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The high production costs for most television fiction series means that they must draw a significant audience from the very beginning. It is very important that the audience enjoy the series. However, what factors have a bearing on audience enjoyment? The purpose of this paper is to identify the affective reactions of viewers that may have an impact on their evaluation of a given series. It also examines whether there are differences among viewers depending on their sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, television consumption habits and genre preferences). The study was conducted for Velvet by conducting personal interviews with 375 viewers of the show. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper makes a critical examination of the most recent developments in Spanish practice relating to the control of irregular immigration. It analyses the commitments being made in the framework of the European integration process and their implications for the control of external borders as well as the agreements concluded by Spain - treaties and non-binding agreements (memorandums of understanding, etc.) - aimed at controlling flows of people. In this context, the article also gives attention to Spain's international obligations on human rights taking its impact on the issue and the most recent internal developments into account - both in legislative changes approved and those being enacted as administrative practice. In light of the foregoing, a critical assessment of these developments and events (e.g. "hot returns") is submitted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high production costs for most television fiction series means that they must draw a significant audience from the very beginning. It is very important that the audience enjoy the series. However, what factors have a bearing on audience enjoyment? The purpose of this paper is to identify the affective reactions of viewers that may have an impact on their evaluation of a given series. It also examines whether there are differences among viewers depending on their sociodemographic characteristics (sex, age, television consumption habits and genre preferences). The study was conducted for Velvet by conducting personal interviews with 375 viewers of the show. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the vulnerability of foreigners in the Spanish labor market by conducting empirical analysis based on Spanish statistics. This article goes in depth the tendencies (especially during the current financial crisis, 2008-2012) and the determinants of the vulnerability of foreign workers, mainly non-EU countries immigrants. On the one hand, an increase of unemployment rate of foreign workers, a loss of occupational biography, a long distant between Spanish and foreign salaries and finally, more difficulties to obtain incomes for foreigners, represent the main tendencies. On the other hand, the concentration in less qualified occupation, a higher rate of temporary contracts, the inflexible regulation and the decrease of the negotiation power of Spaniards, lead to suppose a higher vulnerability of foreigners in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a growing number of social enterprises in Spain. Like any other organization, they must be managed efficiently. However, few studies have analyzed the direction of this type of business and, to a lesser extent, how they manage their human resources. This paper focuses on how Spanish social enterprises manage their human resources by using a case study methodology. The results confirm that social companies do follow human resources practices but, due to the strong social component that moves and attracts workers to contribute to their missions, these practices differ from those made by non social enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the escape of talent from social companies by applying ethical and social responsible human resources practices, and by managing volunteers in accordance with their social characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Socially and environmentally responsible firms make great efforts to obtain the labels that certify their social and environmental standards. To differentiate them from their competitors, the so-called 'socially responsible' labels are considered the best way to inform consumers of their social and environmental performance. However, previous studies have concluded that most consumers do not recognize, do not understand or do not trust labels. Whereas previous studies have examined the influence of attitudes on the purchase of labelled products, this study analyses the influence of understanding and of variables associated with motivation to purchase such products. On interviewing 289 consumers in Madrid, it was found that knowledge of the label is a key precursor to CSR purchasing. The paper concludes by suggesting that organizations and marketing professionals with an interest in the CSR-labelled market should invest in building up familiarity with the label. Avenues for academic research are also proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sedentarism has become one of the major concerns of our times. Most people spend a large part of their daytime sitting down, most movement taking place by mechanical means, rather than by walking. Younger generations do little more sport today than their counterparts did a decade ago. In other words, sedentary habits have become common in our society, especially among the young. To understand this phenomenon we should ask what is sedentarism for young people. Are they aware that their lives are sedentary?What cultural mechanisms have contributed to this? What are the consequences of a sedentary lifestyle for our health and well-being? These are the questions we have asked in this study. We have been working on this topic for some time; in this paper we present the results from a qualitative study among the Spanish young adults. These results provide important clues to better understand how sedentarism has become normalized among the new generations of citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From 2008 onwards, the economic crisis experienced by countries such as Spain marked a turning point in migratory flows. As a result, faced with the serious reality of unemployment and the precariousness of the Spanish labour market, the option of return has become the last resort for some immigrants, and an attractive strategy for governments (of both countries of origin and destination), which attempt to manage return using special programmes. From this point of view, the aim of this paper is to examine the assisted voluntary return programmes in Spain and Bolivia and their suitability to the dynamics of return, beginning with an exhaustive review of the programmes and the perceptions on them expressed by Bolivian immigrants as part of the survey «Circulation and Return», carried out within the framework of the RETTRANS project. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crisis has started a new migration cycle in Spain. As an effect of the restrictive measures taken and the depth of the crisis, migrant inflows have reduced and outflows have increased, the latter especially among Latin Americans. This paper explores the impact of the crisis on migrant people and their families in terms of unemployment, of declining living conditions, and of legal uncertainty. In this situation, a growing minority of immigrants, particularly Latin Americans, implement transnational strategies such as return, circular migration and others. Notwithstanding this, most immigrants are facing the crisis here, combining work, social and family strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the dynamics of the reconfiguration of Bolivian migratory fields in the context of the crisis affecting European destination countries. At a global level, we show how the 2008 worldwide economic crisis, and, in particular, its severity in Spain, has reoriented Bolivian migratory flows towards regional Latin American destinations: economies undergoing larger relative growth, such as Brazil and Chile, are newer destinations, while migration to Argentina has a long history. In a more qualitative approach, based on fieldwork interviews with Bolivian migrants in Spain, we explore the key factors that determine migratory strategies: whether to stay, return or re-emigrate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the main effects of the current crisis is re-emerging phenomenon of Spanish emigration, especially since year 2011. This paper examines the growth of emigration from 2008 to 2012, using disaggregated data by origin, age, sex as well as geography detail at provincial level from the Residential Variation Statistics. The analyses distinguish between native-born and foreign-born with and without the Spanish nationality, and highlight recent trends as a result of the prolonged economic recession and its impact on international migration. Although the use of this dataset which contains time series data enable us to provide a relevant picture of the main demographic profiles of current emigration, the data too have uncertainties embedded within, not least because many of the new emigrants have not registered yet at the destination country. However, the data examination allows us to identify different patterns, including the main recipient countries as well as the provincial geography of emigration, and the main demographic profiles of emigrants. The results shed some light of what could be considered as Neo-Hispanic migration given the apparent diversity of outflows. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish research in Documentation (or Library and Information Science, LIS) began to stand out in the 1980s, in parallel with the creation of university studies in Library and Information Science, and it increased its activity significantly until the year 2000. In this period, research in Documentation was oriented to disseminate rather than innovate, and also had a low international impact, shortage of economic and human resources, and poor methodological quality. In the first 20 years of the 21st century, we have witnessed an outstanding growth and diversification of this research activity, which has led to the overcoming of most of the problems mentioned before. The objective of the text is to present a general overview of the development of Documentation research in Spain in the last 20 years based on the analysis of five fundamental aspects: publications (articles and monographs), topics and methodologies, scientific journals, research projects and doctoral theses. General descriptive data from public statistical sources and comments from a bibliographic review are provided for each of them. As a conclusion, a very positive global balance of Spanish research in Documentation in the last 20 years stands out, not only a quantitative increase (in publications, theses, research projects, etc.) but also a qualitative improvement in the use of research methods and techniques, as well as a diversification of the research topics. In any case, internationalization (collaboration with foreign authors) and the presentation of international projects could be improved. Finally, there is a risk in near future related to aging and the absence of generational renewal of the research staff that can will slow down this growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the representation of gender violence in the local press in Spain, where one thousand women have been killed in the last fifteen years. The fieldwork allows us to conclude that, even though the printed press has played a key role in raising awareness of the general public and in situating the political debate, a serious improvement is necessary in a coverage that is still unsatisfactory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a growing number of open data initiatives that allow citizens to reuse public data sets through specifically designed applications. This paper presents an overview of these initiatives and their development in Spain, analyzing the open data sets available and the functions and features of the applications developed for this purpose. The information source used in this work is the portal http://datos.gob.es, of national scope which organizes and manages the public information catalog of Spanish administrations. This source offers information about these data sets and the applications and utilities developed. The analysis shows a diverse distribution of these open data sets that requires grouping by metacategories for its study and analysis. The level of development of the applications seems low but it may be due to the incipience on freely available data. In any case, the data sets related to infrastructures (especially transports) appear to be the main object of the applications developed so far in Spain in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Libraries in Spain, like other institutions, have been affected by the economic crisis. The effects and their consequences are studied in this paper, based on available library statistics. A significant decrease in expenditure for materials, the downgrading of collections, library closures and a growing increase in usage were observed in 2012. Changes in content consumption habits are also highlighted, with special attention to adaptations to digital change. Facts 2012: the operating costs of Spanish libraries amounted to 990.1 million euros (+0.54% compared to 2010); if the increase in the CPI is taken into account, the cost increase is actually 5%. Personnel expenses represent 66.9%. Public libraries (PLs) reported 594 fewer employees than in 2010 and there were 154 fewer in academic libraries (-5.6% and -2.6%, respectively). The PLs incorporated 3.5 million volumes (-31.2% compared to 2010). Visits to libraries: Total 216.4 million (in PLs +20.5% / 2010); 401 libraries (20%) did not have computers for public use and 46.5% had no opac yet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to show the historical importance of the Instituto de Ciencias del Hombre for the development of psychology in Spain. The Instituto de Ciencias del Hombre was a private institution which gave support to Spanish psychology in a very crucial moment of its history. As identified in the analysis of primary sources, the Institute promoted the attractiveness of psychology in a growing number of potential customers. Indeed, while Spain was going through a political transition from dictatorship to democracy, and psychology was striving for its academic, scientific and professional consolidation, the Instituto de Ciencias del Hombre organized a number of activities which greatly contributed to stimulate an interest in psychological knowledge. The work of the Instituto, however, has gone inexplicably unnoticed by most of the historians devoting themselves to the institutional analysis of Spanish psychological history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper, which is part of a parallel study between Mexico and Spain, analyzes the environmental information requests that are made by users in the Spanish public sector bodies. Furthermore, a webcrawler, which was designed for this purpose, analyzes many parameters of the information displayed on the website of 30 environmental public bodies such as the number of documents, providers, types of environmental information, document formats ... Results highlight the use of metatags instead of metadata and descriptor analysis shows a lack of relationship between the requests and the descriptors which are used to identify such information on the Web. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The changes televised fiction has experienced in the context of media convergence are addressed in this paper, and a proposal is outlined for analyzing the mechanisms and strategies Spanish television chains use to disseminate and promote fictional products through the Internet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides a comparative analysis of historical, social, cultural and political circumstances that have contributed over a long period of time to the creation of gender-biased contexts in Spanish and Serbian school systems. Research procedures of critical discourse analysis are applied to curricular concepts, textbook discourse, and to legislative educational discourse in order to support the stand that overall patriarchal ideologies, still very much present in Spanish and Serbian societies, are directly reflected in both Spanish and Serbian classrooms. In other words, despite proclaimed gender equality, these two countries have not yet achieved authentic and comprehensive equality between boys and girls within their educational systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous studies have established the impact of writing summaries based on the reading of various documentary sources in learning. The research presented in this paper attempts to study the relations between students' beliefs regarding reading and writing, the quality of their written summaries, and the level of learning attained by writing summaries. Forty-eight secondary school students participated in the study by writing a summary after reading three texts. The results indicate that the writing of students who have beliefs that are more transactional, demonstrate better organization and greater integration of content; the results also show that students who elaborate more integrated texts obtain greater benefits in terms of learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper evolution in prices of housing and urban soil is analysed by using the data included in the statistics available in the Subdirección General de Estudios Económicos y Estadísticas (Department of Economic Studies and Statistics) belonging to the Ministerio de Fomento (Ministry of Public Works). The study period goes from 2004 to the first quarter of 2012, in order to confirm the adjustment these prices have suffered from the end of 2007. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to understand the role of physical activity and sport in the social integration of young immigrants in Almeria (Spain). The Physical Activity and Sport Acculturation Index (PASAI) was designed for this purpose, taking four dimensions into account (i.e., mixed relationships, cultural references, norms and transnationality). Data were obtained from a survey administered to the immigrant population between 14 and 24 years old. Results show that immigrants have a low level of participation in physical activity and sport. Generation and origin appear to be the main variables that predict this participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article studies Spanish articles on 67 covering human resource management topics in order to analyze the evolution of the research in human resource management conducted in Spain between 2001 and 2010. Our results show a strong increase in the number of Spanish articles published in the management area, and in particular in human resource management. This growth is larger than that found for the four larger European countries during the same period. This larger presence of Spanish research in human resource management journals has come together with a slight improvement in the quality of the outlets where articles have seen the light. The paper has also identified other characteristics of the research conducted by human resource management Spanish scholars during this decade, such as the predominance of quantitative analysis and the scant collaboration between researchers from different universities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a critical examination of the management of irregular migration flows in Spain and the legal principles and administrative practices implemented by the State in the process of expulsion that legitimise the existence of Immigrant Detention Centres (CIE). It also provides a description of the current situation of the CIE, and reports on the most recent proposals made by the Spanish government to improve the management of CIE in response to pressure exerted by civil society organisations, especially after public protests regarding the death of two inmates in December 2011 and January 2012. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In late 2004, the Conference for EU-Related Affairs (CARUE) approved two agreements governing the participation of the autonomous communities in the Council of the European Union and its preparatory bodies. After more than seven years of implementation, the system is not bringing the expected results. The problems identified in practice in a context, moreover, of institutional and economic crisis, call for new approaches. The following paper analyses the main obstacles that have arisen since the implementation of the 2004 agreements with a view to determining future prospects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Masculinity is culture's effect, a social construction and a performance, more than a universal and immutable essence. The hegemonic masculine model based on rigid gender difference and built on the stereotype of "macho" and male breadwinner, is doubted in the actual society. Contemporary art, as a social agent and as a powerful way of communication, contributes to questioning this model, by proposing new plural forms of masculinities. In this paper we develop a study about man images created in Spanish actual art, through an analysis of the work of local artists' selection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze how main Spanish talk radio stations are using Twitter. We start from the hypothesis that this application is being underused. To check it, we have conducted a content analysis of the official Twitter accounts of the main 5 talk radio stations during two weeks, from January, 28th to February, 10th, 211. The results of the 342 analyzed messages certify some positive indicators, together with a widespread use of a 2.0 tool with a mentality that, in many aspects, still remains 1.0. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this study is to identify the vegan activist profile in Spain, with vegans being the most committed group within the animal liberation movement. Through online questionnaires, we analyzed socio-demographic characteristics, ideological and emotional aspects of the participants, their process of conversion, as well as their preferences regarding activism strategies. The findings are very similar to previous studies about animal rights activists, especially those conducted in the United States. The paper concludes with recommendations aimed at animal organizations, companies and governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to understand the behavior of Spain's main media within a specific electoral context: the 2008 General Election. To this end, we analyzed the coverage of the major Spanish newspapers (El País, El Mundo and Abc) in order to determine whether their agenda setting and framing had political motives, in addition to the merely informative intention. Spanish media had at least two options within the context of the elections: to offer their readers a neutral coverage or, on the contrary, to taint it with obvious partisanship. Our findings demonstrate the predominance of the latter option. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Local women's councils are strategic places to channel women's participation and demands in order to promote gender policies at the local level. Nevertheless, as well as other participatory mechanisms, their dynamics could be biased according to participant's characteristics and the institutional agenda of local government. In this paper we try to show evidences about theses bias trough a survey carry out among women's associations in five Spanish cities. Results show that the participatory dynamic of local women's councils produces two kind of bias: an inclusiveness bias according to the traits of women's organizations, favouring those more oriented towards political activism; and a substantive bias according to the issues discussed, favouring those close to the local government agenda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper is to identify the determining factors of the agrarian crisis in Mediterranean Spain and the solutions agricultural cooperatives could provide. The methodology consists of the application of the Delphi Method through a questionnaire presented to experts in 2011. The conclusion of this study is that agricultural cooperatives represent an appropriate formula for facing threats and weaknesses in this sector. Implementing a competitive differentiation strategy based on quality is compatible with strategies to reduce production prices through the concentration of agricultural supply. Strategic alliances have the power to set up strategies aimed at improving professionalisation in management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The object of this paper is to analyse changes in the collective imaginary regarding Spanish rurality from 1940 to the present. For this purpose a historical-sociological methodology was used that allows for the differentiation of three different phases in the evolution of this imaginary. These phases are: 1) conservative mystification of rurality; 2) contempt and disdain for rural life; 3) current tendencies towards the revalorisation of rural areas, which came about simultaneously with growing consideration for rural areas as places for leisure and tourism. The study of these transformations shows that the Spanish collective imaginary on rurality is not intrinsic and indifferent to time and context, but the product of a social construction in constant social and historical change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic crisis and its impact on the Spanish policy of international cooperation are analysed in three different parts of this document. Initially, the paper addresses the cuts from a Latin American perspective, and through international regulatory framework of the effectiveness and governance of development aid. The second stage analyzes such cuts and its impact in three fields: Latin America, Spanish cooperation policy and the global agenda. Finally, some conclusions arise which point out challenges and opportunities within reduced public expense, and identifies some areas to be considered from a Latin American point of view. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the process of implementing «gender equality» in North-South development cooperation. The hypotheses argue that the background of these processes involves a homogenizing desire whereby the goals of the West should be the goals of the world. The theoretical discussion is based on modern feminist critical theories. The first part reviews the main theoretical reflections related to post-modern feminism, and the second section provides empirical information on the relationship between Colombian and Aragonese NGDOs. The main conclusions state that, on the one hand, post-modern feminist theories represent an advance in the understanding of current patterns of development cooperation. On the other hand, in practice, «gender equality» on the development cooperation agenda often reproduces a type of patriarchal authority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes economic voting in decentralized contexts. The existence of several arenas of political competition allows for the appearance of vertical electoral contamination processes, implying that voters do not evaluate the performance of national and regional governments independently. Using the case of Spain in the period 1982-2008, it is demonstrated that this electoral contamination spreads from the national arena to the regional one, and not the other way round. However, electoral contamination tends to diminish as the process of decentralization takes place over time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the Consultative Council Inform of 15th December 2010 about the inobservance of the EU Law caused by a Comunidad Autonoma and its effects. The Consultative Council examines all the possible mechanisms that could be used by the State to prevent and to act in case of a violation of EU Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays young people are marrying less and later, and lengthen their stay in the parental home, while it is becoming increasingly common to experience alternative relationships such as cohabitation, partnerships without co-residence and even singlehood. Within this context this paper develops an approach to partnership formation of young women in Spain. The analysis includes the socio-demographic factors (age, educational attainment, labor force activity, living at the parental home, previous experience on co-residential relationships, parental divorce and having children or not) affecting the partnership status of women aged 20 and 35 at the time of the survey. It is run a multinomial logistic regression model with data drawn from the Fertility, Family and Values Survey of 2006. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, the soap opera is a format that has an installed place in television schedule. It serves to structure relevant home-grown productions. That is why this paper reflects on the evolution of this genre in the Spanish case. Different stages in its development will be described, starting with the release of Latin American soap operas and ending with its redefinition as a home-grown model. Afterward, we will explain the processes and resources it uses in order to adapt itself to national audiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses determinants of the aspirations and expectations among immigrant offspring on the basis of a representative sample of second generation adolescents interviewed at schools in the metropolitan area of Madrid. Seven hypotheses are formulated in relation to status attainment in general and aspirations and expectations in particular. We present breakdowns of educational and occupational aspirations and expectations by gender, parental education and school. The analysis is completed with structural equation models which offer an integrated theoretical perspective on the causal structure of ambition in the Spanish context. We examine the consequences of our conclusions for theory and policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main proposal of the paper is to analyze the human resources management practices adopted by some Spanish SMEs in order to promote and develop corporate entrepreneurship. A case study method is used to explore the corporate entrepreneurship activities developed by three SMEs. The main results show the importance of establishing good relationships among companys' members, creating an appropriate working environment. Also, the relevance of promoting risk attitudes and the participation of employees in corporate entrepreneurship activities is highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aims of this study are to determine the influence and analyze the importance of reading habits as a leisure activity, and quantify the time dedicated to it, compared with other media, as television and radio. A questionnaire was used, adapted to characteristics of the population studied, and the data was processed with SPSS. To sum up, the profile of the most usual reader in the Universidad Europea de Madrid, is a woman, attending a degree in Communication and Humanities as a freshmen or sophomore. She reads novels and tales (in paper format and in Spanish) once or twice a week and much more during the holidays. She usually watches TV and uses Internet mainly to read the mail. She does not read the press everyday and goes to the library mainly to study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The internet is transforming the business model of the press. Free access to online news, increased competition and the crisis of the media sector has reopened the debate on the future of newspapers in the convergence era. The object of this paper it is to examine the basis of the new business models of the press on the Net. The analysis addresses the revenue sources for online information: advertising and sale of the product. The methodology is the case study, applied to the business strategies of four Spanish digital newspapers: the online versions of two main newspapers (Elpaís.com and Elmundo. es) and two pure digital players (Soitu and Factual). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I analyse three diaries which belong to my book of personal diaries, La escritura invisible. Testimonios sobre el diario íntimo (Sendoa 2000), which I collected from 2000 to 2006. These diaries were written by Spanish girls from 1970s to 1990s. Although it would not be exact to generalize, nor jump into into general conclusions since we are dealing with a very wide subject, such as the diaries of adolescents, or their reading or study, we present here some relevant aspects connected with how teenagers keep a diary, what do they write about, and what importance writing a diary has for them in every day life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Political corruption is a key theoretical issue regarding the quality of democracy. And it was a main theme from the empirical point of view during the last Spanish local elections, held on May 27, 2007. This paper focuses upon the electoral behaviour of foreigners on that occasion and aims to know whether and to what extent corruption mobilized those citizens. Data confirm that there is a relationship between public charges of political corruption and electoral mobilization, but this is not enough as to affect election results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In light of the announced reform of the Organic Law on Religious Freedom in Spain, the purpose of this paper is to highlight the grounds on which the reform process should rest and the main points it should address. Different proposals are made regarding both the individual and collective subject of religious freedom, in order to achieve the best possible legal framework for the free exercise of religion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Companies need to measure brand equity to make the best tactical and strategic decisions related to this intangible asset. Therefore, this paper develops a measure of brand equity using a formative approach. Unlike previous research, this study proposes a second-order formative model and empirically validates this in two countries, Spain and the United Kingdom. With this aim, in addition to carrying out an individual analysis for each country, the measurement invariance is assessed following the recent procedure suggested by Diamantopoulos and Papadopoulos (2010). Results show that brand equity construct is characterised by some variations in its composition in the countries analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Company managers have opened up their steering committees to the communication manager. However, it is a timid opening with major challenges. This paper analyzes the situation in Spain, reflecting on several recent academic studies in the field of corporate management and communication. There is a summary of the professional situation, along with several conclusions that are indicative of the major challenges to increased professionalization and academic thinking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the introduction of the new physical therapies in the years prior to the Second Spanish Republic. It concludes that the physical treatments in force in the international literature were introduced early in Spain and were put into practice by the most important psychiatrists, although in few cases. Given the generalized criticism on the efficacy of psychiatry as a specialty, there was a general bias towards a positive evaluation of the efficacy of the physical therapies by the new generation of Spanish psychiatrists that did not occur in other countries of our setting. The psychiatrists who disagreed professionally with the above-psychiatrists opposed this tendency, there not being sufficient empirical support for the opinion of any group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper critically reviews the conventional wisdom on the positive relationship between turnout and the electoral results of the PSOE in general elections in Spain. We highlight the existence of three causal mechanisms that give rise to different predictions about this correlation and therefore undermine the existing parsimonious thesis. Some of our arguments are empirically tested with aggregate district-level data corresponding to the ten general elections held to date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early twenty-first century, the Romanian population in Spain showed a spectacular increase. It is now the largest group of foreign population and also the most geographically dispersed. The aim of this paper is to analyze the spatial structure of internal migration by Romanians between 2001 and 2007. Data from the Statistics of Residential Variations produced by the National Institute of Statistics (INE, Instituto Nacional de Estadística) which registers municipal residents was used. The results show the sharp increase of mobility, the predominance of short-distance movements, which take place within the same province and neighbouring provinces, and the role of Madrid and the Mediterranean coast in the redistribution of interprovincial Romanian population in Spain. Geographic mobility is due to the pursuit of better living conditions, which is related to the labour market and housing, as well as social networks and the attitudes of society and local authorities towards foreigners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]