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In the contemporary era of globalization, there is persistent pressure on minority languages from the dominant languages, partly because many minority language speakers find shifting to a dominant one a profitable choice. Language policy scholarship through the past decades, whether top-down or bottom-up, also registers that many minority speakers intend to preserve or reclaim their languages as active agents through everyday interactions and the transmission of the language within the home or in the community despite these external pressures. Based on Stroud's (2018) analytical framework of 'sociolinguistic citizenship' that investigates questions of power, ideology, legitimacy and marginalisation, this paper examines the multifarious layers between governmental language policies and how they are interpreted, implemented or negotiated by a wide range of social actors (e.g., parents, students, teachers, activists), revealing ideological spaces for the use or non-use of Galician, an official minority language spoken in a bilingual community of northwestern Spain. Using various qualitative research tools, including field observations, interviews and focus groups, we demonstrate how these actors become policy intermediaries on the ground and argue that their under-the-radar participation in the policy discourse may appear extremely intermittent and ad hoc, but their microcosmic interrogation of the dominant Castilian discourse through individual actions, when translates into collective mobilisations can lead to bottom-up language policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Few language researchers reveal the visions and conceptualizations that Bolívar had about America and Peru through his words in his manuscripts. The objective of this linguistic study is to analyze the stereotyped and racialized voices in Bolívar's letters towards his arrival in Peru. Methodologically, a corpus of the epistolary correspondences from 1814 to 1825 was selected considering the containment of words such as "citizen", "slave", "Indian", "white", since their use shows meanings and ideologies of his own and of the period. In the analysis, the evolution of the concepts is observed, as well as the social representations embodied in the discourse. The paper concludes that through the semantic examination of the vocabulary it is seen that Bolivar tried to describe realities that were changing according to his own experience, travels and processes of independence, especially towards Peru, which responded to ways of believing or conceiving the Other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the backgrounds of LGBT+ migrants living in Chile, and considers the various types of violence they experience at the intersection of vectors of differentiation: national origin, sexual orientation-gender identity and socioeconomic position, as well as markers of ethnicity and racialisation. The results show that many LGBT+ migrants leave their place of origin not only because of social and economic factors, but also due to the discrimination and violence they experience due to their sexual or gender identity, which is known as sexile. These forms of violence occur throughout their migrant experience in ways that vary but are nevertheless constant. In the context of migrant reception in Chile, the presence of these people poses a double threat to the State's hetero(cis)patriarchal order, on the one hand, and the national order, on the other, straining the conventional idea of citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper addresses the study of youth perceptions and senses about politics, based on research with high school students in recent Argentina. Findings related to the period 2015-2019 are presented, as part of the results of a qualitative study carried out with students from four secondary schools in Buenos Aires City. Data were collected from four focus groups. The research provided an important opportunity to advance the understanding of youth politicization regarding intergenerational relations with teachers, intragenerational relationships between peers, and meanings about political representation. On one hand, the study provides new insights to consider these dimensions as fundamental for understanding the production of the relationship between youth and politics in the school environment, as well as the subjects in the curriculum. On the other hand, we find that the perceptions of political representation are configured around the relationships between the inside and outside of the school. Also, the paper contributes to a deeper understanding, from a generational approach, of an historical context characterized by a new reconfiguration of the public sphere, together with the visibility of demands related to gender and sexuality issues. Also, the analysis carried out should make an important contribution to the field of youth studies from a socio-historical perspective, regarding young people's participation and citizenship in the educational system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is a global and critical study of the legal regime of the right to vote of foreigners in Spain. This regime addresses in all its extension and through its different pieces --Constitution, European regulations, legislation, international treaties, regulatory provisions and doctrine of the Central Electoral Board--, in order to know its status, coherence and possibilities of interpretation and even needs for reform. And it is done both taking into account its effects on the legal-political system, and following the usual criteria of constitutional interpretation and fundamental rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to inquire a corpus of columns of the language (CDL) of the Argentine magazine El Hogar: the section entitled "La paja en el ojo ajeno..." signed by Pescatore di Perle (Francisco Ortiga Anckermann). This CDL was published weekly for almost fifty years (between 1914 and 1963). I will analyze the columns of 1927, the year in which new debates on the national language appeared, especially in the newspaper Crítica. In the context of the institutionalization of philological disciplines in Argentina, the professionalization of the disciplone and the appearance of porteño dialects and colloquial expressions in the media, Pescatore di Perle's columns were a proposal on the use of language for the society that the magazine represented. The hypothesis that we want to demonstrate is that in them, through a strategy of prize and reward, the readership is encouraged to appropriate common sense about the "appropriate" uses of the language. The selection and awarding of the hunt for typos and the comments on the matter functioned as actions typical of «language surveillance», according to the perspective of Laienlinguistik, through which a specific linguistic citizenship was proposed. On the other hand, these CDL promoted linguistic correctness while using, without questioning, certain colloquial expressions as well as lexicon of cocoliche and lunfardo. This functioned, apparently, as objects of ridicule but in the same act, they were given body and representation for their use and domination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the application of the transparency laws of Brazil and Spain in a comparative perspective, seeking to know what mechanisms housed in these websites facilitate the access of the citizens to the information and to check, at the same time, the degree of application of transparency laws. Therefore, the type of research chosen is descriptive with a comparative approach, and as a procedure used usability tests on the institutional transparency sites of Brazil and Spain. In these tests, were evaluated criteria such as technical usability, information, communication and services. We also used the bibliographic, with the documentary research method with the intention of provoking a reflection about the object studied. From the preliminary analysis of the basic bibliographies during this paper, it could be observed that there is a relationship between transparency and citizenship, and understanding this phenomenon is important to understand if the tools that facilitate transparency are capable of influencing the practices of good governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are multiple lines of research on this subject, such as issues related to social responsibility, regulation, transparency, plurality, effects on citizenship or regulatory framework, among other issues to be taken into account in a new television, which today has digital platforms for broadcasting and reception. This research analysed, from a quantitative and qualitative point of view, the articles with the greatest impact on the Web of Science, focusing on television quality. We have worked with a total of 155 scientific papers cited on 50 occasions. All these papers belong to the category of Social Sciences or Humanities. The impact on technical issues, on the technological process, is the main conclusion of this study, in which the aspects linked to the transmission of healthy habits represent most of what can be considered an analysis of the effects of the television media. This approach represents a very limited vision. Similarly, the innovations allowed by the Internet are investigated from a technical point of view of usability and interactivity, rather than from the assessment of the transformation of the process and its influence on citizenship. Other issues of greater social importance, such as the role of television and its social responsibility, are relegated to a minority presence and its dissemination in academic environments of lower impact. In many cases, these are realities circumscribed to a specific country, as in the case of the regulatory framework. Finally, the general conclusion of the research indicates that television quality is a multifaceted theme that must be analyzed and its impact evaluated from multiple approaches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Science teaching has been called to contribute to citizenship insofar as it requires scientific competencies such as articulating theory and evidence, and the critical evaluation of different points of view. To promote argumentation in science teaching is key but not simple and requires teachers' pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) of argumentation. International literature has reported low PCK of argumentation in science teachers, but we scarcely know about this in Spanish speaking countries. This paper reports a study aimed at describing the PCK of argumentation on 10 primary science teachers in Chile. Lessons were video recorded, and interviews were conducted. Results show low PCK of argumentation overall, and declarative PCK does not necessarily relates with procedimental PCK. Moreover, different configurations of the dimensions of PCK of argumentation were observed, suggesting that there is not one possible learning progression, but different ones. Educational and scientific implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper shows the results of the first phase of a school of audiovisual communication, wich is mediated by information technology. For it, we identified two types of narratives. Firstly, one about the beneficial impacts in the technology access and appropriation, and in values, derivated from collaborative processes carried out by students to strengthen as social collective. Secondly, others that form a first corpus of contents, with wich the school wants to narrate and represent itself as successful case of peace buiding in the region. Our thesis is that such narratives show that the processes of appropriation of information and digital communication technologies strengthen processes of comunity communication and creative citizenships, based on values emerged among collaborative relations and interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is based on the analysis of citizenship competencies to respond to the demand for integral human development in the humanities. This paper explores the relationship between citizenship training in education and human development necessary for the formation of democratic citizens. The text also presents different controversies that gravitate around the concept of citizenship in the light of various theoretical conceptions and assumes a position that favors its application in educational proposals in an international context. Furthermore, unveiling the sources that generate the conception of the formation of citizens throughout history presupposes analyzing the synergies that characterize the models of citizenship and the educational projection of each educational stage. The importance of reflecting on the rationality of pedagogical decisions comprises an exercise to recognize the challenge implied by the new challenges of our time, from the processes of formation for the exercise of global citizenship. The problem discussed is the confrontation of knowledge, within the framework of integral education, highlighting the limitations of representative democracy. The objective is to raise the importance of the formation of citizenship competencies with a critical look at education for global citizenship, which implies connecting the local and global scale in an integral way, in order to highlight the relevance of an education for world citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the conflictive forms that the expansion of the citizenship acquired during the emergence of the Peronism, in the provincial context of La Rioja. From this point of view, we start from the considerations about the democratization of the social welfare, wich gave the framework of the forms of socio-political representation of the mentioned stage. In this respect, we try to advance in the subjective reception of the Peronist discursivity, through the recovery of letters written by persons that reveal social conflicts. In order to accomplish that, we focus on the reflection on the ways in which the social order during the Peronism was constituted. On the oher hand, we recognize the emergency conditions of the new rights from the expression of social conflicts, which show the limit of what is represented [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crisis caused by the coronavirus pandemic, and especially its social and economic consequences, in addition to those already suffered by the 2008 financial crisis, warn us of the need to revise some of the paradigms of the constitutional State. Specifically, this paper raises the need to overcome a subject-of-rights model based on the male reference and the public (male)/ private (female) division. Unlike the liberal model, the starting point should be the vulnerability of the human being and its inevitable indepedence, as well as the relational character of autonomy. These budgets would in turn lead us to overcome the liberal theory of rights and the concept of citizenship linked to it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The citizens settled in the National Territories could not participate in national elections for almost the whole history of these spaces. A conventional approach has taken this situation as the sign of a deprivation of political citizenship that would reflect the restrictive nature of the political order imposed on the Territories. Nothing would have changed with the passing of the Sáenz Peña Law, which would have kept the settlers of the Territories excluded from citizenship. However, Sáenz Peña's electoral reform did include the Territories and their inhabitants. Even if they remained without the possibility of voting in federal elections, it was not due to any attribution of political incapacity but to the legal status of such spaces. By studying published and unpublished documents, this paper not only questions that traditional interpretation but also aims to depict the way the principle of popular sovereignty was mediated by the federal frame of the representative regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through the discourses of financial-independence and «professionalisation» of offspring promoted by state-provided health-care and welfare (Juntos), Quechua women living in poverty find that upon entering motherhood their full citizenship becomes conditional on successful behaviours and stewardship of children to a more «desirable» livelihood than their own. This suggests that mothering-while-poor places a moral value on women that the state uses to justify monitoring and governing them. This paper is based on one-year's ethnographic-fieldwork in rural communities and health centres or posts in Vilcashuaman province, Ayacucho department, Peru. 100 interviews were conducted with women, men and health-workers, in addition to substantial participant-observation. Whilst the pervasive discourses overburden women's freedoms, there are alternatives to «professionalization» of indigenous-youth that do not require the financial literacy currently imposed on mothers. This paper suggests that moral values placed on poor-maternities are sometimes used unfairly as a justification for reproductive-intervention and revocation of full-citizenship for poor, indigenous women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The restructuring of citizenship has become a fundamental topic in the midst of contemporary debates surrounding the dynamics of immigrants. The research questions guiding this paper are: how are immigrant local dynamics reshaping citizenship? Why is the approach of immigrants and that of local governments towards citizenship so sharply contrasting? And, what are the consequences of these contrasts for immigrant incorporation? This paper presents a case study of the citizenship perspectives of Chicago's immigrants and of the city's government, contrasting the transnational approach emerged from below with a multicultural project posed from above. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the case of DOCUPERU, an organization that creates audiovisual contents intended to reect on the use of the collaborative documentary, which aims to promote an inclusive culture of active citizens. It is determined that the products designed by José Balado and his team result from collective actions that allow the marginal communities to gain access to some ways of self-representation, rebuilding their memory and speaking of their quotidianness. Firstly this paper presents an overview of the cultural agency. fien, it explains how these forms of amateur production have led to a new boost for the collaborative documentary. Finally, an interview to Balado is transcribed herein; this way he explains the fundamentals making possible to create such collective life experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the particularities of political praxis that are reproduced in the participation spaces of the municipality of Tlalpan. The guiding questions pose how given the changes in the political system clientelistic practices have been adapted to better suit the new political reality. To answer them, a qualitative study was carried out between 2015 and 2019 that included attending mass events and meetings between the different actors as well as semi-structured interviews with party leaders, town hall officials, intermediaries and district managers, as well as citizens linked to political networks. Proposed that the means of civic participation are the product of political exchanges that expressed beyond the electoral sphere and reproduced in the framework of political subjectivities and shared habitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on journalism and disinformation. To achieve this, methodological design begins with a review of the scientific literature that is complemented by the analysis of three interrelated perspectives: journalistic, economic and ethical. The results reveal disinformation to be a polysemic phenomenon, complicating the design of public policies to counter it. AI's emergence presents an opportunity to contribute to this and develop the concept of citizenship along three lines: 1) improving the state of professional journalism; 2) managing privacy; and 3) an ethical approach to technological development, which helps make informative decision-making conscious and free from biases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For the development of this paper, researches on migrants' health were reviewed and they showed a pathologizing perspective -related to biopower-. As an alternative to this perspective, I propose that the health of migrants should be approached by public health services based on reflections from social justice, specifically from Benhabib's ideas: the concrete other, which questions the homogenization of the subjects, and the right to have rights, which proposes that these be linked to the human condition, not to categories such as citizenship. This proposal is relevant, as the health impacts of migrants are linked to unequal living conditions, resulting from being considered risky to receiving societies. In that sense, the text's approaches could focus on alternatives to improve their health such as offering a guarantee of rights, improving their living conditions, and receiving differential health care. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The literature on electronic government focused on public services from the supply side. However, the citizens' perspective has received limited attention. This paper explores the electronic government adoption from the citizens' perspective. The objective of this study is addressing how involved are citizens from the Bahía Blanca city in e-government (mediated by the municipal website). Besides, it examines the subjective factors that could explain such e-government level. To achieve these goals, an online survey conducted to a group of local citizens, the followers of' «Moderniza Bahía» Facebook. In this vein, we could obtain a representative sample of the population by using a sample from a finite population. Results obtained shows that higher levels of awareness, expected benefits and trust on e-government can explain higher levels of e-government adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I defend the stance that republicanism --in comparison to other central notions-- has not been interpreted as one of the main traits that characterize Kant's legal and political philosophy. A plausible reason for this is that Kantian republicanism has not occupied a prominent place in the republican narratives, historiographical or systematic, that are dominant in contemporary discussions. To my mind, the reason for this is that some innovative characteristics in the Kantian republican enterprise are at odds with other republican philosophical projects. Here I discuss some distinctive traits of Kant's project regarding his conceptions of the rule of law, citizenship, political authority, free speech, and international law with the aim of showing that they are an integral part of a political and legal theory that is still attractive and compelling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Latin American indigenous people have undergone changes in their cultural identity, especially as a result of their contact with Western cultures. As such, a measuring instrument is required to determine the extent of this change. In the Amazon, difficulties in obtaining field data have not allowed the establishment of cultural indicators. This paper presents an instrument designed from the indigenous perspective that allows us to measure their cultural identity. The qualitative study focusing on the Ecuadorian Amazon resulted in an instrument that provides information on thirty subscale and five cultural scales, and was successfully tested for validity and reliability. Finally, it was applied to three populations with different degrees of contact with Western society in order to determine their differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of this paper is to analyze the objectives of sustainable development (OSD) established in September 2015, in an agreement signed by 193 countries at the United Nations General Assembly, from the perspective of Critical Environmental Education. The specific objectives were: to present the concept of Environmental Education in the critical perspective; to know the objectives of sustainable development; to analyze the OSD in the perspective of Critical Environmental Education. The research question listed was: are there possible approaches to think of the achievement of OSD, through an Environmental Education in its critical aspect? In the present work we start from the assumption that Environmental Education in its critical aspect is defined in Brazil from a matrix that sees education as an element of social transformation, inspired by dialogue, in the exercise of citizenship, in the strengthening of subjects, in the overcoming capitalist forms of domination and understanding the world in its complexity. At the end, it is evident that Environmental Education, in its critical, emancipating and transforming aspect of reality, shows itself as a viable path for the pursuit of the sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines organizational processes promoted by women and victims of armed conflict in the Eastern Antioquia region of Colombia in order to analyze the relationship between these processes and the discourses and expressions of local democracy. The research focuses on the meanings that democracy takes for these organizations. The paper analyzes these relationships in two different ways. On the one hand, organizational processes have appropriated and redefined the institutional discourses of citizenship and participation as well as interacted with institutions in order for women and victims to be listened to and to make their claims visible in the public arena. On the other hand, these organizations have appropriated discourses on citizenship and participation in order to influence everyday life in a context deeply affected by political violence. The organizational processes examined here are the Asociación Provincial de Víctimas a Ciudadanas, Centro de Acercamiento para la Reconciliación y Reparación, and Asociación de Mujeres del Oriente Antioqueño. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the Argentinan parliamentary opposition in legal reform debates between 2009 and 2010, that searched to extend rights concerning to communicative and sexual citizenship in that country. From analysis of interventions in the Congress' voting sessions, the paper proposes two categories to describe strategies of displacement of the parliamentary opposition: displacements by procedures flaws and displacements by political feuds. Both categories group discursive operations that question the democratic institutions based on external factors, displace the object of legislative debate and seek the annulment of parliamentary debate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an analysis of the construction of citizenship in the Argentine secondary school. We present a brief discussion on social movements andthe main characteristics of the educational system. Then the paper analysed the demands and the repertoires of action of the secondary student movement. Finally, we present three emerging citizenship figures. It is conlcuded that in recent years there has been a shift in youth political actions towards the pre-eminence of measures such as the taking of schools and a heterogeneity of forms of participation that shows the importance acquired by youth styles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article aims at analyzing the social insertion of regional migrants in the Bahía Blanca municipality (Buenos Aires province, Argentina), focusing in their access to the social rights recognized by the Migration Law 25.871, in the period between 2010-2018. Through a qualitative research, this paper identifies the "critical knots/issues" in the access and usefulness of health resources and services of migrants, highlighting a set of institutional, cultural and social conditions that limit the practical exercise of citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the dimensions of citizenship, helping to recognize how work has been done around the concept and practices of being a citizen in different social, economic, political and cultural contexts. In this way, the document traces the ways of conceiving citizenship in different periods of history and emphasizes the new constructions developed today. Finally, we will refer to a theme of citizenship as a social construction resulting from the intersubjectivities of human beings with other human beings and the institutions that make up societies in each historical moment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse the way in which children who are part of the NAT's (Working Children and Teenagers in English) movement are organised from research which began in the year 2012 and it is still ongoing. It is also my intencion to show how political subjects performing active citizenship are built (Yuval Davis, 1997), which implies recognizing their rights, their participation and a way to make these effective, besides an inclusive citizenship (Catep, 2000) aiming at the participation of every social group, including subordinates or those like the working children who are located in the margins. The focus of the research carried out in order to acknowledge the reality of children and teenagers who belong to the NAT's movements has been ethnographic, the main reseach techniques for the collection of information being those of participating observation and open interviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that historically, indigenous peoples in Bolivia have been aware of the limits of citizenship and Western politics in countering the exclusion of their life-world from modernity. However, notwithstanding this, they have not entirely discarded the concept of citizenship, but have supplemented it in novel ways in order to reinstate a place for their own life-world. Two key concepts guide the discussion. This first is the concept of equality inspired by Jacques Rancière's emphasis on a presupposition of equality by the excluded, those who do not count, and the literature on 'acts of citizenship'. The second concept is that of "colonial difference" invoked to modify the world that has excluded indigenous peoples and to reinstate a place for their own life-world. The paper suggests that the concept of 'acts of indigenship' is a productive way to apprehend and analyze the transformative potential of combining concepts of indigeneity and citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The gender inequalities are normalized and are standardized in the patriarchal culture; this paper contributes to making a critical and postcolonial feminist pedagogy that gets the transformation of these inequalities through of the education for a citizenship in key of equality, equity and social justice. In line with this topic, the paper can be including in a qualitative research method, with an important documentary discussion, whose target is the definition of a gender approach. To make this approach, the paper includes the contributions of postcolonial feminism and the point of view on citizenship education. The main sources of information are the feminist thinkers and their recent struggles, which are increasing the presence of the borders voices. Another source of information is the main result of a research cooperation project and the PHD research. As the main contribution, the paper collected the keys to making a feminist and transformative pedagogy for empowerment the citizens with equity. This paper systematizes and generates theoretical and practical knowledge to support the feminist pedagogy, which break boundaries and dominant imaginaries. According with this point of view, the teacher training with a gender approach is an essential tool to making this pedagogy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The argument of this paper is that a liberal defence of school education is not compatible with demands for the exceptional exclusion of children from the exigiencies of compulsory schooling, such as the exception granted to the Amish in Wisconsin v. Yoder. The paper examines liberal political arguments which consider the value of education as purely functional to the citizens' role. It argues that whilst this is important, it remains insufficient and inadequate as well. Rather, the liberal compromise with education should also accept its intrinsic value as part of a valuable life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, postcolonial feminism has had enormous consequences for the reconceptualization of politics or rights. In light of this, the present paper explores the crossroads among postcolonial feminism, human rights and citizenship. The paper follows bell hook's theoretical work. It does so by first, the paper reviews the emergence of postcolonial feminism and analyzes the key topics of debate generated by these approaches within Women Studies. Secondly, the paper examines some of the dilemmas and criticisms provoked by these approaches to the concept of human rights. The paper concludes by exploring the ways in which postcolonial feminist approaches might continue to make significant advancement in rethinking citizenship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the concerns which have led to the new wave of studies on populism in Argentina, focusing more on the debate surrounding the establishment of a new institutional framework typical of the 1980s than on the proliferation of 21st-century popular governments in South America. The typical characteristics and problems encountered in these studies are explained, and the defining features of the populist experience in 20th-century Argentina are analyzed by drawing comparisons with other populist processes in the region. Finally, the paper analyzes how certain features persist in the new political order, while others have gone through complete transformations since it was established in 1983. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper proposes that, taking in account the popular protests that took place between 2012 and 2015 in Colombia, it is possible to make a reading about what citizens expect from the Peace Agreement implementation when studying the demands generated due to general dissatisfaction with the role of the State and its failure to comply with what is found positive in the constitution. A revision of the conception of citizenship is proposed, also about how it expects answers that may even go beyond the institutionalized conditions of justiciability. The latter drives to the creation of new deliberation scenarios theoretically based in a reading of the Political Constitution, which aims to return the constitution to the people. The analysis of these demands and / or needs makes it possible to evidence the relevance of the peace agreement and of the government's agenda commitment with the identification of the protests and their relationship with social, economic, cultural and environmental rights --which must estimate how must the government intervene and how determine how to fulfill its social policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Different studies on democracy and political disaffection are of the belief that the internet and social networks provide new opportunities for social mobilization and citizen participation. The social mobilizations of the second decade of the 21st century, such as the Arab Spring or the 15M in Spain, defined the protagonist role of online communication and social networks for the summon and the development of protests. This paper, which uses the stages of moral development and applies them to social reality, provides a theoretical proposal for a three-dimensional analysis (introducing the concepts of strategy, action, and objective) to study contemporary social mobilizations. It also presents and compares the three analytical dimensions and uses them to characterize, in an exploratory manner, three cases of social mobilization (the Arab Spring in Egypt, the 15M, and the Platform for People Affected by Mortgages in Spain). In the text, the use of social networks and the media is a transverse study based on the three dimensions proposed. The analysis shows that some forms of protest have declined to the feelings of political frustration of citizens, and they have been displaced to a second institutional level or suffered a systematic disarticulation. We propose the conceptualization of the contemporary social movement as a collective space built on a strategy aimed at a specific political system that performs change actions focused on autonomy processes and sets out long-term objectives that have been agreed upon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antígone's tragedy and the search for the disappeared has been aesthetically and politically appropriated by artists and activists in Mexico. Reflecting about the relationship between futility, forensic technologies and the notion of a victim-political subject, this paper engages with the narratives of the families that constituted the governance body of a project known as 'Citizen-Led Forensics' which brought to the world the first forensic DNA database created, managed and designed by relatives of the disappeared in Mexico. Our findings are the product of years of ethnography and one year of intense participatory research. We argue that it is only once technologies are not bound by principles of efficiency, market logics, or exclusive expertise, that the unexamined state-centric notions of forensic humanitarianism can be transgressed, and thus help us build new relationships between science, justice and truth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper I explore derives circumstances of the extermination of native people of Uruguay and their integration to postcolonial class society. It was thought that this affair was a problem solved, but the recent history questions Uruguayan State identity and the myth of social and cultural homogeneous society products of European immigration. Social and political crisis (1973-1984) put in discussion symbolism and social stereotypes of the called modern Uruguay. Te re activation of a news Indians identities is a memory processes under construction which combine scientific research with the fight for Human Rights, and deep questions about official historical narratives. In recent years Anthropological studies and heritage process collaborated with making more visible natives American heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The authors study media education as a necessity which is essential for the development of the digital and media competence and the construction of citizenship. In this paper they study the possibilities of certain applications and tools aimed at the field of education in relation to the implications of use and privacy for the user, the teacher first, and specially, the students. The analysis reveals how a uncritical use can result in the sale of private information to companies and the loss of privacy of the user. For this reason, the authors argue the need for curricular integration of media education as a base for the responsible exercise of citizenship in democratic societies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the creation of civic educational processes in nonformal contexts, using the streets as a shared space, among youngsters from marginalized neighborhoods in the city of Torreon, in the Mexican northern-center region. After reviewing the state of the art of the concepts of citizenship and nonformal education, it is posed an intervention strategy with these youngsters by creating graffiti murals, in the frame of brisk dialogs leading to reach consensus as a way to operate the whole creative process. The outcomes achieved, besides the murals, are directed to enhancing the youngsters' possibilities and responsibility as individuals and as a group before the collectivity to which they belong. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to analyze, from a comparative perspective, the political views and guidelines adopted by the Southern Common Market (Mercosur), the Andean Community of Nations (can), and the Union of South American Nations (Unasur) in relation to the proposals put forward to construct citizenship in the South American region between 2002 and 2016. A qualitative research methodology is used, and it is focused on the analysis of official public documents issued by the above mentioned organizations of regional integration, which follow a set of guidelines in terms of regional citizenship. The importance of the paper lies in the reflection upon the kind of citizen and the concept of citizenship that derives from the guidelines promoted by can, Mercosur, and Unasur. In this sense, it shows that a multiplicity of legal status hides under the category of citizenship, and that they serve as selection, hierarchization and differential inclusion mechanisms for regional migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of an analysis of the application of a test of citizenship skills on a group of students from the University of Magdalena (Universidad de Magdalena) after they received teaching practices that were both constructive (case studies) and playful (games) to acquire citizenship skills. The study is quantitative with a quasi-experimental, pretest-posttest design, a control group that received explanations (lectures) and an experimental group that received playful and constructive teaching practices. The parametric tests performed on the data obtained lead to the conclusion that there are significant differences in favor of students who used playful and constructive teaching practices to develop citizenship skills. This points to the need to continue applying effective teaching practices to develop these skills in university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper aims at revealing the place of the development of civic competences in the citizen's formative dynamics with higher education. The paper is part of the results of the theoretical research carried out by the authors about the civic formation of the university students. The understanding of the civic formation as a process developer of competences for the sociotransformation, the determination of the civic competences that are sought to develop in the Cuban youths with university education, as well as the precision of their functions and concretion ways are important moments of the present valuation. The classification of the basic civic competences and the definition of the sociotransforming competence as the integration of all of them contribute to the upgrading of inadequacies present in the theoretical referents on the topic and in the educational practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses, from a historical perspective, the forms of representation of the independence process present in textbooks that circulated in schools in the Colombian Caribbean region during the twentieth century. Some of the most representative texts of history for schools in the region were selected as the source and object of study; through them, are analyzed and identified aspects closely related to independence, such as national identity, the citizenship formation processes, the construction of the nation state and the role of the Caribbean region as founder of the new republican regime in those times. The paper places special emphasis on the analysis of historiographical and pedagogical trends pertaining to the textbooks analyzed and which eventually undoubtedly influenced the type of representation and collective imaginary about the process of independence embodied in these artifacts of ideological and cultural character. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transparency policies have made many public institutions offer abundant and relevant information on the Internet. This paper studies the use of this information by citizens. The methodology is based on a survey of Internet users in Spain, analyzing the data through logistic regression in order to establish the variables that most determine the citizen use of the information disseminated by public institutions on the Internet. Six factors are relevant in the model: Specialized digital literacy, Sex, Participation in public affairs through the Internet, Level of education, Age and Perception of the possibilities offered by public institutions to access their data. Specialized digital literacy is the most relevant factor. Accordingly, this research asks to promote specialized literacy of citizens, and particularly journalists, because of their importance as specialized mediators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In parallel to the strategy of neo-Orientalising the Muslim community in Europe, acts of resistance emerge to condemn it. This article considers neo-Orientalisation not only as a strategy for exoticising and/or undermining the community, it demonstrates that it may be understood as an “agonistic Government strategy”. To this end, the paper presents the case of the “Raval 11” and bases its analysis on the interpretation of the resistance by family and activists to the arrests of 11 Pakistanis and Indians on charges of terrorism in Barcelona in 2008 as “acts of citizenship”. New political subjects were engaged: women, young people and children burst onto the scene demanding both freedom and the presumption of innocence for their relatives and dignity for the wider Muslim and migrant community criminalised by the dominant political and media discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to understand the role of public space in the physical construction of the city and in the experiential and social experience of human beings. Methodology: interdisciplinary literature review that followed the stages of investigation, systematization and exposure was applied. To gather information on the notion of public space, we went to primary sources such as books, articles, theses and research papers to include categories of study as public space, city, social construction, memory and identity. Results: it was found that public space is an essential component in shaping the city; through public space humans can enhance their experience from the relationship with peers and the environment. Conclusions: collective sharing, socialization and anonymity occurs in public space; in it, the person generates ties with his/her peers and with the environment, favoring the entrenchment of concepts such as sense of belonging and place. Therefore, planning and development must be made from interdisciplinary project work that allows the experience of being human. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schools are required to educate students in community and citizenship. This overall aim comprises a number of specific objectives: to communicate a set of contents, to foster certain values and attitudes, and to develop a range of skills. The purpose of this paper is to present the findings from a survey dealing with issues related to Citizenship Education (CE); 1,557 third-year students in secondary education in the Zaragoza region were surveyed. The paper is structured as follows: first, the international framework within which CE is promoted is described. The issue is then discussed in relation to established Spanish legislation in this regard. Thereafter, the empirical results from a case-study survey carried out among students attending schools in Zaragoza are presented. The focus of the survey was to evaluate student responses to EC as a subject, and its objective was to analyze the views of students both before and after their participation in the subject during academic year 2008-2009, the first year the subject was taught in the Spanish school system. The results show that there is significant improvement in the theoretical knowledge block, which is consistent with student experience on a taught course at school; however, there is no appreciable improvement in the blocks relating to values and attitudes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two of the numerous variables that affect women with disabilities, exposing them to processes intersectional discrimination, are associated with the still prevailing traditional patriarchal society models: sexuality and motherhood. Sometimes these factors are so severe that violate the fundamental rights of the persons in this social group, threatening their status as full citizens and contributing occasionally to their social exclusion. In this paper we present some of the findings related to these aspects, from an empirical study that analyzed the existing violence against women with disabilities, in order to visualize the specific vulnerability of the members of this social group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]