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Objectives: Dermoscopy is a very useful tool in determining stability in vitiligo. Dermoscopic features of unstable vitiligo are trichrome appearance, comet tail appearance, star burst appearance, amoeboid pattern, nebular pattern, tapioca sago pattern and perifollicular hypopigmentation. Most studies are done on determining features of vitiligo lesions; however, there is lack of studies on dermoscopy in normal appearing perilesional skin. This would give an insight into the extent of the disease process, beyond the borders of skin lesions. We conducted a study on 100 unstable lesions of vitiligo and studied dermoscopic features in its perilesional skin. The objective of this study was to observe dermoscopic features of apparently normal perilesional skin in patients of unstable vitiligo. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in a tertiary care centre in New Delhi. We evaluated perilesional skin of 100 unstable vitiligo lesions over a span of 1 year. The perilesional skin has been defined as area within 5 cm of the lesion. Dermoscopy was performed using DERMLITE 4 Dermoscope at 10X magnification with inbuilt white light and polarised light. Polarised light was used to study changes in the pigmentary network and other patterns. We looked for features such as pigment network, perifollicular pigmentation, presence of leukotrichia, microkoebner phenomenon and satellite lesions in the perilesional skin. Results: The study included a total of 100 unstable lesions. Majority of patients belonged to the age group of 18−30 years. Females outnumbered males (1.8:1). All cases had progressive disease and mean duration of disease was 12.07 ± 10. 85 years. Dermoscopic features of vitiligo were observed in 56% of patients even in normal appearing perilesional skin. The most common dermoscopic finding observed was reduced pigment network which was seen in 33% of cases. Perifollicular hypopigmentation and depigmentation were observed in 23 and two sites, respectively, while leukotrichia was seen at ten sites. Eight sites showed microkoebners phenomenon. Conclusion: The perilesional apparently normal skin also shows signs of disease activity in cases of unstable vitiligo. Hence, perilesional skin should also be examined carefully with the dermoscope and topical treatment and targeted phototherapy should aim at covering the normal looking perilesional skin as well, at least within 5 cm of the borders of the skin lesions. Importantly, the perilesional skin should also be examined before surgery.

Revenue decides the future of the company and the growth in upcoming years so it is vital for companies to know about it so that any changes in time can be made to make the business profitable. Most business organization largely depends on their sales, demand, and sales trend for their growth. This paper analyzes and predicts company sales and demands using machine learning and data analysis. The dataset Ocean Cafe available on Kaggle has been used for analysis and prediction purposes. The model used for prediction is XGBoost in which R-square, MAE(Mean Absolute Error), MSE(Mean Squared Error), and RMSE(Root Mean Squared Error) are calculated. For visualization purposes, various pie-chart, line graphs, and bar graphs are drawn making use of the python libraries and functions.

Micro-/nanocavities that combine high quality factor (Q) and small mode volume (V) have been used to enhance light–matter interactions for cavity quantum electrodynamics (cQED). Whispering gallery mode (WGM) geometries such as microdisks and microrings support high-Q and are design- and fabrication-friendly, but V is often limited to tens of cubic wavelengths to avoid WGM radiation. The stronger modal confinement provided by either one-dimensional or two-dimensional photonic crystal defect geometries can yield sub-cubic-wavelength V, yet the requirements on precise design and dimensional control are typically much more stringent to ensure high-Q. Given their complementary features, there has been sustained interest in geometries that combine the advantages of WGM and photonic crystal cavities. Recently, a “microgear” photonic crystal ring (MPhCR) has shown promise in enabling additional defect localization ( > $ > $ 10× reduction of V) of a WGM, while maintaining high-Q ( ≈ 1 0 6 ) $(\approx 1{0}^{6})$ and other WGM characteristics in ease of coupling and design. However, the unit cell geometry used is unlike traditional PhC cavities, and etched surfaces may be too close to embedded quantum nodes (quantum dots, atomic defect spins, etc.) for cQED applications. Here, we report two novel PhCR designs with “rod” and “slit” unit cells, whose geometries are more traditional and suitable for solid-state cQED. Both rod and slit PhCRs have high-Q ( > 1 0 6 ) $( > 1{0}^{6})$ with WGM coupling properties preserved. A further ≈10× reduction of V by defect localization is observed in rod PhCRs. Moreover, both fundamental and 2nd-order PhC modes co-exist in slit PhCRs with high Qs and good coupling. Our work showcases that high-Q/V PhCRs are in general straightforward to design and fabricate and are a promising platform to explore for cQED.

Environmental sustainability has become a key managerial issue for most industries and in particular fashion industry looking into its scandalous reputation for being one of the largest contributors to global pollution. A critical aspect when looking at sustainability in supply chains of fashion is, Packaging. A big part of the waste crisis is the result of packaging, which the fashion industry is using ever more in this age of cheap fashion and online retail across the world. This paper attempts to trace the initiatives taken by Indian apparel manufacturers and retailers in creating sustainable packaging and trace the Life cycle Management of the packaging wastes. The objective of the paper is to create a sustainability road map for the fashion industry in India in terms of packaging by assessing the various global initiatives being taken in closing the loop on recovering material value. The methodology adopted is mainly review of literature and unstructured personal interviews with retail professionals from the field of beauty, FMCG and fashion.

Technology has emerged as a revolution in all walks of life. It has contributed significantly in empowering the disabled human race and help them overcome previously insurmountable barriers which led to their seclusion and ignorance.Assistive technology in particular has helped the students with low vision and blindness in accessing the curriculum.Technology should be considered as one of the important components of teaching learning material in an inclusive setup. Teachers need to make use of Assistive Technology to promote inclusion and meet the varied requirements needs of the students in the same class.A variety of Assistive Technology (AT) devices are available that can help teachers facilitate the process of curriculum transaction in the classroom and bridge the educational needs of students with disabilities. Research has proven evidences that technology has a significant impact on learning of the students in the areas of STEM and language learning as well particularly in reading and writing.This paper discusses the various assistive technologies which can be utilized for promoting inclusion and leveling the playfield of students with blindness in particular.It is the responsibility of the teacher to integrate the student with visual impairment as much as possible with all the relevant adoptions as could be and transact the curriculum to her/him effectively. To do this, the teachers must first be aware of what all adoptions and technologies exist and how they could be utilized in the classroom for effective delivery of the lessons and mainstreaming the children with visual impairment.

UDP-GlcNAc 2-epimerase/ManNAc kinase (GNE) is a bifunctional enzyme (N-terminal epimerase and C-terminal Kinase domain) that catalyses the rate limiting step in sialic acid biosynthesis. More than 200 homozygous missense or compound heterozygous mutations in GNE have been reported worldwide to cause a rare neuromuscular disorder, GNE myopathy. It is characterized by a slowly progressive defect in proximal and distal skeletal muscles with patients becoming wheel-chair-bound. There are no current approved therapies available for GNE myopathy. ManNAc therapy is currently in advanced clinical trials and has shown signs of slowing the disease progression in a phase 2 trial. The present study aims to understand the effect of GNE mutation on its enzymatic activity and identification of potential small effector molecules. We characterized different GNE mutations (p.Asp207Val, p.Val603Leu, p.Val727Met, p.Ile618Thr and p.Arg193Cys) prevalent in Asian population that were cloned, expressed and purified from Escherichia coli as full-length recombinant proteins. Our study demonstrates that full length GNE can be expressed in E. coli in its active form and analysed for the functional activity. Each mutation showed variation in epimerase and kinase activity and responded to the small effector molecules (metformin, BGP-15 kaempferol, catechin, quercetin) in a differential manner. Our study opens an area for futuristic structural determination of full length GNE and identification of potential therapeutic molecules.

Since the beginning of time, creams have been valued as essential topical preparations in cosmetic products because of how simple it is to apply and remove them from the skin. Pharmaceutical creams are used for a number of aesthetic purposes, including cleansing, beautifying, modifying look, moisturising, etc. They also protect the skin from bacterial and fungal infections and can be used to treat skin injuries including burns, cuts, and wounds. The general population and society can safely employ these semi-solid preparations. The products used to enhance and beautify human appearances are known as herbal cosmetics. The current study's objective was to design and assess herbal cold creams that contained plant extracts made utilising the water in oil method for the goal of moisturising and nourishing the skin.Neem oil and turmeric extract are used to make the cold cream. Utilising several evaluation techniques, the created product’s quality was evaluated. The physical characteristics of the cream formulation did not alter. During the research study period, the cream formulation demonstrated good consistency and spreadability, homogeneity, pH, non-greasy properties, and no signs of phase separation. There was no discernible change in the created cream’s viscosity, aroma, or visual appearance during the research period, according to stability measures. As the water in the emulsion slowly evaporates, the cooling and calming effects of the herbal extract with cold cream are produced. Cold creams are more moisturising because they create an oily barrier to stop the loss of water from the stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the skin. They are water-in-oil emulsion and intended for application on skin or accessible mucous membrane to provide localized and sometimes systemic effect at the site of application

3D Printing drug is to design and develop medicine that are suited to an individual. Pharmaceutical product is designed in three dimensions with computer. The three-dimensional printing (3DP) is an advance technique which used to describe 3D products manufactured on a digital platform designing and, in a layer-by-layer fashion of the given pharmaceutical product and object. The 3D Printing technology generally used to formulate the medicines that are tailored to a patient's therapeutic requirements (e.g., dosage, drug and drug release profiles). The aspects associated with 3D printing such as less material wastage, ease of manufacturing, less human involvement, very less post processing and energy efficiency makes the process sustainable for industrial use. 3D Printing technology has appeared as a major technological revolution of the recent years leading to the manufacturing and production of novel medical products and devices in pharmaceutical industry. In 3D Printing the Deposition of medicaments and excipients which may resulting in a shift in perspective in drug configuration, production, and use. These dosage forms address on-demand manufacturing, feasibility, improved size, dosage, and geometry, increased bioavailability with desired drug release profiles, and minimal toxicity or adverse drug reaction issues. However, it may help to address specific issues for various subgroups, such as paediatrics, geriatric, visually impaired, and chronic disease patients. Although several articles highlight the various applications of 3DP techniques. This review highlights the recent dominance role of 3D Printing technology such as including fused deposition modelling (FDM, Stereolithography (SL) and binder jetting has described the advancements in pharmaceuticals formulations with latest technology and enhancing drug therapeutic activity against the particular disease within less of time, show therapeutic approaches to bring in a vast array of useful applications and benefits to human.

The production of niosomes, which are non-ionic surfactant vessels, involves hydrating synthetic non-ionic surfactants, either with or without the addition of cholesterol or another lipid. Due to their distinctive qualities, including biodegradability, biocompatibility, chemical stability, low production cost, ease of storage and handling, and low toxicity, non-ionic surfactant vesicles also known as niosomes have received a lot of attention in the field of modern drug delivery system. Niosomes are hydrated vesicular systems with a lamellar bilayer structure made of non-ionic surfactants with or without cholesterol, and they have a wide spectrum of solubilities that allow them to encapsulate a variety of bioactive chemicals. Niosomes have been tested as a delivery system for a variety of anti-cancer medications, genes, antigens, and other bioactive substances. This article focuses on recent developments in niosomal drug delivery, possible benefits over alternative delivery mechanisms, formulation techniques, characterisation techniques, and ongoing niosome research.

Genome Sequencing is the process of identifying the order of bases - adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), order of bases - adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) - in the target Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). This sequencing process consists of library preparation, Cluster Generation, Sequencing, and Data Analysis. The first three sequencing stages could induce some noise which could be reduced/eliminated in the Data Analysis phase. The Sequence Read Archive (SRA) files are filtered for quality analysis and assembled into the genome. This process grows computationally intensive as the quality of the SRA increases and hence needs appropriate hyperparameters to assemble the genome effectively. Data Synthesis helps identify appropriate features for training a machine learning algorithm that efficiently predicts the assembly pipeline's fitting settings to generate a high-quality assembly. Synthesizing task-specific data is challenging and domain-dependent but has many practical applications. There is a need for more data when data is limited for training; a disproportionate amount of data between classes or data is too sensitive, and sharing data might have privacy issues. Also, in many cases, a Machine Learning model's performance depends on the data quality used for training. In this work, we synthesize the genome sequence to identify potential machine-learning features for hyperparameter tuning the tools in the assembly pipeline.

Let $\mathcal{A}(n)$ be the $(1,n)-th$ Fourier coefficients of $SL(3,\mathbb{Z})$ Hecke-Maass cusp form i.e. $\Lambda(1,n)$ or the triple divisor function $d_3(n)$, which is the number of solutions of the equation $r_1r_2r_3 = n$ with $r_1, r_2, r_3 \in \mathbb{Z}^+.$ We establish estimates for \begin{equation*} \sum_{1 \leq n_1,n_2\leq X} \mathcal{A}(Q(n_1,n_2)) \end{equation*} where $Q(x,y) \in \mathbb{Z}[x,y]$ is a symmetric positive definite quadratic form., Comment: This article is of 19 pages. Comments/Suggestions are welcome

Corn husk is an agro waste which poses a problem of its disposal. Hence, fibres were extracted from corn husk to utilize it. The fibres extracted from corn husk were coarse with linear density of 86 deniers, had bundle strength of 1.3 g/d and elongation at break of 18.5%. Water retention of corn husk fibres was also found to be 200%, which makes them suitable as absorbent material. Therefore, the possibility of using corn husk fibres in the absorbent layer of sanitary napkins was explored. Corn husk fibres were mixed with wood pulp in different proportions for use in sanitary napkins. The developed sanitary napkins were evaluated for various physical and hygiene parameters like pH, water retention, absorbency and ability to withstand pressure, disposability, bacterial and fungal bio-burden, and presence of common skin pathogens and compared with other sanitary napkins for all the parameters. The water retention and absorbency of corn husk napkins were comparable to branded napkins, which had higher absorbancy probably due to the presence of SAP in their absorbent layer or difference in the quality of top sheet and technology used to manufacture the napkins. The bacterial and fungal bio-burden for the developed napkins was found to be lowest and within acceptable limits of 1000 c.f.u/ml. The common skin pathogen Staphylococcus aureus and uterine pathogen Candida albicans were found to be absent. Thus, use of corn husk fibres for developing various absorbent hygiene products could be sought as an opportunity for transforming waste to useful products.

Chitosan (CS) is a natural polysaccharide isolated from insects, molluscs, and fungi. The specific properties of chitosan can be enhanced using physicochemical processes. The composites prepared using CS and graphene oxide (GO) contain active functional groups such as epoxide, carboxyl, and hydroxyl, which possess excellent biocompatibility, high adsorption capacity, and biodegradability. Their low cost and ease of scale-up make them employable for multiple applications in water-treatment plants, electronics, solar cells, and pharmaceuticals. This review provides an overview of sources, types, and properties of chitin, chitosan, and graphene oxide. The use of these composites for the preparation of anti-microbial drugs has been discussed here. The article also explores the applicability of such composites for removal of heavy metals (lead, copper, chromium, cobalt, mercury, etc.), dyes (methylene blue and other reactive dyes), and organic and inorganic contaminants (ofloxacin, naphthanol, phenol, and oil, etc.). The article highlights various knowledge gaps in the field and the scope of future work.

Although microbial genomes harbor an abundance of biosynthetic gene clusters, there remain substantial technological gaps that impair the direct correlation of newly discovered gene clusters and their corresponding secondary metabolite products. As an example of one approach designed to minimize or bridge such gaps, we employed hierarchical clustering analysis and principal component analysis (

The scaling of many photonic quantum information processing systems is ultimately limited by the flux of quantum light throughout an integrated photonic circuit. Source brightness and waveguide loss set basic limits on the on-chip photon flux. While substantial progress has been made, separately, towards ultra-low loss chip-scale photonic circuits and high brightness single-photon sources, integration of these technologies has remained elusive. Here, we report the integration of a quantum emitter single-photon source with a wafer-scale, ultra-low loss silicon nitride photonic circuit. We demonstrate triggered and pure single-photon emission into a Si3N4 photonic circuit with ≈ 1 dB/m propagation loss at a wavelength of ≈ 930 nm. We also observe resonance fluorescence in the strong drive regime, showing promise towards coherent control of quantum emitters. These results are a step forward towards scaled chip-integrated photonic quantum information systems in which storing, time-demultiplexing or buffering of deterministically generated single-photons is critical.

Demand response (DR), an integral part of the smart grid, has great potential in handling the challenges of the existing power grid. The potential of different DR programs in the energy management of residential consumers (RCs) and the integration of distributed energy resources (DERs) is an important research topic. A novel distributed approach for energy management of RCs considering the competitive interactions among them is presented in this paper. The impact of participation of RC’s in price-based (PB) and incentive-based (IB) DR programs is investigated using game theory. For this, an energy management optimization problem (EMOP) is formulated to minimize electricity cost. The utility company employs electricity price as a linear function of aggregated load in the PB DR program and an incentive rate in the IBDR program. RCs are categorized into active and passive users. Active users are further distinguished based on the ownership of energy storage devices (SD) and dispatchable generation units (DGU). EMOP is modeled using a non-cooperative game, and the distributed proximal decomposition method is used to obtain the Nash equilibrium of the game. The results of the proposed approach are analyzed using different case studies. The performance of the proposed approach is evaluated in terms of aggregated cost and system load profile. It has been observed that participation in PB and IBDR program benefits both the utility and the consumers.

Quantum computing is an emerging field that uses the concepts of quantum mechanics to outperform classical computers. Quantum computing finds plethora of applications in the 5G and Beyond networks. It can process data at an exponential rate, which can address numerous business and scientific challenges. In this paper, we provide a detailed review of the field, starting from the most important applications of quantum computers and then diving into the future of cryptography. The major applications of quantum computing include unstructured search, quantum simulation, and optimization. It can also provide improvements in terms of speed and accuracy for some existing technologies, such as machine learning. These technologies have numerous applications in 5G and beyond networks. However, due to such abilities of quantum computing, it can also pose a serious risk to many existing security systems, especially the asymmetric key cryptography schemes. The risk of quantum computing has also influenced the mobile broadband standards to move from a symmetric key cryptography techniques to PKI-based trust model. We also discuss in detail various alternate cryptosystems based on mathematical problems that are believed to be hard even for a quantum computer to solve. In parallel, we discuss the developments in the field of quantum key distribution that makes use of quantum phenomenon to develop a quantum-resistant crypto systems. Such quantum-resistant systems have a great potential in provisioning secure 5G and beyond networks.

With growing epidemic of CAD there is a increase of patients of heart failure in our country. Inspite of optimal use of ACE inhibitors, beta blockers, statins (drugs which can alter the natural history of heart failure) these patients have a gradually downhill course. Advanced therapy like CRT and implantable debrillation therapy to reduce the incidence of sudden cardiac death are very costly. Most of the Indian poor patients can't afford such a costly therapy. Cheap intervention which can alter the natural history of heart failure are strongly needed. Most of the Indian patients have low vitamin D level. Low Vitamin D level have been linked to increase risk of MI, Stroke, CVD mortality and heart failure.

PurposeThe unprecedented pandemic of COVID-19 is not a typical crisis. This crisis has irrevocably altered human behavior, most notably consumption behavior. The uncertainty caused due to economic insecurity and fears of death have resulted in a paradigm shift away from consumer materialism and toward consumer spiritualism. The present study examines the effect of various dimensions of “spirituality” on consumers’ conspicuous consumption of fashion. The study employs a descriptive empirical research design to determine the impact of multiple dimensions of spirituality on the conspicuous consumption of Generation Z in India. These dimensions include General spirituality belief, Global personal spirituality and reincarnation spirituality. Additionally, the moderating effect of dispositional positive emotion on the relationships mentioned above has been investigated.Design/methodology/approachThe data were accumulated through purposive sampling from 517 Generation Z consumers and analyzed using structural equation modeling.FindingsReincarnation, general personal and global personal spirituality had a direct positive impact on conspicuous consumption of fashion. Dispositional positive emotion had a positive moderation effect between the reincarnation, general personal and global personal spirituality and conspicuous consumption.Originality/valueThe study will assist fashion brands and retailers in better understanding consumer behavior and associated opportunities and threats post COVID-19. For merchants and business owners in emerging countries, this study will help them to apply new techniques for keeping customers. It is useful to evaluate a shopper’s views towards spirituality, disposition and conspicuous consumption.

Women are at a particular disadvantage by the stress that climate change poses on food systems in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) as their adaptive capacity is hampered by unequal access to resources and services and constraints to their agency. This paper proposes a methodology to identify climate–agriculture–gender inequality hotspot LMICs and subnational areas where climate hazards converge with large concentrations of women participating in food systems and social conditions that disadvantage women. The methodology applies data reduction techniques on publicly available data to compute a hotspot index that forms the basis for ranking and mapping hotspots. Applying the methodology illustrates the hottest of 87 LMICs are located in Africa and identifies crop-specific hotspot subnational areas in four focus countries. Identifying hotspots can enable targeting populations at highest risk and render future efforts to support women’s agency for climate resilience and avert increasing gender inequalities more effective.

The aim of this study was to assess the safety and efficacy profile of a newer generation biodegradable DES, the Yukon Choice PC Elite with a temperature controlling mechanism, in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).This prospective multi-center study (PIONEER Registry) was conducted in an Indian ACS population, therefore providing data in real world clinical practice. Patients with ACS underwent DES implantation in de novo native-vessel coronary lesions with the Yukon Choice PC Elite biodegradable polymer DES and were followed up for a year.A total 999 patients were evaluated. The majority of patients were male (79.2%). A total of 6.7% of the patients had a history of prior myocardial infarction (MI) and 2.7% of patients had a history of previous coronary artery bypass graft. The clinical presentations of the patients included: unstable angina pectoris (UA) (46.4%), ST-segment elevation MI (STEMI) (38.1%), and Non-ST-segment elevation MI (NSTEMI) (15.4%). Implantation of the device was successful in 99.9% of cases. The median stent length and stent size were 21.0 mm (Range: 8.0-40.0 mm) and 2.8 mm (Range 2.0-4.0 mm), respectively. Th rough to one-year clinical follow-up after percutaneous coronary intervention, all-cause death occurred in 4 of 999 patients (Crude Percentage: 0.4%). Cardiac death, MI, TLR, and stent thrombosis were occurred in 1 (0.1%), 8 (0.8%), 12 (1.2%) and 1(0.1%) patient/s, respectively.The results of this post marketing surveillance registry suggest favorable safety and efficacy outcomes associated with the Yukon Choice PC Elite biodegradable DES in a real world Indian ACS population.

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Herman Hesse’s seminal text, Siddhartha is the story about the journey of a man on his path to Self-Actualization. The story deals with the life of the protagonist, Siddhartha, who along with his friend, Govinda embarks on a journey for the search of the authentic Self. Each of them follows a distinct path, leading to vastly different experiences. Siddhartha focuses on the events that happen with the character of Siddhartha and the ways in which they influence and alter him. The book in itself takes the form of a quest and it is only in the end when Siddhartha meets Govinda that he hints at the knowledge that he has acquired. This, however, is not the entirety of his understanding but only a segment of his discovery.The objective of this paper is to underline Siddhartha’s journey of Self-Actualization and to emphasize on his reflections. The paper will try to prove how the journey of Self-actualization in the text is both an ontological and epistemological question. It also tries to describe that sublime moment of understanding which fulfils Siddhartha’s quest of Self-actualization.

Quantum computing is currently a topic of interest that harnesses the phenomena of quantum mechanics. It can address several scientific challenges and generate new business opportunities. Recently, for the first time in the history of quantum computing, the authors are starting to see practical applications. Keeping this in mind, this article is designed to explore the field without any required prerequisites. The authors start with a brief overview of the fundamentals of quantum computing and also outline several applications. The timeline for widespread adoption cannot be predicted, but quite a few organisations have built the first generation of quantum computers using various hardware technologies. The authors have briefly covered the wide landscape of hardware technologies. The first generation of quantum computers can be programmed using available software development kits and accessed using online cloud services. Furthermore, the growing trend in investments and patents in the field of quantum computing is also presented. A major reason for this trend is the threat that quantum computers pose against cryptography.

Background: Service Oriented Architecture is one of the acceptable frameworks for application development which provides better functionality such as composability, reliability, reusability, distributed deployment and interoperability which meet enterprises dynamics. So, SOA framework is a point of attraction for consumers. Objective: However, SOA framework fails to provide security at a granular level. Along with SOA functionality, the consumer also needs a secure environment so that each application can be reliable. Methods: SOA functionality like modularity and reusability are helpful in cross-organization context but these quality requirements reduce the security of the applications. In the past years, many security techniques have been provided by different researchers, still, security is a concern of SOA framework. Results: Most of the research focus security enhancement at higher layers of SOA reference architecture only so that SOA functionality remains unaffected. In this paper, the author(s) provided a framework which enhances the security at both the higher layer and lower layer. Conclusion: Also, this framework focuses on security enhancement at the granular level so that application-level security can be enhanced. The author(s) also included a technique to keep SLA similar to the exiting application after the implementation of security at each layer. This framework will be helpful in enhancing the end to end security and reliability of an application.