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Vrsta študij ugotavlja, da likovne dejavnosti prispevajo k razvoju različnega znanja in spretnosti. Študij, ki bi empirično preverjale in dokazovale tovrstno napredovanje, je sicer manj, kar je tudi eden od razlogov udejanjanja naše raziskave. Pestrost likovnih dejavnosti je povezana z različnimi vrstami veščin, zato smo raziskovanje omejili na enega od najpogosteje uporabljanih materialov v predšolskem obdobju, tj. papir. Otroci se v vrtcu vsakodnevno srečujejo in rokujejo s papirjem. Z razvojem fine motorike otroci usvojijo prstne spretnosti, ki so potrebne za obdelavo papirja. To so mečkanje, pregibanje, trganje in uporaba orodij za obdelovanje papirja (škarje in šablona ali ravnilo) (Kurikulum za vrtce, 1999). Nekoliko kasneje k razvijanju drobnih gibov prispeva tudi rezanje in oblikovanje majhnih koščkov papirja. Pri tem imajo pomembno vlogo izkušnje in vaja. Slednja je najučinkovitejša, če je zasnovana v obliki igre. Papir so iz rastlinskih vlaken izdelovali že stari Kitajci, v Evropi pa ga poznamo od 9. stoletja naprej. Papir pridobivajo pretežno iz rastlinskih vlaken, katerim očistijo necelulozne sestavine. Uporaba papirja v likovnih delih je bolj vsestranska, kot si morda mislimo (Čadež-Lapajne, 1983). Vsaka likovna tehnika potrebuje primerno vrsto papirja. Seveda je pri tem pomembnih več lastnosti, od vpojnosti, gramature, pa vse do videza in teksture. Pred uporabo je pomembno, da poznamo osnovne značilnosti papirja. Pri nekaterih likovnih tehnikah pomembno vlogo igra tudi potek vlaken. To vpliva na zgibanje, trganje, rezanje in tudi zvijanje (Brodek, 2013). Akvarelni papir, recikliran papir, papir za origamije in prosojni papir so le nekatere vrste papirja, ki se med seboj precej razlikujejo. V vrtcu so sprva bolj prisotne preproste tehnike obdelovanja papirja, s katerimi razvijamo soročne spretnosti, kot so: mečkanje, trganje, gubanje in pregibanje, kasneje pa tudi rezanje, in lepljenje ter celo prebadanje, luknjanje in spenjanje. Pri rezanju, lepljenju, luknjanju in spenjanju za obdelavo potrebujemo orodja, medtem ko ostale tehnike izvajamo brez orodij. V vrtcu največkrat uporabljamo otroške škarje, škarje z vzorcem, luknjač, spenjač in različna ravnila oziroma šablone (Milčinovič, 1997). Otroške škarje se razlikujejo po velikosti, obliki držala, barvi, dolžini in obliki rezil (imajo zaobljeno rezilo), lahko so desnoročne ali levoročne, nekatere imajo pomagalo za odpiranje škarij, ki olajšajo uporabo. Otroci v vrtcu ravnila uporabljajo redkeje. Poleg klasičnega ravnila poznamo še trikotna ravnila in ravnila krivih oblik za risanje krivih črt. Če imajo ravnila na podlagi prazne prostore, namenjene risanju različnih likov in oblik, jim pravimo šablone. Pri risanju črt z ravnilom je pomembno, da držimo konico svinčnika tik ob stranici ravnila. Ta mora biti nagnjena v smeri, kamor vlečemo črto (Fošnarič, Slukan, Virtič, Puncer, 2004). S pomočjo luknjača v papirnatih gradivih izsekamo odprtino. Poznamo luknjače, s katerimi s pomočjo kladiva na trdi podlagi izsekamo luknjo, in tiste, ki so avtomatski (prav tam). Izbira spenjača je odvisna od števila listov papirja, ki jih želimo naenkrat speti. Namizni pisarniški spenjači lahko spnejo od 2 do 50 listov. Tudi ročni spenjači ali spenjalne klešče spnejo od 2 do 40 listov. Več listov pa lahko spnejo električni spenjači. Za odstranjevanje sponk iz spetega gradiva pa uporabljamo razpenjač. A number of studies have found that art activities contribute to the development of different skills. There are fewer studies that empirically test and prove this kind of progression, which is one of the reasons I decided to investigate it. The variety of art activities is linked to different types of skills, so I have limited my research to one of the most commonly used materials in the preschool period, i.e. paper. Children in kindergarten encounter and handle paper on a daily basis. As children develop fine motor skills, they acquire the finger skills necessary for working with paper: creasing, folding, tearing and the use of paper tools (scissors and a jig or ruler) (Kindergarten Curriculum, 1999). A little later, cutting and shaping small pieces of paper also contributes to the development of fine motor skills (Curriculum for Kindergarten, 1999). Experience and practice play an important role here. The latter is most effective if it is designed in the form of a game. Paper was made from plant fibres by the ancient Chinese and has been known in Europe since the 9th century. Paper is mainly made from plant fibres, which are stripped of their non-cellulosic components. The use of paper in fine art is more versatile than we might think (Čadež-Lapanje, 1983). Each artistic technique needs a suitable type of paper. Of course, several properties are important, from absorbency, grammage, to appearance and texture. Before using it, it is important to know the basic characteristics of the paper. In some fine art techniques, the fibre course also plays an important role. This influences folding, tearing, cutting and even curling (Brodek, 2013). Watercolour paper, recycled paper, origami paper and transparency paper are just some of the types of paper that differ considerably from each other. In kindergarten, simple papermaking techniques are more prevalent at first, which helps us develop related skills such as creasing, tearing, folding and creasing. Later, we develop cutting, gluing and even punching, hole-punching and stapling.Cutting, gluing, punching and stapling require tools, while the other techniques are carried out without tools. In kindergarten, children's scissors, pattern scissors, hole punch, stapler and various rulers or stencils are most commonly used (Milčinovič, 1997). Children's scissors vary in size, shape of handle, colour, length and shape of blades (they have a rounded blade). They can be right-handed or left-handed, and some have a scissor opening aid to make them easier to use. Rulers are less frequently used by children in kindergarten. Beside classic ruler, we also know triangular rulers and curved rulers for drawing curved lines. If rulers have blank spaces on the base for drawing different shapes and figures, they are called stencils. When drawing lines with a ruler, it is important to hold the tip of the pencil right against the side of the ruler. This should be inclined in the direction where the line is drawn (Fošnarič, Slukan, Virtič, Puncer 2004). Using a hole punch helps us to cut an opening in paper materials. There are punches that use a hammer to punch a hole in a hard substrate and those that are automatic (ibid.). The choice of stapler depends on the number of sheets of paper to be stapled at one time. Desktop office staplers can staple from 2 to 50 sheets. Manual staplers or staplers can also staple from 2 to 40 sheets. Electric staplers can staple more sheets. Paper clip remover are used to remove staples from stapled material.

Verdigris sodi med najpomembnejše in pogosto uporabljene pigmente zelene oziroma modrozelene barve od antike do 19. stoletja. Njegova barva se spreminja s časom in v odvisnosti od atmosferskih pogojev. Kljub slabi obstojnosti je bil med umetniki zelo priljubljen. Ker je semitransparenten in ne prekriva tiskarskega črnila, ga najdemo na iluminacijah, ilustracijah knjig in zemljevidih. Poznamo dve vrsti verdigrisa, in sicer nevtralni in bazični verdigris. Verdigris ne spreminja zgolj svoje barve, ampak povzroča tudi razgradnjo nosilca, na katerega je nanesen. Ker so ogrožena tudi številna zgodovinska umetniška dela, so študije stabilizacije pigmenta in razvoj konservatorsko-restavratorskih postopkov izjemnega pomena. V magistrskem delu sem raziskovala razgradnjo in možnosti za stabilizacijo različnih modelnih papirjev z nanesenim pigmentom verdigris. Študirala sem tri različne modelne papirje, in sicer Whatman No. 1 filtrirni papir kot referenčni papir in dva različna ročno izdelana papirja, ki sta podobna zgodovinskim papirjem. Vzorce papirja s pigmentom verdigris sem izpostavila pogojem termično pospešene razgradnje pri 50 °C in 65 % relativne vlažnosti, ki poteka primerljivo z razgradnjo pri sobnih pogojih. Za študije stabilizacije papirja sem uporabila dva antioksidanta, ki sta se do sedaj izkazala za najbolj učinkovita, in sicer 1(H)-benzotriazol (BTA) in tetrabutilamonijev bromid (TBABr). Z atomsko absorpcijsko spektroskopijo sem določila vsebnost bakra v modelnih vzorcih papirja in ugotovila, da lahko z uporabo ročne pršilke pripravimo vzorce z enakomernim nanosom pigmenta na papir. S spremljanjem pH vrednosti vzorcev papirja sem ugotovila, da do pretvorbe nevtralnega v bazični verdigris pride v prvem mesecu termično pospešene razgradnje. pH vrednosti papirja so pokazale, da za stabilizacijo papirja zadostuje zgolj uporaba ustreznega antioksidanta, brez dodatka alkalije oziroma sredstva za razkislinjenje. Tudi meritve spremembe barve vzorcev papirja nakazujejo na dejstvo, da se nevtralni verdigris sčasoma pretvarja v različne zelene oblike bazičnega verdigrisa. Izmed obeh antioksidantov je z vidika barvne obstojnosti takoj po nanosu najbolj učinkovit TBABr, saj so bile spremembe barve minimalne, vendar so bile po treh mesecih termično pospešene razgradnje bolj izrazite kot pri vzorcih, obdelanih z BTA. Poleg tega so na nekaterih vzorcih nastale črne pike, kar ni zaželeno. S spremljanjem stopnje polimerizacije (DP) celuloze sem ugotovila, da je najbolj učinkovit antioksidant za stabilizacijo TBABr, saj je bila razgradnja papirja, obdelanega s TBABr, po treh mesecih termično pospešene razgradnje v povprečju manjša za 33 % v primerjavi z neobdelanimi papirji. V nasprotju pa BTA ni izkazal pozitivnih učinkov na stabilizacijo papirja. Primerjava DP vrednosti, določenih z velikostno izključitveno kromatografijo in z viskozimetrijo, kaže, da bi lahko bila viskozimetrija primerna za določanje DP vrednosti za papir z verdigrisom. Meritve mehanskih lastnosti so pokazale, da pri neobdelanih vzorcih papirja po treh mesecih termično pospešene razgradnje ni prišlo do tako izrazite izgube mehanskih lastnosti, kot bi lahko pričakovali glede na določene vrednosti stopnje polimerizacije celuloze. Z ramansko spektroskopijo smo potrdili, da smo za pripravo barve uporabili nevtralni verdigris, ki se s časom spreminja v različne oblike bazičnega verdigrisa, ne glede na to, ali je papir obdelan z antioksidantom ali ne. Za stabilizacijo papirja z nanesenim pigmentom verdigris je na osnovi rezultatov najbolj primeren antioksidant TBABr, saj je bil pri zaviranju razgradnje papirja najbolj učinkovit. Poleg tega ni imel negativnega vpliva na pH vrednost papirja in ni povzročil izrazitih sprememb barve takoj po nanosu. Negativni učinek se je pokazal zgolj po treh mesecih termično pospešene razgradnje, saj so na nekaterih vzorcih pojavile črne pike. Vzrok za to je potrebno pred uporabo postopka na originalnih dokumentih natančno raziskati. Verdigris is one of the most important and frequently used green or blue-green pigments from antiquity until the 19th century. Its colour changes with time and depending on atmospheric conditions. Despite its poor durability, it was extremely popular among artists. Because it is semi-transparent and does not obscure the printed ink, it can be found on illuminations, book illustrations and maps. There are two types of Verdigris, namely neutral and basic Verdigris. Verdigris does not only change its colour, but also causes the degradation of the substrate on which it is applied. Since many historical works of art are also at risk, studies of pigment stabilization and the development of conservation-restoration procedures are of utmost importance. In my master’s thesis I investigated the degradation and possibilities for stabilization of various model papers with applied pigment Verdigris. I studied three different model papers, namely Whatman No. 1 filter paper as a reference paper and two different handmade papers that resemble historical papers. Paper samples with pigment Verdigris were exposed to conditions of thermal accelerated degradation at 50 °C and 65 % relative humidity, which are comparable to the degradation of paper with pigment Verdigris at ambient conditions. For paper stabilization studies, two antioxidants that have proven to be the most effective so far, 1(H)-benzotriazole (BTA) and tetrabutylammonium bromide (TBABr), were used. The copper content in model paper samples was determined using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results show that an even application of the pigment on paper samples can be obtained using a spray gun. Monitoring the pH value of paper samples showed that the alteration of neutral to basic Verdigris occurs in the first month of thermal accelerated degradation. The pH values of paper indicate that for the stabilization of paper the use of an appropriate antioxidant, without the addition of alkali or deacidification agent, is sufficient. Measurements of the colour change of paper samples also indicate the fact that the neutral Verdigris eventually transforms into various forms of basic Verdigris. From the point of view of colour persistence immediately after application, TBABr is the most effective of the two antioxidants, as colour changes were minimal, but after three months of thermal accelerated degradation, the degradation was more pronounced than in samples treated with BTA. In addition, black spots appeared on some samples, which is not desirable. By monitoring the degree of polymerisation (DP) of cellulose, I found that the most suitable antioxidant for inhibiting cellulose degradation is TBABr, as the degradation of paper treated with TBABr was on average 33 % lower after three months of thermal accelerated degradation compared to untreated papers. In contrast, BTA did not show significant stabilization. Comparison of DP values, determined by size exclusion chromatography and by viscometry, indicates that viscometry may be suitable for determining DP values for Verdigris paper. Measurements of the mechanical properties showed that the untreated paper samples did not show as pronounced loss of mechanical properties after three months of thermal accelerated degradation as might be inferred from the determined values of the degree of polymerisation of cellulose. Using Raman spectroscopy, we confirmed that neutral Verdigris was used to prepare the colour, which changes over time into different forms of basic Verdigris, regardless of whether the paper is treated with an antioxidant or not. Based on the obtained results, the antioxidant TBABr is the most suitable for stabilizing paper with applied pigment Verdigris, as it was the most effective in inhibiting paper degradation. In addition, it had no negative effect on the pH value of paper and did not cause significant colour changes immediately after application. The negative effect became apparent only after three months of thermal accelerated degradation, as black dots appeared on some samples. The cause of the appearance of these black dots must be carefully studied before the treatment is used on original documents.

Magistrsko delo obravnava temo nabave tiskarskega papirja s pomočjo kontejnerskega transporta. V samemu začetku smo navedli cilje, namene, hipoteze, predpostavke in omejitve ter metode raziskovanja, ki smo jih uporabili za pisanje. Delo je sestavljeno iz štirih glavnih poglavji, ki obravnavajo teorije kontejnerizacije, tehnologijo kontejnerskega transporta, kontejnerske terminale in sam proces nabave tiskarskega papirja s pomočjo kontejnerskega transporta. V omenjenih poglavjih naloga podrobneje predstavi kontejnerizacijo in njen razvoj skozi zgodovino. Naloga se osredotoča tudi na vrste in standarde kontejnerjev ter njihov transport s pomočjo različnih transportnih sredstev. Naloga govori tudi o tehnologijah kontejnerskega transporta in elementih ter nalogah celinskega in pomorskega terminala. V samem koncu naloge bo predstavljen proces nabave tiskarskega papirja, kjer bodo obravnavane različne nabavne možnosti ter transportne metode. Na praktičnem primeru bo prikazan transport, varovanje in manipulacija tovora. Z realnimi cenami bo tudi prikazana in obrazložena najprimernejša nabava in transportna metoda tiskarskega papirja na mednarodnem trgu. The master's thesis deals with the topic of procurement of printing paper by means of container transport. At the outset, we outlined the goals, purposes, hypotheses, assumptions, limitations, and research methods we used to write the thesis. The work consists of four main chapters dealing with containerization theories, container transport technology, container terminals, and the process of procuring printing paper through container shipping. In the mentioned chapters, the paper presents in more detail containerization and its development throughout history. The task also focuses on the types and standards of containers and their transportation through various means of transport. The task also discusses container transport technologies and the elements and tasks of both the inland and maritime terminals. At the very end of the assignment, the process of purchasing printing paper will be presented, which will discuss different purchasing options and transportation methods. In a practical example, the transport, protection, and handling of cargo will be shown. Real prices will also show and explain the most appropriate procurement and shipping method of printing paper in the international market.

Magistrsko delo z naslovom Vključevanje obdelovalnih postopkov v proces obdelave papirnih gradiv pri petošolcih na območju občine Šmarje pri Jelšah sestavljata teoretični in empirični del. V teoretičnem delu smo podrobneje opisali motorični razvoj, motorične spretnosti in sposobnosti, Piagetovo teorijo kognitivnega razvoja, se dotaknili zgodovine pouka tehnike in tehnologije, zvrsti dela in oblike poučevanja tehnike in tehnologije, natančno pregledali učni načrt za predmet Naravoslovje in tehnika, pregledali tehniške škatle z gradivom za ustvarjanje od 1. do 5. razreda, obdelovalne postopke papirja, orodja in pripomočke za obdelavo papirja in nenazadnje opisali kraj Šmarje pri Jelšah in Osnovno šolo Šmarje pri Jelšah s šestimi podružnicami. V empiričnem delu smo na neslučajnostnem priložnostnem vzorcu 36 učencev 5. razreda, ki so obiskovali Osnovno šolo Šmarje pri Jelšah s podružnicami, ugotavljali razlike v sposobnostih obdelovanja papirja z različnimi orodji in pripomočki. Pri tem nas je zanimal obstoj razlik v pravilni in samostojni uporabi obdelovalnega orodja in pripomočkov ter natančnosti same obdelave papirja glede na spol in lokacijo. Podatke, obdelane z metodo frekvenčne distribucije in χ2-preizkusa, smo zbrali s pomočjo izdelave konkretnega izdelka, natančneje koledarja, in strukturiranega opazovanja s kontrolnim listom. Preverjali smo sposobnost rezanja z lepenkarskim nožem, žlebičenja z žebljičkom, pregibanja, striženja s škarjami, luknjanja z ušesnimi kleščami, spajanja s kleščami za kovičenje, spajanja s hladnim lepilom in spajanja s pisemskimi razcepki. Ugotovili smo večjo sposobnost deklic od dečkov tako pri pravilni in samostojni obdelavi papirja kot pri natančnosti obdelave. Glede na lokacijo so bili učenci iz vaških šol bolj uspešni od mestnih pri pravilni uporabi orodja in samostojni obdelavi, mestni pa so pokazali več natančnosti pri obdelavi papirja. The master's thesis entitled The Integration of Processing Procedures into the Treatment Processes of Paper Materials among Fifth-grade Schoolchildren in the Municipality of Šmarje pri Jelšah consists of a theoretical and empirical part. In the theoretical part we described in more detail the motor development, motor skills and abilities, Piaget's theory of cognitive development, touched on the history of teaching techniques and technology, the types of work in class and the forms of teaching techniques and technology, carefully reviewed the curriculum for the course Natural Sciences and Engineering, examined the technical box with its materials for technical creation from 1st to 5th grade, the paper processing procedures, tools and devices for the processing of paper, and lastly described the town Šmarje pri Jelšah and the Primary school Šmarje pri Jelšah with its six branch schools. In the empirical part the differences in the ability to process paper with various tools and devices were identified on a non-random ad hoc sample of 36 pupils attending the 5th grade of the Primary school Šmarje pri Jelšah and its branch schools. In doing so, we were interested in the existence of differences in the correct and independent use of tools and devices and the accuracy of the paper processing itself according to gender and location. Data processed by the frequency distribution method and χ2 - experiment were collected by the production of a specific product, a calendar, and structural observation with a control sheet. We checked the ability to cut with a cardboard knife, groove with a nail, fold, shear with scissors, pierce with ear pliers, clamp with riveting pliers, join with cold adhesive and join with split pins. It was found that girls were better able to handle the paper correctly and independently as well as displayed more precision in paper processing. Depending on the location, pupils from rural schools were more successful in the proper use of tools and independent processing than pupils from city schools, while urban pupils have shown more precision in the processing of paper.

Sodobno potrošništvo povzroča pretirano izkoriščanje naravnih virov in onesnaževanje okolja, kar vpliva tudi na papirno industrijo. Namen naloge je bil poiskati odgovor na vprašanji, če se slovenski potrošniki zavedajo posledic pretirane potrošnje papirja na okolje in ali jih posledice skrbijo. V nalogi je predstavljeno potrošništvo, pridelava in poraba papirja, vpliv prevelike potrošnje papirja na okolje in kakšna je stopnja zavedanja o tem med potrošniki. Na podlagi rezultatov opravljene lastne empirične raziskave lahko sklepamo, da se ljudje v Sloveniji zavedajo posledic pretirane potrošnje papirja na okolje ter kažejo visoko stopnjo zaskrbljenosti zanj, kar je pogojeno tudi s spolom, starostjo in izobrazbo. Modern consumerism is causing excessive exploitation of natural resources and pollution, which also affects the paper industry. Our purpose was to find an answer to the questions if Slovenian consumers are aware of the consequences that excessive paper consumption has on the environment, and whether they are concerned with the consequences. In the thesis, we presented consumerism, the production and consumption of paper, the impact of paper overconsumption on the environment, and the level of awareness among consumers. Based on the results of our own empirical research, we can conclude that people in Slovenia are aware of the consequences of excessive paper consumption on the environment and show a high level of concern for it, which is also conditioned by gender, age and education.

V magistrskem delu bomo opisali papirnato poslovanje,elektronsko poslovanje predstavili prednosti in slabosti obeh,opisali bomo tudi kartice ugodnosti ter predstavili podjetje AFP d.o.o. In the master's thesis we will describe paper operations, e-commerce will present the advantages and disadvantages of both, we will also describe the benefits of cards and present the company AFP d.o.o.

Na izbiro in nakup izdelka vpliva veliko število dejavnikov, ki se razlikujejo pri vsakem posamezniku, zato je njihovo vlogo in pomembnost težko preučevati. Hkrati pa za tržnike predstavljajo izjemno pomemben pokazatelj potrošnikovega vedenja ob nakupu izdelka določene kategorije. Da bi potrošnikovo obnašanje lažje razumeli, so tržniki razvili model procesa nakupnega odločanja, ki nam pomaga pri prepoznavanju specifik vedenja potrošnikov pri nakupu izdelkov. Na podlagi tega so opredelili tudi različne vrste potrošnikovega vedenja ter določene dejavnike, ki na sam proces in odločitev o nakupu vplivajo v največji meri. Kljub temu pa se je pomembno zavedati dejstva, da se vedenje potrošnikov v procesu nakupnega odločanja razlikuje pri nakupu izdelkov različnih kategorij, zato je potrebno vedenje ob nakupu različnih izdelkov na podlagi teoretičnih dejstev vsakič znova preučiti. Namen magistrskega dela je preučiti dejavnike, ki vplivajo na nakup papirnatih izdelkov na slovenskem trgu in ugotoviti njihovo pomembnost. Pri tem smo se osredotočali predvsem na pomembnost in razmerje pomembnosti med dejavnikoma »blagovna znamka« in »cena«. The choice and purchase of a product are influenced by many factors that differ between individuals. That is why their role and importance are difficult to study. At the same time, those factors represent an extremely important indicator of consumer behaviour when purchasing a product from a particular category. In order to better understand the consumer’s behaviour, the marketers have developed a purchase decision-making model that helps us identify specifics in purchase process. They have also identified several types of consumer behaviour and certain factors that most often affect the process itself and the purchase decision. Nevertheless, it is important to know the fact that consumer behaviour in the purchase decision process varies between product categories. That means that behaviour of purchasing various products must always be re-examined. The purpose of the master's thesis is to examine the factors that influence the purchase of paper products on the Slovenian market and determine their importance. Primarily we focused on the importance and the relationship of importance between the factors "brand" in "price".

Papirnica Količevo Karton d.o.o. želi povečati svojo zmogljivost delovanja papirniških strojev. Stroji in strojni deli bodo zato posledično veliko bolj obremenjeni pod novimi pogoji delovanja. V diplomskem delu smo prikazali nosilnost valjev papirniškega stroja pod novimi obremenitvami in opisali tehnologije izdelave papirja, ki jih uporabljajo v papirnici Količevo. S pomočjo računalniškega programa Solidworks smo naredili geometrijske modele po načrtih, ki jih je posredovalo podjetje. Simulacije valjev smo izdelali pod novimi obremenitvami, ki jih je posredoval naročnik. Simulacije valjev so narejene s pomočjo programske opreme Abaqus in so izdelane po metodi končnih elementov (MKE). Naredili smo tudi analitični preračun valja. Na koncu je prikazana še primerjava rezultatov, podani pa so tudi faktorji varnosti za posamezen valj papirniškega stroja. Paper Mill Količevo Karton d.o.o. would like to increase the production capacity of their paper machines. The machines and their components will be experiencing more load with these new conditions. In this diploma we showed the paper machine rollers' capacity with new load and described the technologies which are used for paper making in the paper mill Količevo. With help of the application Solidworks we made geometric models in accordance with the plans we acquired at the company. The simulation of rollers was done with new load. The roller simulation were carried out with the finite element method, with help of the Abaqus application. We also did an analytical conversion of the roller. At the end we presented the comparison of results. We also presented safety factors for individual paper machine rollers.

Cilj diplomske naloge je bilo ugotoviti, katere industrijsko zanimive produkte bi bilo mogoče dobiti s hidrotermičnim procesiranjem papirnih odpadkov v subkritični vodi. Hidrotermično obdelavo papirnih odpadkov smo izvajali v šaržnem reaktorju. Reakcije so potekale pri visoki temperaturi (nad 200 °C) in povišanim tlakom (dovolj visok, da je voda ostajala v tekočem stanju). Iskali smo optimalne pogoje ( temperaturo in rakcijski čas), ki so nam dali najboljše željene izkoristke baznih kemikalij (furfural, 5-HMF, levulinske kisline) Po hidrotermični obdelavi odpadnega papirja smo opravili filtracijo in ostanek spirali z vodo in acetonom, ter tako pridobili vodno in acetonsko fazo. Vodno fazo reakcije smo analizirali s pomočjo HPLC metode z uporabo UV detektorja. Kot mobilno fazo smo uporabili vodo. Z eksprimentalnim delom smo določili optimalne pogoje hidrotermične razgradnje odpadnega papirja, ter prišli do ugotovitev, da so pri višjih temperaturah in krajših reakcijskih časih deleži 5-HMF, furfurala in levulinske kisline večji, kot pa pri nižjih temperaturah in daljših reakcijskih časih. The objective of diploma was to determine which industrially interesting products could be obtained by hydrothermal processing of paper waste in subcritical water. Hydrothermal processing of paper waste was carried out in batch reactor. The reactions were carried out at high temperature (above 200 °C) and elevated pressure (high enough that water remained in a liquid state). We were looking for the optimum conditions ( temperature and reaction time), which gave us the highest yield of base chemicals (furfural, 5-HMF, levulinic acid). After hydrothermal processing of waste paper, we performed filtration. The solid residue was washed with water and acetone, which gave us water and acetone phase. The aqueous phase of the reaction was analyzed by HPLC using UV detector. As the mobile phase water was used. Sugars and derivatives of sugars were detected with the help of the RID, while the other components were detected at 210 nm and 280 nm using UV detector. With experimental work, we have identified the optimal conditions of hydrothermal decomposition of paper waste, and have come to a conclusion that at higher temperatures and shorter reaction times yieldsof 5-HMF, furfural and levulinic acid are higher, than at lower temperatures and longer reaction times.

Magistrsko delo Odnos učiteljev do tehniških dni skozi študijo primera – Izdelek iz papirja, sestavljajo trije, med seboj povezani, deli – teoretični, empirični in praktični del. V teoretičnem delu so podrobneje opredeljeni dnevi dejavnosti, s poudarkom na tehniških dneh, in s stališča tehniških dni analiziran učni načrt za Spoznavanje okolja 2011. V empiričnem delu so predstavljeni izsledki empirične raziskave. Ugotovljeno je, da učitelji praktiki večinsko pojmujejo tehniške dni kot izdelovanje uporabnih izdelkov in da vsebine črpajo iz aktualnih vsebin, ki so učencem zanimive. V praktičnem delu je študija primera (Iz papirja izdelujemo uporabne predmete – držalo za pisala), ki izhaja iz sodobnih didaktičnih teorij. Ugotovljeno je, da morajo učitelji tehniške dneve skrbno načrtovati, če želijo, da so le-ti posledično učencem bolj zanimivi in da si ob praktičnem dnevu razvijajo različne spretnosti in sposobnosti. The master's paper The attitude of teachers towards technical days based on the case study – Paper product consists of three interconnected parts – theoretical, empirical and practical part. In the theoretical part, activity days, with the emphasis on technical days, are defined in detail and the curriculum for the subject Environmental studies 2011 from the viewpoint of technical days is analyzed as well. The empirical part presents the results of the empirical survey. It is established that teachers practicians mostly see technical days as days for making useful products and that they take topics from current topics which are of students’ interest. The practical part is a case study (We make useful products from paper – pen holder) which arises from modern didactical theories. It is established that teachers have to plan technical days carefully if they wish them to be interesting for the students and that students develop different skills on these days.

Diplomska naloga opisuje preračun valjev, ki so del kontinuirnega papirnega stroja v podjetju Papirnica Količevo d.o.o. V nalogi je predstavljen celoten postopek od preučevanja obstoječe dokumentacije in računalniškega modeliranja valjev do numeričnega preračuna po metodi končnih elementov. V nadaljevanju je izveden še analitični preračun kritičnih mest in določitev faktorjev varnosti. Vzporedno s praktičnim delom naloge je predstavljeno tudi teoretično ozadje, ki pripomore k razumevanju vsebine izvedenega preračuna. Na koncu naloge so predstavljeni rezultati obeh izvedenih metod (napetosti in pomiki) za vsak valj posebej. This diploma work describes the calculation of rollers, which are part of a continuous paper machine at the company Papirnica Količevo d.o.o. The thesis presents the whole process from the study of the existing documentation and computer modelling of the rollers to the numerical calculation according to the finite element method. Furthermore, analytical calculations of critical sites and determination of safety factors have been carried out. In parallel with the practical part of the task, the theoretical background is also presented, which helps to understand the content of the performed calculations. At the end of diploma, the results of both performed methods (stress and strain) are presented, separately for each roller.

Uporaba papirja kot medija za prenos informacij ima dolgo zgodovino in je močno zakoreninjena tudi v sodobni, tehnološko napredni družbi. V mnogih podjetjih ta medij ohranja pomembno vlogo, poraba pa je velika zlasti v podjetjih s pisarniško dejavnostjo. Negativni vidiki uporabe papirja so poleg obremenilnega vpliva na okolje tudi odsotnost prednosti, ki jih omogočajo tehnološko naprednejši načini prenosa informacij. Spoznali bomo, zakaj in kako proizvodnja papirja negativno vpliva na okolje. V diplomskem delu bomo preučili postopke s porabo papirja v avtomobilskem oddelku zavarovalniškega podjetja. Na podlagi poznavanja procesa dela bomo predlagali spremembe, ki bodo porabo papirja zmanjšale. Spremembe za optimalen učinek zahtevajo prenovo celostnih programskih rešitev in posledično prenovo poslovnih procesov. Predlagane spremembe zato prispevajo k boljši organiziranosti, preglednejšim postopkom, krajšim časom obdelave in večji učinkovitosti. V zaključku bomo ugotovili, da zaradi narave dela uporabe papirja ni smiselno ukiniti, temveč le skrajno zmanjšati. Na podlagi internih podatkov smo z manjšo zanesljivostjo kvantitativno ocenili učinke predlaganih sprememb. The use of paper as a medium for the transmission of information has a long history and is strongly rooted in modern, technologically advanced society. For many companies paper retains an important role, even when consumption is high such as in clerical business. In addition to the environmental impact, the untapped advantages offered by the technologically advanced ways of transferring information is another negative aspects of the use of paper. The thesis starts with revealing why and how the production of paper negatively affects the environment. The foundation of research is conducted on administrative tasks that take place in automotive department of insurance company. The proposed changes are made based on familiarity of the work process and result in reducing the paper consumption. The renovation of ERP system and business process is a must in order for proposed changes to have maximum effect. The thesis will discover the scope of introduced changes are greater than decreasing the paper consumption. It extends to better organisation, improved workflow, shorter processing time and higher efficiency. The assessment of effects of changes are made on data which was provided by the internal source. The thesis concludes due to the nature of business the usage of paper can be drastically reduced, but not avoided.

Stališča so naučene predispozicije, s katerimi se odzivamo na določene objekte ali subjekte in se od posameznika do posameznika razlikujejo. Z njimi lahko ugotovimo, kakšno je mnenje potrošnikov do določenega izdelka, kakšen vpliv ima skupina na posameznika ter kakšne so razlike med ljudmi. Skratka, stališča so eden izmed najpomembnejših pojmov in so postala že skoraj nepogrešljiva pri raziskovanju vedenja potrošnikov za trženje. Prav tako kot stališča je za uspešno trženje pomembna tudi ustrezna segmentacija trga. Kadar podjetje za ciljno skupino svoje blagovne znamke izbere samo določene segmente potrošnikov, lahko izdelke natančno prilagodi njihovim potrebam ter tako uspešneje prepriča posameznike v nakup. Diplomski projekt v prvem delu govori o teoriji stališč ter na kratko opiše tudi segmentacijo trga, nato pa v drugem, empiričnem delu, predstavi raziskavo stališč potrošnikov do različnih blagovnih znamk toaletnega papirja. Pri tem upošteva v naprej določene segmente, izbrane s strani podjetja Paloma, d. d. V zaključnem delu so predstavljene ugotovitve raziskave Attitudes are pre learned expressions, favours or disfavours, resulting as a reaction to people, things, places or events. They can differ from one to another person. Attitudes help us to define consumer's opinion about particular product, to research the influence of the group on the individual and to define differences between individuals. To conclude, attitudes lately became one of the most important and indispensable part of researching consumer behaviour in marketing. Beside consumer attitude segmentation is also very important part of successful marketing strategy. When a company choose to serve one or few segments instead of the whole market, it can adopt products to meet consumer’s needs as good as possible and this can increase the probability of purchase. My project is divided into two parts. The first part summarizes the theory about attitudes and briefly talks about segmentation theory. The second part is empirical. Firstly there is a presentation of research of attitudes to some brands of toilet paper, according to chosen segments of Paloma brand. At the end there is a presentation of results and suggestions of marketing communication of toilet paper Paloma adopted to special features of specific segment and its ideal product.

Živimo v času, kjer je poraba energije elektronskih sklopov in naprav postala pomemben faktor. Pri zasnovi in razvoju je potrebno poiskati nek kompromis med hitrostjo delovanja naprave ter na drugi strani porabo energije za to napravo. Če se le da, je dobro zasnovati nek modularni koncept naprave, da se lahko uporablja ta ista naprava na večih področjih, ter se s tem poveča njena multifunkcionalnost. S tem pristopom si zagotovimo več financ za razvoj. Namen uporabe prikazovalnikov na principu tehnologije elektronskega papirja je predvsem zmanjšanje porabe energije pri napravah z baterijskim napajanjem in s tem podaljšanje avtonomije delovanja. Druga dobra lastnost elektronskega papirja pa je izredno dobra vidljivost in berljivost vsebine brez dodatne osvetlitve. We live in a time where the energy consumption of electronic circuits and devices has become an important factor. In the design and development is necessary to find a compromise between speed of operation of the device and on the other hand, the power consumption of the device. If possible, it is good to design a modular concept device that can be used the same device in several areas. With this approach provide more finance for development. The purpose of the use of displays on the principle of electronic paper technology is to reduce our energy consumption in battery-powered devices and thus an extension of the autonomy of action. Another good feature of the paper is extremely good visibility and readability without additional lighting.

Glavni namen diplomskega dela je popis delovanja procesa na papirnem stroju 6 za različne vrste papirja, ki jih na tem stroju izdelujemo in pripadajoče nastavitve na stroju. Nastavitve papirnega stroja vplivajo na kvaliteto papirja, kar smo ugotovili s pripadajočimi analizami v procesu in analizami izdelanega papirja. Rezultati kažejo, da je pri višji porabi energije višja stopnja mletja papirja kot pri nižji porabi energije. Ugotovili smo, da z uporabo kvalitetnejšega surovinskega vnosa porabimo manj energije. Izdelan papir na papirnem stroju 6 smo spremljali še naprej v nadaljnjih fazah proizvodnje pri predelavi na 10. liniji. Tudi pri izdelavi končnih izdelkov na 10. liniji smo popisali nastavitve na stroju in opravili pripadajoče analize končnih izdelkov. Rezultati analiz kažejo, da je kvaliteta končnega izdelka odvisna od različnih nastavitev na stroju, saj če zmanjšamo pritisk mikro makro valjev toaletna papir postane nekompakten in ni primeren za prodajo. Zato je pomembno, da najdemo optimalne nastavitve na stroju, ki omogočajo nemoten proces predelave toaletnega papirja. The main objective of my dissertation is the registry of the work process on the paper machine 6 for various kinds of paper, that we produce on this machine and the correspondingly settings of the machine. The settings of the paper machine impact the quality of paper, what we found out with relevant analyses on the process and analyses of the produced paper. Results show, that by higher energy consumption the degree of grinding is higher that by the smaller energy consumption. We discovered, that when we use more quality raw material intake we consume less energy. We monitored the produced paper in the paper machine 6 on further phases of development of production in line 10. Also for the production of the main products on line 10, we booked the machine settings and did the relevantly analyses of the main products. The analysis results show, that the quality of the main products is dependent from various settings on the machine, because if we reduce the pressure of micro and macro cylinder of toiler paper that becomes loose rolled and is not suitable for sale. Therefore it is important, that we find out the optimal settings for the machine, which then enable us the undisturbed production process of toilet paper.

Magistrsko delo z naslovom Uporaba papirne celuloze v interieru temelji na raziskavi teoretičnih osnov o celulozi, papirju, reciklaži in ekološkem oblikovanju, ter na izdelavi ročno izdelanih plošč iz recikliranega časopisnega papirja, kot tudi na snovanju in izdelavi prototipa manjšega kosa pohištva s pripadajočo dokumentacijo ter študijo uporabljenih materialov. Master's thesis, entitled The use of paper pulp in the interior, is based on a survey of theories of cellulose, paper, recycling and eco-design, as well as in the manufacture of handmade panels made from waste newspapers and to design and prototype a small piece of furniture with related documentation and study of the materials.

Na rolah industrijskega papirja v celotni transportni verigi od proizvajalca rol do proizvajalca embalaže prihaja do različnih oblik mehanskih, klimatskih in bioloških poškodb. Obstoječa sredstva zaščite za preprečevanje poškodb razvrstimo v dve skupini. Prvo skupino predstavljajo nepremična sredstva zaščite za enkratno uporabo, drugo skupino pa premična sredstva zaščite za večkratno uporabo. Izkaže se, da nobeno obravnavano sredstvo zaščite na rolah ne preprečuje hkrati mehanskih, klimatskih in bioloških poškodb. Nepremična sredstva zaščite za enkratno uporabo lahko role hkrati ščitijo pred klimatskimi in delno pred biološkimi poškodbami, premična sredstva za večkratno uporabo pa delno pred mehanskimi poškodbami. Obstoječa sredstva zaščite so namreč neučinkovita zaradi nepopolne konstrukcije in napačne izbire materialov. Za zaščito rol pred mehanskimi, klimatskimi in biološkimi poškodbami predlagamo ovoj za role industrijskega papirja iz silikonskih materialov. Gre za nepremično sredstvo zaščite za enkratno uporabo, v katerega se rolo ovije v proizvodnji rol in odstrani v proizvodnji embalaže. Po uporabi se predvidita predelava in ponovna uporaba za ovoje in/ali ostale izdelke. During the transport chain, industrial paper rolls obtain different types of mechanical, climatic and biological damage. Existing means of protection against damage belong to one of two groups: stationary means of protection for single use and reusable mobile means of protection. As it turns out, none of the means of protection we took into consideration will prevent all types of damage at the same time. Stationary means of protection for single use can protect the rolls against climatic and partly from biological damage, while reusable mobile means of protection provide limited protection against mechanical damage. Existing means of protection are ineffective due to incomplete construction and the use of inappropriate materials. We suggest using a silicone jacket for the protection of industrial paper rolls against mechanical and climatic, as well as biological damage. The jacket is a stationary means of protection for single use. The roll would be inserted into the jacket during production and removed from it during packaging. After use, the jacket would be treated and reused as jacket and/or a different product.

Informacijsko-komunikacijska tehnologija nas danes spremlja na vsakem koraku in v vsakem obdobju našega življenja. Otroci v današnjem času doživljajo prvi stik s pisanjem prav s pomočjo tablic, telefonov in drugih računalniških naprav. Posledično se je tudi šola začela prilagajati poplavi tehnologije in nekatere skandinavske države (Norveška, Finska) že zamenjujejo pisanje s pisalom na papir s tipkanjem. Ob tem pa se že oglaša stroka in svari, da področje zamenjave klasičnih oblik pisanja s pisalom s tipkanjem še ni natančno. raziskano. Ob tem se tudi sprašuje, kaj se bo zgodilo z naslednjimi generacijami in njihovimi akademskimi dosežki, če bomo resnično zamenjali klasične oblike opismenjevanja (pisanje s pisalom na papir) s tipkanjem. Ravno zaradi tega je namen raziskave ugotoviti razlike pri besedilih, ki so napisana s pomočjo papirja in pisala, v primerjavi s tipkanjem. V raziskavo je bilo vključenih 10 učencev 5. razreda. Analiza rezultatov je pokazala, da so učenci napisali bolj bogata besedila, kadar so pisali s pomočjo pisala in papirja, v primerjavi s tipkanjem. Nowadays, information technology accompanies us at every step and in every period of our lives. Children today start developing their writing skills by using tablets, phones and other computing devices. Consequently, the school system has adapted to the flood of technology by replacing writing with pens by typing, as is the case in some Scandinavian countries (Norway, Finland). Experts, however, warn that there is not sufficient data on the significance of replacing the traditional forms of writing by typing. Furthermore, they wonder what might happen to the future generations and their academic achievements should the traditional forms of writing (writing with a pen on paper) be entirely replaced by typing. These dilemmas have provided the purpose to the research, which is to establish the differences between a text created by writing on paper, and the one that has been created by typing. 10 fifth-grade students were included in the research. Analysis of the results has revealed that texts written by pen were richer in content than those that were typed.

Papirna industrija je ena od večjih porabnikov vode in energije na svetu in eden največjih proizvajalcev odpadne vode. Posebno ravnanje z odpadno vodo je zelo pomembno zaradi zaostrovanja okoljskih omejitev za ta sektor industrije. Aerobni, anaerobni in kombinirani sistemi se uporabljajo za čiščenje odpadne papirniške vode. Sodobna uporaba in obdelava papirniškega mulja običajno zajema sežiganje ali uporabo v gradbene namene ter produkcijo encimov. Ker je papirniški mulj biološko skoraj nerazgradljiv smo poskušali s hidrolizo izboljšati anaerobno razgradnjo mulja, kar bi ob produkciji biometana omogočilo energetski povratek procesu utekočinjanja mulja. S tem bi tudi bistveno zmanjšli količino primarnega in sekundarnega odpadnega papirniškega mulja iz odpadne papirniške vode. Namen naloge je bil preučiti postopek utekočinjanja papirniškega mulja v majhnem visokotlačnem reaktorju pri različnih temperaturah, različnih zadrževalnih časih in koncentracijah klorovodikove kisline (HCl). Optimalno utekočinjanje smo dosegli pri 280 ºC z učinkovitostjo 94 % (7 % HCl), sledijo učinkovitosti 91 % (6 % HCl), 87 % (5 % HCl) ter 71 % (4 % HCl). Po predhodnih raziskavah smo predvideli, da bosta anaerobno razgradnjo zavirala toluen in vinil krotonat, ki sta prisotna kot kemikaliji v proizvodnem procesu papirja. Za kvalitativno in kvantitativno določanje prisotnosti toluena in vinil krotonata - kot potencialna inhibitorja biorazgradnje - smo uporabili plinsko kromatografijo sklopljeno z masno spektrometrijo (GC-MS). Rezultati so pokazali da v mulju ni prisotnosti vinil krotonata, koncentracija toluena pa je nihala med 6,5±0,6 in 5±0,8 ppm, s čem smo dokazali da teh dveh inhibitorjev ni v mulju. Nadaljnja obdelava utekočinjenega mulja je potekala z anaerobno razgradnjo, kjer smo uporabili suspendirano in granulirano biomaso. Najboljši rezultat biometanskega potenciala je znašal 182 L/kgKPK, z 52 % biorazgradljivostjo. Z upoštevanjem porabe energije za izvedbo procesa utekočinjenja, je neto kurilna vrednost utekočinjenega mulja v najboljšem primeru znašala 2075 kJ/kg, kar je nižje kot običajna metoda sežiganja dehidriranega papirniškega mulja, ki daje energijsko vrednost med 2800 in 3600 kJ/kg. Pulp and paper industry is one of the most water and energy intensive sectors in the world, as well as one of the largest producers of wastewater. In particular, the wastewater treatment process is very important due to increasing environmental constraints for this industrial sector. Several techniques such as aerobic, anaerobic and combined aerobic-anaerobic treatments have been used to treat the pulp and paper mill wastewater. To-date there are not many options available for utilizing the pulp and paper mill sludge produced, while its handling costs are high. Generally, the sludge is incinerated or finds some limited usage in construction materials and/or enzyme production. Since the paper mill sludge is almost non-biodegradable, we tried to hydrolyze it and make it in its liquefied form more accessible for anaerobic digestion. This would provide biomethane recovery and most importantly, it would significantly reduce the amount of waste produced. The aim of this work was to study the papermill liquefaction process, in a small high-pressure reactor, in relation to temperature, residence time and concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl). The optimal liquefaction was achieved at 280 ºC with efficiency of 94 % (7 % HCl), followed by 91 % (6 % HCl), 87 % (5 % HCl) and 71 % (4 % HCl). From previous research, we have anticipated that anaerobic process would be inhibited by toluene and vinyl crotonate, which are present in the pulp and paper production as chemicals. For the quantitative and qualitative analysis of toluene and vinyl crotonate in the paper mill sludge - as potential inhibitors of biodegradation - we used gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Results showed concentrations of toluene between 6.5±0.6 and 5±0.8 ppm and no presence of vinyl crotonate. Further processing of the liquefied paper mill sludge was conducted with anaerobic degradation where we used suspended and granular biomass as inoculum. Best biomethane potential result obtained was 182 L/kg COD with 52 % biodegradation. In respect to the energy consumption for the paper mill sludge liquefaction process, the net calorific value of sludge in the best case was 2075 kJ/kg, which is lower in comparison to the dehydrated paper mill sludge incineration (between 2800 and 3600 kJ/kg), considered to-date as the best available technology.

Namen diplomske naloge je po korakih predstaviti projektno delo, v okviru katerega otrok se seznanja, spoznava in raziskuje različna gozdna drevesa, njihov razvoj in pot do izbranega produkta – papirja. V teoretičnem delu je predstavljen življenjski krog drevesa in njegovi deli. V nadaljevanju so opisane najbolj splošne drevesne vrste na Slovenskem. Preko spoznavanja drevesa in drevesnih vrst pridemo do papirja, kjer se seznanimo z izdelavo papirja v preteklosti in danes, različnimi vrstami papirja ter izdelavo na strojni in ročni način. V nadaljevanju sledi opis projekta in projektnega dela, njegove faze. Opisano je, kako predšolski otrok spoznava naravno okolje, kakšen je pomen zgodnjega raziskovanja in vlogo vzgojitelja pri tem raziskovanju. Praktični del zajema celostno didaktično zasnovo projekta Od drevesa do papirja. Projekt je trajal deset dni. Za vsak dan je podan opis izvedbe in analiza z osnovnimi ugotovitvami. Introducing project work through stages is the purpose of this thesis. With project work a child learns about and explores various forest trees, their growth, and path to the chosen product – paper. In the theoretical part of the thesis, life cycle of a tree and the tree's parts are presented. The most common tree species in Slovenia are described in the continuation. Learning about trees and tree species leads us to paper. Furthermore, production of paper in the past and nowadays, different types of paper and manual as well as machine production of paper are presented. Next, the project, project work and its stages are described. The manner in which a pre-school child familiarizes himself or herself with natural environment is depicted as well as the meaning of early exploration and the pre-school teacher's role in this exploration. The entire didactic outline of From Tree to Paper project is comprised in the practical part. The project lasted for ten days. A description of implementation and analysis with basic findings is given for each day.

Papirna odpadna voda vsebuje vrsto suspendiranih, topnih organskih in anorganskih sno-vi, ki lahko z direktnimi izpusti v okolje povzročijo neravnovesje vodnega ekosistema. Industrije zmanjšujejo posledice onesnaževanja okoljskih vod tako, da vsako odpadno vodo iz proizvodnje vodijo skozi čistilno napravo, kjer ji zmanjšajo vsebnost nevarne snovi za okolje. V diplomski nalogi smo uporabili alternativni način čiščenja odpadnih papirniških vod z algno-bakterijsko mešanico in jo primerjali s sistemom aerobnega čiščenja z aktivnim bla-tom. Eksperimentalno delo je bilo razdeljeno na dva dela. V prvem delu smo gojili C. vul-garis Hamburg in določili primerno razmerje dodane mase aktivnega blata in mikroalg v sistem čiščenja z algno-bakterijsko mešanico. V drugem delu smo vzpostavili sistem čiš-čenja z algno-bakterijsko mešanico in sistem čiščenja z aktivnim blatom. Kot negativno kontrolo smo uporabili samo odpadno vodo. Pri gojenju mikroalg smo uporabili KC gojišče in z merjenjem OD678 spremljali prirast mikroalg. Glavni parametri, ki smo jih spremljali pri čiščenju odpadne papirniške vode so bili KPK, BPK5, T, koncentracija raztopljenega kisika in pH. Podatke o vrednosti klorofila a, dobljene z ekstrakcijo, smo uporabili za spremljanje rasti C. vulgaris Hamburg v algno-bakterijski mešanici. Eksperimentalno delo je potekalo pet dni v šaržnem bioreaktorju z volumnom 4,5 L. S sistemom čiščenja odpadne papirniš-ke vode z uporabo algno-bakterijske mešanice se je vrednost KPK znižala za 48 % in BPK5 za 89 %, z uporabo aktivnega blata se je vrednost KPK znižala za 53 % in BPK5 za 92 %. Vrednosti KPK kažejo na prisotne težko razgradljive snovi v odpadni papirniški vodi. Med procesom čiščenja odpadne papirniške vode z algno-bakterijsko mešanico je bila rast mikroalge C. vulgaris Hamburg inhibirana. Pravih vzrokov ne poznamo, saj v sklopu eksperimentalnega dela odpadne papirniške vode nismo karakterizirali. Vsekakor so ugo-tovitve dobra iztočnica za nadaljnje raziskave Paper mill wastewater contains a number of suspended, soluble, organic and inorganic compounds, which can with direct emissions into the environment cause imbalance of the water ecosystem. Industries reduce the consequences of pollution of the local waters by directing any wastewater from production through a cleaning device, where the content of dangerous substances is reduced. In the diploma work we used an alternative way of cleaning the paper mill wastewater with algal-bacterial mixture and compared it with the system of aerobic cleaning with activated sludge. The experimental part was divided in two parts. In the first part we cultivated C. vulgaris Hamburg and defined an appropriate ratio of the added mass of the activated sludge and microalgae into the system of cleaning with algal-bacterial mixture. In the se-cond part we established a system of cleaning with algal-bacterial mixture and a system of cleaning with the active sludge. As a negative control we only used the wastewater. With growing microalgae we used KC medium and followed the daily growth of microalgae with measuring OD678. The main parameters that we had followed with cleaning paper mill wastewater were COD, BOD5, T, concentration dissolved oxygen and pH. Data of the chlorophyll a value gained with extraction, was used to follow the growth of C. vulgaris Hamburg in algal-bacterial mixture. The experimental work lasted five days in batch biore-actor with the 4.5 L volume. With the system of cleaning of the paper mill wastewater with the use of algal-bacterial mixture the value dropped: COD for 48 % and BOD5 for 89 % and with the use of activated sludge the value dropped: COD for 53 % and BOD5 for 92 %. The values of COD show the presence of weakly degradable substances in paper mill wastewater. During the process of cleaning paper mill wastewater with algal-bacterial mix-ture, the growth of the microalgae C. vulgaris Hamburg was under inhibition. We do not know the real reasons for it, since we did not characterise paper mill wastewater in the experimental part. The findings are certainly a good foundation for further research

V diplomskem delu smo z metodama LCA (Life Cycle Assessment method) in Eko-indikator 99 analizirali okoljske vplive štirih različnih vrst toaletnega papirja, namenjenega končni izdelavi rolic. Zraven tega nas je zanimala tudi ekonomska ocena oz. kakšen je strošek izdelave posamezne vrste toaletnega papirja. Vrste papirja so proizvedene iz različnih vhodnih surovin, od celuloze do različnih vrst starega papirja. Rezultati kažejo, da ima najmanjši vpliv na okolje papir, izdelan iz starega papirja z recikliranjem (PP in AP toaletni papir), slabši vpliv na okolje ima papir, izdelan iz mešanice celuloze in starega papirja (TT toaletni papir). Papir iz celuloze (CC toaletni papir) najslabše vpliva na okolje. Glede na stroške izdelave smo ugotovili, da je najcenejša proizvodnja PP papirja, ki je izdelan iz najslabših vrst starega papirja, vendar je po tej vrsti papirja tudi najmanjše povpraševanje. Sledita AP papir, izdelan iz starega papirja slabše vrste in CC papir, izdelan iz celuloze. Po papirju iz celuloze je zaradi visoke kvalitete največje povpraševanje kljub višji ceni. TT toaletni papir, ki je proizveden iz mešanice starih, boljših vrst papirja in celuloze, ima najvišje proizvodne stroške. In this diploma work, the methods LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and Eco-indicator 99 were applied to analyze the environmental impacts of four different types of toilet papers. The economic analysis was performed in order to determine the production costs of each toilet paper. Different types of toilet papers are produced from different raw materials, which can vary from cellulose pulp to various kinds of waste paper. The results of the environmental impact assessment show that toilet papers made from recycled waste papers (PP and AP toilet papers) have the lowest environmental impacts. Higher impact was determined for paper produced from the mixture of cellulose pulp and waste paper (TT toilet paper). The toilet paper made from cellulose (CC toilet paper) has the most unpleasant environmental impact. The production of PP toilet paper is the cheapest because it is made from the worst types of waste papers, however, its market demand is also low. A bit higher is a production cost of AP toilet paper which is made from older waste paper of low quality. Higher production cost was determined for CC paper, which is made from a cellulose pulp. This toilet paper is in great demand despite its high price. The highest production cost was determined for TT toilet paper which is produced from mixture of old waste papers of higher quality, and a cellulose pulp.

V teoretičnem delu diplomske naloge sem najprej opisala praznike in običaje praznovanja ter izpostavila predvsem tiste praznike, ob katerih se obdarujemo. Obdarujemo se lahko z darili, ki jih kupimo ali pa jih izdelamo sami. Otroci bi velikokrat radi staršem in prijateljem kaj podarili, a za to nimajo denarja. Najlažja rešitev je, da darilo naredijo sami, kar ima največjo vrednost v očeh staršev in prijateljev. Za izdelovanje različnih izdelkov je zagotovo najpogosteje uporabljen material papir, ki je lahko dostopen in ponuja različne načine obdelovanja. Z njim lahko delajo tako mlajši otroci kot tudi tisti nekoliko starejši. Z malo pomoči in ustvarjalnosti lahko otrok ustvari imenitne izdelke. Pri praktičnem delu smo z učenci izdelovali različna darila, ki bi jih lahko podarili svojim najbližjim za različne praznike. Izdelovali smo jih iz papirja, in sicer v času podaljšanega bivanja. Takrat imajo učenci veliko prostega časa, ki ga z veseljem porabijo za ustvarjanje. Bistvo mojega praktičnega dela je bilo, da učenci spoznajo uporabnost papirja za izdelavo praktičnih izdelkov in se naučijo osnovnih načinov dela s tem materialom. Pri tem razvijajo ročne spretnosti, sposobnost sledenja navodilom in natančnost pri izdelavi, na osnovi naučenega pa samostojno ustvarjajo podobne izdelke, ki jih lahko z lastno kreativnostjo še nadgradijo. Ob tem uresničujejo svoje ideje, si krepijo samozavest in občutijo zadovoljstvo ob kreativnem delu. In the theoretical part of my thesis I described holidays and traditions connected to celebrations and tried to expose holidays on which we give and get presents. They can be either bought or made by ourselves. Children often feel like giving something to their parents and friends, but they do not have any money, so the easiest way for them is to make a gift by themselves, which is of great value for their parents and friends. The most frequently used material for making different products is definitely paper, as it is easily accessible and you can work with it in different ways. It is appropiate not just for younger, but also for older children. With a little help and creativity they can make distinguishing products. In the practical part we produced gifts which children can give their nearest and dearest on special days. We worked on the products made of paper during their stay at school after the lessons. That is the time when children have much free time they are more than happy to spend being creative. The aim of my practical part was to show children how useful paper is to create practical products and to learn the basics about how to work with this material. While doing it, children can develop manual skills, the ability to follow the instructions and the precision on how to work on the products, as well as how to create similar products on their own, based on the knowledge they gained before. With their creativity they can even upgrade their knowledge, they can realize their ideas, develop their self-confidence and feel satisfaction because of their creative work.

Diplomska naloga predstavlja prevodne probleme različnih znanstvenih žanrov. Analiza besedila znanstvenega članka, besedila učbenika in besedila poljudnoznanstvenega članka prikazuje glavne razlike in podobnosti med temi besedili. This diploma work presents the issues concerning the translation of different scientific genres. The analysis of the scientific paper text, the textbook text, and the popular science text shows the main differences and similarities between these texts.

V diplomskem delu smo se posvetili izboljšanju tehnološkega procesa izdelave kartona. Eksperimentalno raziskavo smo opravili v realnem okolju kartonažne tovarne skozi daljše obdobje. S povečanim deležem uporabe recikliranih vlaken ter z uvajanjem zaprtih krožnih procesov papirna industrija sicer zmanjša stroške in vplive na okolje, vendar so to tudi glavni vzroki za povečanje mikrobiološke aktivnosti. Kakovost kartona se zmanjša zaradi prisotnosti mikroorganizmov, ki povzročijo nihanja pH vrednosti in neenakomerno raztapljanje CaCO3, ki se zadnje čase vedno bolj uporablja tudi kot polnilo. Izsledki raziskave so pokazali, da se z uvajanjem CO2 v papirno pulpo stabilizirajo pogoji za ohranjanje karbonatnega ravnotežja v mokrih fazah, posledično se zmanjša mikrobiološka aktivnost in poraba kemikalij, stabilizira se pH vrednost vse skupaj pa pripomore k zanesljivejši proizvodnji in boljši kakovosti izdelka. In the dissertation we focused on the improvement of technological process in cardboard production. The experimental research was performed in realistic environment of cardboard factory through longer period. Using increased share of recycled fibres and by introducing of closed circular processes, the paper industry reduces costs and impacts on the environment however, these are also the main causes for microbiological activity enlargement. The quality of paperboard is reduced due to the presence of microorganisms, which cause changes in pH values and uneven dissolving of CaCO3 that is nowadays increasingly used as a filler. The research results indicated, that the introduction of CO2 to paper pulp stabilizes the conditions for keeping the carbonate equilibrium in wet phases constant. Consequently, the microbiological activity and consumption of chemicals is reduced, and pH value is stabilized all this contributes to more reliable production and better product quality.

POVZETEK Diplomsko delo z naslovom Analiza seminarskih nalog in poročil integrirane prakse je sestavljeno iz teoretičnega in empiričnega dela. V teoretičnem delu sva opredelili ples in plesno vzgojo, ki je v najširšem pomenu vzgajanje s plesom. Na kratko sva opisali še cilje, naloge in načela plesne vzgoje ter metode in oblike plesne dejavnosti. Predstavili sva tudi vrste plesnih dejavnosti, s katerimi dosegamo splošne cilje plesne vzgoje. Večjo pozornost sva namenili nekaterim zvrstem plesa. Na kratko sva opisali tudi dnevno načrtovanje usmerjene plesne dejavnosti. V empirični del najine diplomske naloge sva vključili navodila za pisanje seminarske naloge in poročila integrirane prakse pri predmetu Metodika plesne vzgoje. V nadaljevanju sva analizirali seminarske naloge in poročila integrirane prakse študentov, ki so jih oddali v šolskem letu 2007/2008. S pomočjo teh sva ugotovili v kolikšni meri so študentje zajeli bistvo plesa oz. plesne vzgoje predšolskih otrok, kar je pa bil tudi najin namen. SUMMARY The diploma paper titled Analysis of research papers and reports about integrated work is composed of a theoretical and empirical part. In the theoretical part we have defined dance and dance education, which is in its the broadest sense education by means of dance. In short we have also described the goals, purpose and principles of dance education including methods and forms of dance activities. We have also presented the kinds of dance activities by means of which general goals of dance education are achieved. We have devoted more attention to some kinds of dance. In short we have also described daily planning of dance-based activities. We have included instructions for writing a research paper and report about integrated work for the subject Methodology of dance education into the empirical part of our diploma paper. Further on we have analysed students' research papers and reports about integrated work, which had been handed in in the school year 2007/2008. With help of these we have found out in which extent the students captured the essence of dancing, or more exact dance education of preschool children – that had also been our purpose.

Zbornik vključuje prispevke avtorjev, ki se nanašajo na aktualno problematiko izvajanja lokalnih javnih služb in so bili predstavljeni na strokovnem posvetu z naslovom 'Izvajanje lokalnih javnih služb' v Ljubljani. This collection of conference papers include scientific papers presented by scholars dedicated to the study of public services at the conference on Local Public Services Provision in Ljubljana. The central topic of this conference was the provision of the local public services in Slovenia.

V magistrskem delu obravnavamo problematiko razvoja kadrov v papirni industriji. Značilnost papirne industrije Slovenije je majhnost podjetij v primerjavi z globalnimi igralci. Podjetja se srečujejo z visokimi zahtevami globalnega trga, kar poleg dobre tehnološke pripravljenosti zahteva tudi močan intelektualni kapital. Papirna industrija Slovenije se sooča s problematiko strokovne usposobljenosti proizvodnega kadra, saj po ukinitvi Srednje šole tiska in papirja v Ljubljani na trgu delovne sile primanjkuje kadrov s srednjo in poklicno papirniško izobrazbo. Tako podjetja iščejo načine za učinkovit in hiter razvoj kadra, ki bo s svojim delom uspešno in kakovostno zagotavljal kontinuiran proces proizvodnje papirja. Magistrsko delo obsega teoretični in empirični del. V teoretičnem delu smo opisali vse dejavnike razvoja kadrov, opredelili pomen znanja, kompetenc in procesa izobraževanja in usposabljanja. Pregledali smo pomembne motivacijske teorije, načine ocenjevanja in nagrajevanja delovne uspešnosti in vodenja kariernih načrtov. V eksperimentalnem delu smo analizirali stanje razvoja kadrov v izmenskem proizvodnem procesu papirja v podjetju Goričane, tovarna papirja Medvode, d. d. Na podlagi kritične analize rezultatov raziskave smo izdelali koncept modela razvoja kadrov, ki smo ga prilagodili izmenskemu proizvodnemu procesu v podjetju Goričane. Prednosti vzpostavitve modela vidimo v strateško vodenem procesu razvoja kadrov izmenskih delavcev, ki svoj osebni razvoj gradijo v organiziranem mreženju učečih se delovnih skupin. Opolnomočeni zaposleni, ki prevzemajo odgovornost za uspešno delovanje svoje skupine, postanejo visoko motivirani za prenos znanja in izkušenj na svoje sodelavce. Učeči se delavci vsakodnevno iščejo rešitve in znanja v okviru svoje delovne skupine in preko povezovanja z delavci iz drugih skupin gradijo zakladnico znanja. This master's thesis discusses the issue of human resources development in paper industry. A typical characteristic of the Slovenian paper industry is that compared to the global players, most companies are relatively small. In addition, they are facing with the increasing demands of the global market, which requires both constant technological availability as well as a strong intellectual capital. With the closure of the High School of Printing and Paper in Ljubljana, the Slovenian labour market is witnessing a lack of well-trained human resources with a high-school or vocational papermaking degree, and consequently, the paper industry is currently faced with the issue of the production's staff professional qualification. The companies are therefore searching for ways to assure an efficient and timely development of skilled human resources that will ensure a high-quality level of work and a continuous paper production process. Master's thesis comprises theoretical and empirical part. In the theoretical part we have described all aspects of human resource development, identified the importance of knowledge, competences and the process of education and training. The relevant motivation theories have been reviewed, as methods for assessing and rewarding employee performance management and career plans. In the experimental part the actual state of human resource development for shifts personnel in paper production process has been researched in the company Goričane, tovarna papirja Medvode d.d. Based on a critical analysis of the results of the research we have developed a concept of human resource development model, we adjusted it to a shift work-based production process in paper mill Goričane. The advantages of setting up this model are visible in a strategically managed development process of employees working in shifts, who build their personal development within an organized networking of learning workgroups. Empowered employees who take responsibility for a successful functioning of their group, become highly motivated to share their knowledge and experience with their co-workers as well. Learning workers are looking for solutions and know-how within their workgroup on a daily basis in order to, through mutual cooperation with workers from other teams, create a treasury of knowledge.

V magistrskem delu je poudarjeno določanje najprimernejše rešitve za odpadke, ki nastajajo pri proizvodnji higienskega papirja. Predstavljeno je stanje na področju ravnanja s stranskimi produkti pri proizvodnji higienskega papirja, mogoče rešitve problematike odpadkov v podjetju in izbira primernejše rešitve s pomočjo dveh primerjalnih metod. V nalogi je podrobno opisano stanje podjetja Paloma d.d. na področju odpadkov. Predstavljene so glavne vrste nastajajočih odpadkov, zakonski okviri, ki zadevajo ravnanje z njimi ter stroškovna analiza sedanjega stanja. Navedene so rešitve problematike, izmed katerih je po utemeljitvi izbrana najprimernejša. Kot rešitev problematike odpadkov v podjetju je predstavljena tehnologija sežiga. Opisane so razne vrste tehnologij sežiga odpadkov. Obravnavani sta tudi dve najnovejši tehnologiji, ki temeljita na vpeljavi električnih metod za obdelavo tovrstnega odpada. Navedene so dobre in slabe strani pri obdelavi naših odpadkov z vsako izmed obravnavanih tehnologij. Na podlagi teh informacij sta izbrani dve tehnologiji sežiga, ki sta najprimernejši za naš primer. Tako smo za primerjavo izbrali tehnologijo sežiga odpadkov na pomični rešetki in sežig odpadkov na lebdečem sloju. V ta namen sta se izvedla tudi poskusna sežiga naše vrste odpadkov na vsaki izmed omenjenih tehnologij. Pomemben prispevek naloge je na področju podrobne analize obeh tehnologij. Podatki so se črpali iz različnih literarnih virov, večinoma pa so izvlečeni iz referenčnih dokumentov najboljših razpoložljivih tehnik. Podatki so zbrani v pomembnejših dejavnikih, ki imajo poglaviten vpliv na področju tehnologije, ekologije in ekonomije posamezne tehnologije. Na tej podlagi se je izdelala primerjava med tehnologijama po dveh primerjalnih metodah. V ta namen so se zbrani in določeni dejavniki ocenili in primerjali med seboj. Rezultat je za posamezno tehnologijo številsko izražen in določa primerno rešitev. Cilj naloge, s strokovnimi argumenti ugotoviti, katera od tehnologij je po ekonomskih, tehnoloških in ekoloških parametrih najprimernejša, in hkrati izbrati najustreznejšo tehnologijo, je tako dosežen. The thesis stresses the determination of appropriate solution for handling with waste that results in the production process. The thesis presents the situation in the field of handling the toilet paper by-products, possible solutions of waste problems in the company and selection of more appropriate technological solution by means of two comparative methods. In the thesis is a detailed description of the waste problem situation in the company Paloma d.d.. Presented are the main kinds of waste, enforced law concerning handling with waste and a cost analysis of the present state. The solutions of the problems are stated and the most appropriate solution is chosen according to the facts. The technology of incineration is presented as the solution of waste problematic in the company. Described are various sorts of incineration technologies. Also two brand new technologies based on electrical methods are being discussed. Advantages and disadvantages of each described technology of waste treatment are being described. On the basis of this information two most appropriate technologies are chosen for our company. For comparison we took the incineration technology of waste on movable grate and incineration technology in fluidized bed. Two test incinerations of our waste products were made for each of the incineration technology. Important contribution of the work is made in the field of detailed analysis of both technologies. The information was extracted out of diversified literature but mostly from the best available techniques. The data is gathered in significant criterions which have essential influence in the fields of technology, economy and ecology. On this groundwork a quality comparison of two comparison methods was made between both technologies. For this purpose the collected criterions were estimated and compared between each other. The result is numerically expressed and defines an appropriate solution. The aim of this work, - to state with professional arguments which of the technologies is on the grounds of technological, economic and ecological parameters the most appropriate, - is achieved.

V splošni javnosti papirna industrija velja za uničevalko gozdov in kot energetsko intenzivna panoga za onesnaževalca okolja. Z dolgoletnim sistematičnim delom in investiranjem je papirna industrija tako v Evropi kot tudi v Sloveniji, postala model trajnostnega razvoja v industriji. Ker tega ni komunicirala z okoljem kjer deluje, se danes kot rezultat slabega ugleda srečuje s predsodki v splošni javnosti, pri oblikovalcih ekonomskega okolja (pri odločevalcih) in tudi med mladimi. Ti se za zaposlitev v papirništvu zaradi nepoznavanja panoge in njenega slabega ugleda ne odločajo radi. Ker slovenska papirna in papirno predelovalna industrija izvozi skoraj 72 odstotkov svoje proizvodnje, se na trgu srečuje z ostro mednarodno konkurenco. Visoke davčne in prispevne stopnje, trošarine na energente in za varstvo okolja, ki so v evropskem vrhu, visoka obdavčitev dela ter administrativen pristop pri spodbudah za investiranje in razvoj, ki so značilnost slovenskega okolja, znižujejo konkurenčnost slovenske papirne in papirno predelovalne industrije v mednarodnem prostoru. Tako vedno višji stroški obremenitev zajedajo v razvojno investicijska sredstva te kapitalsko intenzivne panoge in tako ogrožajo njen razvoj in posledično tudi njen obstoj. Zato je potrebno aktivno komuniciranje in ozaveščanje o posledicah previsokih obremenitev oblikovalcev slovenskega ekonomskega okolja. Prav tako pa je ključnega pomena v tovarne pridobiti kakovostne mlade kadre z znanjem papirniške tehnologije, saj so le-ti gonilo vsakega razvoja. V nalogi je pozornost usmerjena na določitev komunikacijskih kanalov in komunikacijskih orodij za doseganje ciljnih skupin. Omejitve v nalogi predstavljenih komunikacijskih akcij predstavljajo omejeni kadrovski in finančni viri. In der breiten Öffentlichkeit gilt die Papierindustrie als Zerstörer von Wäldern und als energieintensive Branche, als „Schmutzfink“ in seinem Umfeld. Durch langjährige systematische Arbeit und Investitionen der Papierindustrie in Europa, also auch in Slowenien, entstand jedoch ein Modell der Nachhaltigkeit in dieser Industrie. Da dies aber der Umgebung, in der sie tätig ist, nicht ausreichend übermittelt wurde, trifft man noch heute als Resultat des schlechten Ansehens auf mancherlei Vorurteile – sowohl in der breiten Öffentlichkeit als auch bei den Gestaltern des ökonomischen Umfelds oder wenn Sie so wollen den Entscheidern, wie auch in den Reihen junger Menschen, die sich aufgrund der Unkenntnis über die Branche und wegen deren schlechten Ansehens nur ungern zu einer Anstellung in der Papierindustrie entscheiden. Weil die slowenische Papier- und Papier verarbeitende Industrie fast 72 Prozent ihrer Produktion ausführt, trifft sie auf dem Markt auf scharfe internationale Konkurrenz. Das nicht gerade ermutigende slowenische wirtschaftliche Umfeld mit hohen Steuer- und Beitragssätzen, mit Verbrauchssteuern auf Energieträger und Umweltabgeben, die europaweit an der Spitze liegen, mit einer hohen Besteuerung der Arbeit sowie stiefmütterlicher Behandlung der Förderung von Investitionen und Entwicklungen verringert die Konkurrenzfähigkeit der slowenischen Papier- und Papier verarbeitenden Industrie in internationalen Bereich. Die immer höheren Kostenbelastungen greifen in die Entwicklungsinvestitionsmittel dieser kapitalintensiven Branche und gefährden so deren Entwicklung und als Folge deren Existenz. Daher ist eine aktive Kommunikation mit den Gestaltern des slowenischen wirtschaftlichen Umfeldes erforderlich und eine Bewusstmachung der Folgen zu hoher Belastungen. Ebenso ist es essenziell erforderlich fähiges junges Personal mit Kenntnissen der Papiertechnologie für die Arbeit im Unternehmen zu gewinnen, denn nur diese sind der Antrieb jeglicher Entwicklung. In der Aufgabe die die Aufmerksamkeit darauf gerichtet, über welche Kommunikationskanäle und mit welchen Kommunikationswerkzeugen die aufgeführten beiden Zielgruppen zu erreichen sind. Eine Begrenzung in der Aufgabe der vorgestellten Kommunikationsaktionen stellen die beschränkten personellen und finanziellen Mittel dar.

V diplomski nalogi je opisana avtomatizacija sortirke toaletnega papirja v podjetju PALOMA d. d. Sortirka je namenjena sortiranju toaletnega papirja. Poleg sortirke je krmiljenih še osem transporterjev, ki sortirko oskrbujejo s toaletnim papirjem. Krmiljenje je izvedeno s pomočjo Siemensovega logičnega krmilnika in frekvenčnih pretvornikov znamke Lenze. Predstavljeni so razlogi za prenovo in zahteve investitorja. Navedeni so tudi glavni cilji in težave, ki so se med izvajanjem projekta pojavile. Predstavljene in opisane so tudi električne in mehanske komponente in razlogi za njihovo uporabo. Opisan je tudi celoten razvoj električne omare in električnih načrtov v programu Eplan Electric P8. Predstavljen pa je tudi del programa programirljivega logičnega krmilnika pisanega v programskem jeziku LAD (lestvični diagram), s pomočjo Siemensovega programskega vmesnika TIA portal V13. In this thesis is described automation of toilet paper sorting machine in the company PALOMA d. d. Besides sorting machine there are eight conveyers, witch supply sorting machine with toilet paper and are also controlled. The steering is done with Siemens logic controller and frequency converters Lenze. Featured are the reasons for the renovation and requirements of investor. There are also shown the main objectives and problems that have occurred during the implementation of the project. In thesis are presented and described electrical and mechanical components and reasons for their use, development of electrical cabinets and electrical plans in the program EPLAN Electric P8 and featured a part of the programmable logic controller written in the programming language LAD, (Ladder Diagram), using the programming interface Siemens TIA Portal V13.

Primarni cilj magistrskega dela je bila študija možnosti koristne uporabe odpadnega mulja obstoječe papirnice. Ta material med drugim vsebuje tudi celulozo, za katero je znano, da ob ustrezni predobdelavi hidrolizira najprej do enostavnih sladkorjev, ti pa v naslednjem koraku fermentirajo do bioetanola. Hidrolizo celuloze smo izvajali ob prisotnosti specifičnega encima celulaze in iskali optimalne pogoje za njen najučinkovitejši potek. Reakcije alkoholne fermentacije v okviru tega dela nismo izvajali, saj so predhodne raziskave pokazale, da gre za dokaj enostavno reakcijo s 100-odstotnim izkoristkom. Za izvajanje reakcije hidrolize smo uporabljali šaržni reaktorski sistem EasyMax 102. Sistem je bil izbran zaradi njegove enostavne uporabe, avtomatizacije, natančnosti in majhnih reaktorskih volumnov. Vse te lastnosti sistema smo ob eksperimentalnem delu dodatno potrdili. Pri encimski hidrolizi smo zaradi majhnega izkoristka reakcije odpadni mulj predhodno obdelali z različnimi tehnikami predobdelave. Uporabili smo mletje, kislinsko predobdelavo z orto – fosforjevo kislino, alkalno hidrolizo z NaOH in oksidacijo s H2O2. S temi tehnikami smo spreminjali kristalinično strukturo celuloze na več amorfnih področjih. Z eksperimentalnim delom smo določili in potrdili optimalne reakcijske pogoje encimske hidrolize odpadnega mulja (volumen encima, pH raztopine, čas reakcije in vrsto topila). Kot optimalno tehniko predobdelave smo izbrali kislinsko predobdelavo z orto – fosforjevo kislino. Pri tej je teoretično izračunana dnevna količina bioetanola znašala za bolj razredčeno raztopino ( = 1 g/L) 316 kg in za manj razredčeno raztopino ( = 3,5 g/L) 151 kg. The primary goal of the master's work was the study of possible re-use of waste sludge from the paper mill. This material also includes cellulose, for which it is known than if properly treated it can hydrolyze into simple sugars, which in the next step ferment to bioethanol. We performed the hydrolysis of cellulose with a specific enzyme celullase and searched for optimal reaction conditions. Alcohol fermentation was not carried out, since previous research shows it is a fairly simple reaction with 100 % efficiency. For implementation of hydrolysis reaction we have used batch reactor system EasyMax 102. It was selected because of its ease of use, automation, precision and small reactor volume. All these preferences of the system were confirmed during experiments and were used accordingly. Due to small yield of reaction, the waste sludge was pretreated with different preatretment technics. We used grinding of the material, pretreatment with ortho – phosphoric acid, alkaline hydrolysis with NaOH and oxidation with H2O2. With these technics we changed the crystalline structure of cellulose to different amorfic areas. With this experimental work we have determined and confirmed optimal reaction conditions of enzyme hydrolysis of cellulose from the waste sludge (volume of enzyme, pH of the solution, reaction time and solvent type). As optimal pretreatment technic we chose pretreatment with ortho – phosphoric acid. The theoretical calculated daily value of bioethanol was 316 kg for the case of more diluted solution ( = 1 g/L) and 151 kg for the case of less diluted solution ( = 3,5 g/L).

The paper provides detailed technical instructions and brief substantial guidelines to the prospective authors. The title should be informative but not too long. It can include a rhetorical question, allusion or wordplay, but only if carefully considered. The top title should be typeset in the IMS Paper Title Top style and the bottom one in the IMS Paper Title Bottom style. If the paper itself is not written in English, the top title should be in the language of the paper and the bottom title and abstract should be in English. If the paper is in English, the bottom title and abstract should be in Slovenian. British spelling should be used for the English text. The abstract should not exceed 250 words. It should be typeset in the IMS Abstract style. It should not have subtitles, sections or be divided into paragraphs. For an empirically oriented paper, the structure of the abstract should follow the structure of the paper (background, methods, results, conclusions); a non-empirical paper gives more freedom to the authors regarding the structure of the abstract. The footnote of the title page should list the authors' institutions (in the language of the paper) and provide contact information (name, address and e-mail of the corresponding author). Prispevek podaja podrobna tehnična navodila in kratka vsebinska priporočila avtorjem. V nadaljevanju povzetka so podana navodila za pisanje naslovov in povzetkov ter oblikovanje naslovne strani. Naslov naj bo sporočilen, a ne predolg. Lahko vsebuje retorično vprašanje, aluzijo ali besedno igro, a le v skrbno pretehtanem primeru. Naslova in povzetka morata biti v dveh jezikih. Zgornji naslov mora biti stavljen v slogu IMS Paper Title Top, spodnji pa v slogu IMS Paper Title Bottom. Če prispevek ni v angleščini, morata biti zgornji naslov in povzetek v jeziku prispevka, spodnji naslov in povzetek pa v angleščini; če je prispevek v angleščini, mora biti angleški del zgoraj in spodnji del v slovenščini. Angleščina naj bo v skladu z britanskim pravopisom. Povzetek naj ne bo daljši od 250 besed. Stavljen naj bo v slogu IMS Abstract. Povzetek ne sme imeti podnaslovov, razdelkov oziroma odstavkov. Če gre za prispevek empirične narave, naj ima povzetek tako strukturo kot prispevek (ozadje, metode, rezultati, sklepi); avtorji prispevkov pregledne narave imajo več svobode glede strukture povzetka. V opombi na naslovni strani naj bodo navedene institucije avtorjev (v jeziku prispevka) ter podatki o kontaktni osebi (korespondenčnem avtorju).

The paper provides detailed technical instructions and brief substantial guidelines to the prospective authors. The title should be informative but not too long. It can include a rhetorical question, allusion or wordplay, but only if carefully considered. The top title should be typeset in the IMS Paper Title Top style and the bottom one in the IMS Paper Title Bottom style. If the paper itself is not written in English, the top title should be in the language of the paper and the bottom title and abstract should be in English. If the paper is in English, the bottom title and abstract should be in Slovenian. British spelling should be used for the English text. The abstract should not exceed 250 words. It should be typeset in the IMS Abstract style. It should not have subtitles, sections or be divided into paragraphs. For an empirically oriented paper, the structure of the abstract should follow the structure of the paper (background, methods, results, conclusions); a non-empirical paper gives more freedom to the authors regarding the structure of the abstract. The footnote of the title page should list the authors' institutions (in the language of the paper) and provide contact information (name, address and e-mail of the corresponding author). Prispevek podaja podrobna tehnična navodila in kratka vsebinska priporočila avtorjem. V nadaljevanju povzetka so podana navodila za pisanje naslovov in povzetkov ter oblikovanje naslovne strani. Naslov naj bo sporočilen, a ne predolg. Lahko vsebuje retorično vprašanje, aluzijo ali besedno igro, a le v skrbno pretehtanem primeru. Naslova in povzetka morata biti v dveh jezikih. Zgornji naslov mora biti stavljen v slogu IMS Paper Title Top, spodnji pa v slogu IMS Paper Title Bottom. Če prispevek ni v angleščini, morata biti zgornji naslov in povzetek v jeziku prispevka, spodnji naslov in povzetek pa v angleščini; če je prispevek v angleščini, mora biti angleški del zgoraj in spodnji del v slovenščini. Angleščina naj bo v skladu z britanskim pravopisom. Povzetek naj ne bo daljši od 250 besed. Stavljen naj bo v slogu IMS Abstract. Povzetek ne sme imeti podnaslovov, razdelkov oziroma odstavkov. Če gre za prispevek empirične narave, naj ima povzetek tako strukturo kot prispevek (ozadje, metode, rezultati, sklepi); avtorji prispevkov pregledne narave imajo več svobode glede strukture povzetka. V opombi na naslovni strani naj bodo navedene institucije avtorjev (v jeziku prispevka) ter podatki o kontaktni osebi (korespondenčnem avtorju).

Revija O konjih nam že več kot dve desetletji bogati znanje na področju konjeništva. Sestavljena je iz skupine prispevkov, katerih teme pokrivajo najrazličnejša področja konjeništva. S spreminjanjem življenjskega sloga ljudi, se spreminja tudi življenjski slog živali, ki živijo z ljudmi. Vse več ljudi se vrača nazaj k naravi, k alternativnim pristopom na vseh področjih življenja, tudi v konjeništvu. Zanimalo nas je, kakšni so praktični pristopi k drugačnemu delovanju in sobivanju s konji, ki so navedeni v reviji. Iz revije smo izbrali določene prispevke rubrike Praksa ter jih podrobneje analizirali. V teoretičnem delu smo predstavili model sporazumevanja in jezika. Predstavili smo tudi funkcijske zvrsti in še posebej jezik neumetnostnih besedil, med katere spada tudi poljudnoznanstveni prispevek in reportaža. Ugotovili smo, kaj je poljudnoznanstveni prispevek, kaj sporoča in kako. V empiričnem delu diplomskega dela smo ugotovili, kateri so kriteriji za dober poljudnoznanstveni prispevek in/ali so zadovoljeni. Zanimali so nas postopki razvijanja teme, sledila pa je besedilna analiza izbranih poljudnoznanstvenih prispevkov. V makrostrukturi smo se posvetili sestavnim delom prispevkov. Ugotovili smo namero prispevkov in proučili tematsko zgradbo. Posvetili smo se še merilom besedilnosti, kot sta kohezija in koherenca. V mikrostrukturi pa smo ugotovili, kako in koliko je upoštevana jezikovna norma. Skratka, preko analize smo ugotovili, ali so prispevki laičnemu bralcu razumljivi ali ne. The magazine O konjih (About Horses) has been enriching our knowledge in the field of horsemanship for over two decades. It consists of a group of articles whose topics cover different fields of horsemanship. The changes in the lifestyle of people also cause changes in the lifestyle of the animals that live with people. More and more people, nowadays, are returning to nature, to alternative ways in all areas of life, including horsemanship. Thus, We were interested to know what practical approaches to different operation and coexistence with horses are listed in the magazine. We selected articles from the magazine's section Praksa (Practice) and gave them a thorough analysis. In the theoretical part we have presented a model of communication and language. We have also presented the functional varieties especially the language of non-literary texts which include a popular science text and reportage. Furthermore, we have determined what a popular science article is what it communicates and how. In the empirical part of the thesis we have determined the criteria for a good popular science article and examined if they are met in the articles. We were interested in the procedures of developing a theme followed by a text analysis of selected popular science articles. The macrostructure is devoted to the constituent parts of the articles. We have determined the intention of the articles and studied the thematic structure. We have also focused on the criteria of textuality, such as cohesion and coherence. In the microstructure we have determined how and to what extent the linguistic norm is taken into account. In brief, through the analysis we discovered whether or not the articles are comprehensible to a non-expert reader.

V diplomskem delu je prikazana celotna tehnologija izdelave trgalnika papir, ki ga uporabljajo na bencinskih servisih. Največ pozornosti je v diplomski nalogi namenjeno operaciji globokega vleka, zanj je izdelana konstrukcija prototipnega orodja in predstavljena določitev sile pridržanja pločevine na analitično, numerično in z eksperimentiranjem. Cilj diplomske naloge je predstavitev tehnološkega postopka s poudarkom na preoblikovanju pločevine. Predstavljen je tehnološki postopek s poenostavljenim preoblikovalnim orodjem in izbrano tehnologijo. Konstrukcija orodja je izvedena s programom CATIA V5R20, simulacija vleka pa s programom AutoFormplusR5. In this study, the technology regarding the production of a paper cutter used at service stations is presented. The most attention is dedicated to the sheet metal forming process deep drawing ,for which the construction of a prototypical tool was produced and determination of blank holding force of sheet metal was showed with analytical, numerical and experimental techniques. The goal of this study is to present the technological process with the emphasis on sheet metal forming. In addition, the technological process with the simplified forming tools and a chosen technology is presented. The tool construction was made by CATIA V5R20, and the deep drawing simulation by AUTOFORMplusR5

Cilj diplomskega dela je bil ugotoviti smiselnost postavitve industrijskega procesa pridobivanja etanola iz raztopine škroba, ki je nastala kot odpadni produkt pri premazanju papirja. Najprej smo ugotovili učinkovitost reakcije, nato pa na podlagi dobljenih rezultatov simulirali industrijski proces in postavili njegovo ekonomsko analizo. Uporabili smo reakcijo v treh stopnjah, prvi dve stopnji sta bili hidrolizi škroba v glukozo s pomočjo imobiliziranih encimov α-amilaze in β-glukozidaze, zadnja stopnja pa je bila alkoholna fermentacija s pomočjo imobiliziranih encimov kvasovk Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. Učinkovitost reakcije smo ugotavljali z medsebojnim primerjanjem teoretičnega in praktičnega izkoristka reakcije. Teoretični izkoristek smo izračunali stehiometrično, medtem, ko smo praktični izkoristek določili z eksperimentalnimi raziskavami v laboratoriju. Koncentracijo etanola smo izmerili na osnovi meritev s FT-IR spektrofotometrom in z metodo umeritvene krivulje. S programom Aspen Plus smo simulirali separacijski del procesa, nato smo skonstruirali celotno procesno shemo. Na osnovi aktualnih cen opreme, surovin in encimov smo določili letni dobiček in vračilno dobo investicije. The goal of this work was to find the economic benefits of an industrial process for ethanol production from a starch solution, which has been created as a waste product from paper coating. First the efficiency of reaction has been determined. Based on the experimental data the industrial process was simulated followed by the enonomical analysis. We used three staged reaction, first two stages were starch hydrolysis into glucose with an immobilized enzymes α-amylase and β-glucosidase and last stage was an alcoholic fermentation with an immobilized enzyme of yeast Saccharomyces Cerevisiae. The efficiency of the reaction was determined by comparing the theoretical and practical yield of reaction. Theoretical yield has been calculated stoichiometrically, while the practical one has been determined based on experimental work in laboratory. Ethanol concentration has been measured using the FT-IR spectra and calibration curve methology. A separation part of process has been simulated with the computer program Aspen Plus. The entire process flowsheet has been constructed where reaction and separation were included. Based on the actual prices of raw materials and enzymes, annual profit and payback period of investment have also been calculated.

V magistrskem delu je obravnavano področje skladiščenja in procesa komisioniranja v podjetju Merkur, d. d. V uvodnem delu se bomo najprej osredotočili na osnove skladiščenja in komisioniranja blaga ter povzeli določene teoretične osnove za lažje razumevanje nadaljnjega dela. V praktičnem delu se bomo osredotočili na proces komisioniranja blaga v skladišču kemije in papirja. V nalogi bomo tudi podrobneje razčlenili obstoječe stanje procesa komisioniranja na oddelku kemije in papirja ter s pomočjo kritične analize prišli do glavne problematike, ki se pojavlja na samem oddelku (nepotrebne transportne poti in veliko število napak). Z namenom uspešne odprave problema znotraj procesa komisioniranja bomo poiskali vzroke za nastanek omenjenega problema. Nadaljevanje magistrskega dela bomo namenili predstavitvi določenih potencialnih rešitev, s katerimi bi izboljšali proces komisioniranja na omenjenem oddelku, in med seboj primerjali učinkovitost komisioniranja v obstoječem in prenovljenem uskladiščenju. V sklepnem poglavju bomo povzeli določene ugotovitve in prednosti v primeru realizacije predlaganih rešitev. This MA paper discusses storage and an order picking process in Merkur Company, jsc. The introduction focuses on the basis of storage and the order picking process of merchandise as well as on specific theoretical parts which will enable a better understanding of these processes. In practical part, the paper focusses on the order picking process in chemical and paper product warehouse. A detailed analysis of current situation of the order picking process in chemical and paper product department will reveal the core of main issues that appear within the department itself (unnecessary transport routes and a large number of mistakes). With the main aim to successfully eliminate problems in the department, we investigated main causes that led to current situation. Following chapters present potential solutions, which could improve the order picking process within chemical and paper product department. They also present the comparisons of effectiveness between current and improved order picking processes. The final chapter presents a summary of our findings and potential advantages of the realization of our proposed solutions.