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The present paper focuses on a pedagogical perspective and underscores the importance of idioms and phrasal verbs in teaching military English. Therefore, it embraces an approach that helps consolidate learners' language acquisition, with special emphasis on developing military vocabulary by means of thematic translation exercises. It is fundamental to note the positive correlation between developing fluency related to the usage of idioms and phrasal verbs and the students' language proficiency. As a result, enhancing the mastery of such lexical items may be a prerequisite of military language acquisition. The approach aims to highlight the importance of accommodating translation studies in the field of military English in order to facilitate appropriate language progress and advocates the introduction of relevant, authentic materials to the teaching of military terminology. The paper highlights translation as an approach and it further identifies the main objectives of selecting translation as a beneficial method for military students. The next part outlines the three-level process of teaching methodology of presentation, practice and production. Finally, it provides a brief overview of the main features of translation and their difficulties and offers suggestions regarding thematic organisation and follow-up activities. The repertoire of activities ranges from lead-in tasks to familiarise the students with the particular style of military language and with the requirements to master the vocabulary through controlled practice and finally enables students to reach the level of free practice in meaningful contexts. These findings would seem to suggest that the several aims of the translation method may significantly contribute to the military students' language progress. Translations involve the knowledge of functional language, followed by inferring meaning from the context, accompanied by correct usage of grammar structures and the achievement of stylistic effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

IoT devices that perform translation are often closed proprietary systems which offer no, or very limited, possibilities of being freely integrated with other IoT devices or systems/platforms and cannot be easily updated. The objective of this paper is to offer a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach to find and synthesise articles on IoT applications in machine translation and potential integration and interoperability functionalities, along with challenges that arise from it. This research identified IoT based projects/devices that implemented machine translation solutions, including ones that resorted to lowcost devices such as the raspberry pi, as well as challenges faced by IoT devices when it comes to integration/interoperability. The findings in this paper provide a way to become more familiar with IoT based machine translation devices/projects and IoT integration/interoperability challenges, as well as proposing new paths for research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with composition and register of medical documents and their peculiarities for translation teaching. Medical documents are built up by specific standards, including cliché and professional terminology. Medical documents are regarded as the manifestation of scientific and technical styles, and the crucial feature of such texts is standardization. The in-patient records are to be used to communicate a framework of patients and doctors, hospitals and healthcare. The present paper is aimed to analyze structure, lexical, syntactic differences in sentence patterns of in-patient records in both languages. Moreover, a future translator should be competent from the one hand, in genres and structure of translated documentation, from the other hand know how to compile it in a foreign language. Standardization of medical documents due to its numerous discrepancies in linguistic, stylistic and composition features is a challenge for the translator to implement certain stylistic alteration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Language for special purposes is in every aspect of life, even our cultural traditions and crafts. Often, cultural terms seem self-explanatory to the people within the source text culture, in this case, Latvians, and might be unknown to other cultures. There is often a goal to achieve perfect equivalency in translation, so there should be a translation for every term. However, it is not always possible to transfer the meaning of a concept that has both technical and cultural aspects. The translator has to look at both the source and the target culture's knowledge to adapt the translation as needed. This paper will look at the terminological problems encountered within the English translations of two books that look at Latvian traditional knitting - Suiti patterned socks and south Kurzeme jackets. While it might seem like these books describe simple items, there is a lot of special terminology used therein. Through a selection of translation problems found in these sources, the cause of the mistakes is explored and the suggestions of the correct variant are given. The results of the research show that while specific cultural terms can be hard to translate, there are strategies to translate even the most complex culturebound terms correctly and what skills and background knowledge are needed for it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative innovation requires effective knowledge integration across boundaries. This research-in-progress explores how boundary objects facilitate knowledge integration during incremental process innovation workshops. Through ethnographic study of seven cross-functional workshops in a UK-based food manufacturing factory, we observed barriers to knowledge integration such as group membership and articulation challenges. Facilitators employed boundary objects such as analogies, demonstrations, and visual artefacts to foster a conducive knowledge integration environment, initiate knowledge exchanges, and support knowledge transfer, translation, and transformation. Understanding the interplay between barriers and boundary objects enhances our understanding of collaborative innovation processes and provides insights for future research and managerial practice in cross-functional settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People living in this world are divided by their cultures. Language as the part of culture holds an important role in people's lives because it enables people to express their ideas either by talking or writing to others. In the earlier times, people did not seem to have problems related to the communication since they only needed to communicate with people in the same community who had good knowledge of the language they used. However along with the growth of the age marked by the advance of communication devices and the needs of people to communicate to others outside their communities, the problem of communication starts to occur since people have to communicate with others having different languages in terms of its grammatical structures, its vocabularies, and even its spellings. It causes difficulties for people who are not accustomed to those differences. This paper attempt to investigate different types of Catford' shift and the most frequent types of them which occur in translation of passive voice from English into other languages in translation of a story book Me Before You by: Jojo Moyes translator: Malihe Vafaie. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the implementation of tools to support multiple language variants of the clinical information models that are used to define a modeldriven EHR system. Beyond that, it describes how a complete EHR system can be created with multiple language variants, using the example of an EHR for clinical management of patients in a Fracture Liaison Service. A clinical information model, represented as ontology, was developed in the English language. This model was translated into Spanish and Mandarin, and the modeling tools were refined, on the basis of the experience gained. A workshop was then held, where participants used the EHR tools to create additional language variants in German, French, Portuguese, Arabic, Farsi, Urdu and Somali. The results from the workshop are presented here, with a brief summary of the lessons learned; further work will focus on improving the tools in response to those lessons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lyric translation plays a pivotal role in amplifying the global resonance of music, bridging cultural divides, and fostering universal connections. Translating lyrics, unlike conventional translation tasks, requires a delicate balance between singability and semantics. In this paper, we present a computational framework for the quantitative evaluation of singable lyric translation, which seamlessly integrates musical, linguistic, and cultural dimensions of lyrics. Our comprehensive framework consists of four metrics that measure syllable count distance, phoneme repetition similarity, musical structure distance, and semantic similarity. To substantiate the efficacy of our framework, we collected a singable lyrics dataset, which precisely aligns English, Japanese, and Korean lyrics on a line-by-line and section-by-section basis, and conducted a comparative analysis between singable and non-singable lyrics. Our multidisciplinary approach provides insights into the key components that underlie the art of lyric translation and establishes a solid groundwork for the future of computational lyric translation assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

First language serves as a bridge, which bonds a learner with every other language. Learners must be aware of it's peculiarities and use them to facilitate their second language learning. First language influence and usage are important issues as they affect learners' second language development. This study represents the way Albanian learners use their first language when they deal with the second language and how teachers interpret this usage. This study combines theoretical information with concrete examples and ideas given by teachers themselves. The purpose of this paper is to identify the usage of mother tongue during English language classes. This issue was investigated through quantitative research. The instrument used for the measurement of this phenomenon is a questionnaire, which focuses on asking teachers about the usage of their first language in the second language lesson. It also focuses on establishing the instances of this usage, teachers' attitude toward translation and the effects of this on their students' second language communicative skills. This study was conducted in secondary schools, consisting in a sample of 40 teachers. Participants in this research are teachers of 9th grade because their everyday use of English allows instances of investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human translation of literary works is a profession as ancient as the appearance of writing with a very long tradition. However, with the ever-growing improvements of technologies in the field of machine translation, the possibilities of adopting machinetranslated literary texts are in constant progress. Nevertheless, human evaluation of machine-translated text is a necessity. The aim of this paper is to examine what makes machine translations appear bad in terms of error types that occur within such translations. Therefore, a human error classification analysis on a machine-translated text corpus in the domain of poetry is conducted. This study could be used for improving the methodology for machine translation evaluation of literary texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Texts for translation are nowadays more and more numerous, while people making translations for professional purposes or otherwise do not always have training in the field of translation and traductology. Therefore, it is frequently that they resort to automatic translation. This paper will approach a new issue, that has little been studied so far, namely finding out the relationship between gender and text type, and automatic translation, respectively. Within a context where the text has a permanent dynamic, where we deal beside the «classical» texts that can be localized in time and space from the statement viewpoint, with texts close in terms of form, even if they are semantically so very open and up to hypertexts in which the form participates in the construction of the meaning, the criteria of textuality established by text linguistics should be revisited. Thus, there are two types of questions which appear : firstly, what approach should we have to the act of translation, how is it reported to the text and what types of translation operations are mobilized; secondly, how do the genre and type of text to be translated influence the translation. Based on the automatic translation of a text corpus belonging to various genres, this paper will study the conditions of appropriacy of the act of translation carried out by means of software in function of the text genericity. Similarly, we will analyze the relation of the translator resorting to automatic translation as a tool of support with the text being translated. The investigation will comprise scientific texts, as well as literary ones and texts specific to web patterns of communication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyse selected judgments made by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). In order to perceive a judgment, it is necessary to interpret its text and understand the reasoning. While the Court ensures the uniform interpretation and application of the European Union (EU) law in all member states, the working language of the Court is French. Multilingualism is achieved with the help of translations of texts into all official languages of the EU. Multiple translations from one language into another affect the form and the content of judgments and make them formulaic and difficult to read. The present study applies discourse analysis to study the judgments and focus on their narrative form - the syntactic and semantic macrostructures of the judgments in order to answer the question if macrostructures facilitate or hinder the communication process in the multilingual situation where there is no universal language to be used in official discourse in the EU. It is found that although the narrative structure of the CJEU judgments is specific and not familiar to non-specialist readers and students of law, it is a tool for valid interpretation of judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present article aims at exploring the complex process of interlinguistic translation, proposing a new model which might be easily applied to both literary and non-literary textual types. Indeed, by focusing on both verbal and non-verbal components of the text, the SIS model aims at rendering the approach to any kind of translation more systematic. As the paper suggests by referring to the notion of isotopy, the model could in fact prove valuable in the translation of audio-visual texts and/or hybrid texts such as comics and graphic novels too. Indeed - contrary to the models currently available, which focus either on literary texts or non-literary products - by positing as central issues related to readers, and laying emphasis on the notion of cultural translation, the SIS model could be equally applied not only to specialized texts but also to all those situations in which informative texts such as pamphlets, leaflets, brochures, web sites etc., need translating in order to be made available to receivers whose mother-tongue does not coincide with the national language of the country they inhabit. Thus, by extending the way in which linguistic disciplines have been previously incorporated within translation studies, the paper emphasizes the need for an integrated approach, which it sets out to satisfy, by discussing the fundamental operations to be completed at the various stages of the translation process. Furthermore, the paper refers to the various tools translators might find useful while performing their task and it lays emphasis on the importance which extra-textual and cultural aspects might acquire during the translation process and the impact they might have on the final product. For obvious reasons, the model is not exhaustive, and each translator, according to the source text, might need to adjust it. Yet, I believe its flexible and interdisciplinary nature, combined with its synergic approach, can turn it into a valuable tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

more and more students are studying for a master degree in translation and interpreting in China nowadays. However, they would find themselves stagnant in their translation competence during the learning process. This paper, from the perspective of a translation student, provides an examination and reflection on the translation training we students have received from the aspects of curriculum, teaching mode and the spirit of both the teachers and students so as to explore why we are stagnant in our translation competence and attempts to propose some measures to solve this problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study is devoted to “Lilja”, Icelandic Christian drapa dated 1300 c; attempt is made to comprehend and interpret highest artistic merits of the text which persuaded Icelanders in its spiritual power and influenced Icelandic poetic tradition. The endeavor to identify the poetic moves and principles of composition which contribute to “Lilja”’s artistry and its intrinsic magnetism implies attention to the nature of interaction between local traditions (both, eddic and skaldic), and, on the other hand, Christian liturgic verse in Latin. The study of “Lilja”’s artistry calls forth the following questions: 1) how does the skald use potential of the traditions in question, 2) what is the correlation between the common and the individual in the text. Skaldic and Christian topoi reflected in the text are few and well known; therefore, the paper is focused rather on the principles of composition and forms of speech used or created by the skald. Discussion of the forms of speech should go hand in hand with analysis of usage and versification, but the latter issues, however pertinent, could not be discussed in full and, therefore, are pending. Survey of the forms of speech in “Lilja” helps understand some features of narration, which made the text sound attractive, convincing and specific in the context of medieval culture of Iceland. Overview of the previous studies devoted to “Lilja” is not part of the paper, the last edition of “Lilja”, prepared by M. Chase [1], indicates all of them. Every verse from “Lilja” would demonstrate that „Lilja” is an exceptional text. However, no verse from „Lilja” is presented in the paper, and not without reason: translation would hardly render the forms of speech of the original. At the same time, it was Óðinn who endowed “Lilja”’s skald with a flair for poetry and helped him compose “Lilja”. Óðinn, who bears personal responsibility for all Icelandic poetry, is a militant god and will fight with a translator if the elegance and excellence of the Icelandic text is lost in translation. The method of study could be defined as philological analysis of the text. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hong Lou Meng, is one of the China's four Great classical novels. It is considered a masterpiece of Chinese literature and is generally acknowledged to be the pinnacle of Chinese fiction. There are many studies on Hong Lou Meng, as an integrated part of the novel, poetry is not only closely related to the development of the theme, but also reflects the personality of characters, is an integral part of the plot development. There are many translation versions about Hong Lou Meng. In the 1970s and 1980s, Hawkes' version (David Hawkes & John Minford) - The story of the Stone and Yang's version (Gladys Yang and Yang Hsien-yi) - A dream of Red Mansions are the best translations recognized by the world. Skopos theory is a concept from the field of translation studies. It provides an insight into the nature of translation as a purposeful activity, which is directly applicable to every translation project. Under the guidance of different translation purposes, translators adopted different translation strategies. Therefore, in this paper, by comparing the difference between the versions of Hawkes and Yang Hsien-yi from the perspective of Skopos to have a better understanding of the function of the different participants, different text types in the formation of the translation purposes. It is also helpful to interpret the translator's translation model, and to analyze the reasons and motivation of the translation strategies, and to deepen the understanding of the version. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The richness and frequency of Italian and English proverbs containing terms as head - testa, capo, eye - occhio, forehead - fronte, nose - naso, mouth - bocca, hand - mano, arm - braccio leg/foot - piede, etc. all referring to different parts of the body, are well-known. The aim of the present paper is to make a detailed contrastive analysis of the proverbs containing these terms as a dominant term in the two languages, based on their semantic classification. Moreover, the second part of the paper makes some useful suggestions for teaching and learning such proverbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper focuses on the oldest known collection of recipes written in Romanian, namely an undated manuscript of an unknown author, elaborated in Wallachia. The authors of the text edition published in 1997 presumed that it was written at the court of the prince Brîncoveanu. It is a singular work in its age as the next cookery book in Romanian is from 1842 and has a French model. The manuscript includes 293 recipes and it ends with advice on ink preparation, silvery cleaning, gun cleaning and gunpowder preparation in the manner of the recipes included in the books of 'secrets' proposed in the Western world. The editors of the text considered that it was an original collection, except for the last part including drinks and advice that is an obvious translation from Italian. After studying the linguistic features of the text, and especially the neologisms used, we can safely assert that the whole book is actually a translation from Italian, though the original source (if there is only one source indeed) could not be identified. This paper will therefore present in detail our arguments in favour of an Italian original for the whole text. Some of the recipes are to be found in the Opera by Bartolomeo Scappi (1570) or in L'arte di ben cucinare by Bartolomeo Stefani (1662). There are numerous Italian loans (adapted to Romanian) or even Italian words inserted as such in the text as well as calques after Italian, some of them suggesting that the correlated procedures were not in use in Wallachia (foaming, flouring, etc.). The final proof that the whole book is a translation from Italian resides in the analysis of clumsy expressions present all over the text that indicate Italian contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades of the 21st century, we have witnessed a substantial increasing of the phenomenon of globalisation which transcends geographical boundaries and dramatically affects technology and socio-economical development, and modern translation as well. Despite the fact English has become a world trade lingua franca, the changes made by the advent of globalisation may produce specific cultural linguistic, technological and political outcomes for the field of translation and translators. This paper proposes an attempt to grasp the relevance of globalisation and its fundamental and introspective role in the process of modern translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper first gives an insight into the problem of evaluating translations and lists existing approaches. After introducing error taxonomies, a comparative error analysis of Google Translate results is conducted based on the selected taxonomy. The analysis covers translations from English and German into Croatian, and from Croatian into English and German. The intra and inter-annotator agreements, which are rarely accounted for, are reported where applicable. The aim of the paper is better understanding of different notions of error analysis and detecting weak points of such analysis. A preliminary list of guidelines for error analysis is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyses the reception of the Irish-born British writer Oscar Wilde (1854- 1900) in Latvia following the translations of his works into Latvian and the most vivid expressions in Latvian authors' creative writing. Since the beginning of the twentieth century, the poetics of cross-cultural influences in Latvia was very diverse: one of the most striking being the aesthetic vector marked by the crucial influence of Wilde's personality and his literary heritage. The dialogue held between Latvian national and foreign cultures served not only as a means for the nation's self-realization, but developed also a new understanding of the role of art. The research is based on the reception theory that interprets literature as a process of aesthetic communication the participants of which are three logically distinguishable entities - author, text, and recipient (reader, critic, audience) - attributing to the last one the status of both receiver and mediator. Using a complex of research methods (comparative, cultural-historical, biographical, structural-semiotic), the main attention in the paper is paid to the ways of accumulation of a foreign text focusing also on the readiness of the target (Latvian) culture to receive the novel influences by the specific author (Oscar Wilde) and to integrate them in one's own (Latvian) cultural space. Based on "foreignization" and "domestication" (L. Venuti) strategies in intercultural translation any text is regarded as an open structure and a continuous process of its perception, thus a productive cognition takes place (H. R. Jauss). As a result of intercultural communication between foreign literature and/or its famous mythologized representative and a domestic literature, modifications in recipients' attitudes, behaviours, and creative writing in different time periods (a chronological review of reception) are observed. The research allowed concluding that infatuation with Wilde's ideas in Latvia never ceased and the reception occurs under the influence of two parallel flows: 1) in the discourse related to cultural and literary elitism - Symbolism and Modernism (a novel, plays); 2) as a component of mass literature (fairytales and other stories for children and youth). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with the first translation of the IAS-R psychological test (Revised Interpersonal Adjective Scale by J. S. Wiggins) and its application during the pilot study at the Faculty of Education at the University of South Bohemia. The Interpersonal Adjective Scales provides an efficient and structurally precise measure of major dimensions that underlie interpersonal transactions: Dominance (DOM) and Nurturance (LOV). Furthermore, eight octants are defined within the 64 scaled items that describe specific personal and interpersonal characteristics. This is done within the framework of the circumplex-based interpersonal theory, used e.g. in the Interpersonal Check List test by T. Leary. The original English language version of IAS-R is not only widely used for diagnostic purposes but has also been utilised in a number of research studies facilitating its standardisation and application. That is why it was deemed desirable to prepare a Czech version of the test and apply it in a pilot study. The paper introduces both the theoretical basis of the IAS-R test and the process of the creation of its Czech version. Furthermore, it presents psychometric data gained from 98 subjects. The results are commented on and are complemented by a discussion on the possible application of the test in the context of contemporary psychodiagnostics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In modern society, translation activities are increasing day by day and translation theories are emerging one after another. Different translation theories guide different texts, and text analysis has become an important part of translation. Only a good text analysis can better realize the purpose of translation. This paper, based on the theory of Nord's textual analysis model, tries to understand the guidance and influence of intratexual factors and extratexual factors in translation, and to interpret the guiding role of extratexual factors in translation activities. In this way, the translator is expected to pay more attention to the analysis of factors outside the text, so as to provide corresponding strategies for more translated texts and achieve better results in translation activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the exchanges between countries have been increasing and the number of translations has been increasing. However, most of the translations flooding the translation market are substandard and low-quality translations. A large part of the reason for this phenomenon is that the theoretical research and practice of translation criticism have not kept pace with each other. At present, translation criticism is confronted with such problems as few types of texts studied, no relevant translation criticism teams, insufficient universality of translation criticism, and little interaction between theory and practice. This paper mainly studies the development of translation criticism and how to develop in the future in the face of present problems. This research aims to help the translation industry attach importance to translation criticism, improve the translation market atmosphere and raise quality and standard of the translation market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to show how using technical translations as exercises could help motivate Engineering students to learn English as a second language. The teachers can present to them the features of technical texts, which include frequent use of present tense, modal verbs, infinitive of purpose, passive voice and noun phrases. Afterwards, some translation procedures could also be exemplified to them applies to the translated text. In addition to just teaching Engineering students some technical terms from their domain, which they can also look up when needed in dictionaries, it is all the more motivating for them to be aware of the importance of studying elements of grammar which can help them when they present for business purposes a project in their domain and try to establish partnerships. Technical translation can thus be part of teaching English for Specific Purposes for Engineering students, so much as if not even more than terminology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of today's globalized market, the success of a translator depends, to a large extent, on a number of skills which make up what is generally described as (inter)cultural competence. The present paper focuses on the complex nature of the translator's intercultural competence, examining it from various perspectives: theoretical, sociolinguistic, textual and interpersonal. The author relies on both theoretical and research evidence, with the ultimate goal of arriving at conclusions of relevance for the field of translator training. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper intends to demonstrate that translation combines both form and meaning, both proficiency and performance. Due to this aspect, we can say that translation is an ideal exercise in a language teaching environment, supporting, as a consequence, the communicative method to compensate for its failure to concentrate on form, despite the fact that it remains a communicative activity by definition. It will also be determined that engineering students use translation so as to be able to manage the new information in technical field while also considering that it simplifies their learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper intends to approach the pharmaceutical text as a genre of medical discourse, focusing especially on the translation of Patient Information Leaflets (PILs).The aim of this paper is to investigate the translation issues raised by these texts and to offer some translation strategies in order to facilitate their understanding by the non - specialist readers. One of the novelty elements of this article consists in an interdisciplinary approach of the pharmaceutical texts and their analysis from different perspectives: of translation studies, of linguistics, of pragmatics and of cultural studies. The translation of pharmaceutical texts represents a difficult process, due to the complexity of the language that encloses terms from all the medicine fields, as well as the necessity to respect the specific terminology and to integrate the translation in a certain text typology. The attempt of finding the optimum translation strategies in order to facilitate the understanding of these texts by the lay - receiver represents another new element of this approach, given that, there are not many studies in the field literature that focus on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this research is to analyse the current quality of menu translations in restaurants in the Kvarner Region and to define the role of menus as a sales tool which can effectively influence on restaurant's image and profit. The aim of this research is to answer the question of how quality translated menus can help and contribute to better business and achieving customer satisfaction. In this research the existing theories and models of translation strategies were analyzed, among which a model for translation strategies that would be applicable to the Kvarner's restaurants. The research also used analytical methods based on sources obtained through a desk research, qualitative and quantitative methods to gather an in-depth understanding of how the existent restaurant menus are translated, while analyzing their quality and finding the possibility of eventual improvement. The conclusion is that the menu's aims consider communication and sales purposes, as well as achieving customer satisfaction. According to these objectives, the improvement of restaurant menu translations in foreign languages is needed. Quality translated menus are also a reflection of restaurant's image since they still serve the purpose of a business card that with its design, print, size, food, and facility information represent a symbol of restaurant's identity and theme. The main contribution of the paper is the analysis of menu translations and present strategies for translating which influence service quality and customer satisfaction. The research findings are an important contribution to future research of menu translations and restaurant offer in the Kvarner Region's restaurants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scarce academic offer in English available on many universities' webpages comes to contradict their internationalisation strategy which views first and foremost the increase in the number of international students (either exchange or full-degree). The main goal of this paper is to raise awareness of the direct relation between the two by providing facts and numbers from several European universities. Furthermore, the objective is to bring to light a critical dimension of the translations from Romanian into English of the Translation Studies and American Studies degrees and course descriptions available on the Romanian universities' webpages. The outputs are meant to highlight the importance of both the Study Guides in English and the specialized translations of these academic texts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most of bilingual or multilingual dictionaries, especially the printed ones can be represented as a simple relational database with two relations with cardinality 1:N for each side of the dictionary. This database structure is actually sufficient if the user needs only word to word translation and if they are experienced enough to choose a proper translation from mostly many synonyms. One step forward is a contextual dictionary. The translation is influenced by the context of the word, what can make the translation more precise compare to simple word to word translation. The database of this kind of dictionaries is mostly based on various previously translated texts like official documents, multilingual webpages, etc., and the translation is presented as two pieces of the corresponding texts in both languages. The user is able to check the translation in a wider context of presenting texts. However, the pieces of text may not be always correspondent and the translation is misleading. In this paper, we present model of database representing bilingual dictionary. Our model derives benefits from both mentioned models and it suppresses the disadvantages. The main idea is to focus on the translated word, which is additionally complemented by left or/and right context. Such translation can be easily supported and verified in linguistic corpora if there are any for considering languages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper examines equivalence as a translation problem. Since its introduction into the field of translation, equivalence has generated controversy among scholars. This paper begins by providing a brief historical overview of the notion of equivalence, with a focus on key controversies in the literature. Next, the main types or levels of it arc examined, followed by examples to facilitate a deeper understanding. Some strategies for dealing with it as a problem in translation are suggested at the end of this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper gives an overview of translation problems as described in unstructured diaries by 16 3rd year students of English Language and Literature in order to show how this form of exercise in argumentation influences the development of students' understanding of translation problem, strategy and procedure. Qualitative analysis of entries in students' diaries shows that although they could correctly name the translation procedure they were applying, few could explain what constituted a translation problem and what the reasons were for applying one procedure and not another. This study confirms that diaries help students translate in a more reflective way and are a useful tool in aiding independent learning. Additionally, it is also shown that diaries can be more effective in the first year of translator training if they contain questions which pinpoint certain problems in the text and limit the range of problems students need to describe. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the advances of artificial intelligence (AI) and natural language processing, new kinds of Internet-based writing tools have emerged. Among other things, these AI-powered writing tools can be used by students for text translation, to improve spelling or for rewriting and summarizing texts. On the one hand, they can provide detailed recommendations for the adaptation of text elements within seconds. On the other hand, they also produce inconsistencies and errors, that students might not be aware of. How to deal with these tools in an educational context is a difficult question. Since writing tools are usually used unsupervised and without further instructions, students may need guidance from the teacher in interacting with those tools, to prevent the risk of misapplication. To better understand this underlying issue, the paper at hand uses survey data of 365 freshmen students to describe and analyze student perceptions of AI-powered writing tools. Regarding AI-powered writing tools, different student types were identified by using the k-means clustering method. The results suggest that students have different attitudes towards AI-powered writing tools. Some students may use them in an unreflective, non-sceptical way, which can lead to (un)voluntary plagiarism. Other students may not use writing tools at all, partly because they are sceptic, but also because they may lack meaningful learning strategies in general (course repeaters). Depending on the different student types, individualized teaching strategies might be helpful to promote or urge caution in the use of these tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, authors present an e-dictionary of Asian languages designed for students whose primary language is Croatian. The project started with six Asian languages (Hindi, Japanese, Chinese, Korean, Persian and Sanskrit) all of which are using Croatian as a meta-language. Entries in Asian languages include several attributes (translation, Latin letters, grammatical notations, sentence with examples) that mainly depend on the language chosen for translation. Croatian entries are linked to the Croatian language portal where the meaning, word forms and categories are provided. The growth of the dictionary is largely dependent on students' participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is part of my research on classical Chinese poetry and its translations analyzed from the 'argumentative' perspective. Employing the notion of 'argument' in literary studies and a comparative approach, I try to demonstrate how different translations can be perceived as sharing underlying assumptions of poetic argumentation, which explains the consistencies as much as flexibilities in their translation strategies. Through presenting the translations considered as examples of transference of the poetic argument to the target text, I argue that for all the freedom that translators can manipulate in translating poems, the criteria of poetry translation are quintessentially the same as those of translation in general, i.e. that it should be clear and faithful. Adopting the argumentative perspective is therefore 'putting old wine in a new bottle', and at the same time 'putting new wine in an old bottle', but without the slightly derogatory sense in both, because the argumentative perspective should enable one to see things in a new light regarding the nature and approach of poetry translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usually defined as an atypical class of linguistic signals, within Relevance Theory interjections take on the function of communicative clues. The purpose of this paper is to attest whether translation guidelines set up within the framework of relevance theoretic approach are of help in transferring the analytical and contextual values of interjections from English to Romanian in layered texts. The research is illustrated with examples from a corpus of children's literature considered by means of software tools involved in terminological research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The health domain is rich in specific vocabulary and information structures. Previous work on this area includes the collection of this information in information systems. However, the language of these can limit their use. To overcome this, we present Health Translations, a web application that uses crowdsourcing to translate a large vocabulary set that, currently, is only available in English. To increase usage, gamification methods are applied that reward both the quantity of collaboration and the quality of it. When completed, these translations can be made available without costs to the research community. This paper presents the platform as a responsive web application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article raises the problem of Spanish lacunar units' adequate translation into the Russian and the English languages, describes the theoretical aspects of this problem, sets numerous examples of lexical gaps usage and various ways of their translation. The relevance of this work is determined by the prevalence of the phenomenon considered in terms of countries convergence with unique objects and phenomena. The absences of certain linguistic units' direct equivalents in the vocabulary of a language do not mean their impossibility to be translated into the other ones. A translator can use a huge variety of techniques and tools that make it possible to transfer the value of the initial word in a given text [1]. Filling the lexical gaps is the process of certain concepts (words) meaning disclosure belonging to a foreign culture. There are several ways of elimination (filling) of lacunar vocabulary. The authors applied a comparative research method as well as set up a classification of lacunar units found in the text of the paper. The research materials can be applied in the course of lexicology, dialectology, translation theory, practical translation and the history of the Spanish language in Latin America. The theoretical significance of this work is determined by an in-depth study of such concepts as "lacuna" and "non-equivalent vocabulary.". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the reception of the Swedish writer Selma Lagerlöf in Latvia following the translations of her works into Latvian and the most vivid expressions in Latvian writers' creative writing. Latvian cultural space at the turn of the 20th century was characterised by a great interest in European, and especially Nordic, culture. The more extensive encounters with Swedish literature in Latvia started with works by Lagerlöf, the first translations appeared in the 1890s. These represented direct contacts between Latvian and Swedish literature and initiated the so-called 'Swedish literature phenomenon' in Latvia. This phenomenon was largely based on Lagerlöf's name, which quickly became synonymous with a stable cultural value in Latvia. In the post-war years in Latvia, very few new translations of Lagerlöf's works were published, although some new editions of previously published works also appeared. The surge in Latvian and Swedish literary contacts reached climax in 1993, when 16 works of fiction by Swedish writers were published. These included five novels by Lagerlöf: the 'Löwensköld' trilogy, 'Mårbacka' and 'Jerusalem'. New editions of other works by Lagerlöf also appeared in the following years, e.g. the novels 'The Emperor of Portugallia' was reprinted in 1994, and 'Liljecrona's Home' in 1995. Nowadays Lagerlöf still remains the most translated Swedish writer in Latvia, her works are constantly republished and staged in Latvian theatres that testifies to unabated interest on the part of readers and theatre audience. Publishing of her Complete Works in 15 volumes is a significant event of popularizing Lagerlöf's writing in Latvia. A special resonance in Latvia has been gained by two works by Lagerlöf, i.e. novels 'Gösta Berling' and 'Christ Legends'. 'Nils Holgersson' must also be noted for its recognition among children and adults. Readers find close and attractive the writer's specific ideas, values, lessons and simple joy of narrating. Lagerlöf's fictional worlds, along with her skills as a story-teller, still have the capacity to attract big audiences. The research has been implemented based on cultural-historical and comparative methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper draws on our work as associate assistant with the 2nd year students at the Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Romania and its extension in Bălţi, The Republic of Moldova. During the Business English seminars, among other activities, we integrated translation exercises from English to Romanian and vice versa to develop our intermediate students' productive and receptive skills in a communicative language teaching environment. Our main aim was to distinguish between students' responses to translation as a purposeful task in the ESP classroom based on their background and nationality. We will also account for their common mistakes when translating, language variants (particularly when rendering sentences from English to Romanian and Moldavian, respectively) the importance of correcting them and the impact of such exercises on pre-experience learners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Undoubtedly the most important phase in the formation process of children's social mentality, depends on their attention to national society around them that is regarded as a part of international society and contains "family" as an effective ingredient. On the other hand, one of the best factors to form intercultural relationships universally, is employing the translated literary works for children and can make the mutual effect between national society and international society that are known by the child as the environment. Communication between national society and international society of children, is affected by political terms and relationships, more than other elements. In fact, usually, the international society utilizes cultural communications to deepen and increase its own penetration and existence in national society that is known and experienced by the child. Therefore, political and cultural ways of communication, permanent effect on each other to establish bilateral communications between mentioned societies. In this paper firstly we note the effective factors that can form and shape the social mentality of a child or even change it; then investigate the effect of political relationships on cultural relationships and especially children's one. Over it, by expressing some examples and objective experiences will attention to positive and negative consequences of this effect on cultural relationships totally. As a result, we find that the political terms can influence seriously on the quality of accepting the cultural messages of literary works for children and creating the exotic sense by all its details with them, as can result in other senses like: competition, inferiority complex, self-aggrandizing, frustrating, false-, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we first define ω – Fuzzy BH-sub algebra then explain the idea of ω –Fuzzy Translation and Multiplication in BH – Algebras. More-over, we generalized the ω –FuzzyBH- ideal and we consider a new notion and discuss ω –Fuzzy Translation and Multiplication in BH–Algebras and investigate some of related algebraic properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After reading the final report of The First European Survey on Language Competences (ESLC 2011: 83), I thought it was challenging for me to write this paper, focusing on how translation can improve my students' language learning, in order to become aware of the EU terminology. On the one hand, in the Romanian educational system, both teachers' and students' frequent use of the target language (English) during lessons has positive impacts, in the sense that the more students and teachers speak the target language during lessons, the higher the score on the language testing. On the other hand, translation of texts containing EU terminology brings up two questions herein - Why becoming aware of EU terminology? How do my students perceive the relation between translation and language learning in order to become aware of the EU terminology? I answered these questions by conducting an analysis, based on a two-fold approach: selecting texts from the Guide to Research and Innovation Strategies for Smart Specialization (RIS3) and establishing a time frame for the students to translate the selected texts. My selection of texts from the above mentioned guide is justified: the students are enrolled in the Computer Science Program and being language learners/users, their communicative language competence and awareness of EU terminology are to be activated in the performance of the various language activities, involving reception, production, interaction or mediation (in particular, translating from English into Romanian). Nowadays, mediation plays an important role in Europe, because it provides the normal linguistic functioning at EU level and, by adopting it, learners/students are able to mediate, through translating activities, between speakers o" the two languages concerned, who cannot overcome the communication barrier. Moreover, I emphasized in the paper the following: becoming aware of the EU terminology, students not only become plurilingual, more interculturally aware, but they also enhance their linguistic and cultural competences. To sum up, the analysis helped me draw a relevant conclusion: translations of texts containing EU terminology enrich the students' vocabulary, enhance their capacity for further language learning, as they already know and use terms from a specialized field (more precisely, they can cope with learning a language for specific purposes - ESP) and lead to greater openness to new cultural experiences (see also the study Translation and language learning: The role of translation in the teaching of languages in the European Union 1/2013: 27). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Listening Fidelity is a well-studied construct in communication. The concept is that scholars can measure how accurately an image in a sender's mind is transmitted to receivers. Previous work with Hispanic subjects revealed that they tend to score lower than Anglo subjects on Listening Fidelity. It was postulated that first language has a bearing on listening ability; hence a new Spanish version of the instrument was designed and tested. In testing the reliability and validity, issues emerged regarding the sender's gender and the translator's challenges with translating the previously validated English version of the instrument. While the process of design and testing was problematic, several conclusions about the application of communication fidelity theory and the symbolic transformation process along with the challenges associated with translating from one language to another emerged. This paper summarizes those incidental revelations by applying communication theory and cross-cultural communication; and discusses the challenges inherent in translation from English to Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we will tackle the role of translators and translation within the sociology of culture as can be seen from the Romanian discourse on translation from the 19th century to present day. Therefore, we will account for the reasons behind the translation process and the role of translators as social agents in the Romanian culture. We will particularly focus on key moments in the Translation Studies discourse in our culture such as the debate on the role of translations and translators in society in the 19th century. Thus, we will present the views of Romanian personalities that favoured the process and its agents, on the one hand and of those that rejected it on the assumption that it destroyed a culture's specificity, on the other hand. Also, we will describe the translation process and assess the translators' status from the beginning of the 20th century to the precommunist and communist period in Romanian society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on examples throughout history to reveal how translation operates at the intersection of language and power. The manner (i.e. language as a translation strategy) and the uses (i.e. power) of translations have had far-reaching consequences, shaping not only historical events but literary ones as well. Translation Studies is more than just a growing field: it sits squarely at the center of the cultural turn in the Humanities, where related issues such as ethics or postcolonialism attract attention and inform the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mister Sherlock Holmes has appeared in the cultural space of Latvia at the very end of the 19th century. Arthur Conan Doyle’s detective stories were published both in the Latvian periodicals and in the books by different publishers. Unfortunately, the attitude towards the fictional character Sherlock Holmes was not serious; during the first half of the 20th century Doyle’s detective stories were regarded only as the phenomenon of the pulp fiction. It can be observed by the analysis of the translations carried out in the first half of the 20thcentury. The translators did not go deep into the source text that is why content and language mistakes are often observed in the target language. The translators also tried to make Sherlock Holmes as close as possible for a Latvian reader by ignoring the peculiarities of the English culture. In some cases they even made some text corrections on their own – adding or omitting some elements from the source text. The situation changed during the soviet and post-soviet period in Latvia. The author of the present article focuses on the comparison of the source text and translations in the Latvian language carried out during the 20th century and analyses the language politics in the translated texts. In the article the attention is paid both to the external changes, caused by the necessity to transfer a text from a foreign language, and to the internal changes caused by the linguistic transformations in the national culture of the target language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine translation is an important tool in establishing successful communication. There is an increasing number of different software available for users, with higher and higher percentage of accuracy as well as speed, which translate terms, phrases or whole paragraphs from one language into another. Now online machine translation gives new possibilities to wider masses of users to use machine translation on an easy and free way. However, most users neglect the fact that those translations are often of low quality. There is increasing number of users who rely on machine translation, and go public with their translation without any verification or making sure that it is correct and clear. Such translation in some circumstances can be considered useless, and sometimes even risky. With the advent of Internet era, new challenges and opportunities for online machine translation are coming. This paper deals with machine translation in the Internet era, and includes a brief examination of user's experience in online machine translation, based on student's population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]