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Physical culture and sports events are understood as the sports-theatrical performances, demonstration performances of sports and art collectives. An important role of the events is to implement the educational function of sports and mass activities: promoting the attractiveness of sports and physical education and sports, providing necessary information about the forms and forms of physical education. In the development of sporting events, artistic means are used: illustration (organization of material in the form of demonstration performances by sports teams); the theatricality (the organization of a single action on the basis of a director's intention, which subordinates all the components of an event, the game with the audience (the organization of a game situation in which they act realistically, using knowledge and experience, based on the rules of the game). Nowadays, the urgency of the problem lies in the development and provision of special programs and sets of exercises for physical culture classes with students at universities, training performers for demonstration performances, entertainment and sporting leisure activities with different contingents of the population. The purpose of this study is to develop a set of exercises for the preparation of student participants for demonstration performances in sports teams of physical culture and sporting events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the pioneering contributions of Harry Edwards to the sociology of sport as a subfield in sociology. It also examines the life and times of Edwards before, during, and after the 1968 Olympic Games, including his stints with the University of California, Berkeley, Major League Baseball, San Francisco 49ers, Golden State Warriors, and Oakland Office of Parks and Recreation. This paper utilizes the case study as the research method, and the analysis of primary and secondary documents as the research techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The proposed scientific theme is going to approach and study the violence phenomenon as a contemporary social matter, from a conceptual and etiological perspective. Firstly, the violence phenomenon is explained from multiple angles: legal, psychological, socio - political, anthropological and last but not least sociological ones. Secondly, I am going to analyze the main violence types encounted in contemporary society; this approach also implies the study of the way each violence type is expressed, and the discovery of the causes that determine the commission of such acts. Thirdly, the main types of violence existing in sport are presented, this phenomenon being frequently encounted in contemporary society, while converting a sport game into a real battle - a situation which is frequent both among athletes and especially supporters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mbale Tigers Table Tennis Club (MTTTC) was founded in 1992 but formerly established in 2003 as a social club aimed at building a generation of young, disciplined and competitive Table Tennis Players who would become all round personalities in the Table Tennis industry. The ultimate goal is to build a Table Tennis Academy that will support the building of a Table Tennis Industry in Uganda. The club then started working with Twiga and formed a Project code named Laupa Luning Table Tennis Project.The project was a result of a research carried out in Mbale Tigers Table Tennis club and its community on the impact of sports on the leadership qualities of children. However many social benefits have accrued to the functioning of the club The social benefits realized include; social services like education, health, housing and positive social values and attitudes and relationships at local, national and international levels with good cooperation and friendship as defined in a Memorandum of understanding and cooperation signed between Laupa Lunning Table Tennis Project Promoters (Stefan Laupa and Joel Lunning), the founder and promoter of Mbale Tigers Table Tennis Club and the local government of Mbale District in Uganda in East Africa.Mbale Tigers Table Tennis Club method combines professional training, practice and competition with good results and contribute efforts towards achieving the millennium development goals among others; groom young sportsmen and ladies in leadership skills, fight poverty and extreme hunger, promote Universal Primary Education, protect the environment, promote Human Rights and Fight against HIV/AIDSThe Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) through TWIGA a Swedish NGO has made significant financial contribution to Mbale Tigers since 2005 to facilitate the strategy to identify, train and expose players to local, National, Regional and International Table Tennis competitions and also pursue the millennium development goals. (ref:www.mbaletigers.com/www.twiga.se/www.ittf.com)Children 6-18 years now dominate the national team of Cadet Boys and Girls, Girls and Boys under 17 years and also feature dominantly in the Women's Team. They have started getting to the Men's team category with ease. Kids have benefited from Education seminars and have greatly changed their social behavior, values and attitudes. Reports from schools, families and community members indicate a significant change in the life styles of most of them who happen to be residing in a slum area near the location of the project office-Maluku.Other income generating activities like Bicycle taxi, internet café and workshop for locally making table tennis tables aimed at making Mbale Tigers a self-reliant club in a near future have been implemented and have impacted positively on the outlook of the kids, workers of the club and community. SIDA and TWIGA have twice supported cultural exchange programs in which Mbale Tigers Kids and one leader have traveled to Sweden for at least three weeks to share experiences through tour and travel, competition, Conferences and training in elite Clubs like Angby and Mariedal Sports Clubs.UN Habitat which awarded a certificate of merit to Mbale Tigers in recognition of its involvement of Youth in the Project, recommended that Mbale Tigers replicate this project in the East African countries.The leadership of the Government of Uganda, ATTF, ITTF through its Goodwill Fund, Computer Aid and the population of Ugandan Table Tennis administrators, players and sponsors recognize Mbale Tigers Table Tennis Club Model as the most successful sports organization worth supporting and encouraging if sports in general and Table Tennis in particular has to grow into an Industry for career development, job creation, income generation and proactive innovations to bridge gaps in the social development process in Africa south of the Sahara in general and Uganda in particular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents management science research on institutionalization, an individual's assimilation into an organization. The effect of a 1980 change in the rules of the sports administration of County cricket in Great Britain, allowing a limited number of foreign players to participate for a county team without living in that county, is examined to see how changes in membership rules for an organization affect the process of institutionalization. The rule change is found to be part of an ongoing process of organizational change within the sport to a form of mass market entertainment, so that the foreign players did not so much assimilate with cricket as that cricket changed to facilitate their participation.

Throughout the world, many countries have seen an increase in female soccer participation (cf. Hong and Mangan 2004). In 2003 in the US, there were 9.1 million girls registered, accounting for 45 percent of all soccer players in this country (SICA). In most countries, women's participation in the male domain of sport has been "contested ideological terrain" (Messner 1988:198) and met with resistance. Given these circumstances, the growth of women's soccer would seem to indicate movement towards greater gender equality. The goals of our paper are twofold. Firstly, using historical and demographic data, we suggest that soccer has been constructed as a "less masculine" sport in the US (compared to other mainstays such as football, basketball, or baseball). Secondly, using data gathered from participant observation and in-depth interviews, we argue that that gendered styles of play (in particular, the way women and men show aggression, "dive," and "talk trash") reflect and reproduce male privilege. In so doing, our analysis extends upon Messner's (2000) argument that "doing gender" (West and Zimmerman 1987) on the playing field is an intertwined product of "interaction, structural context, and culture" (2000: 767). To be more specific, we show how the social context of youth soccer (a sport constructed as "sissy" in the US), uniquely enables and constrains gender performance. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following up on Zirin's (2008) challenge that sports sociologists "get off the bench," and Karen and Washington's (2001) plea to make sport sociology more central to analyses of social power, this paper empirically reviews and assesses the sociology of sports from 1984-2008. Using a significant sample of articles from select years during that period, we conclude that sports sociology exhibits a strong and increasing bias toward micro-level analyses of (for example) how the content of sports frames and constructs the social world. A much smaller and shrinking body of work examines more macro-oriented issues such as the economics and politics of sports. We respectfully suggest that a more balanced theoretical approach will make sports sociology more accessible and more relevant to social injustices disguised as fun and games. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study documents the rise and fall of boxing in Korea since its introduction in 1912. The participation of amateur athletes in boxing has decreased sharply since the 1980s. Also, the popularity of professional boxing among sports fans has diminished in recent decades. I consider boxing as a "product" that is "consumed" by individuals as participants and fans. I apply product life cycle theory in analyzing the changing popularity of boxing. I argue that changes in the tastes of sports fans are closely linked to economic development, industrialization and the standard of living. I present the rise of the popularity of soccer, baseball, and golf as illustrations of the changing tastes of consumers of sports that have accompanied economic development and social changes as well as the changing government policies on sports. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This essay apppies a phenomenological-existential framework to the analysis of the embodied experience of women's professional football. A qualitative, team-oriented study examined the athlete in terms of embodied experience, the experience of organized violence, and body image. This experience allows the athletes to evolve their meaning of self from stigma to pride, from exclusion to inclusion, and from self discomfort to self authenticity. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Emotional responses to mediated messages are inevitable. The magnitude of such responses is dependent on the individual as well as the content of the message. What this project will examine is an individualÂ’s emotional responses to depictions of gender, both messages that utilize the widely accepted, yet stereotypical, ideas behind gender and messages that go against these accepted ideas, in televised sports. By following the framework laid out here, this project hopes to demonstrate that dominance can be nearly as significant a dimension of emotion as valence and arousal, when working with the theory of three-dimensions of emotion; dominanceÂ’s impact on an individualÂ’s emotional state can actually be dependent on the nature and the content of the stimuli. ..PAT.-Conference Proceeding [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Even though women's participation in sport has been addressed in the area of sociology; this newfound phenomenon has been depicted in terms of abnormality and apology. Literature focused on the female athlete as one that has invaded the male domain of sport. She has been sexualized in the media and forced to apologize for her athletic prowess. This treatment is particularly evident in contact sport. A preliminary study was conducted to investigate the female athlete's voice in contact sport that is to understand the reality that the female athlete has created in relation to her participation in contact sport. The contact sport examined at this time was rugby. Five female rugby players were interviewed from approximately 30-90 minutes in a Southwest City in Ontario, Canada. The interviews indicated that women in contact sport perceive other female athlete's as role models and that their participation in contact sport has been overall beneficial to their self-concept. Surprisingly, the female athletes had distinctive definitions for sport and game/play and they perceived their first tackles as motivation to continue their participation in rugby. These women are challenging societal norms by creating realities that allow them to participate in contact sport, a male domain. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study documents the rise and fall of boxing in Korea since its introduction in 1912 by the American missionaries. The participation of amateur athletes in boxing has decreased sharply since the 1980s. Also, the popularity of professional boxing among sports fans has diminished in recent decades. I consider boxing as a "product" that is "consumed" by individuals as participants and fans. I apply product life cycle theory in analyzing the changing popularity of boxing. I argue that changes in the tastes of sports fans are closely linked to economic development, industrialization and the standard of living. The role of the state in creating professional leagues of baseball, soccer, basketball and other sports is one of the critical factors that have influenced the fate of the boxing industry in Korea. The authoritarian military regime had a political motive of its own behind its involvement of the creation of the leagues in that it wanted to divert the political grievances of the civil society against the political establishment and provide them with entertainment outlets for their frustrations. With increasing democratization of the political system the economics of the sports industry became increasingly free from the government interferences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using Bourdieu's concepts of field and habitus, sport is conceptualized as an arena of change in which mutually interdependent agents interact affecting one another and the field itself. This research focuses on fans as one objective position in the field. In order to describe the habitus of fans developed in part through the consumptive process, one ardent group of fans is foregrounded, fantasy sport enthusiasts. Data from an online survey, participant observation and secondary data sources facilitate the construction of a theory of fanship habitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current sociology of sport literature does not adequately address the creation of fan identity. Social science research on sport fans focuses largely on the effects of fandom, for example, the violence and aggression, which may result from being a fan. Little is known, however, about the process of becoming a fan. This therefore raises a compelling question: How do individuals form sport fan identities? I argue that fandom is created and maintained along a three-tier model, beginning with the socialization stage. I suggest that it is traditional for individuals to become fans primarily through socialization. However, this process does not account for all fans. Individuals who are not socialized into fandom might become a fan in the second tier ? the socio-cultural tier. These individuals may become fans because of influences such as the media, mass merchandising, or marketing. Yet again, this cannot account for all fans. I suggest that individuals who are not socialized into fandom, or who do not become a fan through socio-cultural means, may become a fan in the third tier, the symbolic tier. Here, individuals may become fans because of factors specific to the team, such as the team colors, logo, name, or personnel. It is important to understand that these tiers are not independent of each other; however, neither are they necessarily progressive in nature. Rather, these tiers follow a circular nature. Individuals who create a fan identity will begin in one tier, and use the remaining two to enhance and maintain their fandom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study extends recent tests of Bourdieu?s theory of sports as cultural capital. It compares Bourdieu?s theory to Lamont?s work on symbolic boundary making, which found that moral capital is highly salient in the U.S. It tests these two theories and the cultural omnivore, ?prole? sport, and middle brow sport hypotheses on data of U.S. adult participants in sixteen sports from the 1998 National Health Interview Survey. It finds that many sports are highly class exclusive, especially the ?fitness? sports, which are more associated with cultural than economic capital. Competitive sports are more associated with economic capital, but only golf and tennis are used to draw boundaries between the dominant and lower middle classes. Other masculine competitive sports have a ?middle brow? class structure. None of the sports were ?prole? sports; there is strong support for the ?cultural omnivore? thesis. The structure of the field of adult sports fits Bourdieu?s expectations about the practices of the dominant and dominated fractions of the dominant class and Lamont?s ?self-actualizing? type of cultural boundary making fits the sports that are most culturally exclusive. The structure of the field of participatory sports closely fits Bourdieu?s descriptions of the gendered construction of class boundaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research explores diffusion within contexts marked by strong interinstitutional conflict. We examine how newly prescribed institutional practices spread in pluralistic institutional contexts, where entrenched institutional elements complicate or oppose their diffusion. Our empirical study traces the spread of women's intercollegiate athletic programs among NCAA division I institutions over the past three decades. Social and legal developments beginning in the early 1970s provided a strong impetus for universities to add women's sports teams. However, their movement toward compliance with these new expectations was critically affected by pre-existing institutions governing the structure and operation of (men's) intercollegiate athletics. We document the rate and extent of women's sports adoption and identify organizational, interorganizational, and field level factors that affected their spread. Findings show that regulative and normative field level forces, direct linkages to these forces, interorganizational relationships, and local resource and institutional environments are especially critical in driving diffusion across contested institutional terrain. Our findings have implications for understanding diffusion in contested institutional environments, and for the broader bodies of thought on institutionalization and institutional change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to update understanding of how sports in U.S. society are viewed in light of gender norms; such research has implications for mediated sports consumption. A survey of 340 college students found that even youth who have grown up with Title IX still rate most sports as masculine. The study also examined the relationship between media use, sports participation, and gender role socialization with sex-typing of sports, finding that socialization factors seemed most linked to perceptions of sex-appropriate sports. Heavy television and TV sports viewing, attitudes toward women, and attitudes toward masculinity were related to sex-typing of masculine sports, but these attitudes were not linked to typing of feminine sports, perhaps demonstrating the ubiquity of the hegemonic notion that sports are, for the most part, inherently male. Current media consumption played a smaller role, and sports participation played no role. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the results of a unique research design that collected data regarding college students' perceptions of race in a sporting context. In doing so, we address a gap in the literature that exists between the well-documented patterns through which sports announcers construct race while commentating during games and the lack of studies assessing the impact of this commentary on audience members. Our findings indicate that members of this sample often expressed the idea that Blacks and Whites possessed different physical and mental skills related to sport, including some who felt these differences were directly attributable to race. Analysis points to the influence of both exposure to television and personal experiences in the formation of these responses, indicating a process of audience-content negotiation. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media coverage plays a significant role in shaping and reinforcing cultural values and images. Sport coverage has been maintaining gender differentiations by not only reporting about male athletes more often than about female athletes, but also by one-sidedly putting emphasis on attributes like athleticism and physicality when depicting sportsmen. The authors' research examines these patterns by analyzing German newspapers' coverage of sportsmen and -women competing in Biathlon or Cross-country skiing during the 2004/05 season. The results suggest that there is no inherent media bias towards one gender over the other. On the contrary, both genders are covered in a very similar way - both formal and content wise. These findings fortify the assumption that the level of professionalization of a sport affects media attention to a stronger degree than the factor of the athletes' gender. ..PAT.-Unpublished Manuscript [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]