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In the past 20 years, European integration has led to a Europeanization of migration flows. With the 2002 Agreement on the Free Movement of Persons, Switzerland became part of an area where borders present few obstacles to people’s movement. Already before World War I, Switzerland was characterized by a liberal migration policy, leading to substantial migration flows from neighbouring countries. Despite this, most research focuses on the period after World War II, and no study has compared the current liberal migration regime with its antecedent, although the two cases provide similar macro-contextual conditions for European migrants. This case study on German migration flows to Switzerland provides a better understanding of intra-European migration dynamics by asking whether – in the context of the free movement of persons – international migration can be conceptualized as an extension of internal migration, and when, how and for whom the national or the regional scale matters? The analysis of the period before World War I relies on secondary literature and the statistical yearbook of Switzerland; for more recent migration flows, we rely on datasets provided by the Swiss Federal Statistical Office. Our analyses confirm the importance of the legal setting for the demographic evolution induced by migration flows of the population from neighbouring European countries. At the same time, we find evidence that international migration at the beginning of the 20th century as well as some specific flows at the beginning of the 21st century can be conceptualised as an extension of internal migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses Experimental field of Europeanization, which includes Apple of contention, power center, melting pot Real laboi of restructuring, Wanne-Eickel was at an underpass until 2008 a bronze plaque near the main train station in memory of a train driver named Fritz von der Höh.

The present research article focuses on the description of the dynamics of Europeanization of two fundamental concepts of Georgian property law and the law of obligations—acquisition of a thing from a non-authorized alienator and the unified concept of breach of obligation—in the context of reception of German law. At the historical stage of formation of the Civil Code of Georgia (CCG), focusing on the conceptual framework of German civil law, the German law, in its turn, was an integral part of the Europeanization process. Hence, Europeanization influenced the development of Georgian civil law through the reception of German law. When referring to the reception of German law in this article we simultaneously mean the process of Europeanization of Georgian civil law, which penetrated not directly but rather through the reception of European (in this case, German) codification. The ongoing reform of Georgian civil law inevitably requires its legal harmonization with EU codifications in the context of central paradigms of acquisition of a thing from a non-authorized alienator and the unified concept of breach of obligation. Analysis of the dynamics and often contradictory root of the Europeanization of Georgian private law will enable scholars and legislators conduct legal approximation process on the basis of research-based recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on issues over the economic control of Saarbruecken, Germany, the mill town capital of the Saar territory. It notes that the town hopes to become the capital of a united Europe. It tells that Saarbruecken, which stands between France and West Germany, can then serves as a bridge for Franco-German understanding. However, it infers that France may would not give up its hold on Saarland economy, whose steel and coal keep the former on an equal industrial power with West Germany.

The article focuses on art and artists in Turkey in the 21st century. It comments on the influence reformer Kemal Ataturk had on the increasing Europeanization of Turkey after he founded modern Turkey in 1923 and talks about concerns that Turkey will become more conservative under prime minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan, head of the Justice and Development Party. It mentions the influence these tensions have had on Turkish artists such as Kutlug Ataman, and also talks about the creation of the art museum Istanbul Modern, which prime minister Erdogan insisted be completed ahead of schedule. It also comments on the effect Turkey's economic growth has had on its art scene, and states museums have become status symbols for ultrarich Turkish families such as the Kocs, Sabancis, and Eczacibasis.

The author discusses aspects of the relationship between Germany and Poland as well as concerns on their possible Europeanisation.

The author discusses aspects of the Europeanisation of Russia's city of Kaliningrad.

The article discusses political developments in Great Britain as of September 2015, particularly the possibility of recovery of the Labour party following its defeat in the election. Also cited are the alleged Europeanisation of British politics, the Labour's failure to tackle the issue of nationalism in Scotland, and the rejection by voters of the Liberal and Labour's stand on metropolitan liberalism.

The Federal Constitutional Court (FCC) started to deal with European integration in the 1970s. Over the past forty years it has produced quite a long line of jurisprudence on different aspects of European integration and the Europeanization of the national legal order. Though the political, economic and institutional circumstances have shifted from the protection of human rights to the protection of the democratic institutions of the nation state and the maintenance of the Union's legal order, the cornerstones of the Court's approach to European integration have remained unaltered: national legislation as a basis of European integration, the principle of conferral as an emanation of national sovereignty and the maintenance of the national constitutional identity (constitutional law based approach). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of 'agencification' the EU (regulatory) agencies have become an essential part of the implementation of EU law by delegation of regulatory powers, even if the agency as such has not been institutionalised in the Treaties yet. In its long-awaited judgment C- 270/12 the CJEU clarified the requirements of the delegation of market intervention powers to EU agencies by reinterpretation of the Meroni doctrine in the context of Lisbon primary law. The Court also declared that the internal market harmonisation clause of Article 114 TFEU can be proper primary legal basis for delegation of powers to take direct EU level measures directed at individual market participants in case of extraordinary market circumstances. The sector-neutral reasoning of the judgment could be applied in the case of network industries as well. In light of the further 'mushrooming' of EU agencies as well as the Europeanisation of former national administrative powers, however, the institutionalisation of (regulatory) agencies in the Treaties seems to be necessary just as before the judgment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Public Service Obligation (PSO) is a legal tool that allowsmaintaining air services deemed socially necessary but which cannot be provided commercially. However, under the current regulatory framework, there is an open question: should States' intervention be limited to providing minimum-level, lifeline service, or be extended to organizing transport of convenience? The issue goes beyond the economic consequences of interventionist policy, but touches on the sensitive issue of States' competences in the sphere of public services in the context of the ongoing process of 'Europeanization' of this domain. This paper provides an analysis of the current regulatory framework from the standpoint of the division of competences between the European Union andMember States, as well as its impact on the sector's competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Europeanization, from a legal point of view, denotes the process by which national rules and structures are influenced by EU law and case law. Administrative law is a crucial field of law affected by the EU.The general principles of administrative law, developed in all Member States to safeguard the adherence to the rule of law by the government, are no exception to this. By examining the principle of legitimate expectations in two Member States, namely the Netherlands and the United Kingdom, this article reviews to what extent national legal principles have been influenced by the case law of the CJEU and whether the Court's interpretation is reflected in the corresponding national legal principles. This assessment is compared to the principle of legitimate expectations as developed by the CJEU, after which the influence of the Court on the possible (dis)similarities is discussed. In the second part, this paper reflects on the theory of legal autonomy and its portrayal of the Court as an integration actor, and its relation to the influence of the CJEU on the interpretation of legal principles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turkey's Europeanization process has lost its dynamism since late 2005 at least partly because of the EU's ambiguous attitude toward Turkish membership, which damaged the EU's credibility and therefore the legitimacy underpinning its policy of democracy promotion. This article critically examines the evolution of Turkey's accession to the EU, and the latter's performance in democracy promotion. After a brief review of EU formal reports and declarations, the article analyzes the main shortcomings in Turkey's democratization-cum-Europeanization process. It argues that the evolving nature of EU expectations, its perceived double standards, and growing opposition of some Western European countries to Turkey's accession contributed to the weakening of EU's democracy promotion in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Through his thorough and serious look at procedures stemming from the series of NATO summits, the author re-evaluates NATO's position and calls for the dramatic change needed to effect the necessary European emancipation in a rapidly changing world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Is NATO in the process of becoming more European? If so, it is less a result of positive desire of Europeans to control NATO than one of American political and military withdrawal. We would seem therefore to be passing from a post-American Alliance to a Europe-centred NATO, but this process of Europeanisation requires Europeans to develop a coherent political position and to make a marked improvement in their military and capability commitments. Here is the thesis presented by the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

NATO-EU cooperation almost came to a halt after 2004. This article scrutinizes the evolution of NATO-EU cooperation and argues that the major problem with regard to this cooperation cooperation goes beyond the vetoes by Turkey and Cyprus. Rather, there is a deeper and historically embedded dynamic at play: the traditional divide between Europeanists and Transatlanticists and how this leads to a decoupling in NATO. An understanding on the part of the Europeanist Allies that they also have commitments towards NATO is needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the language of harmonisation, Europeanisation and unspoken premises within the European Union (EU) regulations. It examines the manifestation of individual rules within the said regulations and the consequences surrounding the original measure. It explores the scope and history of these regulations and the approach of service relying on legal fictions.

The article presents the last part of a series on the history, structure and challenges of gambling regulation in Switzerland. It focuses on the various challenges to the Swiss regulatory system at the national and international levels, according to their origin and dynamics. Also tackled are issues related to gambling regulation such as sustainability, possible Europeanization of gambling and maintaining Swiss operators' competitiveness in an integrated international system, among others.

The article focuses on the Europeanization of the administrative procedures concerning environmental protection in Spain. It discusses the nature and limitation of the provisions in Spanish Law including the right to access to information, access to justice related to environmental issues, and public participation. It also mentions the provisions for the assessment of the impact of environmental projects and liability of the citizens on environmental matters.

Building on the notion of strategic culture, this article substantiates the existence of a historical tension between Europeanism, continentalism and internationalism in Canadian foreign policy. We explore this basic tension at the conceptual level, but also through the positions taken by governments and political parties since World War II. We note that, by aligning itself on Washington, the Conservative government of Stephen Harper (2006-2009) is the first to privilege continentalism exclusively and at the expense of other perspectives. While the decline of Europeanism seems inevitable, the anticipated resilience of Canada's strategic culture leads us to question this attempt at transforming Canadian foreign policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses developments in and the role of narrative for Swiss history teaching materials. The impact of globalization and Europeanization on nations and regions is described, and various ways of organizing historical information about Switzerland are examined. The differences between a historiographic focus on regional cantons as opposed to a national perspective are discussed. Further information is provided concerning 19th century historiographical narratives, and note is taken of the relations between Swiss views on freedom and on cultural identity.

Since the 1990s, Turkey has witnessed the emergence of both rapid industrialization and an opening up to the globe in the cities of the Anatolia region, also known as the "Anatolian Tigers". There is another Turkey beyond Istanbul and Ankara, one that is not backward as is commonly assumed. It remains quite fragmented, and while there is poverty and regional inequality, there is also dynamism. The Europeanization process of Turkey has been instrumental in these cities' growth, but today, due to conditions of the world economy, they are looking towards the Middle East and Africa to expand their businesses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the parallel evolution of the foreign policies of Turkey and the European Union. It assesses to what extent it is possible to make compatible Turkey's role as a regional power with EU's plans of becoming a global and united international actor. The concept of 'Europeanising Turkey's Foreign Policy' appears as an interesting option and the article attempts to apply it to the policies towards the Balkans, Russia, Central Asia and the Middle East. Hence, several ideas are proposed in order to increase the compatibilities between both foreign policies and obtaining mutual benefits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information about ARCO contemporary art fair that starts as a symbol of modernity in the Madrid de la Movida, Spain and has witnessed the evolution of a country in which art collecting is an indicator of Europeanisation. It mentions that Juana de Aizpuru to Maribel López passing through Rosina Gómez Baeza, Lourdes Fernández and Carlos Urroz for determining management styles.

The article discusses the human resource information systems (HRIS) trends in Europe and Europeanisation. Topics include the trends that affect business in Europe such as the European Monetary Union (EMU) and labour legislation, a survey by PricewaterhouseCoopers, a professional services network, on the view of HR executives on issues that are important in the HR department such as quality of management, and the implementation of HRIS in Great Britain.

The article focuses on the Europeanization of the city of Strasbourg, the largest port for exports of France. The city would have found it impossible to seek better-paying jobs in the neighboring German river towns of Kehl and Offenburg twenty years ago along with the involvement of complicated visa forms and meticulous custom searches in vacation trips across the Rhine. The plans of the city for the year 2000 are based purely on projected French developments despite discussions of city planners on development problems as new bridges and garbage-disposal plants. Mayor Pierre Pflimlin notes the ability of the people in the region, German and French, to build and plan their lives without considering a major war.

The author expresses the opinion that U.S. President Barack Obama will take a European perspective on issues such as national health care, higher education, and environmental policies. The government spending policy in Sweden and parts of Great Britain is compared to that in the U.S. Labor productivity between the U.S. and Germany is compared to show that American employees work more hours per year.

A survey of media coverage in the run-up to the May European elections shows balkanization, partiality, and failure to engage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As China Westernizes, its residents--from traditional craftsmen to young consumers--find themselves conflicted in their perspective on reculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the strategy of the European Union to change the institution of diplomacy known as Europeanization. It indicates that the European foreign ministries have been expanding the technical nature of foreign policy by increasing staff expertise and incorporating non-diplomatic personnel. It states that the EU has been promoting political collaboration in the national legislations which is considered as the core of Europeanization.

The article explains the International Centre for Policy Studies' (ICPS) new priorities as regard European Integration, and its implication on Ukraine. In 2009, ICPS will focus on fostering democratization and modernization in Ukraine through well-grounded, informed and determined Europeanization. The Centre's achievements in its 14 years of operation are discussed.

The article presents journalists' opinions on recent happenings in Macedonia. According to one journalist, the stoppage of the Europeanization should not be an important issue. One journalist says that the Government should soon apply the leveling of the sanctions in accordance with the economic power. One journalist comments on a book about Albanian dictator "Enver Hoxha," by Blendi Favziu.

The article contends that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) took a step toward Europeanization when it postponed the approval of two crops that will aid farmers control weed and produce more food. The author claims that at the core of the controversy lies two herbicides, dicamba and 1,4-D. Environmentalists complained that the launch of the crops will result in the overuse of two herbicides. The author appeals for a return to sensible, science-based regulations.

The article focuses on Euroscepticism in Great Britain's farming communities. It states that the United Kingdom Independence Party, which campaigns to leave the European Union (EU), obtained its best results in Lincolnshire in the 2010 election, outside of Buckingham. It mentions farmer complaints over EU farm regulations and the influx of inexpensive Eastern European labor. It comments that a sense of tradition and place is behind the resistance of rural areas to Europeanization.

The article focuses on Bangalore, India, a cantonement built by the British to keep an eye on the city of Mysore, India. Bangalore was European in its orientation, with wide roads, bungalows and churches, where everyone spoke English. The administrative map of India was re-drawn in 1956 on a linguistic basis with Bangalore finding itself the capital of a new Kannada state.

The author discusses the economic situation of the U.S. He cites that the country's increasing budget deficit will result in the curtailment of the citizens' freedom and way of life. He also presents the opinion of Milton Friedman that the real rate of taxation is on the government spending. He also claims that U.S. President Barack Obama and the Congress are trying to "Europeanize" the country.

The article discusses the Europeanization of Turkey and examines the political and foreign policies of Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan. Details are provided about Turkey's desire to join the European Union (EU) and its diplomatic relationship with the Middle East. The unrest present in the Turkish AK Party is described and the constitutional changes needed in Turkey before it can become an EU member are explored.

The author discusses the 2008 U.S. presidential election which was won by Barack Obama, and says that the U.S. is moving toward Europeanization, which he considers to be a sign of national decay. The U.S. has a heritage of free speech and religion, as well as tax plans that are meant to be as low as possible, but the election of Obama is a move away from this tradition.

The article focuses on Europeanisation. It imparts that there will come a time that passports in Europe will be supplied uniformly. It cites the television advertising and billboards in 1992 which implies of the establishment of a common European market and a single economy from Jutland to the Algarve and the Aran Islands. It also mentions that slow pace of the Europeanisation of economic, legal and social of institutions will speed up in the 1990s.

The author reflects on the truthfulness of museum exhibits. She examines the accuracy of facts presented in museums and discusses an exhibit about the Africanisation of Ancient Egypt at the Fitzwilliam Museum in Cambridge, England. The tendency of European museums and history textbooks to have biased material is also explored.