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Titanium dioxide (TiO2) thin films were prepared onto glass substrates at a substrate temperature of about 400℃, 450℃ and 500℃ by Spray Pyrolysis technique. The prepared thin films were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Scanning electron microscope and also subjected to UV-Vis studies in order to characterize the structural property, surface morphology and optical properties. The diffraction peaks from XRD were indicates that the structural property (Anatase phase) for TiO2 thin films. The results showed that at doping the intensity of (101) plane decreased which may be due to mobility of Titanium and Oxygen atoms which leads to reduction in the nucleation of crystallization phase of anatase TiO2. The SEM structure revealed a uniform and evenly distributed grains across the substrate surface. Bandgap calculated from UV-Vis spectra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) composite membrane reinforced with titanium dioxide (TiO2) and addition polyethylene glycol (PEG) were analyzed in the study. Bacterial cellulose (BC) pellicle from pineapple peel waste extract. BC pellicle was cleaned with 1% NaOH. BC was mashed with a blender and carried out a high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) method of 5 cycles at a pressure of 150 bar, filtered through a vacuum filter. Composite membrane synthesized 10 grams BNC, 1% TiO2, and 1% PEG. All were mixed and dried in an oven for 14 hours at 80℃. Morphology and crystallinity were analyzed. SEM morphology of BNC membrane added with PEG made fibers look large because they were coated with PEG. BNC/ TiO2 added with PEG surfactant was able to disperse TiO2 evenly. Results of crystallinity membrane contained 4 diffraction peaks angle 2θ: 14.5°,16.8°, 22.6°, and 25.2°. Diffraction peaks BNC with BNC/PEG increase because PEG is a plasticizer making diffraction peaks larger. 1% TiO2 nanoparticles with the addition of 1% PEG caused crystallinity value and crystallinity index to decrease because the low interaction of PEG with TiO2 is hydrophobic, TiO2 is evenly dispersed in an aqueous solution and evenly distributed on the BNC matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The revolution of nano materials had arisen in the last few years due to the important role of these materials in different applications nowadays. In this research the role of nano materials and its applications, both wear performance and the coefficient of friction for the mineral base oils were studied at different loads (15N, 30N and 45N) in (Pin-on-Disk) tribometer. It is achieved by adding a nano-gel of Titanium dioxide to the mineral base oil at different concentrations (0.5-2.5 vol.%). An ultrasonic techniquewas employed for a good mixing and to insure a consistency between the nano material and the mineral base oil. The stability of the resultant nano oil and the precipitation time of nano material were investigated, as well as, a significant impacts improvement in wear performance and a reduction in coefficient of friction which gave a good efficiency in about (38.98%), (35.2%) and (33.7%) at the loads 45N, 30N and 15N, respectively. This is due to the coated thin film of nanomaterial that has belted on the metal surface and as a result a reduction in wear rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 has a variety of uses, including gas sensors, catalytic performance, and as a reasonably priced and environmentally friendly photocatalyst. By synthesizing titanium dioxide nanoparticles with samarium and different sintering times, this work seeks to boost the effectiveness of these particles. A solvothermal technique was used to create nanoparticles of TiO2 that were doped with samarium. X-ray diffraction, fourier transform infrared (FTIR), vibrating sample magnetometer, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and (VSM). First, 10 ml of ethanol and 0.1 ml of distilled water were used to dissolve 58 mol of samarium (III) acetate hydrate. The mixture then received 1 ml of titanium diokside that had been dissolved in 10 ml of ethanol. For three hours at room temperature, the solution was agitated with a magnetic stirrer. After stirring, the solution was transferred to a 20 ml stainless steel autoclave that had been lined with teflon and heated to 120 °C for 5 hours. The solution was also three times cleaned with ethanol after being allowed to cool at room temperature. The resulting white precipitate was gathered and allowed to dry for 12 hours at 60 °C. The dry sample underwent sintered for 1 or 2 hours at 500 °C. The XRD results demonstrated that the addition of sintering time decreased the crystallinity of Ti(Sm)O2. The SEM analysis revealed that the Ti(Sm)O2 sample had nice spherically shaped particles. The FTIR results revealed that the Ti-O bending mode of vibration has characteristics of 844 cm-1 and 815 cm-1 at various sintering times of 1 and 2 h. The sample's paramagnetic characteristics were shown by the VSM result. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on nanofluids has developed rapidly in the application of its heat mechanism to a machine's performance. Heat mechanisms in nanofluids have emerged as promising fluid heat transfers, as for example in applications as a coolant in Thermal Photovoltaic. This study will discuss the effect of the Hybrid Copper Oxide/Titanium Dioxide (CuO/TiO2) Nanofluida on the rheological properties using based water. The purpose of this study was to determine the rheological properties and dynamic viscosity of the hybrid Copper Oxide/Titanium Dioxide (CuO/TiO2) nanofluids based-water performance on system. Hybrid nanoparticles were used to synthesize nanofluids using a volume ratio of 50:50 at 1L of water. Begin by mixing both of nanoparticles CuO and TiO2 with based-water using a magnetic stirrer at a speed of 650 rpm for 60 minutes, then followed by an ultrasonic stirrer for 1 hour so that the two nanoparticles become more homogeneous. The dynamic viscosity obtained using the NDJ-8S Viscometer uses variations in temperature of 20 °C, 30 °C, 40 °C, 50 °C, 60 °C with speeds of 6 rpm, 12 rpm, 18 rpm, 24 rpm, and 30 rpm. The results obtained in the form of viscosity, shear rate, and shear stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As electric cars become more prevalent, the need for battery recycling grows in importance due to the environmental impact of spent batteries. Graphite, a material found in these batteries, can be recycled and converted into graphene, which can be used for synthesizing perovskite solar cells. This article compiled studies regarding quantifying and characterizing the amount of graphene produced from spent batteries and graphene-based solar cells. It was studied that the process involves compacting flake graphite from the batteries inside dialysis tubing with a platinum wire acting as the current collector. The synthesized graphene was utilized in fabricating solar cells, where it was combined with a mixture of titanium dioxide in an isopropanol solution and applied as the n-type collector layer. This article reviews many essential graphene solar cells from spent batteries, including the working principle of the cell, the main physical and electrical properties of cells, and the significance of graphene in solar technology. It was revealed that the yield of graphene obtained from graphite ranges from 38% to 65%, with large lateral sizes exceeding 30 µm. The graphene derived from spent batteries was suitable for fabricating solar cells, achieving a power conversion efficiency of up to 15.6%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is increasing demand for starch-based bioplastic because of increasing public awareness and also its unique properties such as renewable, biodegradable, abundance, non-toxic and more. However, due to undesirable characteristics such as poor mechanical and lack of water barrier properties have limited their potential. Despite their limitations, much research has shown the effectiveness addition of fillers (organic and inorganic) towards starch-based bioplastic to improve mechanical and barrier properties. Therefore, this review focuses on discussing the effect of organic filler (microcrystalline cellulose, nanocrystalline cellulose, fiber and starch nanocrystals) and inorganic filler (graphene oxide, eggshell powder, montmorillonite, and titanium dioxide nanoparticle) towards the mechanical and water barrier properties of starch-based bioplastic. Since both of the filler exhibited similar results, it can be concluded that by addition of filler either organic or inorganic into starch-based bioplastic can improve the mechanical and water barrier properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a microwave-assisted sol-gel method was used to synthesis AC/TiO2 composite for the application as adsorption/photodegradation of Malachite Green (MG) dye. In this work, Central Composite Design (CCD) in Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was applied to optimize the synthesis preparation condition of AC/TiO2 composite. The key input factors in this optimization process were microwave power (A: 400 – 800 W), microwave time (B: 10 – 20 min) and activated carbon (AC) dosage (C: 0.1 – 0.5 g). Based on ANOVA analysis, optimized percentage removal of MG dye (91.54 %) was obtained by applying optimum preparation variables of 400 W of microwave power, 10 minutes of microwave time and 0.5 g of AC dosage. The regression analysis with an R2 value of 0.9579 indicates good agreement between the experimental results and the predictive values. The results of this study show that the prepared AC/TiO2 composite substantially enhanced the adsorption/photodegradation of MG dye removal in aqueous solution under UV light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indonesian region of Sumatra has many rivers, and several of them are currently polluted by household and industrial wastes. Due to this, the river water looks cloudy and not clear. An easy method is needed to reduce the impact of this organic waste pollution. Photocatalysts are known for their ability to destroy organic pollutants which are environmentally friendly, cheap, and have the potential to be widely developed on a large scale. The principal mechanism of photocatalyst are generating the hydroxyl radicals (OH), which act as strong oxidants to mineralize organic contaminants. These principal photocatalyst mechanism includes the generation of hydroxyl radicals (OH), which act as strong oxidants to mineralize organic contaminants. A handy sprayimmobilization method of TiO2 powders on the solid plastic buffer has been utilized in a destroying effluent system. The photocatalytic activity of the TiO2-immobilized transparent plastic were evaluated by the degradation of organic contaminant under sunlight irradiation. The titania catalyst have the most potential destroying impact of about 98% after 10 days of sun irradiation. This investigation proved the potential of titanium oxide in handling organic waste in rivers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The annual production of textile dyes exceeds 70,000 per year, with nearly 200,000 tons of synthetic dyes being released into the environment due to inefficient dyeing methods used by textile industries. The contamination of water bodies by textile wastewater has been found to have adverse effects on human health, underscoring the need to remove these pollutants. In this study, methylene blue was used as a representative pollutant to assess the effectiveness of photocatalytic degradation using TiO2 P25 as a photocatalyst. The PHOTOREAC software, a user-friendly open-access computational tool developed in MATLAB specifically for modeling and simulating large-scale solar photocatalytic reactors in environmental applications, was employed to simulate both a kinetic model and a photon absorption scattering. The secondary data were classified based on several operating conditions, including the incident light source, light intensity, and photoreactor configurations, to investigate the impact of each condition. The results obtained from the PHOTOREAC simulation and secondary data analysis indicated that a solar simulator utilizing a xenon lamp as the incident light source is preferable for photocatalytic degradation due to its constant irradiation compared to natural solar light. Increasing the light intensity of the incident light source from 300 W/m2 to 1000 W/m2 also enhances the photocatalytic degradation performance. The optimum loading of the photocatalyst exhibits variation, ranging from 8 to 15 g/L. The efficiency of photocatalytic degradation is influenced by various properties of the photocatalyst, such as the crystal structure, surface area, crystallite size, and band gap energy. Furthermore, the Langmuir Hinshelwood and the Ballari models are the most suitable kinetic model expression for guiding photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is most widely used in industry as a pigment. Titanium dioxide can be found in natural rutile, leucoxene and ilmenite. As the deposits containing high titanium were decreasing, extraction of titanium dioxide from ilmenite was proposed. Ilmenite (FeTiO3) is a source of titanium minerals that often found in rocks or iron sand. Ilmenite Banten is one of the titanium deposits in Indonesia in the form of iron sand, which is still rarely explored and has a TiO2 content of 35%. Titanium dioxide was extracted from Banten ilmenite using a hydrometallurgical method i.e.: leaching using hydrochloric acid (HCl). This study aims to determine an efficient process for producing titanium dioxide by optimizing the operation parameters. Optimization was carried out using the response surface methodology (RSM). This optimization study investigated the effects of independent variables which are hydrochloric acid concentration (3 M, 7 M and 11 M), leaching temperature (30°C, 60°C and 90°C) and leaching time (5, 10, 15, 20, 30, 90 and 150 minutes). The results of the predictive statistical model showed that the concentration of hydrochloric acid was the most influential variable in the ilmenite leaching process compared to operating temperature and leaching time. The concentration of HCl has the highest F-value that affects the amount of TiO2 recovery. Optimum conditions were obtained using 11 M hydrochloric acid at 90°C for 150 minutes. Recovery of titanium dioxide obtained at optimum conditions reached 77.79%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the performance parameters, emission, and combustion characteristics of a diesel powered engine are investigated to evaluate the effects of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles as nanoadditive in B30 blend of Pongamia Pinnata biodiesel. Nanoadditives were added to a B30 blend of biodiesel in concentrations of 25mg/L, 50mg/L, 75mg/L, and 100 mg/L. After sonication using probe sonicator the samples were tested in a Computerised CI engine test rig. An attempt is made to compare the results obtained from these blends with the results of the B20 blend. The results indicated that the use of nanoadditives in fuel lowers the smoke opacity up to 13.24%, lowers brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) up to 7.4% for B30T75 compared to B30. The measured emission of NOx for B30T75 was found to be 2.91% greater than that of the B30 at maximum load condition. Unburnt hydrocarbon emissions reduced by 14.44% for B30T75 compared to B30 at maximum load. From the combustion analysis, it was found that the heat release rate was 5.4% higher for B30T75 nanofuel sample compared to that of B30 fuel sample. From the results, it can be concluded that B30T75 nanofuel sample has optimum increment in the overal engine performence and emissions among the fuel sample tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A progression of Polyaniline (PANI) and Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by an in-situ polymerization strategy within the sight of TiO2 NPs. PANI, and PANI/TiO2 were also deposited on gold (Au) interdigitated electrode (IDE) by the drop-coating method as a sensing material for the determination of ammonia gas sensor. The subsequent nanocomposites were analyzed by using FTIR, XRD, SEM, and EDX. (PANI/TiO2). Nanocomposites were prepared by the addition of TiO2 with two weight ratios (0.3 and 0.5 wt. %) during the polymerization of PANI. The outcomes showed good collaboration among PANI and TiO2. FTIR spectral shows a shift to higher wave numbers in the peaks of PANI/TiO2 nanocomposites, due to the Coulomb force that resulted from the interaction between the TiO2 nanoparticles with PANI.XRD pattern shows that the TiO2 NPs and PANI have an effect on the crystallization performance of nanocomposites, it was identified that the TiO2 NPs form a relatively irregular distribution in the PANI chain. SEM results show that the TiO2 nanoparticles enwrap the polyaniline and agglomeration uneven distribution of TiO2 particles can be seen in the PANI matrix. The intensity of the peak in the EDX analyses was found to appear by adding the nanoparticles. The gas sensing for NH3 appears that the sensitivity was increased by adding the TiO2 nanoparticles and it was higher at 100 oC than it was in the RT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organic phosphorous pesticides had been increased due to increasing demand for agricultural products. These chemicals were considered highly toxic and threatened human life as they attack the human endocrine system. This review paper aimed to list the suggested methods to eliminate these chemicals in an aqueous solution. This review will concentrate on the acoustic treatment degrading process, as well as the impact of process factors on removal efficiency, such as the initial concentration of organic phosphorus pesticides, ultrasonic frequency, irradiation intensity, and bulk solution temperature. The research also will explain the effects of other degradation processes combined with ultrasonic such as Fenton, photolysis, or the addition of catalysts like as ZnO, hydrogen peroxide, or titanium dioxide. It is seemed that ultrasonic individually or combined with other processes can be relay on. organic phosphorous pesticides degradation in aqueous solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been acknowledged as a promising photocatalyst in environmental remediation including wastewater treatment. In this study, TiO2 nanoparticles either by single or co-doped of iron (Fe) and nitrogen (N) via sol-gel method and calcined at 500 °C for 3 hours. This experiment investigated the performance of mono/co-dopant of TiO2 photocatalyst against methyl orange in aqueous solution under UV light irradiation. The experimental results showed the rate of degradation favored in co-doped TiO2 followed by mono doped TiO2 and pristine TiO2. The photocatalytic reaction followed pseudo first-order kinetics which were rationalized in terms of the Langmuir– Hinshelwood model and provided nearly complete degradation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide nanoparticles, TiO2 were synthesized with hydrothermal method via alkaline fusion process by using synthetic rutile. The synthetic rutile was derived from the local mineral, ilmenite which was used to produce TiO2 nanopowder. The effect of heat treatment with different temperatures (600, 800 and 1000˚C) on optical properties of synthesized TiO2 was investigated by UV-Vis spectrometer and Photoluminescence spectrometer, PL. The UV-Vis spectroscopy results revealed that the energy band gap slightly increase from 3.209 to 3.232 eV. Whereas the Photoluminescence spectrometer, PL results showed at the emission peak between 428nm and 452nm the intensity decreased and slightly red shift occurred. These results showed the changes of atomic structure from anatase crystallite structure to rutile crystallite structure. The obtained results have shown that the increase of temperature causes the phase transformation from anatase to rutile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide TiO2 were prepared using physical technique. The material characterization of the TiO2 was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electronic Microscopy (SEM), TGA. The peaks of TiO2 nanoparticles in rutile phase of 20 angle at 27.5°, 36.16°, 39.26°, 41. 32°, 44.14°, 54.42°and 56.72° with diffraction plans (110), (101), (200), (111), (210), (211) and (220) respectively. The average crystal sizes of TiO2 nanoparticles were calculated are found to be around 17nm for rutile TiO2 nanoparticles. TEM images for nanoparticles after treated with physical method. Temperature was used for treating and minimizing the nanoparticles sizes as a spherical homogeneous nanoparticle in the range of (12-30) nm for for rutile. Thermos gravimetric analysis (TGA). That the TGA curve shows two main stages of mass loss. The first, about 7 to 10 %, between 30 °C and 185 °C, corresponding to the loss of adsorbed water on the surface of the material and the second and main stage, around 40 % between 250 °C and 500 °C, attributed to loss of organic matter remaining after the pyrolysis (rupture of the polymer chain). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several different methods are used to determine the effect of an alkaline environment on glass materials. The main difference is the characteristic under observation. One common way to determine the alkalinity of a substance is to measure the relative weight loss after the object interacts with the alkaline environment. The study of the morphology of the basalt fiber surface and elemental and phase composition before and after interaction with alkali allows determining the details of the fiber etching in an aggressive environment and the impact of coatings on this process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Improving heat transfer fluid using nanofluids has received a great deal attention attention in recent years. Nanofluids technology offer various heat transfer equipments with remarkable efficiency achievement as alternative nanotechnology-based coolants in many industrial applications. The thermal and transport properties of the working fluid must have a high boiling temperature, density, heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and low viscosity for the heat exchanger to operate well. In the early period of nanofluid preparation, researchers only focused on and used water-based nanofluids in their research work. Though, the combination of base fluid between water and ethylene glycol is started to attract many researchers to explore the potential of these mixture base fluids. Since water is not suitable to flow below the freezing point, so ethylene glycol can be used as it can flow at lower temperature as compared with water. This research aims to study the heat transfer characteristics of a double pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) with Titanium Dioxide (TiO2-Ethylene glycol (EG)/water nanofluid using the Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) simulation method. The EG/Water mixture variation was 20:80, 40:60 and 60:40 with a TiO2concentration of 0.01%. Besides, the nanofluid flow was also varied by 0.0024; 0.0048; and 0.0072 kg/s. The results show that TiO2 nanofluid affected the heat transfer rate when the different fluid mixing ratio of EG/water was used. Overall heat transfer coefficient of nanofluid encounter an increase when using a lower concentration of Ethylene glycol, which is 20%. In contrast, the performance of DPHE decreased with the increase in the mass flow rate of nanofluid and the effectiveness of 0.09 vol.% nanoparticles is about 25% higher than that 0.01 vol.% using (EG:Water 20:80 nanofluid) at the rate of mass flow of 0.0024 kg/s. According to the outcomes of the present study, the heat transfer capability of EG/water offer substantial benefits with the addition of TiO2nanoparticles under laminar conditions at low concentration of EG and higher concentration of TiO2 nanofluid. The significant findings suggested that (EG:Water 20:80) based nanofluid has a better potential for future applications in the double pipe heat exchangers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research, the synthesis of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanowires from the same commercial anatase TiO2 as starting material has been carried out successfully using two different methods, namely hydrothermal and molten salt. The resulting TiO2 nanowires morphologies were evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that TiO2 nanowires prepared using hydrothermal method (TNWH) has smaller aspect ratios as compared to TiO2 prepared using molten salt (TNWMS). In a typical hydrothermal condition at 200 °C for 24 h, TiO2 nanowires were composed of nanowires with variable width from 70 to 450 nm and lengths from 1 to 3.2 µm resulted in aspect ratios of up to 46. Meanwhile in a typical molten salts condition at 825 °C for 8 h, the TiO2 nanowires were composed of nanowires with variable width from 160 nm to 1 µm and lengths from 1 to 15 µm, resulting in aspect ratios of up to 94. The SEM images depicted aggregates on TNWH while TNWMS has high quality single crystalline TiO2. Additionally, X-Ray Diffractogram (XRD) was also conducted to evaluate the crystal phase of TiO2 nanowires. The hydrothermal method resulted in mixture of TiO2 anatase and brookite phase while the molten salt resulted in TiO2 rutile phase due to high calcination temperatures. TNWMS has higher crystallinity compared to TNWH as confirmed from the XRD results. The Molten salt method appeared to be a promising method to produce high quality TiO2 nanowires for further application as catalyst based on the final characteristics of the nanowires. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide doped by carbon and nitrogen was applied in a combination process of photocatalytic and ozonation (photozonolytic). The objective of the photozonolytic is to degrade synthetic organic dye, orange-F3R, in an aqueous phase under a variety of light sources. The degradation parameters that had an impact on photozonolytic were analyzed as though the concentration of orange-F3R dye solution, the mass of C-N-codoped TiO2 added, light sources (UV-A lamp, visible-lamp, and solar light), and exposure time. The Orange-F3R solution with a 30 mg L−1 concentration was reduced by the ozonation process in 90 minutes to 14%, as determined by a spectrophotometric measurement. The C-N-codoped TiO2 catalyst could be active by ozone attack without light exposure. It is proven that there is an increase in the degradation efficiency of up to 35.5% during ozonation by the presence of the catalyst. It was observed that applied C-N-codoped TiO2 catalysts in the combination of photozonolytic under solar light exposure was more effective than ozonation alone. For 90 minutes of solar light exposure, the degradation efficiency was 53.3%, and for UV-lamp and visible-lamp exposure it was 36.2% and 39.3%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, a titanium dioxide (TiO2) catalyst is used as a carrier to prepare a supported non-noble metal nickel catalyst (Ni/TiO2), which is applied to the selective hydrogenation of citral to citronellal. Ni/TiO2 catalysts were synthesized by the impregnation method. Characterization of the catalyst was carried out by using several instrumentations, including TGA/DTA for thermal stability, XRD for crystallinity of catalyst, BET for surface area, and FTIR. Whereas, the products were analyzed by GCMS. The effect of reaction conditions on the Ni/TiO2 catalyzed hydrogenation of 3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dienal (citral) to citronellal was investigated, and the optimal reaction conditions were obtained as follows: a Ni loading of 20 wt %, a catalyst amount of 20 %, a hydrogenation temperature of 100 °C, a hydrogenation time of 3 hours, and a hydrogenation pressure of 20 bar. Under these conditions, the conversion of citral and selectivity of citronellal was 19.04 and 90.99%, respectively, indicating Ni/TiO2 catalyst had strong catalytic activity and selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fibrous shape of catalysts offers a higher surface area and more accessible active sites than the extrudate and granules counterparts. While entanglement of the fibrous structure may form a self-standing material, its low mass density and brittle nature of catalysts hinder it from practical application, hence, sturdy support is required. This study aims to fabricate a fibrous silica-bound titanium dioxide photocatalyst on top of a fiberglass surface mat (FSM) support using a blow-spinning (BS) technique. The spinning volume varied between 1 and 5 mL while maintaining the Ti/Si mass ratio at 40 and 60%. The BS produced long and continuous fiber of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)-silica-titania composite on top of the FSM for both 40% and 60% composites. Calcination of the composite fiber at 450 °C/2h burnt off the PVP leaving behind the silica-titania composite. After calcination, the two samples displayed different morphology. The silica-titania composite in the 40% Ti/Si sample was found to be deeply penetrated the FSM support and formed a rigid composite. The fibrous structure of the silica-titania, however, collapsed. On the other hand, the silica-titania composite in the 60% Ti/Si sample sits on top of the FSM and partially retained the fibrous shape. Despite the fiber structural collapse and variation in the silica-titania location in the composite, it retained a high photocatalytic activity against methyl orange, methylene blue, and a combination of both dyes. The FSM had a high affinity to adsorb MB and MB removal is due to a combination of adsorption and photodegradation. MO removal, on the other hand mainly due to photodegradation. Higher TiO2 content and spinning volume are beneficial for MO removal but not for MB removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The microstructure and composition of micro-arc oxidation (MAO) Zn-Si-containing calcium phosphate (Zn-Si-CaP) coatings deposited at different values of the applied voltages were investigated. It was shown that the increase of the anodic voltage from 150 to 350 V led to the linear increase of the coating's thickness, surface roughness, surface and internal porosity, and sizes of the structural elements (spheres, pores). EDX and XRD results showed that essential elements of Zn and Si were contained in the coating in a small amount, not exceeding 0.7 at.%, and were distributed uniformly in the amorphous coating. SEM, XRD and TEM results indicated that all the Zn-Si-CaP coatings had amorphous-nanocrystalline microstructure with incorporated nano-sized phases of DCPA, α- and β-CPP, anatase. An increase of the MAO voltage led to the formation of additional microcrystalline DCPA phase (10-30µm) and to an increase of its amount in coatings up to 83 vol.%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide is an ingredient in many items, including cosmetics. Titanium dioxide nanoparticles are the only type utilized as an ultraviolet absorber for sunscreen, as well as moisturizer, foundation, or lip gloss. Although its effectiveness like an ultraviolet absorber has been demonstrated to prevent chronic cancer and sunburn, several concerns about the toxicity have been raised titanium dioxide nanoparticles are accused of circulation in the body, digestive barrier, or penetrating cutaneous, and thus causing harm to consumers. The Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety regards titanium dioxide as being not sensitizing to the skin, concluding that there is no information on skin exposure, reproductive damage, mutagenicity, or carcinogenicity following cells being exposed to nanoparticles. When absorbed through the skin at a rate of up to twenty-five percent, titanium dioxide from skincare products poses no potential hazard. On the other hand, the scientific committee on consumer safety does not suggest the use of titanium dioxide inside formulation which can cause exposure to the odors in the human's lungs. The main focus of this paper is to provide an explanation and analysis of the most recent data on the negative impacts and non-carcinogenic hazards caused by TiO2 NPs inhalation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminium alloys are more widely used in the automotive and aerospace industries. Aluminium alloys have good weldability characteristics and light in weight. The depth of penetration is the main factor to improve the weld joint efficiency. This research work aimed to study the weld characteristics and depth of penetration at various welding process parameters like voltage, current, and gas flow rate. Activated Flux TIG (A-TIG) welding process is carried out on AA 5083 by applying different activating fluxes. The silicon dioxide and titanium dioxide fluxes are applied as activating fluxes on the workpiece to study the metallurgical and mechanical properties of the weld joints. The impact strength and hardness of the weldments are measured. It is found that ATIG welding of Aluminium alloy with SiO2 flux has more depth of penetration than the TiO2 flux and without flux. The grain structure over the heat-affected zone (HAZ) and the welding zone is observed. The fine grain structure is observed with SiO2 flux which leads to an increase in strength of the weldments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular diseases are the major cause of people dying worldwide, and the most common is the blockage of the coronary arteries. This work is focusing on the development of a biomaterial with tearing strength similar to that of natural arterial tissue by preparing a polymer blend base elastomer of polyurethane elastomer (PU) combined with silicone rubber (SR), and taking into consideration the strength, toughness, and flexibility of PU, as well as the inertness, low temperature flexibility, and biocompatibility of SR. The (PU/SR) polymer blending ratios were (98:2), (96:4), (94:6), (92:8), and (90:10), respectively. The blends were used in preparing polyurethane based composite with addition of (0.2%) titanium dioxide (TiO2) and (0.5%) calcium fluorite (CaF2) to the mother polymer blend (PU/SR) to improve the property of tearing strength. Tearing results are showing that polymer blends of (PU/SR), have higher tearing strength comparing to control specimen of polyurethane, and the enhancement is visible in all blend groups (1B, 2B, 3B, 4B, and 5B), with tear strengths ranging from 1.704 to 2.467 MPa. Adding titanium dioxide (TiO2) improved the tearing strength slightly, but it was less compared to the mother blends. When calcium florid (CaF2) is added to the mother blends, the tearing strength decreases, and the tearing strength decreases below the 1.5 MPa of control reference. The hemolytic index (HI) of the prepared materials was also studied, and the results demonstrated a significant improvement in HI, particularly in mother blends and the composite containing % TiO2, i.e., 2.3, as compared to the PU control reference with HI=14. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current paper deals with the action of refinery wastewaters (RWW) generated from Al-Muthanna oilfields refinery plant through Electro-catalytic oxidation (ECE) in a batch electro-catalytic reactor by using stainless steel and iron as anode and cathode materials correspondingly. The effect titanium dioxide (10-30 ppm), pH (3-9), and time (10–30 min) on the organic removal (OR) were thoughtful. The results revealed that titanium dioxide concentration has the main result on the efficiency of organic removal approving that the ECE was finished reaction circumstances in the refinery wastewater solution. Parametric optimization was approved out by means of response surface methodology combined with Box Behnken Design toward make the most of the OR. Below enhanced working circumstances, the organic elimination was found to be 96.27 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the stir casting method is used to create a unique composite and its properties were analysed. This composite consists of pure Aluminium (melting point of 660.4 ˚C) as the base or matrix metal and Titanium dioxide as reinforcement along with Tungsten Carbide as a compound binder manufactured by the stir casting method. This casting process is relatively inexpensive, simple, and adaptable to large amounts of production. Here the reinforcements TiO2 and WC (in powder form) have been added to the heated aluminium metal in its molten state to form the composite. The fabricated specimens are subjected to mechanical and tribological tests. The findings are compared to pure aluminium and analysed. The study showed that the mechanical properties of ADC12 + 6% WC + 6% TiO2 composite material are high in terms of tensile strength, compressive strength, and hardness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the properties of concrete containing titanium dioxide microparticles and concrete samples whose surface was treated with a photocatalyst were investigated. An economical and effective method of applying the TiO2 photocatalyst to the concrete surface is proposed. The application of the photocatalyst was carried out using a mold for the manufacture of concrete. It was found that when using 2% TiO2 in the mixture, the flexural and compressive strength decreases by 9 and 5%, respectively. The strength of the samples with a photocatalyst on the concrete surface was not reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is necessary to create a new technique to reduce drag forms employing natural materials such as fiber suspended and nanoparticles to meet the delicate hydraulic transfer standards. Individual and complex solutions of titanium dioxide (Tio2) and copper (Cu) nanoparticles were employed in this work to improve pipeline drag reduction. At varying flow rates, a closed-loop recirculation system (CLRS) was used in a series of studies. The selected drag reduction compounds were combined with a solvent (water) and manufactured at varying concentrations ranging from 50 to 1200 ppm using the ultrasonic bath method. Furthermore, using the X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, morphological studies were carried out to discover microstructure structures of the complex agent. The highest percentage of drag reduction has been achieved by the complex solution of TiO2-Cu, at around 78% at 1200 ppm concentration and Re = 70770. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, buckling behavior of nanocomposite plates with crack has investigated numerically under different types of buckling loads has been investigated numerically. Unsaturated polyester resin (UPR) matrix reinforced with fiberglass was fabricated incorporating (TiO2) and (SiO2) nanoparticles as fillers. (SiO2) and (TiO2) weight percentage used as 3% for. Finite element (FE) coded utilizing ANSYS 15 is used to work out the numerical model. A lot of design parameters had been varied for studying their influences on the buckling characteristics. The most important part of present work is the part which including the effect of crack parameters on the performance of buckling such as type of load, crack angle, position, and crack face direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Epoxy resins have gained great popularity because of their characteristics. In last decades, research has centered on ways for improving epoxy resin fracture resistance. Incorporating inorganic nanoparticles into polymer matrix is one of the most explored approaches since nanoparticles are widely known for enhancing the mechanical characteristics of polymeric materials. An attempt is made in this work to evaluate the influence of adding TiO2 nanoparticles on the mechanical behavior of epoxy. Particularly, fatigue life, impact strength and hardness. Different percentages of titanium dioxide were used which were 0%, 0.5%, 1.5%, 3%, 4.5 % and 6% by weight of epoxy. According to the findings, the use of titanium dioxide nanoparticles improves the impact behavior. All of the tests, including fatigue impact and hardness, showed that 3% Nano titanium dioxide addition samples performed the best. By comparing our results with previous researches it can be found that more Nano filler can be incorporated into epoxy with greater mechanical performance if the mixing method is improved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been regarded as the most suitable photocatalyst due to its cost-effectiveness, high stability, and great potential to degrade various volatile organic compounds (VOCs). However, there is a knowledge limitation through the characteristics of TiO2-based photocatalysts for practical application in the aqueous phase as well as its suitable irradiation source. Therefore, the present work aims to investigate the relative effect of various irradiation sources and TiO2 catalysts types for VOCs degradation in an aqueous solution for optimization purposes. The experiment was conducted in a cylindrical photocatalytic oxidation column (PCO) with a 6-cm diameter to carry a 650 mL volume of VOC (benzene) solution. For irradiation investigation, lamp types (visible, UVA, VUV, and UVC) and lamp power (6 – 15 W) were investigated, under 1 g of TiO2 commercial powder. Moreover, types of TiO2 catalyst (commercial powder, coating on ring-shaped plastic media at different TiO2 percentage by mass: 1% (1TPcB), 3% (3TPcB), and 5% (5TPcB), and coating 5% by mass on alumina ball) were studied at the identical mass usage of TiO2. To identify the optimum dose, the different volume loading (5% – 20% v/v) of selective catalyst type was examined. The result indicated that the UVC lamp showed a significant degradation efficiency among other types of lamps. Additionally, when using the UVC at different powers, the degradation efficiencies at 100 minutes were at 30%, 40%, and 31% for 6, 12, and 15 W, respectively. This indicates that the UVC lamp at 12 W was the suitable wavelength and power for the degradation of benzene. Further investigation showed that coating TiO2 on ring-shaped plastic media provided the highest degradation efficiency over the spherical and powder forms. It was because the light from the lamp had a better transmission through the hollow of the ring-shaped catalyst and, therefore, provided a better reaction rate than other types of catalysts. At the same condition and 100 min of operation time, the degradation efficiency of each catalyst is orderly: 5TPcB (56%)>3TPcB (49%)>1TPcB (43%)>alumina ball (32%)>powder (20%). In addition, it was also found that the optimum volume loading of ring-shaped 5TPcB catalyst in the column was 15% v/v. It provided the best degradation efficiency about 58% which was significantly higher among other conditions. This finding has proven the suitability of photocatalysis as an alternative polishing VOCs degradation in aqueous phase for further absorbent regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis is a simple, cost-effective, and long-term method of manufacturing nanoparticles that is now attracting scientific attention across the world. The major goal of this research is to make green titanium dioxide nanoparticles and evaluate their efficacy in photocatalytic treatment of Tannery effluent. To test the treatment of hexavalent chromium from tannery effluent, TiO2 nanoparticles were produced from lemon peel extract The TiO2 nanoparticles were evaluated using a Particle Size Analyzer, which revealed that the particle size was 21.94 nm and the Zeta Potential was -27.5 mV. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FESEM), X-beam Diffractometer (XRD), Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR), spectroscopy, surface region analyzer, and UV-Visible Spectrophotometer were additionally used to do promote portrayal. The nano size and anatase part of the circular TiO2 nanoparticles were approved by the outcomes. Furthermore, the green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles were used to evaluate their ability to remove chromium (VI). UV (Ultra Violet) photocatalytic reactors with wavelengths of 365nm were used to accomplish photocatalytic degradation for periods of 30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes The maximum removal of hexavalent Chromium from Tannery effluent was about 76 percent after 150 minutes of contact time with green synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles. As a result, it was effectively used for wastewater treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focuses on developing new surface modification methods for photocatalytic cementitious composites. The question that was investigated was if superabsorbent polymers can act as an intermediate environment, intensifying the incorporation of TiO2 particles on the surface of the tested material. Four variants of surface modification were designed: water dispersions of TiO2 with non-saturated SAP, with SAP in a hydrogel form, and two reference series. Due to the use of SAP, the efficiency in air purification from NOx under different light conditions compared to the reference series increased significantly, exceeding a 75% increase under a UV-A light and a 600% increase under visible light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel roofing tile was developed containing various types of nanoparticles of titanium dioxide (TiO2). Experiments were conducted using three types of TiO2 nanoparticles with and without polyethylene glycol (PEG). All types of newly developed nanomaterials were characterized using X-ray diffractometry. Particle size distribution analysis was performed and specific surface area was determined using the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller method. SEM imaging was used for the morphological characterization of nanoparticles. Commercial ceramic roofing tiles underwent a dip-coating procedure to obtain the desired photocatalytic surface. The TiO2 anatase samples exhibited greater surface areas of nanoparticles, thus providing potentially the highest photocatalytic efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anatase is one of the most suitable TiO2 phases in photoactive systems which has excellent properties such as photo corrosion resistance, adjustable microstructure, nontoxicity, stability of chemical, and relatively low price. TiO2 is a semiconductor with a band gap of∼3.2 eV under UV radiation activating, so it is very important to know the band gap of the synthesized anatase TiO2 before being applied in photoactive systems or other applications. In this study, computational calculation of the band gap of anatase TiO2 was carried out using Density Functional Theory (DFT), and the synthesis of anatase TiO2 was performed with TiCl3 precursor. The calculated electronic band gap of anatase TiO2 is ∼ 2.2 eV, while the experimental values of optical band gap are in the range of 3.188 - 3.203 eV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optical properties of titanium dioxide (TiO2) play an essential role in the development of semiconductors for various applications, including sensors, self-cleaning materials, solar cells, and photocatalysis. This study was therefore aimed at investigating the correlation between the TiO2 crystallite size and bandgap energy value, as these properties influenced the semiconductor oxide's functional performance. Subsequently, nano and micro size TiO2 samples, as well as ball-mills treated at frequencies of 10 and 20 Hz, were used to create variation in crystallite size. Meanwhile, observation with x-ray diffraction (XRD) and ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy showed the TiO2 P25 Degussa anatase sample had the smallest crystallite size of 24.21 nm and the largest bandgap energy of 3.44 eV, while the TiO2 sample with 20 Hz frequency ball-mill possessed the largest crystallite size of 71.067 nm as well as the smallest bandgap energy of 3.33 eV. Also, with the aid of related literature, further studies, including the degradation of liquid pollutants, were performed to estimate the effect of these crystallite sizes and bandgap energies on the photocatalytic performance of the samples. The optimum result was found to be exhibited by TiO2 P25 Degussa sample due to high surface area for interaction with liquid pollutants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanotube is a one-dimensional (1D) form of TiO2 in nanometer scale with numerous applications. This study aims to determine the correlation between the properties of TiO2 nanotube and its photocatalytic performance. The properties of TiO2 nanotubes which include crystallite size, surface area, band gap energy, phase composition and doping elements affect its performance either for better or worse. This study confirmed that the optimum level for calcination process for the nanotubes was in the temperature range of 400-600°C, while the largest surface area corresponded strongly with high level of photocatalytic activity. Furthermore, in terms of band gap energy, the nanomaterial with the smallest value does not necessarily have the best performance although, it was important for the nanotubes to have small value. From the results obtained, it was observed that phase composition plays a key role where the highest photocatalytic performance was achieved by the nanomaterial with high anatase-low rutile combination. It was discovered that there were several variations regarding the optimal crystallite size needed to achieve the highest photocatalytic performance. However, doping was found to be beneficial for enhancing the photocatalytic performance of TiO2 nanotubes. Furthermore, it was observed that in order to obtain the best photocatalytic performance, the properties of TiO2 nanotubes should work in "harmony" since they had no advantage over each other. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

TiO2 nanoparticles have properties as light absorbers to be used as light catalysts or solar cells. This study aimed to determine the effect of adding TiO2 nanoparticles to the structure and morphology of bacterial cellulose-based membranes produced from pineapple peel waste. The research was conducted by producing pellicles from pineapple peel extract. The pellicle was then disintegrated in 6 cycles using a high-pressure homogenizer at 150 bar. TiO2 variations were 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%, and 2.5%wt. They were sonicated and dried in an oven for 8 hours at 60°C. The structure was analyzed using XRD, and SEM observed morphology. The results showed that in the BC membrane with additional TiO2, a new peak occurred on the diffractogram at 2θ=25.05°. It indicated the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles in the membrane. The diffraction peak occurred at 22.49° indicating that the cellulose belonged to Iβ cellulose. Additional 0% to 1% of TiO2 increased the membrane crystallinity index from 81.35% to 81.52%. The membrane crystallinity index decreased after an additional 1% TiO2, valuing 81.52% to 80.16% in the 2.5% sample. The membrane surface morphology showed that the TiO2 nanoparticles were still agglomerated and not evenly distributed on the BC membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the correlation of PEG addition to the morphology and functional groups of the bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) – TiO2 composite membrane. The methods include the production of BC pellicle from the fermentation of pineapple peel waste extract using Acetobacter xylinum. Impurities from the BC pellicle was removed by immersing it in 1% NaOH solution. BNC was synthesized by using a blender, high-pressure homogenizer and vacuum filter. The composite membranes consisted of 10 grams BNC, 1% TiO2 and PEG with different mass percentages of 0.5%, 1% and 2%. They were mixed using a magnetic stirrer and were dried at 80oC-14 hours using an oven. Dry composite membrane analyzed based on its functional groups using FTIR, respectively. The results show that FTIR analysis identified peaks of 2904 cm-1, 1174 cm-1, 2131 cm-1and 3414 cm-1, and they corresponded to C-H, C-O-C, C≡C, and O-H bond, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dye Sensitized, Solar Cell (DSSC) is the most attractive technology in third-generation solar cells due to its simple operation, easy fabrication, great use of raw materials, and ability to be flexible panels. One of the materials that are often used in DSSC is titanium dioxide. Titanium dioxide is a semiconductor material formed from Ti4+ ions and O2- ions. Titania has a stable chemical structure under ultraviolet light. The anatase phase of titania has high photocatalytic activity compared to other phases, so it is widely used for DSSC applications. One of the important components in DSSC is the stability and morphology of the photoanode, so that in this study additional treatment will be carried out on the TiO2 photoanode. The addition of this treatment aims to improve the interconnection of TiO2. One of the materials used as a treatment is TTIP. This treatment is carried out by dip coating. From the experiments, the data shows that the efficiency increased up to 30% after treatment, from 3.78% to 5.45%. This study can explain through the morphology of the SEM characterization results where it is seen that there is a TiO2 layer with a decrease in porosity from 64% to 60% after treatment. In addition, this treatment also shows an increase in the effectiveness of TiO2 charge transfer as indicated by the results of impedance analysis where the RCT of the sample without treatment is 15 ohms and the sample with treatment is 8 ohms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon Monoxide (CO) is one of the pollutant gases produced widely in modern industry. Therefore, it should be detected easily and with the simplest method available. TiO2 as a Metal-Oxide Semiconductor has been used as CO sensor material, but most TiO2-based sensors work in high temperatures. TiO2 synthesized by solvothermal is deposited using Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD) on Graphene-layered fabric cotton. It can show conductance changes in the presence of CO but tiny differences between the concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mesoporous TiO2 (m-TiO2) was successfully synthesized without using any template. The presence of organic ligands such as acetic acid contributes well in the formation of the mesoporous framework in TiO2. Based on nitrogen (N2) adsorption/desorption measurement, the pore size and pore volume of TiO2 were 3.25 nm and 0.287 cm3.g-1, respectively with surface area of 82.32 m2.g-1. The fabricated m-TiO2 exhibits the anatase phase with a tetragonal crystal structure. Through morphological observations using SEM, it can be obviously seen that grain growth of m-TiO2 is spherical with the grain structure formed comes from particle packings. In this study, the acquired m-TiO2 was immobilized with the glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme and its specific capacitance (Cp) characteristics was compared to the m-TiO2. Electrochemical measurements show that m-TiO2 and m-TiO2/GOx electrodes possess Cp value of 3.46 and 2.70 F.g-1, respectively measured by employing scan rate of 50 mV.s−1 under condition of 0.1 M PBS containing 0.5 mM of glucose. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we synthesized TiO2 nanoparticles doped with transition metal (CoCu) using a coprecipitation method. The structural properties of TiO2 doped CoCu were characterized using X-ray diffraction measurements. From X-RD results, the crystallite size of the nanoparticles can be estimated using the Debye-Scherrer formulation. Whereas, the optical properties of the TiO2 nanoparticles doped with CoCu were characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy for analyzing the functional group in the nanoparticles and UV-Vis measurement to observe the absorption spectra and estimate the optical band gap energy of the nanoparticles. The X-RD results show that the highest intensity of the anatase phase was honored at the central peak of (110) and (211) reflection planes. The FTIR spectra indicate that the hydroxyl band occurs at the bar of 3600-3000 cm−1 and 1700-1100 cm−1. Some broadband occurs at 900-400 cm-1 is assigned to the Ti-O-Ti and O-Ti-O bands. UV-Vis spectra result that the addition of CoCu transition metal dopants lowers the optical band gap energy of TiO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work investigates a numerical study for titanium dioxide (TiO2) and carbon nanotube (CNT) nanofluid heat transfer performance. Nanofluid flowed in an inner concentric tube with circular, rectangular, and triangular channels were simulated using a mixture model in the Eulerian-Eulerian multiphase approach. The effect of Reynold number on fluid flow and heat transfer characteristic were observed. The results showed an increasing Nusselt number and a decreasing friction factor with an increment in Reynold number. Furthermore, the similar hydraulic diameter in circular, rectangular, and triangular tubes produced different mass flow rates of nanofluid flow inside the inner tube. The different mass flow rates affected their temperature distribution and Nusselt number. These results contribute to our understanding of how nanofluids enhance the heat transfer performance in various tube profiles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fenugreek (biological name: Trigonella foenum – graecum L.) is an essential source of proteins and minerals. It delivers nutritional advantages at a very low cost. The research paper comprises the synthesis of titanium dioxide nanoparticles through the green synthesis method. The fenugreek powder along with titanium isopropoxide as a precursor, a sol-gel method was used to prepare titanium dioxide powders where hexane is used as a solvent and ethanol for washing titanium dioxide powder. The calcination happening at a specific temperature influences the properties of the obtained TiO2 powder. The physicochemical properties of TiO2 powder were determined including morphology and microstructure (SEM images), crystalline structure (XRD), and thermal stability (TGA /DTA). Also, the functional group study was done through (Fourier Transform Infrared) FTIR. The morphology study of synthesized Titanium nanoparticles through FESEM analysis confirms the particle size 75 nm. The FTIR analysis shows different functional groups present in it. Thermal analysis was done through TGA and DTA graphs. The exothermic peak at 2600 C is related to the decay of an organic compound and residual hydroxyl groups. The XRD analysis confirms the anatase structure of titanium dioxide particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the performance of AL-MMC-based hydrodynamic journal bearing is analyzed by using various samples of lubricants type 24, 25, and 26 with added different concentrations of nanoparticles such as TiO2. The material used in the manufacturing of the Hydrodynamic Bearing is Al metal matrix composite i.e. Al and Zrb2. The important parameters considered while selecting a lubricant are viscosity, density, and additives in the lubricant. Nano-particles of TiO2 are used as additives in the lubricant to improve its tribo-mechanical properties like friction and heat generation, pressure distribution, lubricant film thickness, etc. To investigate the above tribological properties, the CFD tool is used. The effect of addition of Nano-particles to the lubricant gives optimized result of the HDJB such as pressure and load-carrying capacity in the terms of deformation and equivalent stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Titania nanosheets (TNS) represent 2D photocatalytic material, which can strongly bind with metal nanoparticles, and, therefore, materials based on it are promising in the development of reusable substrates for reproducible SERS. In the present research, titania nanosheets were obtained during cesium titanate exfoliation. Silver nanoparticles were deposited on the surface of nanosheets via AgNO3 solution reduction. The synthesis of the substrates with optimized parameters allows achieving an enhancement coefficient of up to 1.9 × 106 and the ability to detect molecules of rhodamine 6G with concentration of 10−8 M. Moreover, the obtained substrates show highly reproducible signals throughout the surface. Due to the photocatalytic properties of titania, the surface of the substrates can be cleaned after SERS measurement by UV irradiation, and the substrates can be used repeatedly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]