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It is noted that the active development of social relations influenced the renewal of the doctrinal foundations of Ukrainian administrative law, as a result of which there are constant discussions in the modern science of administrative law of Ukraine, including those directly related to administrative-legal relations. The perspectives of administrative and legal science, as well as the branches of administrative law, are related to modern tasks that science sets before itself in accordance with social requirements, which must be solved, including through the application of measures. It is noted that administrative law regulates a significant number of various social relations, among which a special place is occupied by administrative-delict relations, which cover a variety of relations, which are covered by the norms of administrative law, which is currently in the stage of systemic reform and is mostly related to relations regarding ensuring the realization of human and citizen rights and freedoms, consideration of administrative disputes, application of measures of administrative responsibility, bringing to disciplinary responsibility persons under public law. Attention is drawn to attempts to reform the administrative-tort legislation, since the codified act of administrative-tort legislation adopted during the Soviet era does not meet the realities and requirements of today. Therefore, the issue of updating the administrativedelict legislation occupies a prominent place in the scientific developments of domestic jurists. Existing scientific discussions on the separation of administrative-tort law into an independent branch of law exist to this day, but we must state that, despite its own specificity, administrative-tort law performs a significant number of various functions (regulatory, binding, permissive, protective, educational, etc., is a sub-branch of administrative law, which has a special subject of legal regulation, which is a set of legal norms regulating relations arising from the doctrine of administrative tort. It is emphasized that the formation of modern administrative and tort law involves interaction with the institutions of administrative responsibility provided for by the sectoral norms of laws, which may include the procedure for bringing a person to administrative responsibility, which is completely different from that regulated by the Code of Ukraine on administrative offenses, which requires new theoretical views on establishing a system of administrative penalties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The institution of a simplified taxation system provided for in the tax system of Ukraine is characterized by permanent variability, which is always aimed at achieving an optimal balance between national interests (reduction of the shadow economy sector; attracting funds to budgets; reducing the level of tax administration costs; preventing the use of simplified taxation system in minimization schemes; etc.) and individual interests of taxpayers (reducing the tax burden; promoting the competitiveness of taxpayers; improving the convenience of paying taxes; minimizing the amount of tax reporting; etc.). Since the introduction of the simplified taxation system, it has been significantly transformed and, compared to 1998, is qualitatively better. Despite this, discussions in political and scientific circles about the need to take steps to further modify this special tax regime, up to its complete abolition, do not stop. The article considers the National Revenue Strategy until 2030 approved by the supreme executive body of Ukraine, which defines a medium-term roadmap for reforming tax policy and tax administration in Ukraine. The article outlines the main principles that should be followed in modernizing the national simplified taxation system and considers the goals that the state seeks to achieve through the practical implementation of the approved strategy. The author describes in detail the key measures envisaged by this national strategy for reforming the simplified taxation system, including in the context of Europeanization of the tax system of Ukraine, and points out the uncertainty of certain elements of these measures, which leads to complications in the tax planning process for entities. The author concludes that the approved national strategy, which is aimed at approximating the national tax policy and tax legislation of Ukraine to the provisions of the European Union legislation, provides for depriving legal entities (including agricultural producers) of the right to tax their income with a single tax, and defines measures to tighten the requirements for single tax payers (individual entrepreneurs) and increase their tax burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Certain aspects of information and communication factors of reforming local self-government in the context of achieving the planned results in the conditions of the legal regime of martial law introduced in Ukraine are considered. Among the urgent problems -- improvement of the information and communication environment of local self-government, information support of decentralization processes. The article is aimed at studying the influence of the legal regime of martial law on the formation of an effective mechanism for the open functioning of local public authorities, the development of forms of direct democratic participation of citizens in resolving issues of local importance. The effectiveness of the entire system of local self-government is based on democratic ideas of openness and accessibility of local authorities. In conditions of war, the importance of the information and communication factor for the implementation of the functions of local self-government is especially increasing. It is emphasized that the achievement of communicative interaction between the local population, local authorities on the basis of understanding has always been an important factor in establishing effective local self-government, the formation of capable territorial communities. It is concluded that there is a constitutional and legal basis for the open nature of the activities of public authorities, the participation of citizens in solving issues of local importance, its shortcomings and ways of improvement are called. The most common practices of establishing communicative relationships are investigated, which emphasize the importance of direct dialogue during war and the importance of digital technologies. One of the directions in these processes is the active digitalization of communities ("community in a smartphone"). Under the conditions of martial law, the level of openness and transparency of the activities of local public authorities decreases, since a number of legal security restrictions have been established. This directly affects the level of involvement of residents in the processes of preparation and decisionmaking of local self-government bodies, guaranteeing certain constitutional (municipal rights) human and citizen rights. The insufficient level of application of modern ICTs, the importance of which in war conditions cannot be overestimated, remains problematic. It is also argued that it is quite difficult to fully ensure the increase in the level of functioning of the local self-government system, the fulfillment of tasks by self-governing bodies, the territorial community only through the use of a technological (digital) approach. There is a need to develop more optimal indicators of the effectiveness of activities aimed at solving the problems of the life of the territorial community and the implementation of its interests, increasing public awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is devoted to a topical topic - taxation in Ukraine, which is extremely important under the conditions of modern force majeure, which the country faced during the Russian-Ukrainian war and taking into account the challenges of its post-war recovery. The purpose of the research is a constructive and critical analysis of publications on tax topics, the formulation, and justification of the author's own positions on the reform of tax management, and their specification in the context of ensuring efficiency, effectiveness, and justice in taxation. The main results of the study are a structured assessment of current publications on tax topics by Ukrainian and foreign scientists; identification of existing problems in the taxation system in Ukraine and substantiation of the author's approaches and practical ways of solving them; critical rethinking of the essence of the categories of efficiency, effectiveness and justice in the context of their implementation in the taxation system; development of criteria for assessing the efficiency and effectiveness of tax management; proposals for the use of stimulating and social tax benefits for the activation of economic development and justice in the tax sphere. The authors defend the position according to which tax relations between the state and taxpayers should be regulated by establishing the parity of their financial interests, which requires greater attention to taxpayers. Therefore, the work examines the systems of state and corporate tax management and outlines their interaction. The main thesis is to ensure the unidirectionality of the fiscal interests of the state and the financial interests of taxpayers. The tax burden on individuals in the complex of direct and indirect taxation is also investigated, the modern relevance of Engel's law is proven, and a specific option for restoring tax justice for individuals is proposed. The stated fairness is associated with the introduction of a progressive scale of personal income taxation; but in order not to repeat the false experience of tax progression, which Ukraine gained at the beginning of the formation of its own tax system, this progression should be slow, and the "jumps" of tax rates should not be exaggerated. This article will be of interest to scholars and practitioners concerned with taxation issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article investigates and reveals the comprehension of how the concepts of the public security phenomenon are constructed in the philosophical and legal views of Niccolo Machiavelli. In Europe at that time, ensuring public security was an extremely urgent task for almost every state, which involved concern for the individual human salvation, i.e. the search for confidence in faith, at the individual level, and at the collective level – concern for the protection of subjects from violence, war, injustice, hunger, rising prices, poverty, and concern for public welfare in the broadest sense. It is emphasised that one of the most popular and detailed concepts of public security at that time was proposed by the prominent Italian philosopher, diplomat and politician Niccolo Machiavelli (1469–1527). There have been and still are heated academic discussions around its content, meaning and focus, which touch upon some controversial aspects of the security concept and help to clarify important nuances of Machiavellian vision of public security and key instruments for its guarantee better. According to the results of the study, it has been concluded that Machiavelli's security concept is characterised by rationalism, secularism, pragmatism, nationalism, an emphasis on a combination of power and legal elements with the predominance of the former, institutional and personal factors of public security with the priority of the former, instruments of psychological pressure (intimidation to keep the people in line), military force and diplomacy (to prevent external threats), separation of ethics and politics in the field of public security, a balanced attitude to the need to maintain internal and external security, and a high appreciation of the historical experience of ensuring security in antiquity and in modern centralised and absolutist states at an early stage.

An analysis of watercolours from Michel van Meeyer's «Friends' Album» reveals the unique characteristics of the work and its relevance to source criticism. The study suggests that van Meeyer might not have directly witnessed the events he depicted. The album's role before becoming a primary source demonstrates a fascinating blend of visual and textual cultures in early modern Europe. Two watercolours portray James I in significant contexts: one shows him in the English Parliament, and the other depicts him among spectators at a rooster battle. These images provide insights into contemporary perceptions of James I and the interactions between the king and society. The purpose of this article is to analyze Michel van Meyer's friends' album, focusing on depictions of King James I Stuart (1603-1625) and royal authorities. It aims to examine the representation of power from the perspective of a traveller and compare it with the official image constructed by governmental institutions. In conclusion, at the presource stage, the album amicorum functioned much like modern social media, capturing life moments to share with family and friends. These «travel notes» were similar to contemporary photography, often signed and dated. The results of this analysis show that the albums provide insights into the perception of the king and its origins. Watercolours can be examined both as reflections of van Meyer's receptive attitudes and as sources of royal representation for acquaintances. This historical artifact actively participated in its time, rather than merely representing a tradition. In the watercolours, King James I is depicted as a proponent of chivalrous ideals, emphasizing his affiliation with the Order of the Garter and traditional equestrian portraits. Early Art England preserved representative strategies from the Tudor dynasty, such as the cult of St. George and the king's procession on St. George's Day. The king's title as a «blessed peacemaker», continuing the Elizabethan imperial tradition, is also maintained. The watercolour depicting a cockfight highlights the king's leisure activities and serves as a symbolic representation of social hierarchies. The originality of this analysis lies in its examination of Michael van Meyer's album as an object representing the image of King James I in society for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the activities of the prominent Lutheran reformer Johannes Bugenhagen (1485–1556) in the period from the 1530s to 1550s. The principal approaches to the reformer’s legacy in the historiography of the 19th to early 21st centuries are summarized. The main directions of Bugenhagen’s pursuits in the ecclesiastical, theological, political, and organizational spheres are analyzed. The article shows that Bugenhagen played a key role in the drafting and promulgation of a number of evangelical church statutes. It is noted that the church statute model developed by Bugenhagen for Brunswick, Hamburg, and Lübeck was widely adopted across many evangelical territories in Germany and abroad; in particular, attention is given to Bugenhagen’s reform work in Denmark. It is argued that Bugenhagen’s revision of church law along Reformation principles was associated with changes in other branches of law. It is emphasized that after the Schmalkaldic War of 1546– 1547 Bugenhagen remained one of the leaders of the evangelical forces and continued his reform work in the church and the University of Wittenberg. In the 1550s, he actively collaborated with such representatives of the ‘second generation’ of Lutheran supporters as Paul Eber, Martin Chemnitz, Andreas Wolf, and David Hitrois, as shown in his correspondence. The article analyzes Bugenhagen’s approach to theological problems, which was determined by the desire to affirm the ideas of Lutheranism in all aspects of church life; in particular, the reformer’s work in the last years of his life is considered. The author concludes that Johannes Bugenhagen achieved marked success in a number of spheres, combining theory and practice in dealing with the most important theological, political, and organizational issues of the day. The reformer’s principal achievements in the period from the 1530s to 1550s were the creation of a number of evangelical statutes, further development of the Lutheran dogma, and participation in the overhaul of university education. His active and varied pursuits strengthened Wittenberg’s connections with other centers of the evangelical movement, thus facilitating the spread of Lutheran confessionalization in Germany and other countries.

The article develops a conceptual approach to the process of strategic planning of long-term development of the health care sector, determination of strategic and tactical goals of such development. The development of the concept of the development of the health care sector uses the following results: the results of SWOT analysis, which justify the feasibility of applying recovery, restructuring and reengineering strategies; the results of the analysis of global trends in the development of the health care sector (increasing demand for care outside hospitals, shortage and exhaustion of medical workers, deterioration of mental health, increasing the role of personal relationships between the patient and doctor, increasing demand for affordable and safe treatment, remote monitoring and interaction between health care institutions, increasing use of mobile applications and information technologies); the results of identification and assessment of the impact of fundamental and specific risks; the key values and guiding principles of industry reform determined by the Ministry of Health of Ukraine. A system of factors affecting the development of a long-term strategy for the development of the healthcare sector of Ukraine is built. The article determines that the most important priorities of the health care sector are the further reform of the sector, ensuring European integration and post-war reconstruction. The indicated priorities are strategic goals, within each of which tactical goals are developed (digitalization of management and medical processes; formation and development of medical personnel; development of institutions of the health care system; creation of effective hospital districts; development and improvement of the management efficiency of medical facilities; improvement of quality the development of the public health system, the implementation of the public health system, the alignment of the processes of the provision of medical services with the EU standards provision of basic medical services; provision of physical and mental health of the population; measures to achieve the specified tactical goals are proposed: development of comprehensive strategies anti-crisis programs; ensuring a sufficient amount of funding; social development of collectives and social protection of employees; increasing the efficiency of communication processes in medical institutions; creation of conditions for employees' motivated improvement of their own qualifications; solving organizational problems of the formation of hospital districts, promoting the improvement of the efficiency of the management of medical institutions.

Military events and the post-war period will require a rethinking of the concept and strategy of development of the mineral and industrial complex in Ukraine. Considered issues and problems of work of geologists in the state sector of the economy, peculiarities of their work in large vertically integrated companies. A special place is given to consideration of the peculiarities of the work of Ukrainian geologists in foreign companies. Proposed methods of using young specialists during the reform of the mineral and raw material complex of Ukraine. The authors propose a discussion on these issues in order to develop the most acceptable and effective algorithms for the development of the geological field.

The general historical path of the State Border Service, as a border institution of independent Ukraine, which was passed by it from the time of military formation to a modern law enforcement body of the European model, is considered. At the first stage of the overall historical path, a number of fundamental state normative legal acts were adopted and urgent problems related to the organization of the Border Troops of Ukraine, their formation and formation were resolved. At the second stage of development, the legislation on the state border of Ukraine was improved. The process of contractual and legal registration of the state border has begun. At the third stage, preparations were made for the reformation of the Border Troops into the State Border Service of Ukraine - a special law enforcement body. The main task of the fourth stage was the formation of a modern border institution as a law enforcement body, the activity of which is based on the basic standards of the European Union. At the fifth stage of its history, the border institution of Ukraine faced the hybrid aggression of the Russian Federation, which transformed into an open armed invasion on February 24, 2022. The main feature of the fifth stage was the strengthening of the military component in the system of the border institution and its adaptation to the conditions of the special period and the conduct of hostilities. Currently, in addition to the active participation of border guards in hostilities in the East and South of Ukraine, the leadership of the border institution is performing state tasks that were determined even before the full-scale armed invasion of the Russian Federation. At the same time, during the repulsion of Russian armed aggression, the border institution of Ukraine continues to develop and improve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present the origins and spread of Lutheranism in Europe as perceived by the Jesuits and historian Jan Poszakowski. He was a Jesuit, teacher and historian. The author of several books on historical and theological topics. One of tchem, entitled The Lutheran History, describes in detail the stages of the Reformation movement, specificialy Lutheranism, in European countries. The author begins his History of Lutheranism from the 16th century, but also refers in some fragments to earlier eras, ending with the Thirty Years’ War. The historical perspective is especially valuable in this work, as the author also describes events close in time for him. The premise of the article was to relate the story written by Jan Poszakowski to the story written by later authors. The main source for writing the article is Historia Lutherska by Jan Poszakowski, as well as several items of literature on the history of the Church and the history of the reformation. The religious movement in the sixteenth century grew up on the basis of socio-political conflicts and led to a permanent split in the Roman Church, and thus to the emergence of Protestantism The discussed work of Poszakowski presents a biography of Martin Luther. The author, having at his disposal Luther's writings, enumerated in detail the issues that formed the basics of the doctrine of Lutheranism. He also did not fail to mention the spread of Lutheran science in other countries, m.in Denmark, Norway and Sweden. In the book of the first Lutheran History, the author presented Prussia, Lithuania, Latvia as one nation, he also discussed the circumstances of bringing the Teutonic Knights to Prussia. Book two of the Lutheran History described the time from Luther's shedding of his religious habit to the time of the Augsburg confession. Poszakowski also presented a brief historical outline of the spread of the Christian faith in Livonia itself. It was based here on the history written by Collegium Ryskie Societatis Iesu. Further described the author of the war with Moscow for Livonia and the takeover of Riga by Stefan Batory, who brought the Jesuits there.

Urgency of the research. Disclosing the views of domestic thinkers on the role of religion is an important aspect of the development of modern Ukrainian society, which contributes to a better understanding of religious freedom, freedom of conscience and the possibility of achieving ideological freedom. Reproducing the specifics of religious and social ties contributes to the prospect of achieving freedom of thought at the individual level. Target setting. The question of the connection between religion and society is relevant in today's global and multicultural society. The need to implement the principle of tolerance in the Ukrainian polyreligious society determines the importance of religious studies of the role of religion. Actual scientific researches and issues analysis. Such scientists as L. Filipovych, M. Loboda, V. Volkovsky, V. Fenych, A Kruglashov and others were engaged in the development of the outlined problems. The research objective. The purpose of this article is to reveal the set of views of Mykhailo Drahomanov in the context of socioreligious relations, where by reflecting the full range of their options for relationships, the role of religion is determined. The statemans of basic materials. In his works, Mykhailo Drahomanov singles out the characteristic features of the history of religiosity with its variants of embodiment of influence on society, where religion can both promote development and limit it. Progress, according to Mykhailo Drahomanov is an important aspect of the direction of society, which in connection with religion is possible under the condition of religious freedom, which will create a basis for freedom of conscience. Increasing the level of education in matters of religion promotes tolerance in society, determines the prospects for its development and helps to avoid the limitations of the worldview. Examples of restrictions on the will to believe, due to the influence of a particular religion, clearly illustrate the need to respect the possibility of choosing one's own worldview. Conclusions. The historical retrospective of the role of religiosity reveals the options for considering social positioning in relation to different periods of religion, and the universality of Drahomanov's views allows us to identify the main options for the interaction of religion and society. Filling the legal framework with specific examples of religious views shows the importance of respect for freedom of conscience in modern society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article is aimed at developing scientific-methodological approaches to increase efficiency of the organizational-functional transformation of the banking sector. It is substantiated that the implementation of the approach to evaluation of the level of organizational-functional transformation of the banking sector by introducing a generalized indicative indicator that takes into view quantitative and qualitative transformations in the banking sector, is an integral part of the system of measures to increase efficiency of the organizational-functional transformation of the banking sector. In the outlined system of measures the authors also included other successive steps, in particular: development of early response measures to problems and shortcomings in the functioning of the banking sector; stimulation of the factors accompanying the transformation («acceleration indicators») and determining the duration of the transformation. It is emphasized that the proposed system of measures can be used by the supervisory institution as an instrument of strategic planning to determine the transformational status of the banking sector and efficient implementation of measures to early response.

This article explores the Reformation's influence on the secularization of Western society according to the conceptions of Ch. Taylor and B. Gregory. Both authors point to the Reformation as a watershed moment in this process. However, they focus on different aspects of this historical phenomenon and assess its effects in contrasting ways. In Ch. Taylor's book "A Secular Age" he reviews the Reformation in light of M. Webber's ideas and agrees that it has caused important reverberations, namely: disenchantment of time and space leading to the formation of instrumental reason, rehabilitation of work as a social activity and the spread of high moral standards to the masses, which then became a precondition for the formation of disciplinary societies. Hence, Ch. Taylor perceives the Reformation as a religious factor of predominant social progress. At the same time, he notices that the exacerbation of the doctrine of predestination in Protestantism became an obstacle for the intellectuals of the Modern Age to apprehend Christianity. On the other hand, B. Gregory poses a more critical review of the Reformation in his book "The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society". He argues that doctrinal disagreements caused by Protestants' numerous convictions have consequently hindered contemporary Western society. Some of the unintended effects he identifies are the subjectivization of moral standards and the replacement of the substantial ethics of good by formal ethics of rights. Additionally, B. Gregory asserts that Protestant doctrines were influenced by the metaphysical univocity of being to a certain extent, which entailed the naturalistic character of modern science. However, several of his critics have questioned his research emphasizing the lack of evidence to support this last claim. Critics have also observed that his understanding of the Reformation as a destructive deviation from medieval Christianity is mainly based on an idealized view of the Middle Ages. Still, notwithstanding the one-sided character of B. Gregory's representation of the Reformation and the lack of reasonableness of some of his arguments, he correctly demonstrates its ethical consequences. This allows the conclusion that among the Reformation's consequences were both, those that contributed to the social progress and those that led to the emergence of the new ethical problems. This mean that the one-sided assessment of the Reformation as an exclusively positive or entirely negative phenomenon is inaccurate since it does not take into account the plurality of its direct and indirect, intended and unintended consequences. In this respect, Ch. Taylor is more moderate in his analysis of the Reformation, because he takes into consideration both aspects of its influence, in contrast to B. Gregory who notices only the destructive ones.

The purpose of the article is to determine the influence of Reformation currents on Ukrainian musical culture and to develop the periodization of the spread of polyphonic music. The methodology includes a systematic analysis, which made it possible to analyze and investigate the impact of Reformation trends on the spread of polyphonic music. To outline the temporal and quantitative characteristics of the analyzed material, statistical and chronological methods were used, which contributed to the definition of gradual and consistent innovations in Ukrainian musical culture. The scientific novelty is the development of periodization of the spread of polyphonic music and the introduction of linear notation in Ukraine. Conclusions. In the process of studying the influence of Reformation currents and the activities of Catholic educational institutions, the origins of polyphonic music were identified. The periodization of the distribution of polyphonic music in Ukraine has been developed. It was established that the first wealthy musicians were the Ukrainian wealthy gentry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the main directions and forms of external open communications of the Soviet secret services at the second stage of their reorganization in the Gorbachev Era. It shows the general tendencies of the state security bodies' implementation of the principle of openness. It highlights the peculiarities of "publicity and democratization" expansion in the operational and service activities of the USSR KGB in the Perestroika period. It is substantiated that in the second half of the 1980s in the USSR there was a transformation of the "repressive-communicative" system with a gradual transition from monologic communication to dialogic communication. At the same time, it is shown that the publicity of the Soviet secret services in this transitional period was influenced by both the specifics of their work and the prevailing propaganda model of communication in the USSR. It is emphasized that at that time the public contacts of the state security bodies with the population had a pronounced propaganda character. It is proven that the KGB of the Ukrainian SSR considered open communications as an important tool for influencing and manipulating public opinion. At the same time, they were provided through public (work with the media, creative unions, public organizations, meetings with employees of enterprises, institutions, organizations, etc.) and personal channels (consideration of applications and reception of citizens). Among the main areas of the communicative interaction of the Soviet secret services in Ukraine, the article deals with the following: public discrediting of national liberation movement members; popularization of state security bodies through mass media and creative unions, in particular the role of press groups in information and propaganda support of state security bodies; participation in rehabilitation processes; work with citizens' appeals. The leading forms of such activities were as follow: meetings with labor collectives, roundtable discussions, thematic evenings, public meetings, organization of excursions to departmental rooms-museums; participation of representatives of state security bodies in public events; publications in the press, release of TV and radio programs, feature and documentary films dedicated to the Soviet secret services, organization of press conferences; conducting a personal reception of citizens, and correspondence based on the results of consideration of appeals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is a search for, if not ideal, at least a decent pedagogy in India. India is at the threshold of modernity and post-modern conflict. From Kindergarten to Post-Graduation (that is from KG to PG) a student is in a state of obscurity and uncertainty. The question is — does India, a land of diversity and great civilization, lack philosophy of education that can be practically workable, vocationally satisfying (to cater the need of large population) and spiritually enriching? The answer is big a ‘NO’. To name a few master thinkers and social reformers who believed that education is the only means to ‘real progress’ that is physical, mental, social and spiritual ascendance — namely Jyotiba Phule, Savitribai Phule, M. K. Gandhi, Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan, Swami Vivekananda, Sri Aurobindo, Rabindranath Tagore, Annie Besant, B. R. Ambedkar and many more. But, still the education system in India remains in apathy. If not all, at least three of the prominent reformers that I find very impressive are Gandhi, Vivekanada and Tagore. (The order should not be taken seriously.) Their philosophy of education has been very reformative, innovative and apt for Indian culture since India lives in a complicated diversity. Since India lives in her diversity, the education system stands on a very fragile ground. There is a need to rejuvenate the system with transparency, acceptability and tolerance. All three thinkers mentioned in the article have shown one of these or all above three criteria in the realm of pedagogy. Our education system can do wonders if the ‘intentional ethics’ (keeping the axiology in mind) and ‘ethos of the people’ are combined together. Therefore, the future of Indian philosophy of education is not bleak if we transfer these reformists’ ideas in our education system, indeed in new attire that is the need of the time.

The transformational changes in the EU's common agricultural policy have been researched and the conscious, consistent, purposeful and gradual movement of the EU member states towards the implementation of the principles of sustainable development has been determined. A comprehensive analysis of the key features of the 2013 EU's common agricultural policy reform has been carried out. It has been determined that the EU's CAP has become more object-oriented, integrated and complementary; aimed at bringing the EU's agricultural sector closer to the world market, gradual reduction of the CAP budget and the burden on the EU budget, strengthening of market principles in relations between the agricultural producers and the EU. It has been revealed that tools introduced by the reform include environmentally-addressed direct payments, co-financing, mechanisms of external and internal convergence, and contribute to the environmental management resolution of corresponding problems, but the socioeconomic problems of the industry are not sufficiently solved. The main imperatives of the EU's common agricultural policy for the period of 2021-2027 have been determined: socioeconomic, environmental, political, human development. The analysis of possible scenarios of EU's CAP development after 2010 deserves attention. It is substantiated that the key issues in the development of the new EU's CAP will be: continuation by the EU member states of the chosen course to deepen the foundations of sustainable development; quantitative parameters of the financial security of the EU's CAP as a result of Brexit; on what basis will the distribution of EU's CAP resources be made among member states. Particularly important issue will be the choice of tools and support directions of the CAP, since it will determine the EU's CAP EU model parameters for almost a decade.

Purpose. Exploitation of aquatic bioresources in Ukraine was traditionally low. In order to provide the population of Ukraine with high-quality fish products, the task of fish industry workers in the country is to create appropriate conditions for increasing fish catches and improve the organization of labor and material provision at fish farms. Our immediate goal in the work was to identify the areas of reforms in the fish industry, which would ensure the progress in it and would be aimed at attracting investments in aquaculture, establishing fish protection bodies with a qualitative change in their working principles, forming a culture of socially responsible fishing, achieving transparency and openness in the work of the State Agency for Fisheries, as well as improving the efficiency of the functioning of state institutions. Methodology. The basis of the research is the scientific, statistical and reporting data in the fish industry of Ukraine. The research uses the methods of monitoring and retrospective analysis of recent research and publications. Findings. The information on the implementation of reforms in the field of fish industry in Ukraine is presented: change of territorial bodies, State Fisheries Agency, fisheries regimes, use of aquatic biological resources, regulatory framework, strengthening of international activities and use of foreign experience. In order to increase the capacity of the fish industry, it is being reformed in the direction of changing its structure, increasing funding, introducing foreign investment and using their expertise. Originality. The need for reforming the fish industry of Ukraine became highly important. Modern socio-economic conditions require changes in the approaches to the organization of the activity of f groups that are marked by significant technological, economic, organizational, regulatory and legal peculiarities that need to be taken into account in economic processes. In accordance with the need for changes in the fish industry, the importance of reforming the fish industry of Ukraine has become urgent. Practical value. The materials of the article may be appropriate for using by scientists and fish industry workers.

The system and legislation in the field of social security require changes, improvements and harmonization with European standards. Thus, the main tasks of Ukraine on the way of reforming the system of social protection and ensuring is the study of the experience of market reforms in developed countries, the obligatory consideration of current trends. In addition, it is necessary to overcome the inconsistency, inconsistency and inconsistency of legislation in this area. This is possible if: it is possible to achieve the extension of social security only to citizens who are employed, their family members and persons who are not able to work; to fully introduce a differentiated approach, that is, they will receive adequate protection of the basic rights of the able-bodied, in particular, the right to work and its corresponding condition, receiving for this a special peace remuneration, as well as social insurance in case of loss of work, upon reaching retirement age, temporary or permanent disability, and the disabled are guaranteed material support and social services at the expense of social insurance and payments from state and local budgets; there will be a review and distribution of economic responsibility for the observance of social guarantees between the state, enterprises and citizens; the level of social guarantees will be established based on social standards, the most important of which are the minimum subsistence level, minimum wages and pensions, as well as social assistance amounts approved by the state; forms of social security of the population correspond to the degree of economic development

Purpose of the article: analysis of the triadology of the Reformation in the light of contemporary discussions. Methods of research: the article uses historical-theological methodology and hermeneutics. Conclusions: There are two opposing views on the role of reformation in the reception, interpretation and transfer of the doctrine of the Trinity. Some believe that the Reformation neglected doctrine, while others insist that it was an important doctrine in the theology of Reformation. It is shown in the article that Luther and Melanchthon, while adhering to the principle of sola scriptura, initially were cautious of the doctrine of the Trinity, but with the advent of anti-trinitarian movements and the criticism of Catholic theologians began to teach and defend the doctrine. The theologian John Calvin from the very beginning was Trinitarian and he conducted polemics with anti-trinitarians . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legislative support of the reform of the agrarian sector of the Ukrainian economy during 1990-1994 was analyzed. The role of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the first convocation in the implementation of agrarian reform is revealed. It was established that in the initial period of the reform, in spite of the lack of a holistic vision of the strategic path of agrarian reform, a number of laws and legislative acts on regulation of agrarian and land relations were adopted. However, the slow paces of reform and insufficient legal framework have created preconditions for advancing reform by presidential decrees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the development of the political thought of early modern Ukraine, which is one of the most important manifestations of Ukrainian spirituality and emerges as a syncretic integrity that emerged in the second half of the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries. under the influence of many factors of socio–political, religious and cultural character. It is argued that the process of the existence of early modern Ukraine and the creation of a modern Ukrainian nation took place synchronously with similar processes in Western Europe. It is emphasized that church movements and Cossack wars of the late XVI–XVII centuries is a Ukrainian analogy of the pan–European process of the emergence of a new form of collective identity – national consciousness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The confessional policy of Duke George of Saxon is considered. The features of George’s policy in connection with the beginning of the Reformation are analyzed. It is defined that Duke’s actions slowed down the spread of Lutheran confessionalization, but did not prevent its approval in the Dukedom of Saxony. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the main characteristics of the sociopolitical and cultural situation that formed on the Ukrainian lands in the XIV - first half of the XVII century. Based on a wide range of resources, the main processes that took place in the cultural, educational, domestic, social and political life of society are analyzed. The main public, literary and political figures who invested their contribution to the development of culture of that time are mentioned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The historiographical tradition of illumination of the confessional transformation in Germany in the Early Modern Age is considered. The peculiarities of the characteristics of confessional era in the German historiography of the 19th and 20th centuries are analyzed. It is determined that the study of Lutheran confessionalization would cover political, ecclesiastical, educational aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On the way to European integration, introducing the experience of foreign countries the specific characteristics of each country, determined by the legislation, the current level of economic development, the balance of imports and exports, state of the environment, etc. can not be ignored. The article summarizes the main features that distinguish using of subsoil in Ukraine, and views on the priorities of the geological industry today.

This article examines the content of the principle of respect for human rights and freedoms in the penal legislation, execution and imprisonment. States that in Ukraine there is reform of the penitentiary system and penal legislation, the effectiveness of which is associated with the implementation of international standards in their treatment of prisoners. Analyzes international instruments in the field of the treatment of prisoners.

The Elector Moritz of Saxon’ political activity is considered. The peculiarities of Moritz’ policy in connection with the events of the «Princely War» in 1552 are analyzed. It is established that the actions of Moritz contributed to the further consolidation of the Electorate of Saxony as a land state of the early Modern Age [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the Reformation's influence on the secularization of Western society according to the conceptions of Ch. Taylor and B. Gregory. Both authors point to the Reformation as a watershed moment in this process. However, they focus on different aspects of this historical phenomenon and assess its effects in contrasting ways. In Ch. Taylor's book "A Secular Age" he reviews the Reformation in light of M. Webber's ideas and agrees that it has caused important reverberations, namely: disenchantment of time and space leading to the formation of instrumental reason, rehabilitation of work as a social activity and the spread of high moral standards to the masses, which then became a precondition for the formation of disciplinary societies. Hence, Ch. Taylor perceives the Reformation as a religious factor of predominant social progress. At the same time, he notices that the exacerbation of the doctrine of predestination in Protestantism became an obstacle for the intellectuals of the Modern Age to apprehend Christianity. On the other hand, B. Gregory poses a more critical review of the Reformation in his book "The Unintended Reformation: How a Religious Revolution Secularized Society". He argues that doctrinal disagreements caused by Protestants' numerous convictions have consequently hindered contemporary Western society. Some of the unintended effects he identifies are the subjectivization of moral standards and the replacement of the substantial ethics of good by formal ethics of rights. Additionally, B. Gregory asserts that Protestant doctrines were influenced by the metaphysical univocity of being to a certain extent, which entailed the naturalistic character of modern science. However, several of his critics have questioned his research emphasizing the lack of evidence to support this last claim. Critics have also observed that his understanding of the Reformation as a destructive deviation from medieval Christianity is mainly based on an idealized view of the Middle Ages. Still, notwithstanding the one-sided character of B. Gregory's representation of the Reformation and the lack of reasonableness of some of his arguments, he correctly demonstrates its ethical consequences. This allows the conclusion that among the Reformation's consequences were both, those that contributed to the social progress and those that led to the emergence of the new ethical problems. This mean that the one-sided assessment of the Reformation as an exclusively positive or entirely negative phenomenon is inaccurate since it does not take into account the plurality of its direct and indirect, intended and unintended consequences. In this respect, Ch. Taylor is more moderate in his analysis of the Reformation, because he takes into consideration both aspects of its influence, in contrast to B. Gregory who notices only the destructive ones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main research approaches to the definition of the Reformation in the discourse of the modern unconventional historiography are analyzed in the article. Conceptual frameworks and research models for the study of the European reformation movement of the early modern period are analyzed. Particular attention is focused on the demarcation of theoretical constructions and the search for the new forms of representation of historical reality. It is established that within the framework of the modern unconventional historiography, several basic analytical models which are actively used by historians for the Reformation history research have been created. The emergence of the new approaches to the study of the Reformation history is strongly connected with the institutional changes in the modern historical science as well as with the complex and synthetic character of the phenomenon itself, the study of which occupies a separate place in scientific modelling of the past. The significant contribution of the unconventional interpretation models to the theoretical interpretation of the historical processes can be used as the basis for the analysis of a wide range of problems, most of which remain in the research focus of the current Reformation studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the development of the Polish reformation movement during the initial stage of the Polish King Sigismund III Vasa reign. The religious policy of the royal court and the political struggle of the Protestant gentry of this period are analyzed. Basing on the analysis of historical sources, it was demonstrated that the rise of the humanistic values during the Reformation period emerged in the close connection with the active social transformations that contributed to strengthening the principles of «noble democracy» in the political life of the Polish Kingdom. It is noted that at the end of the XVIth century the position of the Catholic Church has strengthened and received a powerful support of the Royal authority. At the same time, a significant reduction in the number of the Protestants in the Polish-Lithuanian political elite forced them to abandon their attempts to continue the Reformation changes at the state level, as far as their main goal included the struggle for the benefits which they had already achieved by the Reformation and the main embodiment of which remained the Warsaw Confederation Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the documentary complex of the Polish Reformation history. The informative potential, sapidity degree and multisubjectiveness of the selected primary sources are revealed, the contribution of the experts to their scientific research is outlined. The documents represent the key features of the XVIth-XVIIth century Reformation in Poland as well as the political program of the Protestant Szlachta and the main mechanisms of the Reformation influence on the Polish ethno political environment. It is asserted that the Reformation slogans actively used by the Protestant nobility in the political struggle contributed to strengthening of the basic principles of the gentry democracy, the basic traditions of the Polish parliamentarism and the Polish ethnopolitical culture in general. The focus is set on the analysis of the primary source collections related to the Polish Reformation history that reflect the key stages of the Reformation movement in Poland in their interconnection with the major political events of the early modern history of Poland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The issues of reforming and modernization of education as an important public problem are considered, as the sphere of education is an intermediary between the individual, society and the state, influencing the harmonization of their mutual relations. The education system in Ukraine is the basis for intellectual, cultural, spiritual, social and economic development of society. In today's society, and under the conditions of the integration direction of relations, it needs quality adjustment and adaptation to international standards, which is impossible without the appropriate assistance of the state and addressing a number of significant problems. The educational reform is perceived as reorganization of education aimed at new tasks, usually through the introduction of a significantly revised (or new) paradigm of education. The aim of the research is a social and philosophical analysis of the problems of integrating the education system of modern Ukraine, clarifying the direction of educational policy at regional levels. The methodological basis of the study is the method of generalization, the principle of system analysis and the method of comparative analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 500th anniversary of the Reformation (1517–2017), which is celebrated in Ukraine at the state level, gives an opportunity to evaluate this event in various dimensions of its foundation, development and transformation in the context of the European transition from feudal relations and their citadel – the Catholic Church to the establishment of protestantism as an innovation faith and ideologiy of a new social formation. The process of the spread of early protestantism in Ukraine an its perception by the Ukrainian mentality and modern functionality in independent Ukraine are researched.

Purpose. Each country of the former Soviet Union carries out railroad industry reformation according to different models depending on orienting points and the goals it establishes. All railway administrations have faced the problem of considerable reduction of freight and passenger transportation volumes, aging of main assets, lack of investments for their renovation. The purpose of the paper is the development of optimal management structure of freight cars in conditions of railway transport reformation. Methodology. The theoretical and methodological basis for research is a systematic analysis of problems of providing the competitiveness of the transport industry in the field of freight railway transportations, theoretical principles of economics in the production efficiency, market economics transformation and management of the national economy. Findings. The author has developed an improved mechanism for freight traffic management, which differs from the existing one by its adaptation to the conditions of industry being reformed and the organization of management companies. These companies together with the Ukrainian transport and logistics center centralize management of all freight cars of both domestic and foreign operating companies. Originality. Author presents the theoretical generalization and new solution of the scientific problem. It appears in the development of theoretical and methodological approaches to the management structure of the freight cars by operating companies in conditions of railway transport reforming through the management companies organization in Ukraine. The above mentioned companies will combine two types of activity – the commercial one and the cars repair of different property, it will reduce car turnover, stay time of rolling stock in the inoperative park and thereby improve the efficiency of freight transportations. Particularly, they will lease and have the right to dispose universal cars of domestic operating companies and special cars and trains - routes of domestic and foreign operating companies on a contractual basis. Practical value. The author has proposed directions of freight cars management. Their rational use will significantly improve the utilization rates of railway rolling stock and operating companies.

Data are shown about the modern state in fish industry of Ukraine after her structure, booty of water bio resources, reformation, financing that by investments. At the food market an important place is occupied by fish products with considerable maintenance of albumen for the needs of population. Fish industry sends the work to creation of certain terms for the increase of volumes of increase of commodity fish and other biological resources. However, instability of economic situation long time negatively influenced on development of fish industry. Modern terms require the change of going near organization and activity of the fish-breeder forming. The necessity of their reformation, bringing of normatively-legal acts, bringing in of investments in fish industry of increase of facilities of the state budget, realization of scientific researches, use of international experience was therefore determined. During 2016 as a result of reformation a tendency was determined on the increase of booty of water living resources, in particular by comparison to 2015 she grew on 1,5%. Perspective direction in development of fish industry there is programming, improvement and strengthening of state information water objects, use of international experience, increase of investments and increase of logistical support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article describes the main directions of activity activities of the University of Wittenberg during the confessional age. The changes in the organization and training programs, the role of teachers and students in religious and political struggle are characterized. The ways of interaction of the University with secular and ecclesiastical authorities of the Electorate of Saxony are defined. It іs concluded that at the time of the Lutheran confessionalization at Wittenberg University, as well as another high schools that had emerged at the time of the Reformation (for example, Marburg University, Konigsberg University, Jena University) played an important role in preparing church leaders. These leaders supported the ideas of Martin Luther and actively participated in the development of principles of Evangelism and their implementation in the life of German society. It has contributed to designing religious identity is primarily concerned with reform of the church and the educational system. The reform has been conducted by the active intellectual elite of Wittenberg. That process had a universal character during Early Modern Age, but it manifested itself first in evangelical territories of Germany. Theological faculty of Wittenberg University was organizing center of confessionalization in evangelical territories of Germany for a long time. It was also the center of acute ideological struggle between different factions of Lutheran theologians. That "crisis of growth" of Lutheranism has been overcome as a result of the changing of the Evangelical groups in the last quarter of the XVIth century. In that period Wittenberg University was one of the key centers of evangelism in German society. Wittenberg University has become a model for the creation of evangelical universities in Germany during the age of confessionalization. The professors of the theological faculty were leaders in the spread of Lutheranism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The observed tendencies in the development of the national economy require stable implementation of planned reforms in the sphere of industrial and economic activities of the railway transport in the strategic railway branch. At the same time the issue of resistance elimination to changes that innovative solutions may cause is topical. To study the subject matter of resistance manifestation to implementable changes and search for solutions on the problem in question as well. Methodology. Methodology in an article is based on the use of consistent methodological technique. Findings. It contains the author’s point of view on necessity of taking changes resistance into account during restructuring and further reformation. Emphasized is the need for careful planning of changes and current detection of obstacles that inevitably, for a variety of reasons, arise. Originality. The causes of resistance to changes from different points of view were identified in this paper. Their classification was made and some advice for manifestation leveling of resistance to changes was offered. Practical value. The rational application of measures for resistance leveling to the introduced measures will provide not only high-quality and fast implementation of the reform program, but also its implementation with minimum time and finance losses. That is an important factor in competitiveness increase of railways under unstable economic development.

The article defines goals and priorities of reforms in Ukraine with consideration of the current situation in economy and social sphere. It marks the necessity of changing strategic goals and giving realistic orientation to the process of reformation. The author marks the necessity of development of institutional grounds of state management, activation of internal reserves of development of socio-economic processes, development of science intensive technologies and innovation activity, development of the weighted socio-economic policy, refusal from the paternalistic model and consequent establishment of conditions for activation of possibilities of the population to solve their social problems independently. The article provides a strategic contour of participation of the state in achievement of goals of socio-economic development, which includes a strategic analysis and identification of goals, strategic and tactical levels of goal-setting, strategic control and regulation of socio-economic development.

The confessional policy of the Saxon territorial rulers on the material of the evangelical ordinances of the Early Modern Age is considered. The features of Saxon ordinances of the Reformation era are analyzed. It is determined that church ordinances have become an important means of spreading Lutheran confessionalization, ensuring the possibility of controle the population and maintaining order in society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems of community housing management of Kharkiv region are analyzed, urgency of integration of multiapartment building holders is grounded.В статье проанализированы проблемы ЖКХ Харьковского региона, обоснована актуальность создания объединений совладельцев многоквартирных домов (ОСМД).

The article deals with the functions and structure of the university as a corporate complex mechanism which serves educational interests. Its exploration is needed for a more harmonious and balanced passing reformation process and modernization of education in Ukraine in accordance with European trends. Technical model of university was formed and comparison of the university and company structure was made. Some conclusions about existing problems of education process efficiency and the ways of its solutions were made. There are critical modern views on the education system as a competitive member of the economy market in this article.