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Currently, collaborative economy is an emerging concept which is open to debate, including different meanings depending on the model to provide services, the kind of participant or the use of shared information and communication platforms. However, a distinguishing feature of the collaborative economy is the use of new technologies by the various agents concerned in order to get a common goal such as in the financial sector or in the education sector. This new approach can be transferred to already consolidated organizations, which are noted for pursuing a social interest against the interest of the capital. These organizations seek social benefit and not the economic benefit, seeking a positive social impact that can change society. It is precisely the digital component and the use of the technologies of information the aspect that distinguishes these emerging activities that are developing in recent years. Besides, they are changing purchasing behaviour and ways of doing business. These changes are having significant impacts in economic and employment terms, conflicts with traditional companies that are disadvantaged, or breaches of tax duties. But, at the same time, it also encourages many actions of collective interest, to the extent that digital platforms can be an effective tool to track achievement of the multitude of actions in favour of the community. The aim of this paper is to analyse how platform cooperativism could be a suitable way to carry out the improvement of social welfare in vulnerable districts. In order to enhance the renovation and improvement of neighbourhoods it is necessary an active participation by citizens and public administrations. In fact, a key element to obtain an increase of the quality of life is the implication of residents, who often propose the changes and renovation in their districts, with significant deficiencies of habitability and power consumption, accessibility problems and lack of services. There is a need to recover the consolidated city through urban rehabilitation and urban renovation. The urban renewal has a strong impact on Europe's economy and also on its citizens' quality of life because promote their social welfare. The Spanish urban planning tradition has been based mainly on the production of new city, disregarding the regeneration of consolidated city. Nowadays, Spanish government is concerned about an environment with derelict areas and substandard housing, and a largely obsolete housing stock. Therefore, current urban regulation encourages the urban renewal, the restructuring of building industry and the compliance with European legal requirements regarding sustainable development. In Spain, there are around 6 millions of houses that were built over 50 years ago. Therefore, it is especially necessary and suitable the option of promoting urban renewal and regeneration at different levels. Urban renewal projects are fairly complex to make because many actors are involved in these processes and as well as the activities that should be carried out. Therefore, the use of the new technologies can attract many people to actively participate in the urban regeneration projects design. These projects will improve the quality of life and welfare of citizens who live in deprived neighbourhoods. In this context, we carry out a theoretical revision of platform cooperativism, as well as the urban development regulation focused on urban rehabilitation, studying the economic players involved in the urban regeneration projects such us: owners individually or associated in community of house owners, building corporations, co-operatives, and public administration, in order to analyse the role played by each of them in the platform cooperativism. The community of house owners play a leading role in the processes of urban rehabilitation, they are principal actors because these processes have a direct effect on their lifes; not only from an economic point of view (costs that must be paid by individual citizens) and from a social point of view (improvements in the building made directly affects their quality of life). In this respect, a digital platform could be very useful in order to serve as link between all owners or all those affected by the processes and should provide information about the identified problems that need to be solved by urban rehabilitation. One of the key elements in urban renewal is the implication of the residents, who take part in the changes and improvements of their district. The cooperative initiatives produce cohesive urban neighbourhoods and they are associated with participatory planning approaches and collective action. The cooperative society contributes to social cohesion; therefore this could be the economic organization more suitable in order to develop the urban renewal. The urban rehabilitation cooperative and the use of digital technologies helps to improve the level of quality of life and social well-being for citizens under the principles of democratic participation of all residents, providing more transparency into the process and the published information, allowing members of the cooperative the supervision of the information deposited in the network. In this business model the cooperative takes control of urban rehabilitation in a digital environment, resulting in a benefit to all members involved not only for the cooperative, establishing a commitment to access to different scenarios where conflicts of interest are likely to arise. This platform focuses on creating discussion for successful decision making. The construction companies and the public administration are also an essential part of the cooperative platform. They are the services suppliers, providing valuable information that must be communicated on the platform, allowing it to make effective decisions for residents for the duration of urban regeneration-development works. The platform cooperativism in the processes of urban rehabilitation would benefit all members and not just few as in the "commercial" digital economy. Thus, the main conclusion of the paper is that the cooperative platform should facilitate public participation of the different actors involved in the urban regeneration such as: cooperatives, residents or public administration. This platform should speed up the decision-making process in a democratic and transparent environment, pursuing a common goal to improve the welfare of the citizens through the urban rehabilitation. Thus, cooperative platforms involve a technological, cultural, social and political changing that we have to explore, taking into account the physical condition of many buildings in Spain. Platform cooperativism could be the link between cooperative values and digital revolution, aimed at improving the social welfare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives Blockchain is considered today a disruptive technology that has the capacity to transform the agri-food industry, since it promises to solve many problems related to the lack of trust in the product that consumers acquire. However, the parties involved in the agrifood supply chain are numerous and physically dispersed, which makes data and information management difficult. As a result, the production process is not transparent and trust is difficult to build. In the horticultural sector, technological innovation in traceability is crucial from a economical point of view. An increasing demand in society for greater information about food reflects the need for more transparency. At the same time, more and more fresh products are accompanied by a variety of certification schemes, with an increasing risk of fraud and adulteration. Within this context, cooperatives of fresh fruits and vegetables can gain additional benefits from the implementation of blockchain technology. This paper seeks to make an initial contribution to the emerging public debate on this issue by providing an overview of blockchain and its application in agriculture, examining implications for food transparency and identifying some potential challenges for agri-food cooperatives. Based on the above reasons, the main purpose of this article is to conceptualize, design and test a traceability system of the agri-food supply chain based on blockchain technology that helps agri-food cooperatives to improve transparency regarding the origin and the processes incorporated into the product. Methodology A new model that involves blockchain and a smart contract to coordinate the tracking of food in the agriculture supply chain is presented in this paper. The food supply chain involves many different actors such as farmers, manufacturers, logistics, wholesalers, resellers, retailers and supermarkets. This system is currently inefficient and unreliable. In the current situation, much of the data and information on compliance are recorded on paper or stored in a centralized database. Through the development of a Proof of Concept (PoC) in the field of agri-food supply chain traceability, the possible implications of the blockchain are explored. The PoC based on a case related to the berries of southern Spain is developed through the construction of a demonstrator that monitors the different nodes involved in the supply chain. The demonstrator is based on a previous analysis of the berries supply chain and the interactions between farmers, the cooperative, its certifiers, logistics providers, retailers and supermarkets, in order to allow a digital representation of a batch of berries to be associated with a unique and immutable digital certificate. To prove the origin and the traceability of the berries production and to be able to customize the roles of each actor in the supply chain with blockchain, the PoC concept was developed in a Spanish farmers cooperative with a permissioned ledger (hyperledger) and a smart contract. Results At the moment, few would question the relevance of blockchain to agri-food. The main question of adopting blockchain technology in the traceability of goods in the agri-food supply chain, is related to the added value compared to existing ICT (Information and Communication Technologies) solutions. This PoC has shown that it is feasible to incorporate basic information from the field and manufacturing processes, packaging and shipping into a chain of blocks with an authorized general ledger and a smart contract. Compared to traditional situations with centralized databases, the PoC demonstrator shows how blockchain can be used to ensure that different agents share the same level of information about the validity and provenance of inviolable certificates. This new supply chain architecture via blockchain can provide the relevant data to the participants, it can maintain confidentiality and can spread data effectively among the participants that use the blockchain technology. Therefore, the PoC pilot demonstrated that the blockchain technology could be used successfully in that context. Furthermore, given the experimentation carried out, it was shown that a medium-sized server (eg VPS in cloud) could function properly as a node for the purposes of this type of use case. There was also no need for special hardware, and the software infrastructure (eg Hyperledger Fabric) is open source and for free. During the development of the PoC, it was learned that it is important to maintain periodic dialogues between stakeholders in order to achieve a better understanding of the interests of each one and to identify common bases for the application of blockchain. The experience in this project shows that the meetings, in which different stakeholders presented and debated different use cases, are a good mechanism for expanding the agri-food blockchain ecosystem. Conclusions The advantage of this model over the centralized models is that all the products are tracked with blockchain and with this traceability it is possible to give confidence to the final consumers about the origin of the products because all the data and transactions carried out in the chain are recorded in the blockchain and managed through a smart contract. The PoC shows that this system is efficient, safe, transparent and avoids intermediaries, which results in lower costs while generating greater confidence in retailers, supermarkets and consumers, which is particularly beneficial for small farmers and cooperatives The research findings contribute to a better understanding of the blockchain technology for the various stakeholders in the fresh food chain, especially for cooperatives, being an opportunity for the improvement of reputation and competitiveness in a highly globalized economy. Several limitations were found for the PoC demonstrator. First, the amount of data and information that is shared is very limited. As with most PoC pilots, the project has not yet been able to demonstrate how the system would work when handling a large number of transactions. In addition, our demonstrator focused on a single smart contract. In practice, however, multiple smart contracts would need to be implemented for the different contractual relationships and to keep the transaction data visible only to the relevant subset of participants. Mistakes in the smart contract design have also shown that testing, validation and rigorous semantics are essential to avoiding significant damage to business relationships. Finally, to take full advantage of the power of blockchain, the adoption of this technology by several cooperatives is recommended. Most cooperatives are too small or have a lack of knowledge to invest in blockchain by themselves. In summary, blockchain is a promising technology for the competitiveness of cooperatives. The near future will show if blockchain technology will become a reliable and transparent way to provide a differential value for agri-food cooperatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the apparent familism of Spanish society, family policies have never occupied an important place in the political sphere. However, various issues related to family policy have started to appear in the agenda of Spanish political parties in recent years. This paper analyses family-related issues in the electoral programmes of the five national parties that stood for election on 28 April, 2019, namely, Partido Socialista Obrero Español, Partido Popular, Ciudadanos, Unidas-Podemos, and VOX. A qualitative methodology was used that combined both content and discourse analysis. The results point to important ideological differences between these political parties based on their different conceptualisation of the family, but also to significant similarities on various issues related to "family pragmatics". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines databases of female experts as tools to promote gender parity in the sources consulted and cited by journalists. To do this, we conducted a search of databases available online (n = 88) and carried out in-depth interviews with people in charge of these databases (n = 4) as well as a survey among female scientific researchers included in the database of the Association of Women Researchers and Technologists of Spain (AMIT) (n = 919). The main results reflect the great potential of these tools but indicate that, to be effective, they require fluid communication with the media and a design that allows their incorporation into the regular routines of journalists. In Spain, their impact is still low and, as in the rest of the world, there is great fragmentation of resources accompanied by very weak interaction among the different initiatives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the informative coverage of 9 Latin American newspapers on the general election held in Spain on November 10, 2019. This is considered an important event that helped close a turbulent period of the national political life. A content analysis sheet was applied to all texts regarding the campaign appeared between November 1 and 11 (n = 35), considering, among other variables, location, extension, authorship, sources, genres, nature of the content and frame. The results allow concluding that the selected newspapers dedicated a wide space to the November 10 election. Furthermore, media outlet granted part of their coverage an interpretive dimension and offered a vision on the campaign dominated by the strategic and game frames, since they placed the focus on the polls and the possibility of post-electoral agreements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes euthanasia from a legal-criminal point of view, as of the entry into force of Ley Orgánica 3/2021 regulating euthanasia (LORE). This Act meant a relevant change in the general regulation of the matter in Spain, especially in the health field, since most of its content regulates the right to being helped to die in a medical and care context. Along with this, a very specific section of the LORE modifies article 143 of the Spanish Penal Code; precisely, the core content of this article deals with the examination of the scope and legal-criminal consequences of the aforementioned modification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Co-creation is a method of citizens’ participation in design and development of new products and services, at present still in an early stage of implementation in most European countries, such as Spain. The aim of this paper is to analyse the innovation potential of digital co-creation of LTC services performed during the SoCaTel project (H2020) on the example of Spanish case study. The methodology is based on a Quadruple Helix approach engaging different groups of stakeholders (practitioners, older adults and their family, researchers, public and private companies, and policy makers). In the first phase, focus groups and interviews to different groups of endusers have been carried out and afterwards cocreation workshops (both face-to-face and online) have been performed. The results vary from the identification of numerous care needs such as the lack of coordination and information on benefits and services, the bureaucratic burden and the lack of human and financial resources . The final result of co-creation process is a new digital service tailored to the needs of end-users and their family members . Moreover, a new insight is gained into the added value of digital co-creation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Moderating, managing a political debate, and presenting the results of the electoral count are today's new challenges for informants on television. The new ways of consumption and content generation by audiences themselves, as well as the grow-ing importance of social networks’ disseminating role, are changing formats and channels which enrich TV frameworks, promote innovation and help receivers to un-derstand and analyze TV data in a new light. New technologies have broadened the range of possibilities on the television scene. Constantly evolving tools allow the production of virtual content improving the visu-alization and understanding of data. These new resources also serve as support for journalists in information broadcasting, who use digital methods that reinforce mul-timodal communication. In recent years, Augmented Reality (AR), Virtual Reality (VR) and 360-degree Video have landed in the Spanish media to promote information of a different nature. In the specific case of political information on television, Augmented Reality offers the opportunity to represent and virtually show those elements that are not present on the television scene, surpassing the limits of the physical world. This paper analyzes the application and potential of Augmented Reality in televised electoral debates in Spain, specifically during the scrutiny day of the general elec-tions of November 10, 2019 (10- N). This analysis shows how the political debate was forged in the new television sphere of five networks -Antena 3, La Sexta, TVE, Telemadrid and TV3- between 7:30 p.m. and 2:30 a.m., and its symbiosis with new technological tools to capture the audience at a time of maximum competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vineyards are very abundant in Spain and have a great capacity to generate toponymy. In this paper, the distribution of vineyard place names has been analyzed, in order to know if the frequency of these names is similar between territories and if they are associated with the crops. For this, firstly, the vineyard toponyms of the Basic Geographic Gazetteer of Spain have been identified. Subsequently, a goodness of fit test has been carried out between the distribution of the observed place names and those which would derive from its proportional distribution taking into account the total area of each region and its area of vineyards. Finally, an independence test between the distribution of the place names and the crops has been carried out. Goodness of fit and independence have been checked using the Chi-square test. The results show that vineyard toponymy is not distributed evenly between regions and there is an association between toponymy and vine cultivation. However, this does not occur in all regions: there are areas where today such association is unrecognizable due to the cultivated areas with no toponymy and others with a high frequency of fossilized place names which mark where the old vineyard landscapes are. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The announcement of the start of the summer tourist season in Spain, in the middle of the SARS CoV-2 pandemic, although it is an encouraging new, brought with it a number of uncertainties linked to guaranteeing the exercise of the activity in conditions of health safety. In this paper, an initial approximation to Andalusian Atlantic beaches carrying capacity to absorb the recreational and tourist demand has been carried out. For this purpose, the useful beach area is calculated, using the latest available aerial orthophotography (2016) and the analytical functionalities of the Geographical Information Systems. Three occupation scenarios are built according to the useful beach area per user and the establishment of one or two visiting shifts. The results show how scenario 1 could accommodate all of the potential users in a single shift. Scenario 2 could only accommodate all users by establishing a double shift and in scenario 3, neither the establishment of a double shift could accommodate residents. Although the results must be completed with analysis at more fine scales, they are a necessary first approximation that can be useful for decision making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers some evidences about the circulation of capital between Venezuela and Spain at the end of the eighteenth century through the case study of the Spanish merchant Esteban González de Linares (1751-1802). Our sources are private nature: an accounting book and 335 letters. These documents show a wide variety of channels to the transfer of capitals from Venezuela to Spain, both at large operations and small deliveries. González de Linares became, during his stay in Caracas (1785-1791), an important agent in the transfer of savings from the colony. The scarcity of silver and gold in Venezuela during this period justifies that the transfer of capital did promote the export of groceries (cocoa, indigo) and the development of financial markets (orders and bills of exchange). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Equity is an unresolved issue on the Spanish healthcare agenda. This paper explores the importance that health professionals give to social determinants of health and the means they possess to address them. It also analyzes the relationship between food insecurity and increases in certain diseases. One of its objectives is to ascertain how increasing uncertainty is being addressed in primary healthcare services. We present a qualitative study carried out in six primary care centers in the cities of Reus and Tarragona between 2018 and 2019, involving 19 practitioners active in the areas of nursing, family practice, and social work. Results indicate that the lack of resources in primary care centers makes it difficult to integrate a social determinants of health approach, and thus to mitigate inequalities. Furthermore, a lack of structural actions diminishes the ability to respond to citizens’ healthcare needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the importance of children's books in the reading career of two promotions of future preschool and primary school teachers in order to identify their training needs and propose measures and strategies aimed at compensating them. To this end, is analyzed a corpus of 256 reading autobiographies -written by students enrolled in the teaching degrees of a Faculty of Education in central Spain- from which is extracted information regarding their knowledge of children's and young people's literature: the repertoire of works that they consider a success or a failure in their career, the changes experienced by their reading habits throughout their academic life and the people or circumstances that have influenced their reading. Apart from serving as a needs analysis and guiding their teaching-learning process, the data obtained are shared with the students to provoke their reflection and involve them in the selection of measures to be implemented in the classroom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the solutions used to resolve the housing problem of Roma people since the mid-twentieth century in cities of northwestern Spain. Its interest lies in a common trajectory and in various situations and responses, which have not been successful. We use a geographical methodology based on the diachronic approach, the dialectical method between the quantitative and qualitative, the comparative, and the consideration of habitat as an expressive element of spatial relations in the landscape. Among its main results, this paper interprets a cross-sectional reading of urbanism and architecture in the so-called nogo zones incorporating the necessary nuances to avoid simplistic generalizations. These explain different rhythms and experiences in the same development towards typical housing, emphasizing the substantive weight of territorial variables, the regional context, and local factors beyond political decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the current framework of rhetorical studies carried out in Spain in the context of the Theory of Literature --although in a necessary and inescapable interdisciplinary relationship with other areas of research around discourse, whether literary or not-- two trends stand out, whose developments start, from our point of view, from the general Rhetoric raised back in the 80s of the last century by Antonio García Berrio within the framework of the so-called Neorhetoric: we refer to cultural Rhetoric and constructivist Rhetoric. Our objective in this paper is to justify the provenance relationship that exists between these both and the former by analyzing their respective theoretical assumptions and practical scopes. In this sense, the connection of cultural Rhetoric and constructivist Rhetoric with the vast theoretical-methodological space of general Rhetoric allows and explains their consideration as parts of a possible Integrated rhetorical theory, which would result from the gradual expansion of the objects of study of general Rhetoric and, consequently, of the disciplines and methods necessarily involved in its description and explanation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

I review the connections between travel literature, translation and the language related to tourism in an early nineteenth-century travellers' book. I regard this text as a hybrid genre between literature and history, which is an excellent source for studies on the history of tourism. From the perspective of translation studies, this type of documents provides clues for the study of tourism as an ingredient of social life in modern societies, because they are placed at the meeting point between history, translation and tourism. Travel books offer a broad range of direct experiences, which are contemporary to the described facts, and whose three essential features are that they are real and descriptive narratives, in which subjectivity is more important than objectivity. Every trip can be regarded from a double historical approach: (1) the interpretation of the surprising observations and travelling experiences, that is, the places, the buildings, the people or the institutions which existed in the visited spaces; (2) the ability to understand the peculiarities of the historical moment, whose idiosyncratic features leave its imprint in the time of writing. The work employed to review these ideas is the Voyage pittoresque et historique de l'Espagne (1806) by Alexandre Laborde (1773-1842), whose Spanish version (Viaje pintoresco e histórico de España, Madrid, 1807) seems to be the final result of the translation of the first volume published in Paris by Pierre Didot in 1806. The four volumes contain a compendium of political and civil history as well as descriptions of archaeological sites, some of them represented in the more than 900 images engraved thanks to the collaboration of great artists. The first volume on Catalonia had a first limited edition in Spanish by the Spanish Royal Press. It was dedicated to Spanish minister Manuel Godoy, who patronized the project. The translation was carried out by Juan Fernández de Rojas, an Augustinian monk who was part of the so-called Salamanca poetic which was active during the end of the 18th century. Comparing the Spanish and French works, the paper points out the rich synergies between tourism, history and translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the feasibility of the traditional model of care provision in rural areas of Spain. This traditional familialistic model relies on families, specifically on women, to secure care provision for the elderly population. The model has been widely recognized as obsolete and unsustainable due to the integration of women into the labour market and the changes in family structures. However, in Spain, 80% of care providers are still family members, and the elderly population shows a clear preference for the family as the ideal care provider. Thus, we are experiencing a transitional moment with a consensus about the crisis of the model of care but in which families retain the responsibility of providing care. Rural areas are facing a peculiar situation in this regard, since they have experienced a more intense ageing process: the rural-urban exodus explains the limited availability of family members and the masculinization of population, since women migrated in a higher proportion than men. Thus, women, traditional caregivers, may not be present to secure this role. This paper analyzes these changes and their impact on gender relations through a demographic study, using population registers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work presented below is part of the results of a research project at "Universidad Politécnica de Madrid". In this paper we analyze the project for Murcia airport, which was done by Fernando Higueras under the guidance of Félix Candela. Some of the unpublished original documents of the project are included in the paper. The source of them are the Official Colleges of Architects of Madrid and Cataluña. In addition, the authors of the paper have done a 3D reconstruction that allowed to analyze the airport. The project is compounded by hyperbolic-paraboloid surfaces, such as those that Candela developed during the 50s. If it had been built, it would have become the largest cantilever done by Felix Candela using the "umbrella" structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The text analyses the relation in the Spanish context between the problematization of the migratory phenomenon, the new logics of functioning of racism and the conceptual proposals on 'islamophobia' that have been established during the last years. To do that, the paper presents some results of different ethnographic researches where I have being working for during the last years in the educational context of Andalusia. Based on biographic interviews with students, families and teachers, the paper illustrates the main representations about the Muslim immigrant students as well as the correspondences and divergences among these images of otherness and those teenagers' identification processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the evidence of pedagogical leadership from the perspective of the main actors. The methodology was quantitative, through a cross-sectional study with a questionnaire. In this study, carried out in Spain, 2,184 participants evaluated the leadership of principals, directors of studies and teachers. The results, which are analyzed and discussed, show differences in the perceived evidence of leadership dimensions among actors, with higher scores for principals and directors of studies. Considering the type of the center, differences were found for the group of principals and teachers in some pedagogical leadership dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus pandemic has a strong scientific content in its media coverage. It represents a great case study to analyze the conflicting relationship between scientists, power and media. This article analyses how the Spanish government used scientific experts in its institutional communication. The survey by the European Council for Foreign Relations (ECFR) points to Spain as one of the countries that least trusts its experts (in the coronavirus crisis). The Oxford Reuters Institute survey states that Spain is the country that trusts scientists the most, but not its government. These are not contradictory. This paper makes a case study of the "State of Alarm" period and tries to go deeper into historical and media causes that may explain why public opinion in Spain does not trust experts related to the government. It also covers failures in the institutional communication strategy that damage the image of the scientist and science. The data is also contextualised in an environment dominated by social networks (Spain was the country where the use of WhatsApp grew most) and the proliferation of fake news and alternative sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this text is to contextualise and present a small monographic on recent studies that address the migratory relations between Spain and Latin America in a double sense: Latin Americans who emigrate to Spain and, conversely, Spaniards who emigrate to Latin America. The historical context is the past decade, with the background of the economic crisis that began in 2008. A brief review has been made of the data shown by the Statistics on Migrations of the National Statistics Institute with regard to the evolution of migratory flows during the period 2008-2019, which serves as a basis for the presentation of each of the selected articles. That papers address the evolution of the migratory flows between Latin America and Spain, research about the processes of rooting and the emigration of Spaniards to Latin America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food of the Government of Spain pointed out that the forestry industry accentuates its great diversity of species and trees and a multifunctionality of goods and services. The contribution of the wood industry pointed to a wide range of indirect economic activity (extensive livestock farming, nature tourism, fire extinction) of the Spanish forestry sector. In order to protect these activities and the natural environment in general, the Spanish Forestry Strategy was developed, a forestry policy program for the sustainable management of private and neighborhoods forests, as almost 70% of Spanish forests are private. Spain was among the 130 countries that agreed on National Forest Plans for the development of a comprehensive forest management policy. Therefore, the general objective of this research was to investigate the evolution of the forestry sector in Spain during the last two decades of the 21st century, based on two variables: employment and foreign trade. To this end, an inductive method was used to carry out a quantitative and descriptive analysis, based on secondary sources of information. The result required the identification of the main sectors of the national forest industry (wood, pulp, paper and/or furniture), the positive evolution of the Spanish forest sector and the significant investment in forest policies such as fire extinction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the outbreak of the 2008 crsis, the inequality question has gained academic and political centrality. Inequality's conception transcends the field of economy and is related to the notion of social justice. The analysis of inequality has been approached from different theoretical perspectives: neoclassical-conservatives, liberal-keynesian, and radicals. Within academic literature exists a certain gap on the concrete study of the nexus touristification-inequality. From orthodox approaches the study of tourism and inequality has been based on quantitative methodologies, whereas critical approaches have analysed the causes and conditions that produce tourism related inequalities with qualitative methods. In this paper we propose a research agenda bridging quantitative methods with political economy radical analysis. Finally, the research presents the close link beteween touristification and inequality at the municipal level in Spain. The COVID-19 crisis, and its heavy impact on the toruism sector, might imply a severe increase of inequality in the most touristified spaces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the information coverage by the Spanish newspapers El país, El mundo, ABC, and La vanguardia in Twitter on the electoral campaign prior to the 10 November 2019 general elections. A content analysis of all tweets published by these media regarding the elections (n = 1,462) between Friday 1 and Saturday 9 November reveals that, although there are differences in the production patterns and features of the messages, the subject received notable attention in all the newspapers. The coverage gravitated around two main themes: the 4N electoral debate, and campaign events. The results reveal that, although most of the tweets had a neutral tone, messages with clear positioning corresponding to the editorial line of the newspaper were also published, albeit to a lesser extent. During the electoral period, the media agenda revolved around this issue, accounting for around one-fifth of all pieces published on Twitter. Newspapers do not take advantage of the dialogic nature or possibilities offered by this social network to create a community among their readers, limiting themselves to the dissemination of content from their digital edition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The theatrical costumes, in the genesis of a scenic dance project, are considered one more element whose importance lies in its significance. The aim of this paper has been to verify the importance of it as a communicating tool of concepts and as a symbolic element that contributes a sense to the interpretation of Spanish Dance. The use of this costume has been studied from a professional perspective (National Ballet of Spain (BNE), renowned performers and choreographers) and from an educational perspective (Professional Dance Conservatories of Andalusia (Spain) (CPDA)), making a methodological triangulation that combines quantitative and qualitative research, using the questionnaire and previously validated interviews as basic instruments. As a conclusion, the importance given to the use of theatrical costumes in Spanish Dance as an intentional communicative tool stands out, as well as their contribution to the interpretation in the scenic representation, confirming the hypotheses raised. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a visibility and scientific impact analysis based on papers published by Revista de Comunicación since 2002 to 2019. Bibliometric methods used included approach at authorlevel (Lotka, collaboration index), article-level (co-occurrence) and journal-level (h-index, citations). Also, Scopus, Web of Science and Google Scholar were used as citation data sources, Publish or Perish and VOSviewer as analysis tools. Results shows an optimal performance from Revista de Comunicación that evidences its best positioning between indexed serial publications from Latin America and Spain wich integrate a select group of scholarly journals in communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Since December 2019, when talk began in Spain about the coronavirus that was affecting China, rumors and vague news populated the world. When the disease reached Europe, the proliferation of information multiplied. Since the State of Alert was decreed, hoaxes and fake news have been a constant, which has been reflected in media reports. Methodology: This paper analyses the information published in the Spanish press about fake news related to politics, the controversial declarations of the Chief of Staff of the Guardia Civil and social networks; to know the volume of news and the treatment that the media has given to them. A mixed, qualitative/quantitative methodology has been used with the support of the MAXQDA 2020 tool. Results: After the analysis of 229 texts, it can be stated that the topic of which most information has been published about politics (48.47%), followed by social networks (28.8%) and the controversial statements of the Chief of Staff of the Guardia Civil (22.7%); although at all times the political debate has been present in the information. Discussion: This work opens a line of investigation on whether the spread of harmful information can be limited in a pandemic or whether freedom of expression is above it. Conclusions: The media on the ideological right have published more information with greater political content (73.87%), compared to the left-wing media with only 26.13%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with one of the axes on which the pharmaceutical provision in our health system is articulated: the medical prescription. Here you will find some of the most relevant notes that characterize the legal regime of the medical prescription in Spain and Latin America: concept, types, recognition by other States, identification of medications by the international common name, conscientious objection of the pharmacist, electronic medical prescription or pharmaceutical care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the detrimental effects on human rights of the Covid-19 in Spain and the necessary reaction of the legal instruments of the Rule of Law. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Airbnb is the most outstanding example of P2P platform in the accommodation industry. The studies on this phenomenon have focused on its impact on the hotel industry; leaving aside the effect it produces on tourism intermediation, specifically travel agencies. This paper analyzes this impact in a sector that perceives how Airbnb's disruptive innovation displaces it from the traditional vacation apartment rental business and threatens to do so with activities. The discussion is about whether the travel agency industry has the need and even if it would be willing to work in a coopetitive1 system, similar to the one that has occurred recently with the implementation of Civitatis or Booking in the sales processes of travel agencies. It is concluded that the travel agency prioritizes strengthening its repositioning in this product, allying itself with the main market player despite the probable reduction in margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 caused a worldwide paralysis. An asynchronous study among executive officers was developed, using the qualitative Delphi method, during the confinement stage, by a couple of companies, one from Colombia, another from Spain. Participants were human resources and marketing managers (some of them working in both areas) of large companies, SMEs, non-profit organizations, and professional unions, located in both countries. A forecast of expected changes in interpersonal relationships was the main objective of the study; however, as participants broadened the debate, topics related to administrative functions emerged. This paper focuses in the latter. Administrative planning was the most affected function by the pandemic. Organizational arranges like telecommuting became more common, their interaction and control difficulties raise concerns among directors. Strengthening trust and communication bonds is important. Decision making process was faster during the quarantine period, it is a lesson learned by the participants. Increased empathy to the personal necessities and functionality prevalence in the performance of administrative tasks are both in the future expected by participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: online gambling (bets, casino games, poker, etc.) is an activity that is spreading worldwide, even in countries where it is not yet legalized. Although the situation in Latin America is very heterogeneous, it is possible that, as online gambling is developed and promoted, addiction problems arise. This has already happened in Spain since the legalization of online gambling in 2011. Thus, psychology should be developing intervention programs to face this new scenario. Goal: this paper describes the treatment protocol for a young man with sports betting addiction. Method: the treatment proposal consisted in a cognitive behavioral therapy which focused on deconditioning of gambling situations; training of skills needed to prevent relapses and overcome risky situations; information on gambling risks; change of attitude towards gambling; and promotion of a healthy lifestyle incompatible with gambling addiction. Results: both the treatment phases and the theoretical basis of the intervention proposal are described. The patient, diagnosed with a severe gambling disorder, showed improvements in the gambling disorder criteria and the Symptom Severity Scale Score. Conclusions: a treatment protocol for online gambling addiction, which is based on the principles of motivation and learning, has been developed. This protocol has demonstrated to be effective in reducing gambling behavior and promoting a new healthy lifestyle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a comparative study between two divorce decrees issued in Spain and Morocco with descriptive and translation purposes of approaching to the translational complexity of these type of texts. For this, on first place, a short textual-typological and functional comparison of these kind of normative constructs will be given. Then, the macrostructure of the selected decrees will be analyzed to identify and highlight the similarities and the differences between them. All this by applying the theoretical and methodological bases of contrastive textology [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complex characteristics of New Spain's theatricality become forms of hegemonic domination, mainly when in contact with the Church--either in school festivals, or in autos de fe. These other forms of New Spain theatricality are genuine "representations", as an image of power and as theatrical entertainment, with their specific theatrical elements: stage, costumes, props, music, action... In this paper, I review several Mexican documents, related to the Jesuit school festivals (1600, 1602 and 1640) and autos de fe from 1646 to 1659, from this theatrical perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper starts from a basic premise: During the last years, there have been multiple corruption cases that affected public administrations credibility, but also the one of the private sectors of the economy. Areas such as urban planning or public contracting have been prolix regarding the occurrence of criminal activities that undermine the proper functioning of the Public Administration and business activity based on ethics and legality. Consequently, it is very important to implement internal complaint mechanisms to improve organizations (public and private ones) by prematurely discovering illicit conduct and, in turn, identifying the individuals responsible for such acts. In the same way, for some companies, the verification of the effectiveness of the complaint channels in court contributes to corporate defenses and in achieving exemption from criminal responsibility. Therefore, from a technical perspective, guidelines and recommendations are offered from different regulations point of view to increase the effectiveness of these channels and to reduce the legal uncertainty that occurs in Spain, given the limited drafting of the Penal Code. Likewise, anonymity, paid denunciation and the protection of the complainant against retaliation are addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to explore the current state of agritourism in Spain by taking a supplyside perspective. Following on from a theoretical-conceptual analysis of agritourism, the presence of this activity within the Spanish legal-administrative framework and the provisions made for it therein are examined, and its territorial distribution within Spain is described. Despite the existence of a tourism framework that is apparently favourable to agritourism, given current trends in tourism demand and Spain's great potential for tourism, the level of development and implementation of agritourism in Spain is not as advanced as that in other European countries. The recognition of agritourism and, consequently, the development of an identity that is distinct from that of other types of tourism have not, as yet, been adequately addressed in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two studies, one qualitative and the other quantitative, have been carried out, each using two samples differentiated by the degree of knowledge of the performance of media: informed population and communication professionals. A quantitative analysis of the reputation of the Spanish media is carried out, based on a qualitative analysis of the professional and business reality of the media with the best reputation. It is concluded that there is a broad consensus that there is no confidence in the media because the information that they disseminate is manipulated. The credibility of a medium shows a high correlation with its history, consistent with the theory of reputation, because consolidation of a stable reputation requires time. The reputation of each type of media (paper press, digital press, radio, and television) is evaluated, yielding two rankings of the 16 media with the best reputation in Spain, corresponding to the two samples analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Doctoral dissertations enable the transfer of research skills and capacities to future generations and the consolidation of lines of research in a given area of knowledge. The field of Library and Information Science in public universities in Spain is characterized by the supervision of doctoral theses by academics in the area. We identified active professors during the 2019-2020 academic year, their date of appointment as civil servants within the public university system, the dissertations that they supervised, and their participation in papers published in scientific journals. The analysis included 644 theses. About a quarter (23%) of university faculty have never supervised a doctoral thesis, and most faculty members and tenured professors (60%) show a lower than average rate of adviserships per year since their academic appointment. There is a high concentration of PhD advisers in just a few institutions and academics (8% of university professors have supervised 42% of the dissertations), with an important gender imbalance: women supervised an average of 1.8 dissertations, compared with 2.6 for men. Information units and services, study metrics and scientific publications, and information sources are the topics of 47% of the dissertations. Many of the professors with 10 or more adviserships (n/N = 12/18) lack a subject area specialization, and their role in PhD supervision was not related to their participation in research activities oriented toward publishing in scientific journals. Our results suggest that considering supervision of doctoral theses as an important academic merit could contribute to a further concentration of power and social capital among a small group of advisers. This phenomenon could reduce the plurality of topics addressed and favor suboptimal adviserships. The imbalances described emerge as another threat, exacerbating the epistemological crisis in the discipline and in the university studies in this area of knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Scientific research in the communication field has experienced great growth in recent years. Recent technological changes, as well as the emergence of Web 2.0 and 3.0 and new forms of communication, such as social networks, have led to new and varied studies in the discipline. This paper analyzes the scientific production of the 27 countries with the greatest scientific production in the communication field in the period from 2003 to 2018. The results indicate that: the most productive countries are the USA, UK, and Spain; there is less international collaboration than in other disciplines, but there is a network of European collaboration that is quite dense and has great impact, and another network in Pacific countries (Asia + Oceania), albeit with lower density and impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spanish university libraries have had to adapt their services to the virtual environment after the classroom-based teaching lockdown in March 2020 due to Covid-19. Given the possibility of a greater virtual dimension of learning and teaching during the next academic year, these library services should be improved. This paper analyzes how university libraries are strengthening their support for online learning and are progressively being integrated into the virtual campus, as well as the actions that are necessary to enhance these services and the main difficulties perceived by their librarians. For this purpose, a sample of professionals from university libraries was interviewed, and the research literature on this subject was also reviewed to identify the main international experiences that can be considered as benchmarks for improving virtual library services. Both the research literature and the librarians interviewed agree on two aspects: the need to increase collaboration with other university departments and the wide scope for improvement in the integration of the library into online learning, which is currently limited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the production, themes and relations between authorship and direction of Ph.D. theses on photography in Spain (2010-2020) from a gender perspective. Bibliometric techniques have been applied using Dialnet as the main source and two thesis samples in Social Sciences and Humanities. The 354 theses in photography (54.52% female authors, and 62.16% male professors in management roles), show a weak academic model to ensure a constant scientific production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Associationism, a habitual professional and academic practice in all fields, present in Spain various peculiarities in the case of Public Relations, suffering from a lack of recognition and identification as an independent discipline since its inception. In the professional field, this leads to the appearance of multiple associations that, with different names and many times obviating the words Public Relations, bring together professionals in the sector, but in the field of university research and teaching there is no such associative tradition. In order to fill this gap, AIRP, the Association of Researchers in Public Relations of Spain, was founded in 2004. 16 years after its creation, this article analyzes the meaning and usefulness of said association, both at the beginning and at present, and takes stock of the evolution of Public Relations in Spain throughout this decade and a half, in the professional field and, above all, the academic one. A methodology based on a semi-structured interview with three of the four AIRP founding professors and a content analysis of various documents, such as the census and the entity's web portal, is proposed for this. Among the results obtained, the academic impulse that the networking and associative work of the majority of Spanish researchers in the field has entailed for Public Relations, who before the existence of AIRP worked independently; a boost that translates into greater scientific recognition of the profession and a notable improvement in the indicators of scientific production associated with it, with the consequent greater presence of the discipline in the study plans and the promotion of specialized teachers. Therefore, the importance of associationism is also corroborated in the academic, non-professional sphere, especially in the case of disciplines, such as Public Relations in Spain, which needed an important work of dignity. A process to which the high level of Spanish PR researchers undoubtedly contributes, which has allowed many of them access to full professor and even professorial positions, something unthinkable a few years ago. In relation to the eternal debate on the correct translation into Spanish of the term Public Relations, the researchers are committed to maintaining the name Relaciones Públicas which, although in the professional field is elusive, in the academic field it remains, even in the name of the Degree study. Finally, in relation to the history and evolution of AIRP, the entity has notably increased the number of partners since its foundation, counting on a presence in the majority of universities that offer Advertising and Public Relations studies. This expansion, which will continue to be promoted, must be compatible, however, with its vocation as a specialized entity, absolutely focused on the study of Public Relations. The entity's most immediate challenge is the preparation of the White Paper on the Scope of Public Relations, a guide for the preparation of study plans on the subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: During the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 pandemic that affected Spain in spring of 2020, many of hospitals were collapsed by these patients. For this reason, a field hospital was deployed at the «Institución Ferial de Madrid» (IFEMA). The only critical unit of this field hospital was military. The unit responsible for its deployment, maintenance and withdrawal was UMAAD (Madrid Deployment Support Air Medical Unit belonging to the Air Force). Objective: To describe medical assistance provided in the IFEMA critical unit. Material and methods: Prospective descriptive study carried out from March 19 to April 30, 2020. The pertinent military authorization (Air Force Health Service Director) was obtained to carry out the study. Results: During the study time, 25 critically ill patients were admitted. Most of them were male and Hispanic race. SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia was the reason for hospital admission. Airway was performed in 88% of patients. Principal complications were thrombosis, hemorrhage and hypertension. Three patients died during this research paper. Conclusion: The experience acquired in this deployment demonstrates, once again, the importance of the support that Military Health can provide to Civil Health in the component of crisis management in national territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before writing this paper I asked myself what Professor Martín Mateo would think today of the slogan "Empty Spain" and its environmental connotations. And to reflect on this, two of his books came to mind, "The chicken with the cement eggs" and "The green energy of biomass". And it is on this basis that I have shaped this text, the aim of which is simply to reflect on the formula that we are going to choose to "fill" this Spain that is not yet fallow and in which it is essential to understand that forest areas are the fundamental element of the ecological structure of the European Union and must be integrated into the rest of the sectoral policies. The question I am asking myself and which it is a question of responding to is whether we are being fair to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objectives of this paper are to locate documentation to study the morbidity and mortality caused by exanthematous typhus in Jerez de la Frontera (1941-1942); to study the sanitary measures that were carried out in this city against this disease, and to point out other problems of morbidity and mortality in the 1940s. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper the authors explore the survival of an ancestral tradition that began prior to the Spanish Conquest, related to the cult of the ancient Mayan goddess: Ixchel. The analysis of current devotional practices regarding the Virgin of Las Ruinas de Aké and the myth of the origin of this Virgin suggest links or continuities with the said Mayan goddess. It is proposed that, over time --and in accordance with the social, economic, cultural and political conditions of each historical period-- the faithful were adapting the cult and providing new meanings to their original worldview, as well as to the devotional practices derived thereof. Today, these devotees have forgotten the initial beliefs that started their devotional practices, they have covered them under a shade of popular Catholic religiosity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their characteristics, cooperatives have a great potential for women and men to participate on equal terms, although gender imbalances still exist. In order to explore this issue, this paper reviews the evolution of the cooperative movement with respect to gender equality, paying attention to the forces in the environment that have strengthened this position. It also analyses the elements that act in environments as disparate as those of Cuba and Spain and that favor the participation of women in cooperatives. Reference is made to Non-agricultural Cooperatives in Cuba and Associated Work Cooperatives in Spain, which are similar organizations. Using a qualitative methodology, theoretical methods of a socio-legal nature were used, which made it possible to focus on the evolution of cooperativism as part of a historical process and to compare the cases of both countries. The corpus has been made up of the main international declarations on gender and the Social Economy, as well as laws, regional and national public policies that promote gender equality in cooperatives. The results indicate that, with the particularities of each country, the evolution of the international context has exerted pressure for action in this area. However, the changes introduced by cooperatives require that the experience for women be successful, in terms of promoting real long-term empowerment and being a viable economic alternative that transcends the times of crisis that have encouraged them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper analyses the pressures that journalism has exerted or attempted to exert from politics. Methodology: The study uses a combination of qualitative methodologies, such as focus groups discussion, and quantitative ones, such as surveys of journalists; both methodologies allows to know how politics influence journalists and how it can limit media instruments of accountability. Results: this study presents the results of an investigation that shows that journalists and citizens share the perception that political influence is one of the main assumptions that affect the development of good journalism. Discussion/conclusion: Although journalists recognize political and government pressures, the study concludes that they do not give in or feel responsible to political parties or governments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is not uncommon to find many penitential brotherhoods in Spain which are officially named after an image of Our Father Jesus of Nazareth. This invocation could seem strange, especially in Theology. Is this some kind of Patripassianism revival? Actually, this does not seem to be the case. In this paper we aim to set the historical moment in which this Christological tittle begins to be used, in the 17th century, searching for it in spiritual authors and in sacred preaching both prior to this time as well as in contemporary dates. Finally, we offer some lines of interpretation of this peculiar Christological tittle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]