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Discusses paper money issues in the American colonies from 1720 to 1774. Misinterpretation of the colonial monetary policies; Overview of the political background of British monetary policies in the colonies; Controversy over colonial practices during the period.

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Traces the evolution of paper money in England. Circulation of fiduciary orders; Carolean paper orders; Promissory notes; Bills of exchange; Emergence of assignability; Earliest checks; Printing of money by the Bank of England.

The article cites references from the parliamentary papers from of state of Victoria, Australia and aspects of labor history such as social conditions for working-class migrants, working conditions, and unemployment.

A conference paper pertaining to the history of the American Marketing Association is presented. According to the author, the association's first meeting was held in Chicago in 1915 where members of the Associated Advertising Clubs of the World were meeting for their annual convention. The author also discusses the formation of the association's publication, the "Journal of Marketing," in 1934.

Focuses on topics of discussions on George Houston's paper 'Farm Labour in Scotland 1800-1850,' published in the September 1965 issue of the 'Bulletin for the Society of the Study of Labour History.' Effect of Irish immigration on the conditions of Scottish farm workers; Sectarian bitterness that resulted in late 19th century Scotland from the intermingling of Irish Catholics and Scots and Irish Protestants.

The purpose of Part I of this paper is to place the contribution of Guttentag-Lindsay in historical perspective and in particular to relate the entire controversy concerning the uniqueness of commercial banks to the nineteenth century dispute regarding the uniqueness of the Bank of England. My objective will be accomplished primarily by showing how closely the Guttentag-Lindsay model parallels the framework used by Bagehot. Bagehot's objectives in Lombard Street (1873) were to disabuse the politicians and the financial community of the view that the Bank of England was not unique (i.e., that it was "like any other bank"), to show in what ways the Bank was unique, and to draw the implications of the Bank's uniqueness for Bank policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the development of the concept of "automatic stabilizers." The purpose of this financial research paper is to extensively evaluate the research dealing with the alleged automatic stabilizers with the precise hope of tracing the history and origin of this economic concept. Also included will be a brief definitional analysis and some concluding statements on suggested improvements in the stabilizers that still exist. Additional stabilizers will also be proposed in this article.

Focuses on topics of discussions on J.P.D. Dunbabin's paper 'Labourers and Farmers in the Late Nineteenth Century--Some Changes,' published in the September 1965 issue of the 'Bulletin for the Society of the Study of Labour History.' Associations between railwaymen and agricultural laborers; Political attitudes of laborers; Advantage derived by Liberals from their educative political work among the laborers.

This paper, a historical analysis of the relation between social work and psychoanalysis in the United States, explores the reasons why social work became preoccupied with psychoanalysis at the expense of social reform and discusses the consequences of this for social work. The author suggests that the scientific and political climate of the 1920s stifled social reform and urges a more balanced historical view to avoid such a bias in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three fundamental observations have been made with respect to the historic behavior of the term structure of interest rates in the United States. (1) In general, yield curves ascend in periods when the level of long-term and short-term interest rates is low and descend in periods when the level of rates for both maturities is high. Yield curves which are invariant with term are more typical of periods when the level of rates is near the mid-point of the normal range. (2) Short- and long-term interest rates tend to move together cyclically, with the more volatile short-rates rising relative to long-rates during periods of economic expansion and falling relative to long-rates during periods of contraction. (3) The year 1930 is considered a benchmark in the long history of interest rates since the Civil War in that short-rates are thought to have been generally higher than long-rates prior to that date and were consistently below them for approximately thirty years thereafter. The purpose of this paper is to ascertain whether investors' responses to maturity-related interest-rate differentials in the late nineteenth century were, in fact, essentially different from those of later decades. To do so requires the generation of yield curve estimates for the period 1884-1900. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the history of federal mortgage lending and insuring practices in the U.S., as described by Miles Colean in his paper "A Review of Federal Mortgage Lending and Insuring Practices." The author agrees with Colean that a review of existing government mortgage insurance polices and the bureaucracies that maintain them. However, he disagrees with him on various issues such as the union of the Federal Housing Administration with the Public Housing Administration, and the use of the portfolio insurance system.

The separation of the Conciliation Service from the U.S. Department of Labor, pursuant to the provisions of the Labor-Management Relations Act of 1947, after 34 years in that Department, marked a turning point in the administration of the labormanagement relations policy. This paper is designed as a partial statement of the record of achievement of the Service while in the Department of Labor. It happens that the two years the writer spent as Director of the Service coincide with two landmark dates—V-J Day and the effective date of the Labor-Management Relations Act. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central question of this paper is "how well can corporate bond ratings be explained by available financial and operating statistics?" This question may be reversed to ask, "how important to the determination of bond ratings are the 'intangibles of judgment' and the data that are presumably available to the professional rater, but not available in widely published data on the firm?" To provide evidence on this question, we have estimated the parameters of several regression equations designed to explain variations in the bond ratings. Before addressing this question, the authors present some comments on the importance and history of bond ratings (Section It). Prior studies of bond ratings are reviewed in Section III. Section IV discusses statistical methods and data. Variables that are believed to Be relevant determinants of bond ratings are defined, and the samples of industrial, railroad, and public utility bonds used in this study are described. This study is limited to the first four bond quality ratings — namely, Aaa, Aa, A, and Baa for each of these three traditional industrial classifications. Five explanatory variables are used: earnings coverage, long-term debt to capitalization, profitability, earnings instability, and asset size. Average values of these explanatory variables for each quality rating and industrial classification for the period 1961 through 1966 are also presented in this section. When presenting the empirical results of the study (Section V), we discuss the relative importance of the five variables in the statistical explanation of bond ratings, as well as their overall ability to explain bond ratings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Institute of African Studies at Fourah Bay College organised a symposium on the city of Freetown which brought together scholars from a wide range of disciplines to discuss the history and present social and economic structure of Freetown, under the joint directorship of Professor Eldred Jones, head of the Department of English at Fourah Bay College, and Christopher Fyfe, Reader in African History at Edinburgh University. A similar project on Ibadan was undertaken at the Institute of African Studies at the University there in 1963 and the collected papers are soon to be published by Cambridge University Press under the editorship of Peter Lloyd, Akin Mabogunje, and Bolanle Awe. More recently the University of Dakar held a series of discussions about Dakar and the resulting papers are to be published by Présence Africaine. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article discusses papers of economic historians of the new generation. More particularly, the article considers whether or not one observes in the work of the new generation a departure from the writings of the past which is sufficient to justify a title like new economic history. There is in this respect, and in others, a clear line of continuity between the old and the new economic history. However, in pursuing their quantitative interests, the old economic historians limited themselves primarily to the presentation, in more or less original form, of data found in standard historical sources. The new economic historians are also concerned with the problem of recombining primary data in ways that enable them to obtain measurements that were never before made. In the course of their attempted constructions and reconstructions, the new economic historians often come to points at which information on a process or institution essential to the completion of a given statistical structure is largely or completely missing.

The article focuses on the concept of freedom of the press in relations to the case of the disclosure by the "New York Times" magazine of secret report on the involvement of the U.S. in Indochina. It states that the magazine disclosed excerpts of the report commissioned by Robert McNamanra in 1967-1968 as defence secretary, which shows that the government was much interested in their share of global power than the consequences for South Vietnamese. It says that the U.S. Government called to stop the publication which they argued could affect the national security and international relationship with other governments. However, the U.S. Supreme Court decided to allow the publication of other excerpts wherein the Supreme Court Justices argued that it is within the freedom of the press.

This paper has two principal aims: (1) to analyze and measure how the demographic variables-mortality, fertility, and immigration- affect the cost of education; (2) to evaluate what possibilities developing countries, such as those of Latin America, have for a rapid educational improvement. The paper relates demographic and educational variables of three different populations: Sweden, 1840-1965; the United States, 1850-1960; and Latin America, 1930-2000. Three educational variables are also cone sidered: (a) school attendance rates by sex and age; (b) distribution of students of same age by grade; and (c) cost of student by grade. Demographic changes in countries such as Sweden and the United States were favorable for the development of education. For the future, unless an increase of fertility occurs, mortality and fertility changes will not have a significant effect on the cost of education in these countries. In current less developed countries the demographic changes during the past were less favorable to educational development. A future reduction of fertility will significantly help them to achieve a higher educational level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper emphasizes that misperception or cognitive distortion is a clue that may help in resolving the paradox which could help to explain how normally sane human beings can involve themselves step by step in actions that lead to war. Psychological research and psychiatric experience are brought in where they seem relevant, but since history can be described as psychology teaching by examples, the main emphasis of this paper is on recent and contemporary history, psychologically interpreted. There is a brief examination of the background of World Wars I and II, with an effort to discover and to clarify the role that misperception played in making possible the actions that were most important in bringing about those two wars. A detailed examination of the background of the conflict in Vietnam is also presented.

The relationship of psychology and history has been scanty for such a long time that the title line of this paper alone demands an explanation. Professor Willcox's essay showed how the historian deals with social change. This is certainly a subject historians and psychologists have in common, although it is obvious, too, that they share in it neither equally nor equitably. Psychologists will argue that the difference between history and psychology is in the method even if the two disciplines should overlap in subject matter. Psychology is an experimental and quantitative science while history is merely descriptive. It will be tie aim of this paper to examine in greater detail what psychology and history have in common, especially when the study of social change is concerned; why the two disciplines have so little relationship at present; and what the impact of method might be upon this state of alienation.

Investigates the relationship between the increase in average productivity and the accelerated application of scientific information in the manufacturing industry in the United States in the 1920s. Increase efficiency of production facilities; Transformation in industrial investment; Opportunities for mass-production innovations.

The article provides information the history of dermatological journals in Great Britain. The first medical periodicals were published in the seventeenth century and were adaptations of contemporary news-sheets, ephemeral and of limited circulation, designed to serve political or personal rather than scientific ends. The earliest known to have been published in Britain was "Medidna Curiosa," in 1684. The transactions of learned societies and the general medical journals published from their earliest days many papers on dermatology and what are now other specialties. The "Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Diseases of the Skin, A Quarterly Record of Dermatological Science," was published by John Churchill and Sons, of London. For about 20 years after the failure of the Journal of Cutaneous Medicine there was no journal of dermatology in Britain. The "British Journal of Dermatology," which was in its first decade, came as a specialist periodical of that time.

Examines the financial and monetary policy of Great Britain during its wars against France in 1793-1815. Circumstances attending the Bank Restriction; Deviations in exchange rates and specie; Walter Boyd's statement of a depreciation theory; Henry Thornton and the purchasing-power-parity theory; Confusion between convertible and inconvertible conditions.

Copyright of Journal of the American Concrete Institute is the property of American Concrete Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A conference paper about Puritan missionary John Eliot and his printing of the first Bible in the U.S. is presented. The paper also discusses the Ojibway and Chippewa Indians of Massachusetts during Eliot's time and the translation of the Bible into their language. The paper also provides letters from Reverend James A. Gilfillan concerning these translations.

A conference paper about Concord, Massachusetts is presented. The author talks about several locations he visited within the town, including the farm of Major Simon Willard and the house of Reverend Peter Buckley. Subjects of the paper also include the first settlers in Concord, the organizing of a Christian Church, and the civil interests of the settlers.

Focuses on material collected in the Record Office at the Liverpool Public Library and its bearing on local business history in England. Sparseness of industry in the collection, since the nineteenth century was marked by commercial growth rather than industrial development; Way that personal papers often illuminate some aspects of business.

The article presents comments of Clifford Kirkpatrick on J.O. Hertzler stimulating paper related to the crises and dictatorship, that was published in April 1940 issue of "American Sociological Review." He argues that Hertzler has shown great industry in the collection of historical material and has presented his findings with clarity and vividness. His approach to historical sociology raises interesting questions concerning methodology. On the one hand, a detailed historical account of the rise of dictatorships might have given completeness, accuracy, and insight concerning patterns of historical events. It would be difficult, however, to draw inferences or to make predictions concerning dictatorship at another time or place. The other horn of the dilemma would be to abstract from the data a general formula concerning the rise and fall of dictatorships. Granting the difficulties faced by Hertzler, it may be suggested that there is some lack of precision in his analysis. The term dictatorship is not rigidly defined for purposes of discussion, and the procedure relies largely upon illustration in a manner which smacks of the comparative method as used by the older anthropologists.

The article presents comments on Edward J. Steven's paper "Composition of the Money Stock Prior to the Civil War" in the February 1971 issue of this journal. Steven's wrote that a revolution happened in the U.S. monetary system after Marshall discovered gold at Sutter's Mill in California in 1848. The purpose of this article is to present a different structure of the specie stock will show that the relational change between public specie holdings and bank notes and deposits is entirely explained by the Federal government's gold and silver mining.

The article presents data on the history of the "Journal of Marketing" since its formation in 1936. The journal's formation after the merger of the American Marketing Society and the National Association of Marketing Teachers into the American Marketing Association is reported. Specifics on the first issue's format, the various sections within each issue and the addition of the book reviews section are given. The membership growth over the years since 1936 is reported. The author provides suggestions on potentially increasing the journal's size and addresses the impact World War II had on the journal.

The article critiques a study by Neil H. Jacoby called "The Fiscal Policy of the Kennedy-Johnson Administration" that appears in this issue of the journal. One point of contention is Jacoby's use of a balanced federal budget and full employment as measures of financial performance. The author counters that these measures are not effective because of how unlikely it is to achieve both simultaneously. Jacoby's claim that the economy is in the same condition as it was in the first year of former U.S. President John F. Kennedy's administration but the author argues that the economy at that time was facing and only just began to recover.

This study of United States life tables analyzes the process of mortality transition during 1850-1968. Special features of the study are (1) a phase-specific, rather than an age-specific, analysis of mortality and (2) use of measures based on person-years of life (nLx) in phase-intervals, rather than survival rates (nPx) or expectation of life at given ages (ex°). The analysis suggests that the historical transition of mortality in the United States can be described as a three-stage process: an initial stage of slow improvement in life expectancy during 1850-1900, a second stage of rapid improvement during 1900-1950, and a third stage of slower improvement since 1950. Quantitative measures of rapidity of mortality decline in the several phases indicate that they are not identical for all phases and in all stages. The analysis also suggests that there have been rapid changes in the components of overall mortality differentials by sex and race in the United States. The paper draws attention to the need for studies of factors in variations of mortality at ages beyond 50 in the United States population subgroups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compares the monthly interest rate series established by economists Erastus Bigelow and Lance E. Davis in the United States during the 19th century. Description of Bigelow's series; Significance of the series created by Davis.

The historians have a familiar saying that history must be written anew each generation to comply with the changing theories of historical development. If there was a history of the federal debt in the United States no doubt it, too, would be rewritten from time to time to prove or disprove different theories concerning the economic effects of that debt. Unfortunately, however, there is nothing approaching a general history of the debt in this country, so the future scholar who writes such a history will not have the satisfaction of correcting the errors of his predecessors nor will he have their mistakes to warn him. In a brief paper of this kind it is not possible to give a comprehensive treatise on the federal debt. The discussion, therefore, will be limited to a survey of the general course of the debt and to some comments on its larger aspects. Under the funding plan of 1790, the struggling young nation assumed a debt of approximately 17 million dollars. Despite substantial repayments, by 1803 current deficits and the Louisiana Purchase raised the gross debt to a peak of 86.4 millions.