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Following an in-depth exploration of one University’s responses to sexual violence on campus, in this paper we argue that there is a gap between the legally required measures that Universities must take in this area and the measures that are actually taken. Policies, procedures, and support mechanisms for survivors of sexual violence and harassment are inadequate and fail to meet equality obligations. Further, University management teams’ attitudes towards sexual violence are dismissive and underpinned by racism and classism which explains the lack of progress made to tackle these issues. It is likely that these attitudes are indicative of wider higher education approaches to sexual violence and harassment which means that institutions are not only neglecting but breaching their legal duties. Universities must work to change the normative beliefs of management teams towards sexual violence and develop rigorous monitoring and reporting mechanisms.

RESUMEN El presente artículo se propone determinar los efectos jurídicos que producen los actos de una organización sindical constituida u operando sin el cumplimiento de las estipulaciones legales. La metodología de esta investigación es hermenéutico- documental, dado que se desarrolló a través de rastreos bibliográficos, recopilación de literatura sobre el derecho fundamental de asociación sindical y análisis e interpretación de legislación y jurisprudencia regulatoria de la materia, de acuerdo a las necesidades específicas del análisis que aquí se aborda. Como conclusión principal, los actos ejecutados por una asociación sindical que contraríen o extralimiten los términos legales establecidos no producen efecto jurídico alguno, en atención a que la legislación laboral está definida como normatividad de orden público y no produce efecto alguno aquella disposición o actuación que las desconozca, sin que para ello se requiera declaración judicial. ABSTRACT This article has the goal of determining the judicial effects produced by the acts of a union organization created and operating without the fulfilment of its legal obligations. This research’s approach is hermeneutical-documentary, given how it was performed using bibliographic inquiries, compilation of literature on fundamental law in union association and regulatory jurisprudence on the matter in accordance with the specific analytical needs of the research. As a main conclusion, the research states that the actions carried out by a union association that are contrary and overreach the legal terms established for them do not produce any judicial effect whatsoever, taking into account that the labour legislation is defined as a public order normativity and that disposition does not produce any affect or act that disown them without needing a judicial declaration for it. RESUMO Este artigo se propõe determinar os efeitos jurídicos que produzem os atos de uma organização sindical constituída ou operando sem o cumprimento das estipulações legais. A metodologia utilizada é hermenêutico-documental, uma vez que se desenvolveu através de rastreamentos bibliográficos, compilação de literatura da legislação e jurisprudência reguladora da matéria, de acordó as necessidades específicas da análise que foi abordada. Como conclusão, os atos executados por uma associação sindical que contrariem ou extra-limitem os termos legais estabelecidos não produzem nenhum efeito jurídico, em atenção a legislação trabalhista está definida como normatividade de ordem público e não produze efeito algum aquela disposição ou atuação que as desconheça, sem que para eles se requeira declaração judicial.

This study presents the optical design of light guide prisms for automotive tail light applications to obtain the optimum luminous intensity and the illuminance uniformity. The design was achieved using optical design software, SPEOS. By considering the axial luminous intensity and legal requirements, the optimum prism angles of light guides were determined by simulations. After determining the prism angles, the effect of different surface roughness on the luminous intensity and the illuminance uniformity was investigated. The light guides designed by considering data from the simulation were manufactured as prototypes and their photometrical measurements were made. These measurements were compared to the simulation results. It was observed that simulation and prototype results are well in agreement with each other. Furthermore, it was found that as the surface roughness increases both the luminous intensity decreases and the illumination becomes more uniform. T.C. Sanayi ve Teknoloji Bakanlığı (0143.STZ.2013-1) Farba Otomotiv A. Ş.

Biosafety laboratory accidents are a normal part of laboratory science, but the frequency of such accidents is unclear due to current reporting standards and processes. To better understand accident reporting, a survey was created, with input from ABSA International, which included a series of questions about standards, requirements, and likely motivations for reporting or nonreporting. A total of 60 biosafety officers completed the survey. Respondents reported working with more than 5,000 people in laboratories, including more than 40 biosafety level 3 or animal biosafety level 3 laboratories, which work with higher-risk pathogens. Most of the respondents were located in the United States, Canada, or New Zealand, or did not identify their location. Notable results included that 97% of surveyed biosafety officers oversee laboratories that require reporting exposure to at least some pathogens. However, 63% relayed that the reports are not usually sent outside of the institution where they occurred. A slight majority (55%) stated that paper reports were used, with the rest reporting they used a variety of computer systems. Even in laboratories that used paper-based reporting systems, 67% relayed that these reports were used alongside, or entered into, a digital system. While 82% of these biosafety officers agreed that workers understood the importance of reporting for their own safety, 82% also agreed that a variety of disincentives prevent laboratory workers from reporting incidents, including concerns about job loss and loss of funding.

El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a delimitar los márgenes legales entre los que debe oscilar la información que se ofrece a las donantes de óvulos; información en la que no siempre se incluye, por ejemplo, todas las molestias, daños o riesgos que potencialmente tienen que soportar. Con la finalidad de poder evaluar dichos márgenes, contrastaremos el origen jurídico de la obligación de brindar esta información con el actual estado de la regulación de la donación de óvulos en España. Se sigue, por tanto, una metodología de lo abstracto a lo específico para establecer las coordenadas legales del objeto de investigación. A propósito de la legislación española, se observan los requisitos estándares del consentimiento informado y de los criterios para otorgar consentimiento en la donación de óvulos. El criterio general se caracteriza por la protección de la salud del paciente en relación con todas las cuestiones en las que pueda verse involucrado en el proceso médico. Mas en el caso de la donación de óvulos debe completarse con un segundo criterio, que procede de la segunda ley: los fines y las consecuencias del acto de donación. The objective of this work is to define the legal margins between which the information offered to egg donors must range; information that does not always include, for example, all the annoyances, damages, or risks that they potentially must bear. To be able to evaluate these margins, we will contrast the legal origin of the obligation to provide this information with the current state of the regulation of egg donation in Spain. Therefore, a methodology from the abstract to the specific is followed to establish the legal coordinates of the research object. Regarding the Spanish legislation, the standard requirements for informed consent are observed. The general criterion is characterized by the protection of the patient's health in relation to all matters in which she is being involved in the medical process. But in the case of egg donation, it must be completed with a second criterion, which comes from the second law: the purposes and consequences of the act of donation

Background This study aimed to reflect on scientific experts’ and executive stakeholders’ opinions on how charitable organizations can participate in the health care system properly and cope with problems, challenges, strategies, and executive requirements at three major levels of prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation. Methods A total number of 20 semi-structured interviews were conducted with scientific experts and executive stakeholders, selected for this qualitative study, based on an interview guide. Using the purposeful sampling method, we selected scientific experts with 5 years of experience in the health care system and executive stakeholders who had 5 years of experience in charitable activities. We applied a framework method for data analysis, and the main themes were extracted through MAXQDA software. Results Our findings revealed that charitable organizations at the major levels of the health care system, i.e., prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation, possessed the necessary capacities to provide services effectively. Nevertheless, charities encountered some problems, e.g., financial instability, non-recognition of donors’ legal status, non-involvement in policy-making, inadequate cooperation from other agencies, absence of transparent programs and goals, together with weaknesses in advertising and attracting donations. It was noted that the government should take more operational steps towards supporting such organizations, e.g., by granting special facilities and exemptions, engaging charities in policy-making and training processes, and empowering them in terms of the production of resources. Charitable organizations are also recommended to establish external communications with other bodies such as municipalities, secretaries of state, governorate offices, welfare organizations, relief committees, and medical sciences universities. Conclusions Charitable organizations have the potentials to provide health care services at prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation levels. Thus, it is of utmost importance to adopt strategies such as creating sustainable funding sources, training charity managers with a wide variety of scientific management techniques, and implementing their intellectual capacities in legislative and planning processes.

In 2021 the number of electric vehicles (EV) circulating in the European Union (EU) was higher than ever before. The innovative solutions of the user centric charging infrastructure (USER-CHI) project aim at devising the basic guidelines for an interoperable charging infrastructure for EV. The future goal is for users to be able to charge “anywhere, anytime”. USER-CHI works towards a large-scale e-mobility market and the development of integrated smart solutions and new business models. These will be demonstrated in five urban areas, which are part of the Trans-European Transport Network corridor (Barcelona metropolitan area, Rome, Berlin, Budapest, and Turku). To make access to the charging infrastructure possible irrespectively of vehicle brands and operators, an analysis of the existing interoperability framework was considered essential within the USER-CHI project. Pursuant to this, the Institute for Climate Protection, Energy and Mobility (IKEM) developed INFRA (Interoperability Framework), a study that contains an analysis of the four layers that condition interoperability in the electromobility sector (organizational, semantic, technical and legal). Building on this analysis, the existing barriers for interoperability in each layer were identified and guidelines and recommendations were elaborated. The baseline of this paper are the role schemes, guidelines and recommendations elaborated for INFRA summarized in minimum requirements within each layer. The INFRA results are already available on CORDIS. In addition, further desk research shows the latest developments in the EU regarding electromobility and puts INFRA in the context of the most recent discourse. The new insights of this paper offer an updated overall short summary of the main requirements for an interoperability framework for electromobility in the EU. In conclusion the current developments underline the importance of the minimum requirements identified in INFRA and first steps towards a more interoperable infrastructure system have been taken.

The New Silk Road initiative offers unique opportunities for setting up Sino–European collaborations in higher education and research. Academic cooperation between countries that are rooted in different legal, cultural, and academic backgrounds might, however, also create challenges. Although the European Union is strongly promoting Open Science and—within that framework—open and fair data, it is clear that Open Science is only possible in an open society, in which fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals are protected. In this light, the chapter investigates the implications of the European personal data protection rules (GDPR) for Sino–European collaborations. To what extent are free flows of personal data possible on the New Silk Road? It concludes that the current differences between both regimes create considerable obstacles on the Road. The chapter explores the necessary restrictions, technological solutions, and legal arrangements that might be helpful in facilitating collaborations that comply with the European rules.

[Context] In legal requirements elicitation, requirements analysts need to extract obligations from legal texts. However, legal texts often express obligations only indirectly, for example, by attributing a right to the counterpart. This phenomenon has already been described in the Requirements Engineering (RE) literature [1]. [Objectives] We investigate the use of requirements templates for the systematic elicitation of legal requirements. Our work is motivated by two observations: (1) The existing literature does not provide a harmonized view on the requirements templates that are useful for legal RE; (2) Despite the promising recent advancements in natural language processing (NLP), automated support for legal RE through the suggestion of requirements templates has not been achieved yet. Our objective is to take steps toward addressing these limitations. [Methods] We review and reconcile the legal requirement templates proposed in RE. Subsequently, we conduct a qualitative study to define NLP rules for template recommendation. [Results and Conclusions] Our contributions consist of (a) a harmonized list of requirements templates pertinent to legal RE, and (b) rules for the automatic recommendation of such templates. We evaluate our rules through a case study on 400 statements from two legal domains. The results indicate a recall and precision of 82,3% and 79,8%, respectively. We show that introducing some limited interaction with the analyst considerably improves accuracy. Specifically, our human-feedback strategy increases recall by 12% and precision by 10,8%, thus yielding an overall recall of 94,3% and overall precision of 90,6%.

В статье рассматриваются вопросы правового регулирования административно-правовых режимов. Обращено внимание на недостатки нормативного правового регулирования административно-правовых режимов в России., This article discusses the issues of legal regulation of administrative and legal regimes. Drawn attention to the shortcomings of the legal regulation of administrative and legal regimes in Russia

El trabajo de investigación “Formulación e implementación de un Cuadro de Mando Integral enfocado en la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo para el caso de una empresa del sector metalmecánico colombiano” pretende establecer un marco de referencia que permita integrar y articular las acciones estratégicas y operativas relacionadas con la gestión de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo (SST) para la empresa JEC Multiherrajes S.A., la cual se encuentra ubicada en la ciudad de Bogotá. Para tal propósito, en primera medida, se ha realizado un proceso de análisis de la gestión de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo, empleando para ello, herramientas como la matriz DOFA y el análisis de cumplimiento de la Resolución 312 de 2019. Este análisis permite identificar las brechas y fortalezas existentes, y los principales puntos de mejora que deben tenerse en cuenta para la eventual definición del Cuadro de Mando Integral. Luego, se realiza la definición de los objetivos estratégicos de acuerdo con las perspectivas que son determinadas para el Cuadro de Mando Integral de la empresa, con sus correspondientes indicadores, metas y planes de acción. La integración de las perspectivas, objetivos estratégicos, indicadores, metas, y demás información correspondiente se articula mediante el diseño de una herramienta que ha sido elaborada en Microsoft Excel, la cual permite visualizar y hacer seguimiento a los datos que permiten verificar si se está dando respuesta o no a las acciones estratégicas y operativas que la empresa requiere ejecutar para el fortalecimiento de su gestión en Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo. Todo lo anterior, se complementa con el respectivo cronograma de implementación, donde a la par de las acciones operativas y administrativas requeridas, se definen las acciones de capacitación que permitan a la empresa, el manejo, administración y mantenimiento de la herramienta diseñada a lo largo del tiempo. 1. Problema de investigación 11 1.1. Descripción del problema 11 1.2. Formulación del problema 13 2. Objetivo de la investigación 14 2.1. Objetivo general 14 2.2. Objetivos específicos 14 3. Justificación y delimitación de la investigación 15 3.1. Justificación 15 3.2. Delimitación 19 3.3. Limitaciones 19 4. Marco de referencia de la investigación 21 4.1. Estado del arte 21 4.2. Marco teórico 25 4.2.1. Consideraciones generales del BSC o CMI. 26 4.2.2. Perspectivas del Cuadro de Mando Integral. 29 4.2.3. Aplicación del Cuadro de Mando Integral a procesos específicos. 34 4.3. Marco legal 37 5. Marco metodológico 42 5.1. Paradigma 42 5.2. Tipo de investigación 43 5.3. Fases del estudio 44 5.4. Recolección de la información 47 5.4.1. Población. 47 5.4.2. Materiales. 47 5.4.3. Instrumentos y técnicas y de recolección de datos. 48 5.4.4. Variables. 48 5.5. Cronograma del proyecto de investigación 50 6. Desarrollo de las fases del proyecto 52 6.1. Fase 1. Definición de requerimientos para la formulación de un CMI en SG-SST 52 6.1.1. Análisis DOFA. 53 6.1.2. Análisis de cumplimiento de la Resolución 312 de 2019. 59 6.1.3. Análisis de matriz de requisitos legales de SG-SST. 76 6.2. Fase 2. Desarrollo de propuesta de CMI de SG-SST 80 6.3. Fase 3. Implementación y seguimiento al CMI de SG-SST 85 6.3.1. Realización de jornadas de sensibilización y capacitación en uso de herramienta. 85 6.3.2. Documentación de resultados. 87 6.3.3. Seguimiento y mantenimiento de la herramienta. 88 6.3.4. Cierre del proyecto. 88 7. Conclusiones 89 8. Recomendaciones 95 Referencias 97 Anexos 100 Especialización Especialista en Gerencia de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo Especialización en Gerencia de la Seguridad y Salud en el Trabajo

This research is funded by the Data to Decisions Cooperative Research Centre (D2D CRC), Project C, with participation of the Spanish Project DER2016-78108-P. This extended abstract describes the regulation of privacy under Australian laws and policies. In the CRC D2D programme, we will develop a strategy to model legal requirements in a situation that is far from clear. Law enforcement agencies are facing big floods of data to be acquired, stored, assessed and used. We will propose in the final paper a linked data regulatory model to organise and set the legal and policy requirements to model privacy in this unstructured context.

В статье анализируются проблемы отграничения административной ответственности от уголовной. Представлены различные точки зрения по видению данной проблемы. Обращается внимание на нерешенность вопросов разграничения уголовных преступлений и смежных с ними административных правонарушений. Раскрыты основные пробелы в праве, которые препятствуют разграничению административного правонарушения и преступления. Анализируются предпосылки и условия разграничения уголовной и административной ответственности за нарушение правовых предписаний. Названы основные способы отграничения преступлений от смежных административных проступков, основанные на примерах норм рассматриваемых отраслей. Исследовано соотношение преступления и административно-правового нарушения. Проанализированы основные особенности преступления, а также, в качестве сравнения, основные особенности административного правонарушения. Отмечено, что общественная опасность выступает в качестве сущностного признака административного правонарушения. Результатом исследования является формулирование выводов и предложений по совершенствованию законодательства, регулирующего разграничение административной ответственности и уголовной., The article analyses problems of delineation of administrative responsibilities from the criminal. Presents a different perspective on the vision of the problem. Draws attention to the lingering guestions of delimitation of criminal offences and related administrative offences. Revealed major gaps in the law, which impeded the delimitation of administrative offences and crimes. Examines the prereguisites and conditions for distinguishing criminal and administrative liability for violation of legal regulations. Named for the main ways of distinguishing crimes from related administrative misconduct, based on examples of norms considered sectors. States that a public danger should be considered essential sign of administrative offence. The result of the research is drawing conclusions and proposals on perfection of legislation governing the distinction administrative liability of criminal.

The Aosta Valley Region has promulgated in 1990 a law to partially finance stone roofs to the owners of houses in the historic centers of the valley, provided that the stone material chosen was suitable for this use. This suitability was certified by physical, mechanical and durability tests. More than twenty years ago, roofing slabs were extracted in north-western Alps mainly from schistose rocks. In recent time instead roofing slabs, according to global market, have an international origin. All the traditional stones tested showed excellent technical features according to the local legislation on roof slates. One of these traditional stones is a phyllite whose trade name is “Porfiroide” having the best physical and mechanical properties compared to the other kinds of traditional stones, but with a high standard deviation in the results of flexural strength performed after the freeze and thaw cycles. In the roofing installed 40 years ago, despite their best technical features, the “Porfiroide” roof slabs show a poor state of conservation with widespread detachments, fractures, growth of mosses and lichens, variations in colours. Otherwise, stones with a lower value of flexural strength and higher water absorption instead show good behaviour in the roofing in situ and also in terms of colour change. Evidently the only characterisation of the stone materials is not sufficient but it must be associated to a on-site verification, comparing each slab to be installed with a reference sample, part of the sample submitted to the tests, and to a control on site of the resistance of the stones to degradation.

European Court of Human Rights states that the execution of final decisions is a compulsory provision for a fair hearing and a successful conlusion of a trial. The right to a court protected by Article 6 would be illusory if a Contracting State’s domestic legal system allowed a final, binding judicial decision to remain inoperative to the detriment of one party. Execution of a judgment given by any court, is considered to be an integral part of the “trial” for the purposes of Article 6. Based on the Article 1 of European Convention for Human Rights member states of European Council are obligated to implement the the decisions of ECHR in their domestic legislation in the context of building an efficient legal system. This paper aimes to analyze the legal system of member states regarding the reinforcment of decisions looking forword to identify issues, commonalities and diferences among states. What is the procedure followed in the process of execution? What do we understand with “Reasonable timeframe” and which are the legal requirements in which are based “Concrete deadlines” within a judicial decision should be executed? What is the significance of the enforcment agents in this process?

[Context] Semantic legal metadata provides information that helps with understanding and interpreting the meaning of legal provisions. Such metadata is important for the systematic analysis of legal requirements. [Objectives] Our work is motivated by two observations: (1) The existing requirements engineering (RE) literature does not provide a harmonized view on the semantic metadata types that are useful for legal requirements analysis. (2) Automated support for the extraction of semantic legal metadata is scarce, and further does not exploit the full potential of natural language processing (NLP). Our objective is to take steps toward addressing these limitations. [Methods] We review and reconcile the semantic legal metadata types proposed in RE. Subsequently, we conduct a qualitative study aimed at investigating how the identified metadata types can be extracted automatically. [Results and Conclusions] We propose (1) a harmonized conceptual model for the semantic metadata types pertinent to legal requirements analysis, and (2) automated extraction rules for these metadata types based on NLP. We evaluate the extraction rules through a case study. Our results indicate that the rules generate metadata annotations with high accuracy.

This report elaborates further on the output of D3.2 and integrates solutions developed so far into the actual cloud infrastructure of CUTLER platform. Namely, it: i) provides an update on the data sources used for the pilots; moreover an assessment of the legal requirements of these data sources is conducted ; ii) discusses further data pre-processing and privacy issues; iii) informs on porting the Hadoop crawlers to the cloud infrastructure of CUTLER platform; iv) provides detailed information about new crawlers; as well as v) discusses challenges and future work.

The European Union and its Member States have been creating a network of protected areas for habitats and species since 1979. In 2017, this included over 27,500 Natura 2000 sites, a combined area of over 18 percent of the land surface in the EU and around 395,000 km2 of marine territory. According to Article 6(3) of the Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC1 (HD), any projects and plans within these sites or in their vicinity require an appropriate assessment to ensure that they will not have a significant impact on the integrity of Natura 2000 site. The project or plan is to be rejected by the national authorities if this cannot be excluded without remaining reasonable scientific doubts. This article explores the procedural steps and the requirements that must be examined, which are now covered by comprehensive European Court of Justice (ECJ)2 case law. Numerous questions that are relevant in practice, however, have only been considered by national courts to date. These will be introduced in this article based on the decisions of the German Federal Administrative Court (BVerwG)3 and will be the focus of a critical discussion. Questions on the range covered by the term project and on determining significant impacts will be entered into in greater detail in two further articles, given the scope of the aspects to be examined and explored.

Since generally legal regulations do not provide clear parameters to determine when their requirements are met, achieving legal compliance is not trivial. The adoption of standards could help create an argument of compliance in favour of the implementing party, provided there is a clear correspondence between the provisions of a specific standard and the regulation's requirements. However, identifying such correspondences is a complex process which is complicated further by the fact that the established correlations may be overridden in time e.g., because newer court decisions change the interpretation of certain legal provisions. To help solve these problems, we present a framework that supports legal experts in recognizing correlations between provisions in a standard and requirements in a given law. The framework relies on state-of-the-art Natural Language Semantics techniques to process the linguistic terms of the two documents, and maintains a knowledge base of the logic representations of the terms, together with their defeasible correlations, both formal and substantive. An application of the framework is shown by comparing a provision of the European General Data Protection Regulation with the ISO/IEC 27018:2014 standard.

Il diritto della concorrenza Ue testimonia un utilizzo crescente dell'analisi economica. Ma più economia non implica necessariamente un migliore diritto della concorrenza. Anzitutto, il rilievo degli approcci economici dipende dagli obiettivi che la disciplina si suppone debba traguardare. Se l'obiettivo è raggiungere il benessere totale, non c'è ancora abbastanza economia nel diritto comunitario della concorrenza, come mostrano il divieto agli accordi verticali di fissazione dei prezzi e la mancata compensazione della perdita secca nelle azioni di risarcimento danni. Inoltre, il benessere totale può entrare in conflitto con altre finalità economiche, come in particolare la massimizzazione del benessere dei consumatori e la tutela del processo concorrenziale in sé. In secondo luogo, l'approccio più economico della Commissione europea può essere criticato poiché trascura approcci economici alternativi. Un'insufficiente considerazione è rivolta alla possibilità di rivitalizzare i principi di matrice ordoliberale del diritto comunitario della concorrenza, così come l'enfasi sugli effetti di prezzo di breve termine trascura il profilo dell'efficienza dinamica. Infine, gli approcci economici devono innestarsi sul quadro giuridico esistente. In tale prospettiva, ci può essere troppa (o una fallace) analisi economica nel diritto europeo della concorrenza. I modelli economici devono essere tarati per comprendere i mercati reali, e le specificità del sistema giuridico devono parimenti figurare nell'analisi economica. In definitiva, a seconda degli obiettivi da raggiungere vi può essere troppa o non ancora abbastanza economia nel diritto della concorrenza Ue.

Using models for expressing legal requirements is now commonplace in Requirements Engineering. Models of legal requirements, on the one hand, facilitate communication between software engineers and legal experts, and on the other hand, provide a basis for systematic and automated analysis. The most prevalent application of legal requirements models is for checking the compliance of software systems with laws and regulations. In this experience paper, we explore a complementary application of legal requirements models, namely simulation. We observe that, in domains such as taxation, the same models that underlie legal compliance analysis bring important added value by enabling simulation. Concretely, this paper reports on the model-based simulation of selected legal requirements (policies) derived from Luxembourg’s Income Tax Law. The simulation scenario considered in the paper is aimed at analyzing the impact of a current tax law reform proposal in Luxembourg. We describe our approach for simulation along with empirical results demonstrating the feasibility and accuracy of the approach. We further present lessons learned from the experience.

This report is part of a larger body of research exploring ways to structure the development process for the Berkeley Global Campus at Richmond Bay so that it is aligned with community well-being and leveraged to reinvest substantial resources into the community. This report provides the following: • A review of Richmond’s current community needs and potential opportunities through the development of the Berkeley Global Campus. • An analysis of a community development entity (CDE) as an Opportunity Model for the development of the Berkeley Global Campus, supplemental to a community benefits agreement and contrasted to a conventional public-private partnership. • A clear pathway of the steps necessary to begin implementation of applying the CDE model for the campus development.

We present the GaiusT 2.0 framework for annotating legal documents. The framework was designed and implemented as a web-based system to semi-automate the extraction of legal concepts from text. In requirements analysis these concepts can be used to identify requirements a software system has to fulfil to comply with a law or regulation. The analysis and annotation of legal documents in prescriptive natural language is still an open problem for research in the field. In GaiusT 2.0, a multistep process exploits a number of linguistic and technological resources to offer a comprehensive annotation environment. The modules of the system are presented as evolutions from corresponding modules of the original GaiusT framework, which in turn was based on a general-purpose annotation tool, Cerno. The application of GaiusT 2.0 is illustrated with two use cases, to demonstrate the extraction process and its adaptability to different law models.

An e-government system is articulated around a set of governmental processes offering a new era of greater convenience in stakeholder access to governmental information and services. However, a survey of e-government implementations has brought out that most governmental institutions have not transformed and improved their supporting processes. This has led to a big gap between the deployed portals and the expected promises because they attribute more attention to their web-based portals away from their supporting governmental processes. Consequently, this work considers the Government Process Management lifecycle, especially the designing phase in order to design efficient governmental processes according to their legal basis. Indeed, for governmental processes, all design choices should be backed by legal-texts. To do so, the developed approach is articulated around two main levels, namely the legal design and the operational design. Its main purpose is to produce common governmental processes models, explicit legal requirements representation, and shared domain concepts and services.

The new educational dispensation has created some uncertainty regarding the application and formulation of school rules, lawful disciplinary measures and procedural requirements for discipline in schools. This contribution is aimed at providing a legal framework for lawful school rules, as well as for the interpretation and application of school rules. The legal framework is assessed from a reformational frame of reference, which includes taking a stand regarding the state and its functions. The discussion focuses on phenomena such as education, discipline and order. The requirements for lawful disciplinary measures are also addressed. The conclusion is that the drastic changes to the system afford Christian governing bodies and educators the opportunity to promote true discipleship within the parameters of the law.

International audience; Public e-procurement is the use of electronic means for publishing, processing, exchanging and storing all the information related to institutional purchases in public organisations. It requires complex technological tools, which must comply with legal and organisational constraints. In France, such tools have actually been deployed and used in all public institutions since 1 January 2005. The purpose of this paper is to describe briefly the functional and legal requirements for public e-procurement in France, and to present a general evaluation of eight deployed e-procurement platforms using an empirical methodology. The functionalities and general characteristics of the studied platforms are sketched and compared on the basis of commercial and technical data.