticeable among target audiences exhibiting specific tendencies, such as video game addiction in cases of Problematic Gaming (PG) in Malaysia. This raises questions about the suitability of fear-based RV approaches for attention-grabbing and their risk of rejection. Consequently, existing PSAs attraction strategies necessitate a more cognitively and affectively sensitive concept for the audience. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to discuss and propose the concept of Fear-Induced Visual Metaphors (FVM) as a new form of PSA RV. Choosing the best stimulus construct of MV from the typologies of Pictorial Metaphor Theory (TMB), Visual Rhetoric Theory (TRV), or Visual Structure Concept (KSV) proven effective in commercial advertising, combined with threat components from the Extended Parallel Process Model (EPPM) fear appeal model, aims to enhance the potential for attention-grabbing. Theoretically, FVM attract the audience's attention through significantly superior cognitive and affective allure compared to standard visual or rhetoric. Conclusions from this study are expected to contribute a testable and empirically validated conceptual framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 15th General Election (PRU), 2022 is seen to take place in a state of haste and disputes between the public and politicians, especially the opposition. However, the general election was held until it was completed without any untoward incident. Many parties expected that the results of GE-15 would result in no political party winning a simple majority, but BN was expected to win the highest number of parliamentary seats. But the GE-15 results show that PH got the highest number of parliamentary seats, followed by PN and then BN. PN managed to get support from the highest number of Malay voters, followed by BN, PH and finally GTA. Therefore, this article discusses the factors of Malay ethnic voter support for the National Alliance (PN) in the 15th General Election (GE), 2022. This study uses a qualitative method which is reference to secondary data which is journal articles, conference/seminar papers and related scientific books. The results of the study found that among the factors supporting Malay voters towards PN are the leadership of PN (PAS and BERSATU) which is seen as clean, the experience and services of PN when governing the country during the era of the COVID-19 Pandemic, the influence of PN's social media (Tik Tok). Therefore, the factors of support need to be used as a guide for subsequent political action to capture the support of Malay voters who still dominate election politics in this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The halalan toyyiba is a comprehensive concept brought by Islam. According to this concept, the source of consumption must be clean and pure. Every source point, from the initial production process and methods to the final management, such as waste disposal methods, must be taken into account to meet the requirements of the halalan toyyiba. The present time sees water-based use increasingly widespread in daily life. Strictly speaking, the concept of sharia-compliant halalan toyyiba in water use, such as agriculture and farming, still needs to be seriously discussed. Therefore, the issue of sharia-compliant halalan toyyiba in water use is significant to study and draw up a sharia-compliant guide for the Malaysian community, especially the Muslims. This concept coincides with the country's national agenda, namely the National Halal Hub Policy. The main objective of this paper is to study the idea of halalan toyyiba in the management of domestic water in Malaysia. This paper is based on qualitative methods. Fatwa-based resources, scholarly publications, journals, and as such, will be analyzed and summarized descriptively to produce a conclusion that answers the paper's objectives. The findings show that the fundamental concept of sharia-compliant halalan toyyiba regarding domestic water management in Malaysia has yet to be fully implemented. Therefore, this policy must be executed precisely in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature produced is intended to be shared with the readership. The production of literary works relies on the author's ideas, thoughts, ideas, and feelings which are blended using the medium of language as a delivery channel. Language functions as a communication tool in conveying knowledge, ideas, opinions, and thoughts, expressing emotions and feelings through speech, gestures or body language, writing, drawing, and gestures. Accordingly, emotion is one of the underlying elements of a literary work. This is because emotional elements in literary works not only act as a channel of communication but also color and pattern the narration in the work. Therefore, this paper will discuss the character's emotional expression as the main character's communication vehicle in Hikayat Nakhoda Muda and Hikayat Parang Puting which is used as research data for this paper. This paper will use the method of library and analyzing research data. Therefore, research on emotional expression will be explore through facial expression, voice, behavior, and touch in communication. The findings of this paper will be able to contribute to the study of emotional expression especially in literature and become a reference for the next researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Voters outside of Kelantan tends to vote for PAS compared to other political parties, even though they live in the Klang Valley. Fundamentally, the people in Klang Valley in the majority do not support PAS as the people in Kelantan. Therefore, this paper aims to discuss the forms of political culture of voters outside of Kelantan which reside around Klang Valley. This research involved 403 Malay voters outside of Kelantan, aged 21 years old and above that reside at Klang Valley but still cast their vote at Kelantan. This research implemented the quantitative approach through the survey method which utilised the feedback forms. The respondents in this research were chosen through purposeful sampling method and snowball sampling method. The data for this research were analysed descriptively and through ANOVA test. The result of this research found that the political culture of voter outside of Kelantan is in the form of subjectivity. This subjective political culture refers to society accepting one sided output only without questioning what, why and how that matters happen. This shows that individual relationship with the political system is passive and behave obediently. This type of society does not questions much and accept the explanation from certain parties without investigating the authenticity of the information involved in the explanation. This type of society is usually hardcore supporters of a political party. The implication of this form of political culture cause the voters to become recklessly obedient, compliant and unable to make decisions rationally until they are considered to be in a captive state of mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Strait of Malacca is one of the busiest maritime Sea Lanes of Communications (SLOCs) in the world because of its importance in transporting goods. However, like any other straits, Strait of Malacca also do not escape from maritime criminal attack. As a Littoral States to Strait of Malacca, Malaysia and Indonesia have taking initiatives to improve the security in that area. This paper will attempt to explain the priorities and challenges of Malaysia and Indonesia to cooperate in the Strait of Malacca between 2016-2020. It has three objectives: namely 1) to identify maritime security threats in Strait of Malacca; 2) to analyse the priorities and challenges of the Malaysia-Indonesia maritime cooperation in the Strait of Malacca; 3) to recommend the potential of a new maritime cooperation between Malaysia-Indonesia in the Strait of Malacca. This study was based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected from structured interviews involving informants in various professional fields that are directly involved in maritime security in the Strait of Malacca. Secondary data was collected from literature reviews based on scientific publications, theses, journal articles, and online material, such as newspaper articles. The findings of this study will show the types of maritime cooperations between Malaysia and Indonesia and the measures that taken by the authority to encounter the illegal activities that taken place in the Strait of Malacca for the future actions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The immediate response by countries worldwide to curb the spread of Covid-19 pandemic in early 2020 was through the implementation of border lockdown, minimizing human movements. Malaysia launched Ops Benteng (Fortress Operation) via National Task Force (NTF) as the country faced high risk transmission through under-detected illegal movements of people across the land and maritime borders. Human trafficking and smuggling has been a great concern before the pandemic, and thus posing unprecedented challenge to the Malaysian border security agencies. This paper aims to analyze the role of security agencies involved in Ops Benteng, the extent of coordination and challenges faced by NTF while implementing the border control measures. The methods include structured interview with officials from Ministry of Defence (MINDEF), the Home Ministry (KDN), and the National Security Council (NSC). This studywill be the first in articulating duties and responsibilities, as well as cooperation between border control agencies and challenges faced in security governance structures. The author argues that the dilemma of compartmentalizing problems by the agencies working in silo and the bureaucratic hurdles that impede coordination efficiencies need to be addressed by all involved stakeholders and the implementation efficiency can be further enhanced by an integrated cooperation framework. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Royal Town is rich in its own heritage history. Royal Town destinations that apply aesthetic values and long history have offered tourism products to fans of Royal Town values or known as tourist heritage. Tourism in the Royal Town in Malaysia is seen to be under -promoted on social media and electronic media. In fact, the Royal Town are also less prominent from the aspect of definition and heritage value found in the town. The concept of the Royal Town is unique, inherited and highlights the Royal elements are poorly documented and not recorded causing the role of the Royal Town as one of the tourist attractions in Malaysia is also left behind. Therefore, differences in terms of tourist patterns also cannot be identified and highlighted as long as tourists visit selected heritage destinations. This paper aims to examine the comparison of royalscape based on the segments of student, youth and family tourists in terms of the variety of visits to Kuala Kangsar. Convenience sampling technique was used by distributing questionnaires to 500 respondents consisting of student tourists, youth and families using descriptive analysis and One -Way Anova inferential analysis. The results show that there is a comparison in the visits of the tourist segment who visit the Royal Town of Kuala Kangsar. The seven royalscape in this study were visited by all tourist segments, Next there were differences in the manner of visits by the three tourist segments. In conclusion, this paper shows a comparison of the variety of visits by tourists based on segments. This study has limited limitations to look at comparisons based on the domestic tourist segment only and does not emphasize the variety of international tourist visits. However, the findings of this study provide space for further study by looking at the variety of international tourists in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malay-Islamic hikayat texts become one of the important mediums in conveying the teachings of Islam in the Malay world, especially in the 15th century. These narrative works become a channel for the propagation of Islamic teachings, including in the aspects of morality and family. The Malay-Islamic hikayat also the focussed on the formation of the image of the pious wife, in accordance with the position of the wife as an important component to produce a happy household and family. This paper discusses the image of the pious wife which is reflected in two works of Malay-Islamic hikayat, namely Hikayat Darmata'siah and Hikayat Perempuan Bernama Latifah. The analysis of the pious wife in this writing is reviewed from the perspective of the preaching method conceived by in the Pengkaedahan Melayu Theory by Hashim Awang. Accordingly, the discussion of this paper analyses the image of the pious wife as a preaching method especially for contemporary women. From the aspect of methodology, this study is employed qualitative approach which is divided into library method and content analysis. The study data involves two Malay-Islamic hikayat texts, namely Hikayat Darmata'siah which is contained in the Antologi Enam Hikayat edited by Mohd. Yusof Md. Nor (1989) and Hikayat Perempuan Bernama Latifah edited by Nik Afifah Nik Abdul Aziz (2017). The research found that both texts feature the value of the pious wife as outlined in Islam. Among the significant characteristics of a pious wife, are possessing a strong religious belief, obeying her husband's instructions, treating her husband like a king and being faithful to the end of her life. In conclusion, from the point of view of da'wah, the essence of these two hikayat texts in highlighting the image of the pious wife is still relevant and can be used as a guide for modern women today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The generation of solid waste has been increase tremendously and it has been identified as one factor that contribute to the world's environmental problem. Waste pickers has been known for providing solid waste collection in various cities around the world and make an important economic contribution in reducing the burden of waste management. They are the informal workers in the solid waste sector that achieved higher recycling waste than the formal recycling system in many cities of the developing world. This paper aims to analyze the categories of waste pickers and their role in contributing to sustainable solid waste management and examine the challenges faced by these waste pickers. In this paper, a review was carried out to characterize and critically analyze the published literature on waste pickers in terms of their characteristics, contributions and challenges. The analysis of this paper proposed for re-thinking of solid waste management systems by integrating waste pickers into formal waste management program for more inclusive and sustainable solid waste management. Waste pickers have been fighting for their activities to be supported and recognized as an occupation as well as improving their working condition. The formation of waste picker cooperative might end their discrimination and exploitation. Therefore, it is about time for the local authorities, private sector, non-governmental organization as well as business operators to support and recognize the contributions made by these waste pickers which can result in sustainable development, poverty alleviation and environmental protection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Discussions in relation to the historical sphere in the North Borneo and Malay domain are still lacking without dealing with the aspect of piracy. In contrast to the piracy in the west, the history of piracy in this region is not only instigated by the economic and political purposes of the rulers, but also overshadowed by the sociocultural influences of the rulers, nobles, and society at that time. The Iranun, Balangingi, Bajau and Dayak Laut tribes have made a name for themselves in the history of piracy in North Borneo and the islands of Southeast Asia when they emerged as sea pirates as well as slave head-hunters who struck terror into the western sailors, traders, and administrators that they are deemed as pirates as well as criminals by the British in Malaya and North Borneo, the Spaniards in the Philippines, and the Dutch in Indonesia. In short, this paper aims to deal with the history of piracy in Tungku, North Borneo, a place that used to be the last base and centre of piracy and slave hunting activities during the Sultanate of Sulu era before it has ceased to operate during the time of the British North Borneo Company ruling North Borneo in their era administration (BNBC). This article is qualitative and historically themed. Materials and research resources were obtained from the National Archives of Malaysia, National Archives of Sabah, Sabah State Public Library and others This article towards the reconstruction of the history of piracy in North Borneo from the domain of Malay history, besides solely looking at the western perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper will focus on hajj brokers, also known as Sheikh Haji. The hajj brokers system had existed for so long that it is said to be 'as old as the hajj itself'. They had become a part of the hajj sub-culture and tradition for the Muslims, especially Malays. This article aims to analyse the issues and challenges faced by hajj brokers during the sea travel period up until the establishment of Muassasah. The historical methodology is employed in this qualitative descriptive and analytical study. The study uses primary sources such as the Ordinance of the Straits Settlements (S.S)-1906-1907, files from the State Secretary Office and the Annual Hajj Reports. These documents are examined, interpreted, and organised to form objective arguments. The arguments are also supported by secondary sources. The study found that there were various issues related to the hajj brokers' service, resulting in numerous grievances. The issues include misconduct, neglect, and mistreatment of hajj pilgrims by the hajj brokers. At the same time, the hajj brokers also faced many challenges such as stiff competition among themselves, and changes in the rules and policies of the Saudi government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrity violations in RMP are not a new issue. Integrity violations continue to occur today, as evidenced by the high volume of Disciplinary Investigation Papers (KST) involving people in different roles within the RMP. The primary purpose of this research is to dissect the factors that endanger the RMP's members' honesty. An in-depth case study methodology was employed for this qualitative research. Purposive sampling is used as the methodology for collecting data in this study. The first set of sources consists of RMP members of varying ranks who identify as Junior Police Officers (PRP). To investigate the causes of dishonest behaviour and the degree to which employees understand the organization's code of ethics, RMP employees participated in a focus group discussion (FGD). Research information was gathered using a Semi-Structured Interview Protocol Form. The FGD data were analysed systematically using thematic analysis techniques based on the theme that emerged from the FGD. Based on the findings, members of the RMP have integrity violations due to misconduct and disciplinary issues. Team members on the RMP have a solid grasp of the importance of maintaining trust within an organisation. There are still cases of RMP members committing ethical violations like accepting bribes, not carefully accompanying the Accused (OKT), blackmailing the public, being deeply in debt, abusing drugs, and failing to record their daily work movements in a diary. Therefore, it is imperative that there be a legal and preventative mechanism in place to deal with the issue of violations of integrity. Based on the results of this research, it can help JIPS, RMP design an awareness campaign to encourage more integrity and ethical behaviour [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of heritage sites in Kedah began around the 1840s in the Bujang Valley until now. Various types of heritage sites especially archaeological sites are found around the Bujang Valley, particularly in Pengkalan Bujang, Sungai Mas and Sungai Batu. The definition of Bujang Valley includes the area from Sungai Sala in the North, Gunung Jerai, Sungai Merbok Valley and Sungai Muda to Cherok Tokkun. This situation contributes to the research on archaeotourism because it has a great impact on the local community and the country in particular. The research method used in this study are field research and library research. Field research was done by carrying out an observation in the area involved. Meanwhile, library research involved searching for primary sources by referring to excavation reports by the National Heritage Department as well as written reports found in the National Museum Library and some public universities. The research heritage sites involved sites that were frequently visited by both local and foreign tourists. The results of the study found that environmental factors play an important role in contributing to the increase in tourist arrivals that attract tourism interest in archaeotourism in the Bujang Valley. This paper explains the archaeotourism aspect that can be adapted through the discovery of Kedah heritage sites in the Bujang Valley and focuses at the environmental factors that contribute to the discovery of Kedah heritage sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused impact on the survivability and performance of organizations. Some organizations were forced to stop their daily business operations and suffer losses to the point of having to reduce their workforce. Organizational performance and organisational profit was also affected by the COVID-19 pandemic. Among the affected sectors in Malaysia is the tourism sector such as the hotel industry. Based on the current scenario, this paper highlights the organization's strategy in maintaining the survivability of the organization during the Movement Control Order MCO. This study uses a qualitative approach by interviewing two (2) Human Resource Managers in the hospitality industry at Kota Kinabalu, Sabah. The results of this study shows that the Turnaround Strategy is an effective strategy, in re-stabilize the performance of the organization for the sake of its survivability. Among the measures taken by the organization is by implementing the Turnaround Strategy which consists of three (3) dimensions such as asset reduction, cost savings and revenue generation. The organization's actions effect the organization's performance from the aspects of communication, productivity and leadership in the organization. Previous studies by Mann & Byun (2017) and Santana et al. (2017) stated that Turnaround Strategies are effective in maintaining organizational survivability during the COVID-19 pandemic. This preliminary research requires theoretical aspects in perceiving the extent of the organization's direction in adopting the Turnaround Strategy, workforce reduction and its relationship with performance in an organization when dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the reaction of members of the Malayan Communist Party towards the British administrators during the emergency in Malaya. The analysis focuses on the observation of the memoirs written by selected MCP members involved in the emergency in Malaya, 1948 - 1960. The objective of the research is to show the reaction of the members of the MCP through the guerrilla movement as well as the cooperation displayed by the masses throughout the 12 years of emergency. Hence, memoirs written by a number of selected members of the MCP such as Abdullah C.D., Suriani Abdullah, Chin Peng, Rashid Maidin, and Shamsiah Fakeh were used as the primary source of this discussion. Analyzing the memoirs of the selected members are important to identify the types of reaction displayed by the organization during the emergency as the memoirs holds the ability to clearly magnify the reactions discussed in this paper. The memoirs were observed, interpreted and arranged in a single chronology supported by objective argumentation and notes from the primary documents sourced from the archive. The archive sources were retrieved from the National Archive of Malaysia, The National Archive (TNA), London as well as National Archive of Singapore along with documents in the form of newspaper. The document consists of foreign offices files (FO 800), the colonial files (FCO 141) as well as the cabinet files of the British government (CAB). This paper therefore, conclude that memoirs of the selected MCP members has the ability to show the reactions of the MCP on the national state of emergency declared by the British administrators in order to present an objective historical discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The employment relationship is a contemporary concept compared to industrial relations. Moreover, employment relationships include employer-employee relations, institutions and power. Therefore, this study examines the literature that is in line with trends and developments from time to time about trade unions and the employment relationship. Besides, the literature on trade unions and employment relationships in the Malaysian language and scope of political science are still lacking. Thus, all papers related to the two topics including democracy was identified. This study considers both qualitative and quantitative research papers. The year limitation for this literature review is from 2001 to 2021 to see trends and developments on this topic in the last 20 years. Following on from that, this study finds that the factors of trade union membership, trade union density, organizing and recruiting, trade union challenges, union democracy, employer tactics, and the role of the State are discourses that are consistently discussed among scholars in various countries. This consistency suggests that the theme of trade unions is well established in the employment relationship literature because trade unions to this day remain seen as the most relevant actor in fighting for workers' rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most studies on Usman Awang's poetry are focused on themes, while those that touch on his language are not systematic, thus creating a significant gap in the study of his poems. With its objective to fill this gap and engage further interest in Usman Awang's language usage, this paper highlights relevant issues such as identification of language style, manipulation of language used, and the effectiveness of such manipulations. The analytical framework used is Henry Guntur Tarigan's Language Style Model particularly the four language forms related to comparison namely simile, metaphor, personification and anticipation. The analysis found that all four forms are present in Usman Awang's poems. He uses old similes and creates new ones to introduce unfamiliar elements that are forceful and refreshing in order to generate new meanings for his poems. His use of metaphors allows everyday language to shed its regular meanings and absorb new ones, thereby extending its semantic reach. His use of personifications allows objects to create meanings, develop atmosphere and convey messages, as well as explore sensitive or forbidden issues. He uses anticipation's property of foreshadowing and preceding to depict present and future realities simultaneously, thereby widening his poems' reach and forcefully convey his messages. The analysis also found that Usman Awang avails himself of Malay traditional heritage to enrich his poems although the latter are modern. This article's systematic study is expected to fill the gap and engage interest in scholarly works on Usman Awang's poetry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent developments in linguistic theory in the Minimalist Program have provided many solid basic frameworks for analyzing pronouns in the Mah Meri language, one of the Senoi group. The data analyzed in this paper is taken from fieldwork conducted at Kampung Bukit Bangkong, Selangor. The data was obtained by recording the conversations of respondents who spoke the Mah Meri language. Two research methods were used, the library method and the field method. The library method was used to collect information related to pronouns, and the field method was used to obtain data on the field area. The data collected was analyzed and analyzed using the Minimalist Program. The analysis process of such pronouns is divided into two parts, namely descriptive analysis and syntactic analysis. The descriptive analysis discusses the cases of pronouns of the language, while the syntactic analysis discusses the syntactic structure of Mah Meri pronouns based on descriptive analysis. The syntactic analysis uses a minimalist program framework to analyze the pronouns in the Mah Meri language. As a result of this analysis, a novel finding for an Austroasiatic language is that Mah Meri language pronouns can be divided into two parts, namely case-bearing and case-marked pronouns. Analysis of these pronouns displays differences in the words that follow and precede a noun. In addition, there are also similarities and differences in the classification between Mah Meri and Malay languages, although they are in different language groups and families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

History records that intermarriage between Datu from the Sulu Island with Idahan women has occurred since the 17th century. The result of intermarriage between the two had given birth to heirs known as Kedatuan-Idahan. This paper discusses the history of Kedatuan and intermarriage in Sabah, which contributed to the strengthening of Islamic identity among the people of the east coast of Sabah. This study involves data collection using qualitative methods based on textual content analysis and in-depth interviews with selected key informants in several villages of the Idahan community in Lahad Datu. The study results show that the intermarriage between a Datu from the Sulu Island and an Idahan woman has produced an heir with a kinship relationship with the Sulu sultanate. This kinship relationship strengthens the dominance of the bird's nest economic activity, which is in high demand from Chinese traders. The findings of the study also show that carrying the title of Datu and Dayang at the base of the heir's name to the Kedatuan further strengthens the Islamic identity among the people of the east coast of Sabah. The study also found that the Kedatuan-Idahan intermarriage impacted the Idahan community's political position in the Darvel Bay area and contributed to the early settlement of the Muslim community on the east coast of Sabah. The role of Kedatuan also explains the importance of their position as Muslim religious leaders in the Lahad Datu district and their involvement in the Cobbold Commission until the formation of Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The mental health problems of ex-prisoners are increasing and worrying so that it can affect the effectiveness of the reintegration of ex-prisoners into society. This paper aims to determine the relationship between personality types and the level of mental health of ex-prisoners in Malaysia. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey method of 250 respondents. Two instruments were used in the questionnaire, namely the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale Test (DASS21) to measure the level of mental health of ex-prisoners and the Zuckerman-Kuhlman-40-Cross Culture Personality Test (ZKPQ-M-40-CC) to identify 5 personality domains of ex-prisoners namely Activity, Sociability, Aggressiveness-Hostility, Impulsive Sensation Seeking and Neuroticism-Anxiety. The results of the study found that there is a positive significant relationship between the five types of personality with the level of depression, anxiety and stress among ex-prisoners. Specific mental health interventions should be provided to prisoners before and after their release. This is very important in ensuring that the chance of reintegration of ex-prisoners into society is effective when mental health problems can be prevented and treated before they get worse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interaction between nature and humans is unique and complex. Behaviour and sound are two complex signals that can be interpreted by the wisdom of society. Therefore, angkapio myth displays the belief in the human relationship with nature. This paper discusses the nature features that communicate with a human that explains the past and future event. The information about the event of sadness or happiness that will be faced is only understood by a group who are experts in explaining it. The news informed visually and sound will also make people more prepared to face situations beyond their control. The communication of nature to humans plays an important role in balancing their behaviour so that not to violate the laws of nature. Thus, the human is more careful so that they able to receive good news in accordance with the will of the people. This research was conducted in the field with the support of the scientific study. This research will provide a clear understanding of the concept of communication of Murut Paluan that has a close relationship with nature around them will be discussed. Their life that is flexible with nature has shown a communication system that is believed to protect them from disaster. This research will also display the soul of Murut people who is alert to their surroundings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines Jardine Matheson & Co.'s (JM) response to the riots, strikes, and boycotts that the Chinese people, particularly the workers, engaged in from 1925 to 1926. The occurrence was widespread and lasted for a considerable amount of time. spreading from the south to other regions. The British were a prime target of protests, strikes, and boycotts. JM became one of the British companies that were immediately impacted by the disaster as a result. JM's business's shipping, port, and manufacturing sectors were severely disrupted and destroyed.JM suffered a large loss because of the riot's property damage. JM was also required to comply with the workers' requests for pay increases. To defend JM's position and business interests in China, JM reacted to the incident because of the circumstance. Therefore, qualitative research methods and library research were utilized to examine JM's response to episodes of riots, strikes, and boycotts that happened throughout the time covered by this paper. Primary sources for the study included letters, reports from the London Foreign Office (FO371), meeting materials and minutes from the JM Company, and British business organizations including the China Association. While secondary sources are the results of earlier research, including books and journals. Both sources were used in the creation of this article. The results of this study are expected to add to the corpus of additional knowledge in the study of modern Chinese history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study emphasises the development of the socio-economy of the Malay community in Kedah. The issues focused on are related to the debt and poverty which had been the dilemma and shackled the Malay community, specifically the farmers. This research will unfold the factors that had led the farmers to like being indebted. This practice was seen to be the norm to the everyday life in handling hardship. In addition, the practice of indebtedness too had led the farmers to fall into the scourge of poverty. This research fully uses historical documents and materials which include books, articles, files from the state secretary, CO 273 Straits Settlements, Original Correspondence, 1838-1922 and CO 716, Kedah/Perlis Sessional Papers, 1905-1937. It was found that for the first quarter of the 20th century, the Malays in Kedah specifically the farmers suffered from financial difficulties. They were not only faced with poverty but also oppression from the middlemen and mounting debts. Many of these farmers at that time had to borrow from the loan sharks who were seen as the main source of income to settle all their bad debts. This research provides understanding about poverty, oppression and middleman issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This concept paper focuses on the challenges in healthcare volunteers by exploring the issues faced by Malaysia while conducting relief missions. This will help them to support and develop role plans to increase their preparedness in the field. This paper will explore the challenges faced by healthcare volunteers and their response to the COVID-19 crisis. The challenges of healthcare volunteers have tremendous increased when COVID-19 hit the world. The role of healthcare volunteers is undeniably important in the field and often said to be the backbone in humanitarian assistance especially to the government agencies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). However, the development of healthcare volunteering activities is still insufficient and at an unsatisfactory level. There are cases which the volunteers still lack of experience, training and preparation when dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic. This issue can be seen clearly when the Malaysian government, through the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) urged for more healthcare volunteers to come forward to assist MOH against the COVID-19 pandemic issue. Healthcare volunteers tend to have the great potential to provide important and substantial support to governments and NGOs. This is hoped to be an inspiration to healthcare volunteers to help against the COVID-19 pandemic and to the social's well-being psychological and development of the community. In this concept paper, the author will explore the challenges in order to increase the preparedness of volunteers and their effectiveness in providing assistance to the community in the COVID-19 pandemic situation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper attempts to demonstrate another side of the history of secular education in the Malay States in the 1940s and 1950s. The focal point of this paper is on the discussions published in the Malay magazines and newspapers on the responsibility of the teachers to enhance methodology of their teachings. This is a library research and conducted based on qualitative approach. Information derived from the Malay magazines such as Majalah Guru, Panduan Raayat, Sahabat and Bintang Malaya. Besides that, secondary sources like books and articles had also consulted. Documents consulted demonstrate that teachers were required to have a charismatic personality and creative in their teachings. Governments paid special attention to the issues related to education and tried to eradicate illiteracy through radio broadcasting program. In summary, discussions on teaching methods and strategies as well as teachers' personality traits published in Malay periodicals in this period of study contain valuable information for those involved ineducational field today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Johor Sultanate emerged in the 16th century as the heir of the Malay Sultanate of Melaka. This paper examines the consolidation of Johor's authority from its founding up to the new era of politics and administration in the 18th century. The Johor Sultanate was one of the rising powers in the Malay World. To the Malays, the nexus, focal point, and execution of power began and end with the palace. This power encompasses not only politics and administration, but the socio-economic aspects as well. With this in mind, the objective of this paper is to discuss the extent of the Johor Sultanate's enduring presence from 1528 to the 18th century (in fact, even to the present), and also explain the significance of the 'sultan' as the pillar of Malay authority. The final objective is to assess how the Johor Sultanate became an influential Malay power among the competing regional and foreign powers for centuries. This paper uses the qualitative method based on historical discipline. Therefore, the library research method was used, with the author's exhaustive consultation of Malay manuscripts and authoritative secondary sources. This study found that overall, the political and administrative developments in the Johor Sultanate within the period in question saw many ups and downs. However, the sultanate endured as the symbol of Malay power from 1528 to the 18th century. The position of the 'sultan' as the pillar of Malay authority remained, even with conflicts of succession and dynastic changes. Therefore, the Johor Sultanate remained among the most influential powers in the Malay World, alongside their competition such as Aceh, Jambi, the Portuguese, the Dutch, and other political entities. This was achieved through an organised political and administrative system, as well as well-planned diplomatic relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses an Indonesian woman named Noer Nahar who struggled and sacrificed time and money to help her husband, Natsir achieve his ambition of developing a modern religious school known as the Pendis School (1932-1942) during the Dutch colonial era, specifically in Java. The article examines the role and character of a modern woman in the struggle to shape awareness in children and women in terms of education, nationalism and the emancipation of Indonesian women. According to Noer Nahar, the Indonesians were not only weak in general knowledge of the world, their religious knowledge too was not properly developed in the modern education system. Based on these problems, the main objective of this study is to analyze the role of Noer Nahar's struggles in establishing a modern religious school, known as the Pendis School in West Java. The question now is, did Noer Nahar's struggles to form such a school, succeed? The discussion in this paper is based on the analysis of various resources spanning from private letters, work papers and interviews, to the archival research method based study that analysed Dutch documents. This research employed materials and data from the National Archives of Indonesia, the National Library of Indonesia and the Dewan Dakwah Islamiyah of Indonesia. This paper traces Noer Nahar's struggle in developing a modern religious school despite not getting any support from the Dutch colonial regime. As a female teacher, she also fostered education through Indonesian nationalism to her students for the ultimate purpose of obtaining Indonesian independence. This writing highlights Indonesian women figures in the folds of history for public knowledge and awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, there are various forms of actions and provocations that are against the culture and values of patriotism among the Malaysian community, especially school leaders who are said to be unpatriotic. This paper focuses on the awareness of religious school leaders which consists of Religious Secondary Schools (SMA), Government Religious Aid Schools (SABK) regarding the level of knowledge of religious school leaders regarding the knowledge of patriotism. The problem of lack of awareness of the value of patriotism will certainly challenge and prevent the application, nurturing of values and the spirit of patriotism as an element in the formation of a harmonious and united Malaysian nation. A total of 263 religious school leaders in Malaysia were involved in this study. The results of this study were obtained through a questionnaire that was analyzed descriptively. The overall measurement of the instrument, which is the concept of patriotism and patriotism in the constitution, which is the main construct to assess the level of knowledge of religious school leaders regarding patriotism. The results of this study show that the religious school leadership's awareness of the value of patriotism is high. The level of school leaders' awareness of patriotism in the constitution is also high and shows that religious school leaders who are patriotic are capable of being an intermediary factor or agent of change towards the bond of community unity and students of various ethnicities in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper seeks to investigate the ominous meaning of the paragraph Exodus 4: 24-26, which seems to refer to an ancient religious ritual, apparently Midianite, pointing out the discrepancies that it presents in relation to the set of accounts of the Pentateuch referring to the figure of Moses. From there, he wonders about the Divinity, Zipora (as wife-priestess) and the role of circumcision within a kind of ritual marriage imposed by the bloodstain, which is both the ritual of begetting the Hero and the ritual containment of the fury of the Divine. There is also a review of other meanings that mark the "destiny" of Moses in relation to how it is presented in the Old Testament writings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Malaysian government has decided that vaccination provided since the early 1950s is free and intended to protect children. However, the responsibility to provide complete immunization for children is still an option given to parents or guardians and is not mandatory. Furthermore, the emergence of anti-vaccine movement was even more bold in spreading misconceptions about vaccination needs to society, especially parents. Therefore, this paper aims to analyze the legal issues arising in the context of childhood vaccines and the existence of anti-vaccine movement in Malaysia. The key points to be addressed are the requirement of childhood vaccinations, the existence of anti-vaccine movement and the control over the dissemination of false information in Malaysia. The research design of pure legal research which is qualitative in nature has been applied. The data sources consist of primary sources which are statutory provisions and court cases as well as secondary sources such as textbooks and journals. The collected data were analyzed by applying the content analysis and the critical analysis methods. The research outcome indicates that specific research on the anti-vaccine movement and its precautionary measures in Malaysian legal context were lacking in the past. Therefore, the authors propose that a detailed study to be carried out by focusing on the solution for legal issues arising from the existence of anti-vaccine movement in Malaysian law perspective. The authors expect that the legal research conducted based on such recommendation will contribute new and significant knowledge, especially relating to legal measure to control the anti-vaccine movement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Program TunasNiaga is a program for the development of human capital by inculcating awareness about the importance of entrepreneurship in the national economyto secondary school students. This program does not only provide knowledge and entrepreneurial skills to students, but also help them to make career transition after completing the program and theirstudies. Thus, this paper aims to measure the knowledge and entrepreneurial skills of secondary school students who have participated in the Program Tunas Niaga. This study chose quantitative methods using instruments to measure the level of knowledge and entrepreneurial skills of students. In addition, an unstructured interview method is used to find out the problems faced by studentsand methods of solving the problems when they participated in the Program Tunas Niaga. A total of 379 students who participated in the Program Tunas Niaga in theState of Terengganu wereinvolved in this study. The study found that students agreed they have gained the knowledge and skills of entrepreneurship after joining Program Tunas Niaga. Results of the ANOVA post hoc Tukey test also found significant differences, with regards to the entrepreneurial knowledge, between students whose fathers are working in government and private sectors. In addition, the study also found that there are a few schools thatare not actively running the program and a few participants failed to attend the program because they were busy withother assignments. These problems would not nourish the potential and talents of students as they faced difficulties to participate in the activities of the Program Tunas Niaga. It is hoped that this study will be able to stimulate the organizers of the Tunas Niaga Program and its movers to play a more active role in conducting school entrepreneurial activities so that students can do work to produce economic value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Look East Policy (LEP) was implemented in 1982 with two main objectives. First, efforts to improve skills, competencies, knowledge, and apply positive values from Japan and Korea in work ethic. Second, it aims to improve productivity and quality. This paper discusses the impacts of the second wave of LEP, which is assumed to be mutually beneficial between Japan-Malaysia and the first wave, which weighs more on Malaysia. This study has collected primary data using intensive interview techniques and focus groups with a total number of informants of thirteen (13) people who have direct experience with the implementation of LEP. These qualitative data were analyzed using the construction of themes due to frequency and similarity of meaning on cultural and work ethic questions. Policy cycle theory is applied to evaluate the success of LEP's implementation in achieving its objectives. The results show that in addition to work ethic, cultural factors and practices of reasonable values of Japanese society and loyalty to the employer, are common practices that strengthen the quality of work. The study results prove that LEP is less successful in adapting the work culture fully into Malaysians. Nevertheless, LEP has succeeded in making structural changes with various systematic practices in the workplace, such as 5S practices, Quality Control (TQM), time recording systems, and name tags. Meanwhile the Second Wave of DPT shows cooperation efforts as well as 'spill over' Malaysia-Japan relations which has a positive impact on neighboring countries in the Southeast Asian region. This study is able to prove the implementation of LEP in Malaysia until now is still relevant because LEP not only brings benefits to Malaysia, but also Japan and other countries at the regional level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Live below water in the initiative of small island development goals (SIDGs) 2014 is poorly studied from the perspective of the Bajau-Laut community in Southeast Asia especially in environmental sociology studies. This paper seeks to investigate the two community's knowledge of marine conservation zone rules as a social control shaper. A case study approach through semi-structured interview data collection technique was implemented by involving 20 informants. The study was conducted among Bajau-Laut communities in Tun Sakaran Marine Park (Sabah, Malaysia) and Wakatobi National Park (Southeast Sulawesi, indonesia). Although living under different marine park administration, the communities in both areas have a similar concern about sustainable fishing practices. Thematic analysis techniques through theme categorization based on authority and everyday defined interpretations was applied to describe the differences in social reality of the communities. The findings indicate that the communities in both countries have two distinct social realities when it comes to the interpretation of conservation zone rules. In terms of authority defined, both communities are aware of the role of the marine park agency structure in enforcing conservation zone rules as a social control tool to curb unsustainable fishing practices. Meanwhile, from an everyday defined standpoint, the social interaction between the communities creates different understandings on the implementation of conservation zone system rules covering fishing zones, prohibited zones, and general use zones that are at a moderate level. These findings are important for improved policy and practices of marine park management in respective countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socialization agents are the main factors that determine gay behaviours. However, which socialization agent is the most dominant is still a question mark in influencing gay sexual orientation. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to examine the dominant socialization agents in influencing gaysexual orientation. This study uses a qualitative study design using a phenomenological approach. A total of 10 informants were selected as the study sample using the snowball method. The data in this study were obtained by using in-depth interviews. The results of the study found that there are three main socialization agents that influence gay sexual orientation which are family, peers, and mass media. All of these socializing agents in turn create a self-concept of gay sexual orientation and ultimately form an inner self-awareness as a homosexual. In conclusion, socialization agents exert a direct influence on gay behaviours found in modern society today. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In facing the current global health issue of Covid-19 pandemic, the practice of social work using group methods has become very limited. The need for group work that involves meeting with group members becomes very challenging because the nature of group meeting should be avoided due it can pose a risk of Covid-19 infection. This paper discusses the challenges faced by social workers when using online medium as new norms working with group. This preliminary study used document analysis method. The sampling technique used was purposive sampling. The study data involved 20 fieldwork report documents by a total of 20 social workers who attended the Postgraduate Diploma in Social Work (DPSKS) program and had conducted group work for 7 weeks online. The group of clients they handle involved 20 groups of final age teenagers who are studying at a local university students. The total number of respondents was 94 people The data of this study were then analyzed using document analysis techniques. The results of the study shown that five main issues that were challenges when performing group online were; (i) unclear reaction of group members (ii) longer rapport (iii) technical problems (iv) lack of cohesion among group members, and(v) challenges of social workers coping. The creativity of social workers is highly recommended so that the implementation of group work can be maximized even if it is not like a face-to-face session. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Malaysian society, the taboo topic pregnancy out of wedlock is believed as an immoral action. As the unwed mothers' situation could bring shame and disgrace to the family; thus, they tend to send them to the shelter homes to hide their pregnancy from others. This paper aims to explore the situation that cause circumstances of conception pregnancy out of wedlock and the family reactions among the unwed mothers living in the shelter homes. The investigation was based on the interviews with 31 informants selected through purposive sampling. The verbatim of the interviews had been analyzed according to Cresswell 's phenomenology approach with influenced by open and axial coding. In addition, it involved the combination mixed and matched between descriptive coding, emotion coding and values coding. The result shows there are four types of situations that cause pregnancy out of wedlock: raped, sexual abuse, false pretenses and love. Whilst there were three ways of families got to know about the pregnancy by themselves, professional and outsider. Family reactions were varying; lodge a police report, accepted the pregnancy and did not plan to get the unwed mothers married, a spur-of-the-moment marriage, sad, abusive behavior and isolation. Some families continue the support the unwed mothers via phone calls, visit and sending them food and daily use items, whilst some families refusing to give support at all. The findings are crucial for the family and professional helping profession such as social worker to improvise the interventions to fulfill the needs of unwed mothers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of the spreading of world wide's COVID-19 pandemic are significant and noticeable. The economic downturn and the impact on health have had a huge impact on the human life. Both direct and indirect effects of the outbreak have profound implications, including mental health. This situation imperils the psychological well-being of individual due to feel uncertainty, insecurity and anxiety and isolation. In this review paper, mindfulness approaches that can be learned by any individuals to manage stress in order to cope with their psychological issues during pandemic of COVID-19 such as mindfulness techniques. Application of mindfulness technique can be taught online through psychological first aid (psychological first aid) in tele-mental health services. The tele-mental health services' user is encouraged to practice mindfulness technique by engaging in the self-dialogue while applying the mindfulness-training exercises that have been learned through psychological first aid. This approaches able to coordinate the higher mental function to calm an individual to the state of relaxation. This action will help the person in taking an advantage during the implementation of movement control order to maintain optimum health by self-care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will approach the development of Alor Setar as a commercial centre in the era between 1735-1909. Within this context, the advancement of this city will be plotted from the aspect of the commercial activities being conducted as well as the factors that triggered the growth of a better and rapid-growing Alor Setar. This study uses the qualitative measurement which involves the collection and data analysis from primary sources obtained from the National Archive of Malaysia such as letters sent by Sultan Muhammad Jiwa to Francis Light, Reminders from the Rulers of Kedah, Sultan Abdul Hamid's Letters and CO 716, Kedah/Perlis Sessional Papers, 1905-1937. The outcome of this study shows that since the year of 1735, when Alor Setar began its operation as the state administration centre, the city had become the hub for local people and also foreigners. Within this period of time, there was evidence of hasty trading activities between Alor Setar and foreign traders from Penang, India and China. Among the commodities being merchandised were food supplies namely rice, farm animals and woods. The consequence of these transactions provided a large sum of income to Kedah state. In addition, the commercial activities in Alor Setar had been enhanced with the presence of trading emporiums which allotted stores selling assorted items, for example the pawn shop, textile stores and groceries stores. The existence of Alor Setar as a rapid-growing commercial centre was contributed by several factors such as the effectiveness of administration, the efficiency of town safety control, the sophistication of the communication and transportation system, the competency of health control system and also the presence of town port. These indeed have become the undeniably alluring attractions for traders to pursue their trading business. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Teachers are an important political socialization agent in assisting the process of fostering ethnic unity among students. At primary school level, teachers act as influential political socialization agents in nurturing awareness of students at their early age on the importance of ethnic unity especially in the context of a multi-ethnic society in Malaysia. However, the process of fostering ethnic unity in Malaysia generally, and at the primary school level in particular, is still faced with various challenges and obstacles. Hence, this paper discusses the barriers to the role of teachers as effective political socialization agents from the aspect of school administration practices in shaping ethnic unity at the primary school level. The data collection process for this study was carried out through focus group discussions method involving 16 Malay, Chinese and Indian teachers from National School (SK), The Chinese National Type School (SJKC) and Tamil (SJKT) in Petaling district, Selangor. The results found that there are three factors of administrative practices that hinder teachers in playing a role as agents of ethnic unity that can affect the process of fostering the values of unity in a school. First, teacher separation system throught double-session schooling system; second, grouping of teachers in teacher's office by subject; and thirdly, the focus more on syllabus than other aspects such as ethnic unity in school. This study found that these three factors contribute to the existence of ethnic gaps among teachers, but also at the same time become an obstacle to the role of teachers as effective agents of ethnic unity in schools. Hence, the school should pay attention to this issue and raise awareness of all school members on the importance of ethnic unity in the institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Retention phase is fundamental in orthodontic treatment. Around 70% of patients are subjected to relapse postorthodontic treatment. The risk of relapse can be minimized by prescribing a retainer suitable to a patient's pre-treatment clinical condition and based on retention characteristics of retainers. When removable retainers are prescribed, responsibility of maintaining tooth stability lies on patients. Recent idea has been proposed that removable retainer should be worn indefinitely in order to maintain the treatment result. Therefore, the understanding of retention characteristics of removable retainers is important for promoting patient compliance and satisfaction. This article focuses on reviewing the use of removable retainers in relation to preferences among clinicians, patient acceptability, effectiveness, compliance, as well as retention regimes. An electronic search was conducted in the PubMed/MEDLINE, ScienceDirect and Scopus database. The search was performed up to June 2020 using a variety of keywords including orthodontic retainers, Hawley, vacuum formed and retention. Among the 248 publications that were initially searched, total of 56 publications were finally included. Twenty-seven were observational (6 prospective; 16 cross-sectional, 4 retrospective, and 1 case series), fourteen experimental, fourteen review articles, and one opinion piece. Although quite a number of reviews on removable retainers were available, several significant papers have been published recently. Furthermore, a guideline on retention regime is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]