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Additional file 17. Raw data microscopy files.

Additional file 5: Figure S1. Verification of the LC1-MS1 method. Figure S2. qPCR detection of EntF. Figure S3. Effect of EntF* and EntF* analogues on E-cadherin expression. Figure S4. Representative images of Western blot analyses. Figure S5. Overview of E-cadherin-regulating pathways. Figure S6. In vivo effects of the Phr0662 quorum sensing peptide in an orthotopic mouse model of colorectal cancer. Table S1. Concentration of EntF* in mice serum measured using the LC1-MS1 method and confirmation of the results using additional chromatographic method and qPCR. Table S2. Synopsis of known receptors involved in E-cadherin downregulation, their natural ligands, natural ligands’ active domains and alignment scores with EntF* peptide. Table S3. Presence of EntF gene and peptide in different E. faecium strains. Table S4. Histopathological scoring system.

BACKGROUND: Sarcopenia, defined as the pathological decline in muscle mass, muscle strength and physical performance with aging, has become one of the geriatric giants because of its increasing prevalence and devastating health effects. The Belgian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics (BSGG) is currently developing evidence-based guidelines for the prevention and therapy of sarcopenia for use in broad clinical practice. This systematic review summarizes the results of the Working Group on Pharmacology. OBJECTIVE: Our objective was to provide an evidence-based overview of the possible pharmacological interventions for sarcopenia with a focus on interventions that have already been studied in systematic reviews or meta-analyses. METHODS: We conducted a systematic umbrella review. Using the electronic databases PubMed and Web of Science, we identified systematic reviews and meta-analyses that assessed the effect of pharmacological interventions on criteria for sarcopenia in subjects aged ≥ 65 years. Study selection, quality assessment and data extraction were performed by two independent reviewers. RESULTS: We identified seven systematic reviews or meta-analyses, encompassing ten pharmacological interventions: vitamin D, combined estrogen-progesterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, growth hormone, growth hormone-releasing hormone, combined testosterone-growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-1, pioglitazone, testosterone and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. Importantly, very few systematic reviews or meta-analyses clearly mentioned baseline sarcopenia status. Therefore, our recommendations are generalised to older people, without specifying whether the muscle effect is more effective in healthy, pre-sarcopenic or sarcopenic older people. Vitamin D had a significant effect on muscle strength and physical performance, especially in women with low baseline values (

Objectives: The aim of this systematic review is to provide an overview of the efficacy of different exercise interventions to counter sarcopenia in older adults. This review will allow the Belgian Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics and other scientific societies to formulate specific exercise recommendations in their Clinical Guidelines for Sarcopenia. Design: We used the method of a systematic umbrella-review. Based on the level of evidence, we formulated specific recommendations for clinical practice. Methods: Two databases (Pubmed and Web Of Science) were searched systematically and methodological quality of the reviews was assessed. Extracted data was than mapped to an exercise category and an overall synthesis (bottom line statements) was formulated for each of these exercise categories. Subsequently, we assigned a rating of the quality of the evidence supporting each bottom line statement. Results: We identified 14 systematic reviews or meta-analyses, encompassing four exercise categories: resistance training, resistance training + nutritional supplementation, multimodal exercise programmes and bloodflow restriction training. Importantly, very few systematic reviews or meta-analyses clearly mentioned baseline sarcopenia status. There is high quality evidence for a positive and significant effect of resistance training on muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical performance. The added effect of nutritional supplementation for resistance training on muscle function appears limited. Blood flow restriction training is a novel training method that has a significant impact on muscle strength. Conclusion: Since sarcopenia is affecting all skeletal muscles in the body, we recommend training the large muscle groups in a total body approach. Although low-intensity resistance training (≤50% 1RM) is sufficient to induce strength gains, we recommend a high-intensity resistance training program (i.e. 80% 1RM) to obtain maximal strength gains. Multimodal exercises and blood flow restriction resistance training may be considered as well.