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The goal of the current research is to study the gender backlash effect from adolescents towards their adolescent peers. Several hypotheses in line with the backlash effect will be tested.

Appraisals can be influenced by cultural beliefs and stereotypes. In line with this, past research has shown that judgments about the emotional expression of a face are influenced by the face's sex, and vice versa that judgments about the sex of a person somewhat depend on the person's facial expression. For example, participants associate anger with male faces, and female faces with happiness or sadness. However, the strength and the bidirectionality of these effects remain debated. Moreover, the interplay of a stimulus' emotion and sex remains mostly unknown in the auditory domain. To investigate these questions, we created a novel stimulus set of 121 avatar faces and 121 human voices (available at https://bit.ly/2JkXrpy) with matched, fine-scale changes along the emotional (happy to angry) and sexual (male to female) dimensions. In a first experiment (N = 76), we found clear evidence for the mutual influence of facial emotion and sex cues on ratings, and moreover for larger implicit (task-irrelevant) effects of stimulus' emotion than of sex. These findings were replicated and extended in two preregistered studies-one laboratory categorization study using the same face stimuli (N = 108; https://osf.io/ve9an), and one online study with vocalizations (N = 72; https://osf.io/vhc9g). Overall, results show that the associations of maleness-anger and femaleness-happiness exist across sensory modalities, and suggest that emotions expressed in the face and voice cannot be entirely disregarded, even when attention is mainly focused on determining stimulus' sex. We discuss the relevance of these findings for cognitive and neural models of face and voice processing.

Based on a 2020 survey of more than 4000 working-age women, we investigate the main determinants of mental distress during the COVID-19 first wave in Italy. We address the role of two groups of drivers: present issues (e.g., present working status) and expectations about the future (e.g., fear of losing the job). Our results show that expectations do play a crucial role on mental distress. Younger women and those lacking a high school degree are in most distress. even controlling for individual fixed effects, and contextual factors which account for potential dynamics in the labor market. We investigate how expectations interact with several individual dimension, as age, level of education, sector of employment, and individual gender norms. Expectations of future employment is still among the main driver, but respondents with higher stereotype show higher distress due to uncertainty about the future employment of the partner, suggesting that the prevalence of a traditional breadwinner model is a source of additional distress on this population.

The aim of this study is to analyze the formal and graphic elements around the hegemonic masculinities and femininities of the packaging of industrial bakery and biscuit products aimed at children and young people. A content analysis was conducted on 10 of the most widely consumed brands of industrial bakery and biscuit products in Spain and widely present on the international market. In addition, a scale of dominant masculinity was developed as a tool to analyze the most egalitarian narratives on the packaging. The results suggest that there are unequal narratives linked to hegemonic masculinity and femininity. The use of blue and yellow, the latter not having a traditional link to masculinity, is related to men in terms of aggressiveness and bravery stereotypes. The women represented on packaging with these same colours are presented in terms of sympathy or kindness, as well as stereotypes connected to beauty. The products contain homogeneous stereotypes and are associated more with men than with women. However, 2 out of 10 brands do not insert characters linked to sexual attributes or gender stereotypes. Therefore, our findings suggest that hegemonic gender scripts are inscribed on packaging less obviously than in other traditional media. The work was supported by the University of Alicante (Vice Rectorate for Research) [Aii20-07]; Valencian Regional Ministry of Innovation, Universities, Science and Digital Society [ACIF/2021/119]; AICO, Generalitat Valenciana (2022- 2024) [CIAICO/2021/019].

To reflect on how characteristics inherent in the nursing profession might be related to burnout syndrome among the nursing collective.Most people are unaware of the tasks and responsibilities of the nursing profession, as well as the burnout rates suffered by nurses. The nursing profession is a feminized profession, and this feminization may lead to the assignment of gender stereotypes and roles traditionally attributed to women. Much of the care provided by nurses is unrecorded, "invisible" and could be seen as an extension of their role as caregivers.This is a discussion paper. The literature on gender stereotypes, unrecorded (invisible) care in nursing and burnout are the argumentative basis of this work.Stereotypes and gender roles may explain the lack of recognition of some of the carework carried out by nurses. Care, which is the essence of the profession, continues to be largely invisible and is not valued. This lack of recognition of invisible care, coupled with gender stereotypes, may help to understand burnout syndrome in nursing.Health organizations should take into account the history of the nursing profession and the stereotypes associated with it. It is necessary to recognize and make visible much of the care provided by nurses which are not recorded (invisible care), since this would facilitate the visibilization of the workload and could reduce the possibility of suffering burnout. If we want quality care and staff who enjoy the greatest possible well-being, it will be necessary to take these variables into consideration. One purpose should be: to care for them so that they can provide quality care to others.This is a discussion paper.

Published online : 24 November 2022 In Slovakia, women are poorly represented in politics and public life. Yet it is the first country in Central Europe with a female president. By applying a mixed-methods approach to analyzing an original dataset containing media coverage of leading presidential candidates (n = 1492), this study explores how the media covered them and discusses under what conditions gender-stereotypical coverage could be detrimental or beneficial to electoral outcomes. The results show media outlet type was not significantly associated with a gender-stereotypical attribution of communal and agentic traits to candidates. Tabloids and quality press equally perpetuated gender stereotypes. Irrespective of their gender, journalists were more likely to depict women candidates as possessing communal qualities perceived as incompatible with leadership. However, findings from the qualitative analysis suggest that when corruption perception is high, and public trust in institutions is low, communal traits stereotypically attributed to women are appreciated. Novelty also works to women’s advantage. These findings have important implications for women candidates’ campaign strategies. This article was published Open Access with the support from the EUI Library through the CRUI - CUP Transformative Agreement (2020-2022)

L’article explore la réception des autrices italiennes contemporaines dans le Mercure de France entre 1890 et 1915. L’objectif est d’étudier la place faite aux autrices dans une revue qui cite principalement des hommes et d’analyser les jugements spécifiques que les critiques portent sur leurs œuvres, ainsi que les stéréotypes de genre, nombreux dans la littérature critique de l’époque, alors même que les femmes sont de plus en plus nombreuses à entreprendre une carrière littéraire, dans un monde éditorial encore très masculin. L’articolo verte sulla ricezione delle autrici italiane contemporanee nel Mercure de France, tra il 1890 e il 1918. Lo scopo è di analizzare lo spazio dedicato alle autrici in una rivista che cita perlopiù autori di sesso maschile e di studiare i giudizi critici specifici che i critici riservano alle autrici, così come gli stereotipi di genere, frequenti nella letteratura critica dell’epoca, in un periodo in cui le donne sono sempre più numerose a intraprendere una carriera letteraria, in un mondo editoriale ancora dominato dagli uomini. This paper focuses on the reception of contemporary Italian female writers in the Mercure de France, between 1898 et 1915. In a literary magazine that concentrates primarily on male writers, there is not much space left for female writers, who are subjected to distinct forms of critical judgement and to numerous gender stereotypes, at a time when more and more women embraced a writer career, in a male-dominated editorial world.

El objetivo de este ensayo es compartir la interpretación de algunas corrientes en relación con la educación diferenciada por sexos y sus variadas definiciones; los matices permiten vislumbrar que no hay unanimidad sobre el tema y, por lo tanto, sigue abierta la posibilidad de seguir indagando en cuestiones de género y agrupación escolar. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

Gender stereotypes prescribe mothers, but not fathers, to prioritize their family over their work. Therefore, internalization of gender stereotypes may predict higher guilt among mothers than fathers in situations in which they prioritize their work over their family. Study 1 (135 mothers and 116 fathers) indeed revealed that the stronger fathers' implicit gender stereotypes (measured with a gender-career implicit association task) the less guilt fathers reported in a fictitious work-interfering-with-family situation. Although mothers on average reported higher guilt than fathers, this effect was not moderated by their implicit gender stereotypes. Study 2 (daily diary study among 105 mothers), however, did reveal evidence for the moderating effect of implicit gender stereotypes on working mothers' guilt. The stronger mothers' implicit gender stereotypes the more work-family conflict and guilt they reported on days that they worked long hours. These results show that implicit gender stereotypes shape how parents feel about their work-family choices.

This article investigates how age categorisation and prejudicial use of age are mobilised in talk by job applicants during job interviews and how recruiters affiliate with these. The institutional goal of recruitment is to ensure an unbiased process and evaluation, nevertheless, ageism against older workers emerges as unchallenged and culturally acceptable in authentic job interviews. In line with the discursive psychology (DP) approach, the analysis focuses on -isms as discursively constructed and categories as resources to accomplish social actions. A case study is conducted based on video recordings of 24 real job interviews held at an Italian staffing agency and analysed through membership categorisation and conversation analysis. The analysis provides evidence of how job applicants resort to age co-membership with recruiters to achieve affiliation – or remedy misalignment – by complaining about older workers. The study contributes to DP’s re-specification of prejudices as interactional practices and links microanalysis to macro phenomena, such as ageism, through categorisation practices. publishedVersion

Abstract. Female authors of fiction often perceive themselves to be undervalued in relation to their male counterparts. What is not clear is whether this preference for male authors comes from readers or publishers. Two pre-registered studies examined how university students evaluated book passages attributed to either male or female authors, and investigated whether negative evaluations of romance novels are based on their association with women. In Study 1, participants read identical passages attributed to either male or female authors and evaluated them. Study 2 extended this work by adding attributions of genre: either romance or literary fiction. Linear mixed-effects modeling and Bayesian analyses were employed to analyze these data. Study 1 demonstrated little preference for books attributed to males over females and Bayesian analyses confirmed support for the null in most cases. The results of Study 2 similarly suggested that author gender and genre attributions do not have a strong influence on evaluations.

Gender stereotypes are often viewed as one of the root causes of the gender gap in STEM. According to Eccles’ model, they would indirectly influence major choices by shaping expectations of success and values attached to the viable options. However, empirical findings on the link between implicit gender-science stereotypes and college major intentions are limited. To fill this gap, the current study examines this association in a mixed-gender sample of 302 Italian high-school students. Logistic regression analysis revealed that implicit gender stereotypes were directly associated with females’ intention of majoring in STEM. Unlike previous findings, the mediation analysis could not confirm that other relevant factors, i.e., interest in the subject, performance at school, identification with the subject, and value attributed to the job’s salary and social utility, moderated this association.

Ensuring gender equality in education is among the Sustainable Development Goals specified by the United Nations. Ensuring gender equality in teaching/learning environments, however, requires gender aware and sensitive teachers. This study aimed to identify gender equality needs of preservice teachers through their perceptions. Following a qualitative research design, 16 (8 male/female) preservice teachers enrolled in a mid-size university in Turkey voluntarily participated in the study and were interviewed. The data were content analysed in the NVIVO software. The results showed that participants referred to gender differences as sex differences. Men were perceived as "helpers" in the household and role models for children while women were considered to have the main responsibility of looking after children. Female participants did not seem to be courageous enough to act against traditional gender stereotypes. Moreover, most participants supported the statement that girls are diligent but not clever enough and boys are clever but not diligent enough. It was surprising to observe participants' agreement to the idea that men can be given priority in recruitment processes due to having the responsibility to provide for their families. Likewise, some participants perceived that women should first consult with their families before making a decision to start working. On the other hand, women's family commitments and lack of leadership skills were reported as reasons preventing them from serving in administrative/political positions. Most importantly, females were perceived to be responsible for the violence committed against women. The implications are discussed in detail.

Being strong is a prominent male stereotype that children learn early in life; however, it is unknown as to when children start to value being strong and when gender differences in valuing strength might emerge. In the current study, we interviewed an ethnically diverse sample of 168 3-5year-olds (88 girls, 80 boys) to address this gap in the literature. Results showed that boys as young as age 3 generally valued strength more than girls: (1) boys, on average, said it was more important to be strong than girls did, and (2) boys were more likely to prefer strength-related occupations than girls. Boys were also more likely to select boys than girls as the gender who cares more about physical strength. Additionally, with age, both girls and boys demonstrated knowledge of the stereotype that boys care about physical strength, with girls also being less likely to associate being a girl with being strong. Overall, the results suggest that valuing physical strength starts in early childhood, and gender differences in valuing strength are evident at the eve of gender identity development. Possible implications for boys' later well-being and health are discussed.

Istraživački projekt Hrvatski mrežni rječnik – Mrežnik Hrvatske zaklade za znanost pri kraju je prve faze (2017. – 2021.) svoje provedbe. U toj su fazi ispunjeni zahtjevi zadani radnim planom projekta, ali su se otvorila i pitanja kojima u budućnosti treba posvetiti posebnu pozornost. Jedno je od njih obrada riječi i izraza koji označuju stereotipizirane pojmove, što otvara i daljnja promišljanja o potrebi i načinu davanja informacija o konotativnome značenju u rječniku, odnosno o granici konotativnoga i prenesenoga značenja, koju nije uvijek lako odrediti. Upravo je stoga u suorganizaciji projekta Hrvatski mrežni rječnik – Mrežnik, Hrvatske zaklade za znanost i Instituta za hrvatski jezik i jezikoslovlje, kao ustanove nositelja projekta, 11. prosinca 2020. održan Okrugli stol Rječnik i stereotipi posvećen toj temi. U ovome se radu na primjeru riječi i izraza kojima se označuje osoba plave/svijetle kose (s posebnim obzirom na riječi plavuša i plavušan) pokazuje koje podatke leksikograf dobiva iz skica riječi i s kojim se problemima suočava pri njihovoj interpretaciji. Posebno se na temelju riječi koje označuju osobu određene boje kose pokazuje kako se iz gramatičke (tvorbene) strukture nekih riječi mogu iščitati u njoj pohranjeni stereotipi i, primjerice, slika rodne (ne)ravnopravnosti u određenome društvenom trenutku., This paper is dealing with practical lexicographic issues connected to stereotyping by looking at data from the hrWaC corpus. Examples of terms and expressions used to denote people with blond hair, male and female alike – plavokosa djevojčica/djevojka/žena (blonde girl/woman), plavuša (blonde), plavokos dječak/mladić/muškarac (blond boy/young man/man), and plavušan (blond) – and the possessive adjective plavušin (blonde’s; hrWaC has no record of the male equivalent – plavušanov/blond’s) show their most frequent collocational behaviour. This brings us to the issue of linguistic (grammatical) stereotyping (like we see in plavuša with the feminine -uša suffix) and lack of semantic parallelism between the unit denoting a stereotyped notion and its derivatives (female plavuša/blonde vs. male plavušan/blond). The paper shows the extent of connotational/collocational differentiation between the Croatian expressions for female persons that contain adjective plavokos (blond-haired) (mostly implying delicacy, gentleness, fragility) and the term plavuša (blonde) (mostly implying physical attraction and lack of intelligence). As a dictionary that is corpus-based, but not corpus-driven, Mrežnik does not register collocations uncritically. This fact raises many questions: about the importance of a dictionary’s social responsibility and its realization; whether a dictionary should also have an educational role, in the sense that it should aim to change negative perceptions/stereotypes; What is the role of the assumed user profile as we choose the way in which to present a stereotyped concept? Can a lexicographer be scientifically consistent and socially appropriate at the same time? In fact, by raising this collocational issue with regard to Mrežnik and asking how Mrežnik perceives a blonde, we are bringing closer some of the doubts that emerge as we process words that reflect social, gender and other stereotypes, while offering a model for their processing.

[Abstract] Objective: This article reassesses the gender differences in COVID-19 attitudes and behavior found in previous studies by examining to what extent the gender gap in the adoption of COVID-19 preventive behaviors is dependent on women's and men's perceptions of risk. Methods: The data utilized in this study were obtained from the “Understanding America Study Coronavirus in America (‘COVID’) Survey,” conducted by the Center for Economic and Social Research (CESR), at the University of Southern California. Result: This study shows that women are more risk averse than men, but that the gender gap in risk behavior depends on the level of risk that is associated with COVID-19. Conclusion: Risk perception is a stronger driver of risk behavior for men than for women, who generally tend to adopt safe measures to protect themselves and others. Different messages should be delivered to women and men to increase compliance with norms.

Research on policy shifts and repositioning has found that it can be costly for politicians to change their policy stances. Candidates who reposition themselves are seen as less honest, less reliable, and less competent. It remains unclear, however, how a politician's gender affects this responses to and perceptions of repositioning. Research on gender stereotypes in politics has found that voters ascribe different personality and competence characteristics to female and male politicians, and that gender-trait stereotypes affect candidate perceptions. While male politicians are viewed as more competent, decisive, and displaying strong leadership, female politicians are believed to be more honest. I test the hypothesis that the reputational cost of repositioning is more pronounced for female politicians than male politicians. When a female politicians changes her policy position, this could violate the gender stereotype that female politicians are more honest. This hypothesis is tested in a unique, pre-registered survey experiment (N=4000) fielded in Flanders, Belgium in 2022. The high levels of women’s representation and the high degree of public acceptance of female politicians in Flanders make the Flemish case a `crucial' or 'least likely' case to find gender effects in the reputational cost of policy change.

Healthcare, elementary education, and domestic roles (HEED) have historically been female-dominated professions and continue to have significantly lower levels of male participation. Men’s participation in HEED has remained relatively unchanged for the past decade (Croft et al., 2015). In nursing specifically, around 91% of regulated nurses in Canada were female in 2021, with only around 9% of nurses being male, making it evident that this HEED domain continues to be a female-dominated profession (Canadian Nurses Association, 2023). While there is an abundance of research that examines women’s interest, involvement, support, and lived experiences in STEM, there is a dearth of research on men’s engagement in HEED (e.g., Blaique et al., 2022; García-Ramos et al., 2022). Research has suggested possible reasons for men's underrepresentation in HEED professions, including the perception of HEED-related occupation as lower status and the association of these occupations with communal traits and behaviours that align with the feminine gender role. In society, men occupy a higher social status than women because men are highly associated with agentic qualities that traditionally signify breadwinning, power, and autonomy, whereas women are ascribed lower status due to their associations with subordinate, communal, caregiving roles (Croft et al., 2015). Consequently, male-dominated occupations are ascribed higher status, thus making these jobs more attractive to men and women, as they have higher wages, better treatment of workers, and overall, a higher value in society compared to female-dominated professions (Croft et al., 2015). Research also suggests that men are more constrained by gender norms than women, as they face more backlash and face more social and economic penalties when engaging in counter-stereotypical roles or behaviours (Rudman & Fairchild, 2004). Specifically, despite men’s low self-ratings on communality, research shows that gender differences in communion can be amplified or minimized depending on the salience of contextual cues in which communal traits are studied (Allen & Smith, 2011; Croft et al., 2015). For example, when men believe that they are engaging in gendered tasks and are being assessed in terms of gender stereotypes, they are more likely to perform in a stereotypical manner to disassociate themselves from feminine stereotypes (Croft et al., 2015). These findings are supported by precarious manhood theory, which states that in order to establish manhood, men must behave in ways that demonstrate toughness and dominance, and they risk losing their status as a man if they display weakness or other traditionally feminine qualities (Vandello & Bosson, 2013). Moreover, the demonstration of manhood is a continuous process, requiring men to constantly prove themselves, especially to other men (Vandello & Bosson, 2013). From this perspective, the threats to gender status that may be experienced when partaking in more feminine roles and occupations may explain why some men may anticipate more backlash weaken their interest and participation in HEED domains like nursing, as this field is a traditionally feminine, communal domain. Gender stereotypes that perpetuate stigma and bias exist in the nursing domain, especially for practicing male nurses, as men frequently report only being assigned to complete tasks involving physical labour or technical specialties instead of caring for patients (Teresa-Morales et al., 2022). This gendered division of tasks perpetuates the notion that men do not possess compassion or other traditionally communal skills needed to perform other nursing tasks. Other examples of stereotypes that perpetuate stigma and bias include male nurses being perceived as a sexual threat to women and children by both women and other men, patients preferring care only from female nurses and rejecting treatments provided by male nurses, and male nurses often being seen as “doctor rejects,” due to the undervaluation of the nursing profession and beliefs about nursing being a secondary or subservient career option for men wanting to pursue healthcare (Moss-Racusin et al., 2022; Teresa-Morales et al., 2022). Male nurses also report advantages at the workplace, where one male nurse reported receiving up to three promotions in one year over female nurses with the same, if not better, qualifications (Lyu et al., 2022). Additionally, traditional notions of gender are also demonstrated by both male and female nurses, as they report male nurses being more resilient, endurant, and emotionally stable than their female counterparts in different nursing domains, such as clinical nursing, for example (Lyu et al., 2022). These findings suggest that although nursing is a female-dominated, traditionally communal profession where women are expected to be superior, if and when men enter this domain, they have the unique ability to ride the “glass escalator” and rise faster and quicker to upper levels of leadership (Brandford & Brandford-Stevenson, 2021). Nonetheless, despite this advantage, many men continue to lack interest and anticipate discrimination and social stigma in the nursing domain. To better understand the factors that may be perpetuating this gender asymmetry in occupational interest and pursuit, the present research examines whether the stereotypes associated with nursing serve as potential psychological barriers to men’s interest and involvement in this domain. This study will examine whether reframing female-dominated occupations in agentic terms (compared to communal terms, a mix of agentic and communal terms, or no article) would shift implicit cognitions associated with nursing and increase men’s interest and involvement in nursing and support for other men entering this domain. Research has shown that women’s interest in STEM can be increased after viewing stimuli that re-frames STEM using more communal terms (Diekman et al., 2011), but this has not been directly tested in the context of men’s engagement in HEED. It is proposed that explicitly describing the domain of nursing in agentic terms will align more closely with qualities that men apply to themselves and would align the occupation more closely to masculine gender roles and less narrowly to feminine gender roles.

Healthcare, elementary education, and domestic roles (HEED) have historically been female-dominated professions and continue to have significantly lower levels of male participation. Men’s participation in HEED has remained relatively unchanged for the past decade (Croft et al., 2015). In nursing specifically, around 91% of regulated nurses in Canada were female in 2021, with only around 9% of nurses being male, making it evident that this HEED domain continues to be a female-dominated profession (Canadian Nurses Association, 2023). While there is an abundance of research that examines women’s interest, involvement, support, and lived experiences in STEM, there is a dearth of research on men’s engagement in HEED (e.g., Blaique et al., 2022; García-Ramos et al., 2022). A factor that may suppress men’s participation in HEED occupations is the stigma and backlash attached to partaking in work that requires their engagement in gender counter-stereotypical roles and behaviors (Moss-Racusin et al., 2022; Rudman & Fairchild, 2004; Rudman et al., 2013). When men do participate in HEED domains, they are often subject to prejudice and discrimination (Moss-Racusin et al., 2022). For instance, male nurses report facing more workplace harassment, rejection, and bullying compared to female nurses. Male elementary school teachers report increased discrimination and being perceived as a threat to children’s safety and less likeable and hireable than their female counterparts (Moss-Racusin et al., 2022). Additionally, research shows that men display a decreased sense of belonging in HEED, less positive attitudes toward HEED, and lower aspirations to participate in HEED when shown evidence for anti-male biases in these fields compared to women. This sample of men also reported greater anticipation of experiencing discrimination in HEED occupations (Moss-Racusin et al., 2022). Together, this evidence suggests that men do face gender bias in female-dominated occupations, and men may generally have decreased interest, motivation, and support for other men partaking in HEED domains (Allen & Smith, 2011; Croft et al., 2015). These findings highlight the need for continued efforts to understand and address gender biases and promote gender diversity in HEED occupations. Research also suggests that men are more constrained by gender norms than women, as they face more backlash and face more social and economic penalties when engaging in counter-stereotypical roles or behaviours (Rudman & Fairchild, 2004). Specifically, despite men’s low self-ratings on communality, research shows that gender differences in communion can be amplified or minimized depending on the salience of contextual cues in which communal traits are studied (Allen & Smith, 2011; Croft et al., 2015). For example, when men believe that they are engaging in gendered tasks and are being assessed in terms of gender stereotypes, they are more likely to perform in a stereotypical manner to disassociate themselves from feminine stereotypes (Croft et al., 2015). These findings are supported by precarious manhood theory, which states that in order to establish manhood, men must behave in ways that demonstrate toughness and dominance, and they risk losing their status as a man if they display weakness or other traditionally feminine qualities (Vandello & Bosson, 2013). Moreover, the demonstration of manhood is a continuous process, requiring men to constantly prove themselves, especially to other men (Vandello & Bosson, 2013). From this perspective, the threats to gender status that may be experienced when partaking in more feminine roles and occupations may explain why some men may anticipate more backlash weaken their interest and participation in HEED domains like nursing, as this field is a traditionally feminine, communal domain. Gender stereotypes that perpetuate stigma and bias exist in the nursing domain, especially for practicing male nurses, as men frequently report only being assigned to complete tasks involving physical labour or technical specialties instead of caring for patients (Teresa-Morales et al., 2022). This gendered division of tasks perpetuates the notion that men do not possess compassion or other traditionally communal skills needed to perform other nursing tasks. Other examples of stereotypes that perpetuate stigma and bias include male nurses being perceived as a sexual threat to women and children by both women and other men, patients preferring care only from female nurses and rejecting treatments provided by male nurses, and male nurses often being seen as “doctor rejects,” due to the undervaluation of the nursing profession and beliefs about nursing being a secondary or subservient career option for men wanting to pursue healthcare (Moss-Racusin et al., 2022; Teresa-Morales et al., 2022). Male nurses also report advantages at the workplace, where one male nurse reported receiving up to three promotions in one year over female nurses with the same, if not better, qualifications (Lyu et al., 2022). Additionally, traditional notions of gender are also demonstrated by both male and female nurses, as they report male nurses being more resilient, endurant, and emotionally stable than their female counterparts in different nursing domains, such as clinical nursing, for example (Lyu et al., 2022). These findings suggest that although nursing is a female-dominated, traditionally communal profession where women are expected to be superior, if and when men enter this domain, they have the unique ability to ride the “glass escalator” and rise faster and quicker to upper levels of leadership (Brandford & Brandford-Stevenson, 2021). Nonetheless, despite this advantage, many men continue to lack interest and anticipate discrimination and social stigma in the nursing domain. To better understand the factors that may be perpetuating this gender asymmetry in occupational interest and pursuit, the present research examines whether the stereotypes associated with nursing serve as potential psychological barriers to men’s interest and involvement in this domain. This study will examine whether countering essentialist notions of gender roles by exposing men to sociocultural scientific explanations (compared to biological explanations or no explanation) for the gender asymmetry in nursing would increase men’s interest and involvement in nursing and support for other men entering nursing. It is proposed that essentialist arguments for the gender asymmetry in nursing are grounded in the linking of communal traits to women’s inherent nature and not men’s, which serve to justify the asymmetry as inevitable and immutable, whereas sociocultural arguments for the gender asymmetry in nursing recognize the role of gender socialization in discouraging men from displaying communal attributes and stigmatizing men for pursuing female-dominated domains, which renders the asymmetry socially constructed and not biologically determined.

While major strides have been made towards gender equality in public life, serious inequality remains in the domestic sphere, especially around parenting. The present study analyses discussions about parenting on Reddit (i.e., a content aggregation website) to explore audience effects and gender stereotypes. It suggests a novel method to study topical variation in individuals’ language when interacting with different audiences. Comments posted in 2020 were collected from three parenting subreddits (i.e., topical communities), described as being for fathers (r/Daddit), mothers (r/Mommit), and all parents (r/Parenting). Users posting on r/Parenting and r/Daddit or on r/Parenting and r/Mommit were assumed to identify as fathers or mothers, respectively, allowing gender comparison. Users’ comments on r/Parenting (to a mixed-gender audience) were compared with their comments to single-gender audiences on r/Daddit or r/Mommit using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modelling. Results show that the most discussed topic among parents is about education and family advice, a topic mainly discussed in the mixed-gender subreddit and more by fathers than mothers. The topic model also indicates that, when it comes to the basic needs of children (sleep, food, and medical care), mothers seem to be more concerned regardless of the audience. In contrast, topics such as birth and pregnancy announcements and physical appearance are more discussed by fathers in the father-centric subreddit. Overall, findings seem to show that mothers are generally more concerned about the practical sides of parenting while fathers’ expressed concerns are more contextual: with other fathers, there seems to be a desire to show their fatherhood and be recognized for it while they discuss education with mothers. These results demonstrate that concerns expressed by parents on Reddit are context-sensitive but also consistent with gender stereotypes, potentially reflecting a persistent gendered and unequal division of labour in parenting.

This study examines why parents socialize their sons and daughters emotions in a different way. Both a child-effect and parent-effect will be studied as possible explanations. Regarding the child-effect, differences between boys' and girls' social-emotional problems will be studied as predictor of parents' gender-differentiated emotion socialization. Regarding the parent-effect, parents’ neural processing of violations of gender stereotypes about social-emotional problems will be studied as predictor of parents' gender-differentiated emotion socialization.

Testung OSF

Sabiedriskās attiecības Informācijas un komunikācijas zinātnes Public Relations Information and Communication Sciences Bakalaura darba nosaukums ir “Dzimtes stereotipizācija 14.Saeimas priekšvēlēšanu kampaņās sociālo mediju platformā Facebook”. Darba mērķis ir noskaidrot, kādi dzimtes stereotipi iezīmējās 14.Saeimas priekšvēlēšanu kampaņās sociālo mediju platformā “Facebook”. Darba uzdevumi ir izpētīt dzimtes stereotipus, kā tie veidojas plašsaziņas līdzekļos un kādi tie ir politikā, apskatīt dzimtes lomas teoriju, sociālo mediju lomu politikā, politisko komunikāciju digitālajā laikmetā un vēlēšanu kampaņu nozīmi sociālajos medijos. Balstoties uz teorijā atrasto informāciju par dzimtes stereotipiem, tiek pētītas 14.Saeimas priekšvēlēšanu kampaņas, analizējot atspoguļotos dzimtes stereotipus pēc kontentanalīzes metodes, kā arī veikta intervija ar politisko partiju, kurā dzimtes lomas stereotipi iezīmējas visvairāk. Darba teorētisko pamatu veido informācija par dzimtes lomas teoriju, dzimtes stereotipiem, dzimtes stereotipiem plašsaziņas līdzekļos, dzimtes lomām un stereotipiem politikā, sociālo mediju lomu politikā, politisko komunikāciju digitālajā laikmetā un vēlēšanu kampaņām sociālajos medijos. Darbā analizēti 14.Saeimas priekšvēlēšānu kampaņas sociālo mediju publikācijas platformā “Facebook” laika posmā no 2022.gada 4.jūnija līdz 2022.gada 1.oktobrim, kas ir oficiālais priekšvēlēšanu kampaņu laiks. Rezultātā secināts, ka “Facebook” publikāciju ierakstos lielākoties atklājās dzimtes stereotipi pēc literatūrā izpētītām kategorijām. Metodoloģija: kontentanalīze, intervija. Title of bachelor's thesis is "Gender stereotypes in the 14th Saeima pre-election campaigns on the social media platform Facebook". The aim of this paper is to find out what gender stereotypes are revealed in the 14th Saeima pre-election campaigns on the social media platform "Facebook". The tasks of this research are to investigate the gender role theory, gender stereotypes, how they are formed in the media, how they exist in politics, the role of social media in politics, political communication in the digital age and the importance of political campaigns in social media. Based on theory the 14th Saeima pre-election campaigns are studied and analyzed on gender stereotypes using the content analysis method, as well as interview with political party in which the stereotypes of the role of gender are most prominent. The theoretical basis of the work consists of information about the gender role theory, gender stereotypes, gender stereotypes in the media, gender stereotypes and roles in politics, the role of social media in politics, political communication in digitial era and election campaigns in social media. The paper analyzes the 14th Saeima pre-election campaigns on the social media platform "Facebook" in the time period from June 4, 2022 to October 1, 2022, which is the official time period of pre-election campaigns. As a result, it was concluded that gender stereotypes according to the categories studied in the literature were mostly revealed in the posts of “Facebook” publications. Methodology: content analysis, interview.

The purpose of this project is to advance the knowledge of how to reduce gender bias in children by proposing coeducational intervention strategies based on theoretical and empirical knowledge of the social psychology of gender and intergroup relations (see also osf.io/jskgp and osf.io/yjhdw). Specifically, we evaluate the impact of an intervention based on counter-stereotypic narratives in which the main character is male or female for the reduction of gender stereotypes in primary school students. Furthermore, through in-depth debates, we seek to promote the notion of social justice to reduce gender stereotypes in primary school students.

Eure Projekt-Beschreibung

В данной статье дается анализ американского кинематографического дискурса в гендерном аспекте. Обосновывается идея о том, что кинодискурс воспроизводит представления о том, что понимается о маскулинности в обществе на определенном историческом этапе. Делается обзор научных работ по заявленной теме. Описываются полученные эмпирические данные. Отмечаются современные тенденции изменения гендерного параметра человеческой личности. Анализируются молодежные сериалы с точки зрения гендера. Выделяются способы (вос)создания маскулинности. Приводятся примеры актуализации гендерных стереотипов. Исследуются способы деконструкции традиционной бинарной оппозиции мужское – женское. Делается вывод о том, что предпринятая попытка системного анализа маскулинных образов в сериалах выявила как традиционное воспроизводство маскулинности, так и нетрадиционное., The article analyzes the American cinema discourse in the gender aspect. The idea is substantiated that the film discourse reproduces the ideas of what is understood about masculinity in society at a certain historical stage. A review of scientific papers on the stated topic is made. The empirical base of the study is described. The modern trends of changing the gender parameter of the human personality are noted. Youth TV series from the point of view of gender are analyzed. The ways of creating masculinity are highlighted. Examples of reproduction of gender stereotypes are given. The methods of deconstruction of the traditional binary opposition male-female are investigated. It is concluded that the attempted systematic analysis of masculine images in the series revealed both traditional reproduction of masculinity and non-traditional.

This study investigates people's gender stereotypes about parental roles by comparing people’s ascriptions of communion and agency to “mother/s”, “father/s”, and “parent/s”. To address a person in a parental role, people can use either the gender-specific role nouns “mother” and “father” or the gender-unspecific role noun “parent”. However, to date the stereotyping of parents has been investigated only for gender-specific parental role nouns like mothers and fathers (e.g., Banchefsky & Park, 2015; Ross-Plourde et al., 2023). Thus, it remains an open question how people perceive “parent/s” in general and whether the gender-unspecific role noun can evoke different trait ascriptions compared to "mother/s" and "father/s". Previous research has shown that people associate mothers more strongly with communal traits (e.g., affectionate, helpful, warm) and behaviors (e.g., arranging for a babysitter), and fathers more strongly with agentic traits (e.g., assertive, decisive, independent) and behaviors (e.g., providing the household income; Banchefsky & Park, 2015; Park, Smith & Correll, 2010). As parents comprise both mothers and fathers, people’s stereotypes of parents, in general, should be less gendered. Accordingly, the gender-unspecific role noun “parent/s” likely reduces gender stereotypical trait ascriptions.

This study examines adolescents' knowledge and endorsement of gender-stereotypes of competency in school subjects, and how these stereotypes relate to their educational choices (both actual school subjects, and hypothetical projects). It also examines the influence of gender majority biases and whether there are gender differences in who adolescents choose to copy. Prior research has identified that adolescents know and, albeit to a lesser extent, endorse gender stereotypes about competence in different school subjects (Wood et al., 2022). Additionally, adolescent girls were more likely to reject gender stereotypes than adolescent boys. Moreover, Wood et al. (2022) found that boys were more likely to make more own gender stereotyped subject choices than girls. The researchers suggest that this could be explained by gender differences in levels of peer influence. The current study predicts that 1) adolescents of all ages will demonstrate knowledge and endorsement of school subject gender stereotypes, with knowledge being higher than endorsement, 2) Stereotype rejection scores (i.e., difference between knowledge and endorsement scores) will be higher in girls than in boys, and 3) Boys will show higher levels of own-gender typical subject choice selection than girls. Social learning is key to building skills and knowledge, with individuals strategically selecting who to learn from (Molleman et al., 2019). Studies have revealed that children’s choices are often influenced by their peers and what the peer-majority are choosing to do (Haun & Tomasello, 2011). Despite a wealth of childhood social learning studies, adolescent studies are relatively scarce. Ruggeri and colleagues (2018) found that adolescents are influenced by their peers. To date, little research has examined the effect of own-gender or peer-majority influence has on adolescents’ school subject choices. Therefore, we aim to investigate adolescents’ level of interest in joining hypothetical gender-typical and gender-atypical community projects, where peer gender majority enrolment information either corresponds or does not correspond with the pupil’s own gender. The study predicts that 4) adolescents of all ages will score own-gender typical projects as being of higher interest than other-gender typical projects, 5) adolescents of all ages will score own-gender majority projects higher than other-gender majority projects, and 6) the main effect predicted in hypothesis 5 will be complicated by an interaction; such that scores for own-gender typical projects will be less affected by gender majority than scores for other-gender typical projects. Finally, the study aims to explore the relationships in males and females separately, between own-gender peer-majority influence, an adolescents’ endorsement of gender stereotypes and the real-world subject choices that adolescents are making. References Haun, D. B. M., & Tomasello, M. (2011). Conformity to Peer Pressure in Preschool Children. Child Development, 82(6), 1759-1767. https://10.1111/j.1467-8624.2011.01666.x Molleman, L., Kanngiesser, P., & van den Bos, W. (2019). Social information use in adolescents: The impact of adults, peers and household composition. PLoS One, 14(11), e0225498. https://10.1371/journal.pone.0225498 Ruggeri, A., Luan, S., Keller, M., & Gummerum, M. (2018). The Influence of Adult and Peer Role Models on Children’ and Adolescents’ Sharing Decisions. Child Development, 89(5), 1589-1598. https://10.1111/cdev.12916 Wood, L. A., Hutchison, J., Aitken, M., & Cunningham, S. J. (2022). Gender stereotypes in UK children and adolescents: Changing patterns of knowledge and endorsement. British Journal of Social Psychology, 61(3), 768-789. https://10.1111/bjso.12510

Multimediju komunikācija Informācijas un komunikācijas zinātnes Multimedia Communication Information and Communication Sciences Bakalaura darbā “Stereotipiska sieviešu reprezentācija latviešu televīzijas seriālā “Viņas melo labāk” galvenais mērķis ir atklāt kādi stereotipi attiecībā uz sievietēm ir pielietoti, novērojot arī to attīstību seriāla pirmajās trīs sezonās kopumā, veidojot secinājumus. Teorētiskajā daļā tiek aplūkota dzimtes stereotipu teorētiskā bāze, dzimuma un dzimtes jēdzienu atšķirības, dzimuma lomas, stereotipiska sieviešu reprezentācija, kā arī stereotipiskas reprezentācijas piemēru meklēšana un izpēte, seriāla “Viņas melo labāk” apskats, kā arī teksta kvalitatīvās analīzes ideju apkopojums. Savukārt empīriskajā daļā tiek veikta teksta kvalitatīvā analīze, kas dod iespēju no seriāla “Viņas melo labāk” 1.-3. sezonām iegūt un analizēt dialogus, kuros iespējams novērot dzimtes stereotipus attiecībā uz sievietēm, kas veido stereotipisku sieviešu reprezentāciju seriālā. Pētījuma daļā atklājās, ka seriālā “Viņas melo labāk” dialogos ir novērojama stereotipiska sieviešu reprezentācija, gan seriāla varoņu personībās, gan profesionālajā darbībā, kā arī vizuālajos elementos. Atklājās, ka seriāls “Viņas melo labāk” ir svarīgs, jo tajā tiek parādīta tā brīža sabiedrībā esošie uzskati, normas, kas, iespējams, nesakrīt ar situāciju 2023. gadā. Atklājās, ka seriālā ir uzskaitāmi vairāki stereotipi attiecībā uz sievietēm, kas atkārtojas pirmajās trīs sezonās, kas tika noteikts meklējot atbilstošos elementus dialogos, balstoties uz literatūru par tēmu stereotipiska sieviešu reprezentācija. The main goal of the bachelor's thesis "Stereotypical representation of women in the Latvian television series "They (females) lie Better" is to reveal what stereotypes have been applied to women, observing their development in the first three seasons of the series as a whole, drawing conclusions. The theoretical part deals with the theoretical basis of gender stereotypes, the differences between the concepts of gender and gender, gender roles, stereotypical representation of women, as well as the search and research of examples of stereotypical representation, the review of the TV series "They lie better", as well as a collection of ideas for the qualitative analysis of the text. On the other hand, in the empirical part, a qualitative analysis of the text is carried out, which gives an opportunity from the series "They Lie Better" 1.-3. seasons, to obtain and analyze dialogues in which it is possible to observe gender stereotypes in relation to women, which form a stereotypical representation of women in the series. The part of the research revealed that in the series "They lie better" a stereotypical representation of women can be observed in the dialogues, both in the personalities of the characters of the series, in their professional activities, as well as in the visual elements. It turned out that the series "They Lie Better" is important because it shows the beliefs and norms of the society at that time, which may not coincide with the situation in 2023. The series was found to have a number of recurring stereotypes of women in the first three seasons, which was determined by looking for relevant elements in the dialogues based on literature on the topic of stereotypical representation of women.

Study 1 seeks to validate our adaptation of the Stereotype Misperception Task and its multinomial model as an analysis strategy to separate estimates of the activation and application of gender stereotypes. Two experiments will be carried out: one will measure a typically female and positive stereotype (warm, experiment 1a), and another will measure a traditionally masculine and negative belief stereotype (dominant, experiment 1b).

Bu çalışma, Bursa Uludağ Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsünde Füsun Çınar Altıntaş 'ın danışmanlığında Fathia Ali Ahmed tarafından yazılan "Başarılı yöneticilik özelliklerine ilişkin algılanan cinsiyet kalıpyargılarının analizi: Kültürlerarası bir karşılaştırma" adlı yüksek lisans tezine dayanılarak hazırlanmıştır. İlgili yazındaki ilk dönem araştırmalarda, başarılı yöneticilik özellikleri ile ilişkili özelliklerin kadınlardan daha çok erkeklere atfedildiği görülmektedir. Başarılı yönetici özellikleri genelde erkeğe-özgü olarak ele alınmakta ve yönetici ise erkektir şeklinde kavramsallaştırılmaktadır. Ancak, yönetsel pozisyonlarda yer alan kadın sayısının artmasıyla birlikte yönetsel özelliklerin yalnızca erkeğe özgü olmadığı anlaşılmış ve cinsiyet rolleri ile yöneticilik özelliklerini araştıran çalışmalar hız kazanmıştır. Mevcut çalışmada başarılı yöneticilik özelliklerine ilişkin unsurların belirlenmesi ve yöneticilik özellikleri açısından kültürlerarası bağlamda cinsiyete dayalı farklılaşmanın var olup olmadığını tespit etmek amaçlanmıştır. Bu kapsamda araştırmada Schein (1973)’ın Betimleyici İndeksinin kullanılmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlar neticesinde kadın ve erkek katılımcılar açısından başarılı yönetici algısının kadına özgü özellikler ile örtüştüğü tespit edilmiştir. Previous research has shown that traits associated with successful business managers are generally more attributed to men than women. Successful manager characteristics are identified with male gender. So, it is conceptualized as manager is male. However, with the increase in the number of women in managerial positions, it was understood that managerial characteristics were not only male gender specific and studies investigating gender roles and managerial characteristics increased. In this study, it is aimed to analyze the perceptions of women and men about successful manager and determine whether there is a gender-based difference in the cross cultural context in terms of managerial characteristics. In this context, Schein Descriptive Index (1973) was used in the research. In terms of the results obtained, it has been determined that the perception of successful manager for female and male participants coincides with the characteristics specific to women.

The paper brings up the issue of reflecting gender roles in textbooks for international students, investigates which concepts of men and women they can potentially form among foreign students on the basis of these teaching aids. The aim of the present study is to describe the gender roles of men and women in the textbooks of the Russian language for beginners. For that, it was necessary to solve a number of tasks, such as fixing examples of gender-characterized units in teaching aids; creating a system of categories for comparison and comparing the analysis results of all involved textbooks. The following methods of qualitative content analysis, classification method, comparison method were used in the work. Popular textbooks on Russian as a foreign language were taken for the analysis. This study makes it possible to investigate gender roles in Russian culture through the spectacle of the textbooks for foreigners, allowing us to get a new angle on the correlation of gender characteristics. The study can also be used by future textbook authors to further develop textbook characters in terms of their gender roles. The authors of the study conclude that textbook representations convey stereotypic ideas about the roles of men and women, but these images cannot be recognized as corresponding to extra-linguistic reality, which can potentially result in communication failures among foreign students when interacting with Russians.

Women are widely assumed to be more talkative than men. Disconfirming this assumption, Mehl et al. (2007) provided the first empirical evidence that men and women do not differ significantly in daily word use, speaking about 16,000 words per day each. However, concerns were raised that their sample was too small to yield precise and generalizable estimates, and too age- and context-homogeneous to permit inferences beyond college students. This project replicates and extends the previous study of binary gender differences in daily word use to address these concerns. Pooling data for 2,197 participants (>5-fold the original sample size) from 22 samples (631,030 ambient audio recordings), it updates the estimates of women and men’s daily word use and evaluates the magnitude of their difference. It further explores the extent to which age (as a marker of developmental processes) and experienced stress (as a marker of biobehavioral coping processes) moderate this difference. Finally, it compares the general, age-, and stress-related gender-difference estimates for objectively-observed talkativeness (i.e., EAR-sampled daily word use) to the gender-difference estimates that emerge when looking at subjectively-rated talkativeness (i.e., self-reports of the respective Big Five Inventory item).

The purpose of this project is to advance the knowledge of gender bias in the educational context and propose coeducational intervention strategies based on theoretical and empirical knowledge of the social psychology of gender and intergroup relations. It is proposed as a specific objective to evaluate the impact of coeducational strategies based on counter-stereotypic narratives and related activities (i.e., debates, counterstereotypical games) for the reduction of gender stereotypes in kindergarten and primary school students.

The ways in which children from different countries view and draw scientists have been investigated in numerous studies. The present study explored Italian primary school students’ images of scient...

This study is part of a project which investigates the effects of tears on the perception of people varying in age and gender. The project is motivated by the observation that traits frequently ascribed to tearful individuals (e.g., warmth, helplessness, emotionality, low competence) are also stereotypically ascribed to women and old people. Put differently, gender and age stereotypes overlap with how tearful individuals are perceived. The literature suggests that the effects of tears on how people varying in age and gender are perceived may take one of two opposite directions: (1) The “strengthening effect”: The presence of tears should strengthen stereotypical gender and age differences (that is, stereotypical gender and age differences should be more pronounced for tearful than non-tearful individuals), (2) The “weakening effect”: The presence of tears should weaken stereotypical gender and age differences (that is, stereotypical gender and age differences should be less pronounced for tearful than non-tearful individuals). Study 1 provided support for the “weakening effect” of tears on gender stereotypes. Specifically, we found that when tears were not present, female targets were perceived as more emotional, warmer, more helpless, and less competent than male targets. Moreover, people were more willing to help non-tearful female targets than non-tearful male targets. When tears were present, these gender differences became non-significant. For age stereotypes, we observed a different pattern. Specifically, when tears were not present, we observed no differences in competence and emotions (sadness, feeling hurt, feeling touched and moved) between young and old targets. In contrast, when tears were present, young targets were perceived as less competent, sadder, and more hurt than old targets. The presence of tears also made old targets look more touched and moved than young targets. The direction of these differences suggests that they were more in line with the “weakening effect” than the “strengthening effect”, but the evidence was not as straightforward as in the case of gender stereotypes. The aim of Study 2 is to provide further support for the “weakening effect” using a more gender- and age-balanced sample.

The project investigates the effects of tears on the perception of people varying in age and gender. The project is motivated by the observation that traits frequently ascribed to tearful individuals (e.g., warmth, helplessness, emotionality, low competence) are also stereotypically ascribed to women and old people. Put differently, gender and age stereotypes overlap with how tearful individuals are perceived. The literature suggests that the effects of tears on how people varying in age and gender are perceived may take one of two opposite directions: (1) The “strengthening effect”: The presence of tears should strengthen stereotypical gender and age differences (that is, stereotypical gender and age differences should be more pronounced for tearful than non-tearful individuals), (2) The “weakening effect”: The presence of tears should weaken stereotypical gender and age differences (that is, stereotypical gender and age differences should be less pronounced for tearful than non-tearful individuals). The aim of the project is to find out which of these two effects will be supported empirically.

Technological innovation and scientific progress are important components for improving human condition and economic success. Therefore, a workforce that includes a critical amount of experts in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) domains is needed. Evidence supports that males and females often present differences in their performance and preferences towards some STEM courses and occupations, especially engineering. Specifically, the number of women that decide to pursue careers in the engineering field is relatively low. One possible factor contributing to this gender gap that has gained a lot of interest recently is gender stereotyping and distinct gender roles among societies. Segregation between women and men’s societal roles result in psychological gender differences, emerging from early childhood, and can later affect career choices. Additionally, different gender related standards imposed by the society drive women towards activities, majors and careers perceived as more “feminine”. Another way gender stereotypes contribute to these differences is by affecting the development of cognitive skills that are hugely involved in engineer learning and thinking. Spatial abilities are part of such skills that play an important role in academic and occupational achievements in STEM domains, is strongly correlated with engineering education and can, on average, be less developed among women relative to men. In this paper we are going to review the literature on the influence of gender stereotypes on women’s spatial ability development, and how this may later prevent them from pursuing a career in engineering.

When it comes to the study of stereotypes, plenty of material can be of use. While personality traits tend to be the most commonly adopted, behavioral information can also be relevant, both in the study of stereotypes, as well as in other research fields (e.g., illusory correlations, memory and judgement and decision making). The purpose of this paper was to create a readily available list of behavioral sentences with stereotypicality ratings for both age (young to old) and gender (woman to man) categories, to be used in future studies. In two studies, participants judged age and gender stereotypicality of more than two hundred sentences in European Portuguese. Results were stable across both studies, using different methodologies (three alternative forced-choice task, in Study 1; bipolar rating scale, in Study 2). Relative frequencies for each choice, as well as average ratings, per behavior, are provided at the end. Resumo: No estudo dos estereótipos, vários tipos de materiais podem ser utilizados. Ainda que traços de personalidade tendam a ser os estímulos usados com mais frequência, informação comportamental também pode ser relevante, quer no estudo de estereótipos, quer noutras áreas de investigação (e.g., correlações ilusórias, memória, e julgamento e tomada de decisão). O objectivo deste trabalho foi o de criar e disponibilizar uma lista de frases comportamentais com avaliações de estereotipicidade para categorias de idade (novo a velho) e género (mulher a homem), para uso em estudos futuros. Em dois estudos, os participantes julgaram a estereotipicidade de idade e género de mais de duzentas frases em Português Europeu. Os resultados foram estáveis entre os dois estudos, usando diferentes metodologias (tarefa de escolha forçada entre três alternativas, no Estudo 1; escala de classificação bipolar, no Estudo 2). As frequências relativas de cada escolha, bem como as classificações médias, por comportamento, são disponibilizadas no final. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

After women secured the right to vote some hundred years ago, the assertions about their innate inferiority gradually began to vanish, giving way to theories about the countless aspects which apparently differentiated them from men. In this paper, we follow the evolution of research on sex differences, starting with the work of the first female psychologists who questioned the theories that justified women’s subordinate positions in society. We trace the main developments of the studies on sex differences, their relationship with social roles, gender stereotypes, and gender identity, and describe the strategies used to highlight the role of society rather than of biology in shaping men and women’s personalities and behaviors. We describe the controversies this area of research gave rise to, the debates over its political implications, and the changes observed over time in women’s social positions and within research perspectives. Finally, we discuss the mutually reinforcing effects of social organization and lay conceptions of gender and reflect on how the field of research on sex differences has contributed to building a fairer society.

RESUMEN. En la revisión de sentencias de la Corte Suprema de Chile sobre autorización para salir del país logramos identificar que dentro de las razones que arguyen los padres para oponerse a la salida del país del hijo o hija en común existen argumentos basados en el rol que deben cumplir las mujeres dentro de la sociedad relacionados con la maternidad y las labores de cuidado. ABSTRACT. In the review of rulings by the Supreme Court of Chile on authorization to leave the country, we were able to identify that among the reasons argued by parents to oppose the departure of their child from the country there are arguments based on the role that women should play within society associated with maternity and care work.

According to the Theory of Evolved Sex Differences in Jealousy (Buss et al., 1992), men tend to report more jealousy to sexual infidelity due to paternal uncertainty whereas women have a greater response of jealousy to emotional infidelity in order to ensure paternal investment. We challenge this perspective by introducing gender stereotypes and sexism (ambivalent sexism and modern sexism) as possible influences on jealousy reports.

We study the effect of gender stereotypes on informal hiring based on social networks. (direct replication)

Drawing on Compensatory Control Theory (CCT), diverse mechanisms to compensate perceived loss of control have been examined (see Kay et al., 2009, for a review). We aim to investigate whether stereotyping and prejudice also serve as compensatory mechanisms. We will a) test the influence of induced loss of control these processes and b) examine their impact on perceived control.

Children display knowledge of gender stereotypes and possess strong gender-typed attitudes and preferences from a young age. According to socialization theories, one way in which children learn about gender-related information is via parents. The present study explored the similarities between children and parents’ implicit and explicit gender cognitions. For the first time, we use the visual world paradigm to examine in real-time whether parents (N = 35) and 7 year old children (N = 33) display looking preferences towards masculine- and feminine-typed objects stereotypically associated with a story character’s gender. A self-report questionnaire assessed participants’ explicit gender stereotype endorsement of children’s toys. Results revealed a dissociation where parents and children displayed similar implicit gender biases, but different explicit gender biases. Specifically, both parents and children displayed looking preferences towards the masculine-typed object when the character in the scene was a boy, and preferences toward the feminine-typed object when the character was a girl. This effect was stronger and more sustained in parents than children. However, in the explicit measure, parents did not to endorse the gender stereotypes related to toys, instead appearing egalitarian, whilst children’s responses were gender-stereotypic. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to non-verbal cues of gender norms.

Individuals who violate gender stereotypes such as agentic female leaders or communal male subordinates often suffer social or economic penalties, so-called backlash. This high-powered study (N = 483) aimed to answer the question whether backlash occurs due to the perception of gender-specific proscription or prescription violations. A proscription-penalty implies that a person exhibits an excess of behaviors or traits that are stereotypically associated with the other gender. A prescription-deficit implies that a person lacks the qualities that are stereotypically expected of his or her gender. To test this, participants rated gender-congruent and incongruent job applicants on indicators of gender-proscriptions, prescriptions, and backlash. The results strongly supported the idea that gender-incongruent individuals are perceived as having a prescription-deficit. But surprisingly no backlash for gender-incongruent individuals was found. Mediation analyses indicated that for both genders both communality and agency positively predicted likeability, respect, and hireability.