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An aerobic Gram-stain-negative, curved rod-shaped and non-spore-forming bacterial strain (NBU2194 T ) was isolated from seawater collected in an intertidal zone in Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, PR China. It was motile though a single polar flagellum and grew at 20-42 °C (optimum, 30 °C), in 0-2.0 % NaCl (0 %, w/v) and at pH 5.0-9.0 (pH 6.0-7.0). The sole respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The major cellular fatty acids were C 16 : 0 , C 16 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 16 : 1  ω 6 c . The polar lipids contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified aminophosphoglycolipids. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and 65 genomic core genes showed that strain NBU2194 T formed a distinct lineage in the family Alteromonadaceae . The genome of strain NBU2194 T was 4 913 533 bp with a DNA G+C content of 43.9 mol% and coded 3895 genes, 12 rRNA genes and 47 tRNA genes. The average nucleotide identity, amino acid identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain NBU2194 T and related species of Alteromonadaceae were below the threshold limit for prokaryotic species delineation. NBU2194 T could be distinguished from other genera in the family Alteromonadaceae based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic characteristics. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic evidence collected in this study, strain NBU2194 T is considered to represent a novel genus and species in the family Alteromonadaceae , for which the name Paraneptunicella aestuarii is proposed. The type strain is NBU2194 T (=KCTC 82442 T =GDMCC 1.2217 T ).

A novel rod-shaped, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic and alginate-degrading marine bacterium, designated CCB-QB4 T , was isolated from a surface of algal turf collected from a coastal area of Penang, Malaysia. The cells showed motility by a lateral flagellum. The rod-shaped cells formed long chains end-to-end. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain CCB-QB4 T showed 94.07, 92.69, 91.52 and 90.90 % sequence similarity to Algibacillus agarilyticus RQJ05 T , Catenovulum maritimum Q1 T , Catenovulum agarivorans YM01 T and Catenovulum sediminis D2 T , respectively. Strain CCB-QB4 T formed a cluster with A. agarilyticus RQJ05 T . Strain CCB-QB4 T was catalase-negative, oxidase-positive, and degraded agar, alginate, and starch. Cell growth was observed at 15-40 °C, at pH 7.0-10.0 and in the presence of 1-6 % (w/v) NaCl and glucose. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω7 c /iso-C 15 : 0 2-OH), C 16 : 0 and C 18 : 1  ω7 c . The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, two unidentified aminolipids, two unidentified glycolipids, an unidentified phospholipid and unidentified lipid. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8. The genomic DNA G+C content was 46.7 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain CCB-BQ4 T represents a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Saccharobesus litoralis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CCB-QB4 T (=JCM 33513 T =CCB-MBL 5008 T ).

Four Gram-stain-negative, catalase- and oxidase-positive, rod-shaped and motile strains (Y26, Y57 T , ZJ14W T and RP18W) were isolated from mariculture fishponds in PR China. Comparisons based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strains Y26 and Y57 T share 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities in the range of 95.1-98.5 % with species of the genus Bowmanella , and strains ZJ14W T and RP18W share 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities in the range of 96.7 -98.8 % with species of the genus Amphritea , respectively. The genome sizes of strains Y26, Y57 T , ZJ14W T and RP18W were about 4.85, 5.40, 4.70 and 4.70 Mbp with 49.5, 51.7, 51.2 and 51.3 mol% G+C content, respectively. The calculated pairwise OrthoANIu values among strains Y26, Y57 T and species of the genus Bowmanella were in the range of 72.6-83.1 %, but the value between strains Y26 and Y57 T was 96.2 %. The pairwise OrthoANIu values among strains ZJ14W T , RP18W and other species of the genus Amphritea were all less than 93.9 %, but the value between strains ZJ14W T and RP18W was 99.3 %. Q-8 was the major respiratory quinone of strains Y26, Y57 T , ZJ14W T and RP18W, and the major fatty acids of these strains were all C 16 : 1 ω7 c , C 16 : 0 and C 18 : 1 ω7 c . The predominant polar lipids of strains Y26 and Y57 T included phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol, but strains ZJ14W T and RP18W only contained phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Combining phenotypic, biochemical and genotypic characteristics, strains Y26 and Y57 T should belong to the same species and represent a novel member of the genus Bowmanella , and strains ZJ14W T and RP18W should belong to the same species and represent a novel member of the genus Amphritea , for which the names Bowmanella yangjiangensis sp. nov. (type strain Y57 T =GDMCC 1.2180 T =KCTC 82439 T ) and Amphritea pacifica sp. nov. (type strain ZJ14W T =GDMCC 1.2203 T =KCTC 82438 T ) are proposed.

Metagenomic analysis of food is becoming more routine and can provide important information pertaining to the shelf life potential and the safety of these products. However, less information is available on the microbiomes associated with low water activity foods. Pine nuts and sesame seeds, and food products which contain these ingredients, have been associated with recalls due to contamination with bacterial foodborne pathogens. The objective of this study was to identify the microbial community of pine nuts and sesame seeds using targeted 16S rRNA sequencing technology. Ten different brands of each seed type were assessed, and core microbiomes were determined. A total of 21 and 16 unique taxa with proportional abundances >1% in at least one brand were identified in the pine nuts and sesame seeds, respectively. Members of the core pine nut microbiome included the genera Alishewanella, Aminivibrio, Mycoplasma, Streptococcus, and unassigned OTUs in the families of Desulfobacteraceae and Xanthomonadaceae. For sesame seeds, the core microbiome included Aminivibrio, Chryseolina, Okibacterium, and unassigned OTUs in the family Flavobacteriaceae. The microbiomes of these seeds revealed that these products are dominated by environmental bacterial genera commonly isolated from soil, water, and plants; bacterial genera containing species known as commensal organisms were also identified. Understanding these microbiomes can aid in the risk assessment of these products by identifying food spoilage potential and community members which may co-enrich with foodborne bacterial pathogens., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Zhacai is a traditional fermented vegetable that has been consumed in China for centuries. It is currently manufactured by spontaneous fermentation and therefore mostly relies on the activities of autochthonous microorganisms. Here, we characterized microbial community dynamics and associated biochemical changes in 12% salted Zhacai during a 90-day spontaneous fermentation process using high-throughput sequencing and chromatography-based approaches to identify associations between microorganisms and fermentation characteristics. Amplicon sequencing targeting bacterial 16S rRNA genes revealed that bacterial communities were dominated by halophilic bacteria (HAB, i.e., Halomonas and Idiomarina) and lactic acid bacteria (LAB, i.e., Lactobacillus-related genera and Weissella) after 30 days of fermentation. In addition, the relative abundances of the fungal genera Debaryomyces, Sterigmatomyces, and Sporidiobolus increased as fermentation progressed. Concomitantly, pH decreased while titratable acidity increased during fermentation, along with associated variation in biochemical profiles. Overall, the levels of organic acids (i.e., lactic and acetic acid), free amino acids (i.e., alanine, lysine, and glutamic acid), and volatiles (i.e., alcohols, esters, aldehydes, and ketones) increased in mature Zhacai. In addition, the abundances of Lactobacillus-related species, Halomonas spp., Idiomarina loihiensis, as well as that of the yeast Debaryomyces hansenii, were strongly correlated with increased concentrations of organic acids, amino acids, biogenic amines, and volatiles. This study provides new detailed insights into the succession of microbial communities and their potential roles in Zhacai fermentation., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Heavy metal is one of the major factors threatening the survival of microorganisms. Here, a deep-sea bacterium designated Idiomarina sp. OT37-5b possessing strong cadmium (Cd) tolerance was isolated from a typical hydrothermal vent. Both the Cd-resistance and removal efficiency of Idiomarina sp. OT37-5b were significantly promoted by the supplement of cysteine and meanwhile large amount of CdS nanoparticles were observed. Production of H 2 S from cysteine catalysed by methionine gamma-lyase was further demonstrated to contribute to the formation of CdS nanoparticles. Proteomic results showed the addition of cysteine effectively enhanced the efflux of Cd, improved the activities of reactive oxygen species scavenging enzymes, and thereby boosted the nitrogen reduction and energy production of Idiomarina sp. OT37-5b. Notably, the existence of CdS nanoparticles obviously promoted the growth of Idiomarina sp. OT37-5b when exposed to light, indicating this bacterium might grab light energy through CdS nanoparticles. Proteomic analysis revealed the expression levels of essential components for light utilization including electron transport, cytochrome complex and F-type ATPase were significantly up-regulated, which strongly suggested the formation of CdS nanoparticles promoted light utilization and energy production. Our results provide a good model to investigate the uncovered mechanisms of self-photosensitization of nonphotosynthetic bacteria for light-to-chemical production in the deep biosphere., (© 2020 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

A novel Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, coccoid and agar-hydrolysing bacterium, designated RQJ05 T , was isolated from the marine red algae Gelidium amansii collected from the coastal area of Rizhao, PR China. Cells of strain RQJ05 T were approximately 0.8-1.0×1.3-3.0 µm in size and motile by means of a polar flagellum. Growth occurred at 4-33 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), pH 7.0-8.5 (optimum, pH 7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 1.0-7.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.0-3.0 %). Strain RQJ05 T showed oxidase-positive and catalase-negative activities. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain RQJ05 T formed a phylogenetic lineage with members of the family Alteromonadaceae and exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 92.6, 91.3, 90.2 and 90.1 % to Catenovulum maritimum Q1 T , Catenovulum agarivorans YM01 T , Paraphotobacterium marinum NSCS20N07D T and Algicola sagamiensis B-10-31 T , respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of strain RQJ05 T were summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 16 : 1  ω 6 c ), C 16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 18 : 1  ω 6 c ). The major polar lipids of strain RQJ05 T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and two aminophospholipids. Strain RQJ05 T contained Q-8 as the major respiratory quinone. The genomic DNA G+C content was 39.0 mol%. On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, strain RQJ05 T is presented as a representative of a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Algibacillus agarilyticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RQJ05 T (=KCTC 62846 T =MCCC 1H00352 T ).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, straight or curved rod-shaped, non-spore-forming, strictly aerobic, motile bacterium with a single polar flagellum, designated D3211 T , was isolated from marine alga collected at the seashore of Yantai, PR China. The organism grew optimally at 24 °C, pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. Strain D3211 T contained ubiquinone 8 as the major respiratory quinone and C 16 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 16 : 1  ω 6 c , C 16 : 0 , iso-C 17 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 1 B and/or iso-C 17 : 1 I as the major fatty acids. The predominant polar lipids of strain D3211 T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content of strain D3211 T was 39.4 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the novel strain was related most closely to Paraglaciecola arctica BSs20135 T , Paraglaciecola aestuariivivens JDTF-33 T , Paraglaciecola aquimarina KCTC 32108 T , Paraglaciecola mesophila DSM 15026 T , Paraglaciecola psychrophila JCM 13954 T and Paraglaciecola polaris ARK 150 T with 97.6, 97.6, 97.5, 97.4, 97.3 and 97.1 % sequence similarities, respectively. Calculated average nucleotide identity and DNA-DNAhybridization values between strain D3211 T and its phylogenetically related Paraglaciecola species were in the range 70.2-73.4 % and 19.1-20.4 %, respectively. On the basis of polyphasic analyses, strain D3211 T represents a novel species of the genus Paraglaciecola , for which the name Paraglaciecola marina sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D3211 T (=KCTC 72122 T =MCCC 1K03603 T ).

Strain B66 T was isolated from a marine water sample collected at Al Ruwais, located on the northern tip of Qatar. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic and short- rod-shaped with a polar flagellum. The isolate was able to grow at 15-45 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5-11 (optimum, pH 6.5-8) and with 0-6 % NaCl. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain B66 T was affiliated with the family Alteromonadaceae , sharing the highest sequence similarities to the genera Alteromonas (93.7-95.4 %), Aestuariibacter (94.0-95.1 %), Agaribacter (93.3-93.7 %), Glaciecola (92.0-93.7 %), Marisendiminitalea (93.2-93.3 %) and Planctobacterium (92.9 %). In the phylogenetic trees, strain B66 T demonstrated the novel organism formed a distinct lineage closely associated with Aestuariibacter and Planctobacterium . Major fatty acids were C 16 : 0 , summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1   ω 7c /C 16 : 1   ω6 c /iso-C 15 : 0 2-OH and iso-C 15 : 0 3-OH. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 and the major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content derived from the genome was 43.2 mol%. Based on the phenotypic, chemotaxonomic, phylogenetic and genomic data, strain B66 T is considered to represent a novel species and genus for which the name Ningiella ruwaisensis gen. nov., sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is B66 T (=QCC B003/17 T =LMG 30288 T =CCUG 70703 T ).

A salt-tolerant denitrifying bacterium strain F2 was isolated from seawall muddy water in Dalian City, Liaoning Province, China. Strain F2 was identified by morphological observations, physiological and biochemical characteristics and 16 S rDNA identification. The salt tolerance of strain F2 was verified and the factors affecting the removal ability of strain F2 to nitrous nitrogen (NO 2 - N) and nitrate nitrogen (NO 3 - N) in saline conditions were investigated. Strain F2 was identified as Alishewanella sp., named Alishewanella sp. F2. Strain F2 can tolerate NaCl concentrations up to 70 g/L, and its most efficient denitrification capacity was observed at NaCl concentrations of 0-30 g/L. In the medium with NaCl concentrations of 0-30 g/L, strain F2 exhibited high removal efficiencies of NO 2 - N and NO 3 - N, with the removal percentages for both NO 2 - N and NO 3 - N of approximately 99%. In saline conditions with 30 g/L NaCl, the optimum culture pH, NaNO 2 initial concentrations and inoculation sizes of strain F2 were 8-10, 0.4-0.8 g/L and 5-7%, respectively. Strain F2 was highly effective in removing NO 2 - N and NO 3 - N in saline conditions, and it has a good application potential in saline wastewater treatment.

A moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain KX18D6 T , was isolated from the tube of the polychaete Paralvinella hessleri collected from a hydrothermal field located in the Okinawa Trough. Strain KX18D6 T was Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, facultatively anaerobic, motile, oxidase- and catalase-positive, and grew optimally at 30-35 °C, pH 7.0 and in the presence of 3-5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KX18D6 T grouped with the members of the genus Salinimonas , including Salinimonas chungwhensis BH030046 T (97.7 % sequence similarity), Salinimonas lutimaris DPSR-4 T (97.2 %) and Salinimonas sediminis N102 T (96.4 %). Genome sequencing of strain KX18D6 T revealed a genome size of 4.16 Mb and a DNA G+C content of 47.3 mol%. Genomic average nucleotide identity (orthoANI) values of strain KX18D6 T with S. chungwhensis DSM 16280 T , S. lutimaris KCTC 23464 T and S. sediminis N102 T were 76.2, 73.1 and 73.2 %, respectively, while the in silico DNA-DNA hybridization (GGDC) values for strain KX18D6 T with these strains were 25.3, 17.7 and 18.0 %, respectively. The major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω7 c /C 16 : 1  ω6 c ), C 16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1  ω7 c /C 18 : 1  ω6 c ). The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 8, and the predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. On the basis of comparative analysis of phylogenetic, phylogenomic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic characteristics, strain KX18D6 T (=KCTC 72464 T =MCCC 1K03884 T ) is clearly distinguishable from the type strains of species of the genus Salinimonas and is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Salinimonas , for which the name Salinimonas iocasae sp. nov. is proposed.

Three new alkanoyl imidazoles, designated bulbimidazoles A-C ( 1 - 3 ), were found from the culture extract of the gammaproteobacterium Microbulbifer sp. DC3-6 isolated from a stony coral of the genus Tubastraea . The absolute configuration of the anteiso -methyl substitution in 1 was established to be a mixture of ( R )- and ( S )-configurations in a ratio of 9:91 by applying the Ohrui-Akasaka method. Compounds 1 - 3 displayed unique broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria and fungi with MICs ranging from 0.78 to 12.5 μg/mL. They also exhibited cytotoxicity toward P388 murine leukemia cells with IC 50 in the micromolar range.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium with peritrichous flagella, designated strain HB161719 T , was isolated from coastal sand collected from Tanmen Port in Hainan, PR China. The isolate was found to grow with 2-11 % (w/v) NaCl, at 15-45 °C and pH 6.0-10.0, with an optima of 2-3 % NaCl, 37 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. Chemotaxonomic analysis showed that Q-8 was detected as the sole respiratory quinone and that iso-C 15 : 0 and summed features 3, 8 and 9 were the major cellular fatty acids. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 58.2 mol%. Analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of the strain showed an affiliation with the genus Microbulbifer , sharing 98.7, 98.4, 97.8 and 97.8 % sequence similarities to the closest relatives of Microbulbifer okinawensis ABABA23 T , Microbulbifer pacificus SPO729 T , Microbulbifer taiwanensis CC-LN1-12 T and Microbulbifer gwangyangensis GY2 T , respectively. Low DNA-DNA hybridization values showed that it formed a distinct genomic species. The combined phenotypic and molecular features supported that strain HB161719 T represents a novel species of the genus Microbulbifer , for which the name Microbulbifer harenosus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HB161719 T (=CGMCC 1.13584 T =JCM 32688 T ).

Polyphasic taxonomic analysis was performed to characterize a novel bacterium, which was isolated from surface sediment of the Terra Nova Bay, Antarctica, and designated as R04H25 T . The cells of the isolate were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile, slightly curved rods. Growth occurred at 4-42 °C, pH 7.0-9.5, and in 1-15 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain R04H25 T formed an independent lineage within the genus Pseudidiomarina and its nearest neighbours were Pseudidiomarina donghaiensis 908033 T (98.2 %), Pseudidiomarina marina PIM1 T (98.1 %), Pseudidiomarina woesei W11 T (97.8 %), Pseudidiomarina maritima 908087 T (97.1 %) and Pseudidiomarina tainanensis PIN1 T (97.0 %). The average nucleotide identities between strain R04H25 T and the nearest neighbours were 76.2-77.7 %. The major fatty acids were iso-C 17 : 0 , summed feature 9, iso-C 15 : 0 , C 16 : 0 and iso-C 11 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipids comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, an unidentified aminophospholipid, three unidentified glycolipids and two unidentified lipids. The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 8. The genomic DNA G+C content was 48.2 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic, physiological and chemotaxonomic results, we propose a novel species named as Pseudidiomarina gelatinasegens sp. nov. in the genus Pseudidiomarina , with the type strain R04H25 T (=GDMCC 1.1503 T =KCTC 62911 T ).

A novel non-pigmented, Gram-stain-negative, motile by means of a polar flagellum, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterium, designated HMF8227 T , was isolated from solar saltern sediment sampled at Shinan, Republic of Korea. The isolate was able to grow at 15-42 °C (optimum, 37 °C), at pH 6-8 (pH 7) and with 0.5-12 % NaCl (2-5 %). Strain HMF8227 T was positive for hydrolysis of starch and dextrin. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain HMF8227 T was affiliated with the family Alteromonadaceae , sharing the highest sequence similarities to the genera Salinimonas (93.0-94.4 %), Aestuariibacter (92.0-94.2 %) , Alteromonas (92.0-93.6 %) and Lacimicrobium (93.6 %). In the phylogenetic trees, strain HMF8227 T formed an independent clade with Lacimicrobium alkaliphilum X13M-12 T . The major fatty acids were C 16 : 0 , summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 ω 7 c and/or C 16 : 1 ω 6 c ) and summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1 ω 7 c and/or C 18 : 1 ω 6 c ). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major polar lipids are phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified aminolipid and two unidentified glycolipids. The DNA G+C content of the genomic DNA was 52.1 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic characterizations, strain HMF8227 T represents a novel species and genus within the family Alteromonadaceae , for which the name Saliniradius amylolyticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain being HMF8227 T (=KCTC 62462 T =NBRC 113230 T ).

Strain GS-14 T was isolated from a mangrove sediment sample collected at Beilun Estuary National Nature Reserve, Guangxi Province, PR China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic and rod-shaped with a polar flagellum. Optimal growth occurred in the presence of 3-6 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 6-8 and at a temperature of 37 °C. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) was the sole respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids (>10 % of the total fatty acids) were summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1 ω7 c and/or C 16 : 1 ω6 c ) and C 16 : 0 . The DNA G+C content was 47.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain GS-14 T had the highest sequence similarity to Aestuariibacter aggregatus WH169 T (96.63 %), Aliiglaciecola coringensis AK49 T (96.56 %) and Alteromonas lipolytica JW12 T (96.22 %). In addition, the OrthoANIu value and dDDH values calculated from the genomes of strain GS-14 T and A. aggregatus WH169 T were 79.5 and 21.9 %, respectively. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic results, strain GS-14 T is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Marisediminitalea mangrovi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Marisediminitalea mangrovi is GS-14 T (=KCTC 72401 T =MCCC 1K03622 T ). Because Aestuariibacter aggregatus WH169 T clustered with strain GS-14 T in the phylogenetic trees and was clearly separated from the two species within the genus Aestuariibacter , it is reclassified as a member of the genus Marisediminitalea as Marisediminitalea aggregata comb. nov. (type strain WH169 T =CGMCC 1.8995 T =LMG 25283 T ). The type species of the genus Marisediminitalea is Marisediminitalea aggregata gen. nov., comb. nov.

A comparative analysis of the two type strains of Pseudidiomarina maritima 908087 T and Pseudidiomarina tainanensis PIN1 T was performed to examine their taxonomic relationship. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of P. maritima 908087 T shared a high similarity (99.8 %) with that of P. tainanensis PIN1 T . The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains formed a tight cluster within the genus Pseudidiomarina . Whole genomic comparison between the two strains revealed a digital DNA-DNA hybridization estimate of 75.8 % and an average nucleotide identity value of 97.3 %, strongly indicating that they represented a single species. In addition, the strains did not display any striking differences in their metabolic, physiological or chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, we propose that Pseudidiomarina maritima is a later heterotypic synonym of Pseudidiomarina tainanensis .

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated OISW-25 T , was isolated from seawater in Republic of Korea. Strain OISW-25 T grew optimally at 25 °C and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain OISW-25 T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of Colwellia species. Strain OISW-25 T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.5, 97.2 and 97.1 % to the type strains of C. piezophila , C. maris and C. psychrerythraea , respectively, and of 93.6-96.6 % to the type strains of the other Colwellia species. The average nucleotide identity values between strain OISW-25 T and C. piezophila ATCC BAA-637 T and two non-type strains of C. psychrerythraea were 78.16-79.35 % and DNA-DNA relatedness value of strain OISW-25 T with the type strain of C . maris was 17 %. The DNA G+C content of strain OISW-25 T was 39.2 mol% (HPLC) or 38.7 mol% (genome data). Strain OISW-25 T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 16 : 1  ω 6 c ) and C 16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids of strain OISW-25 T were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Distinguished phenotypic properties, along with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain OISW-25 T is distinct from Colwellia species. On the basis of the data presented, strain OISW-25 T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia , for which the name Colwellia ponticola sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is OISW-25 T (=KCTC 62426 T =NBRC 113187 T ).

Colwellia sp. Arc7-635, a psychrophilic denitrifying bacterium isolated from Arctic seawater, uses NO 3 - or NH 4 + as the sole nitrogen source to grow at low temperatures. In this article, we describe the complete genome of Colwellia sp. Arc7-635. The genome has one circular chromosome of 4,741,350 bp (38.41 mol% G+C content), consisting of 3841 coding genes, 91 tRNA genes, as well as seven rRNA operons of 16S-23S-5S rRNA, and one operon of 16S-23S-5S-5S rRNA. According to the genomic annotation results, strain Colwellia sp. Arc7-635 encodes a complete denitrifying pathway consisting of genes affiliated with nitrate reductase, nitrite reductase, nitric oxide reductase, and nitrous oxide reductase. Genes affiliated with nitrate reduction to ammonia including nitrate reductases (NapA and NapB) and nitrite reductases (NirA, NirB, and NirD) were also identified. The whole genome sequences of Arc7-635 provide information that is useful for further clarifying nitrogen metabolisms and facilitate its potential applications in the bioremediation of nitrogen pollutions.

A Gram-stain-negative, motile, non-spore-forming, aerobic and rod-shaped bacterial strain, Soil36-7 T , was isolated from an in situ enriched hydrocarbon-degrading consortium in South China Sea sediment. Strain Soil36-7 T grew at 4-40 °C (optimum 28-32 °C), at pH 5-10 (pH 7-8) and in the presence of 1-12 % (w/v) NaCl (3-6 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences and a genome-based approach using UBCGs (up-to-date bacterial core genes) showed Soil36-7 T formed a distinct branching lineage within the family Alteromonadaceae. 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity was 92.9, 92.1 and >88.3 % between strain Soil36-7 T and the type species of the genera Marinobacter, Tamilnaduibacter and the other genera of the family Alteromonadaceae, respectively. The major fatty acids in Soil36-7 T were C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω6/7c, C16 : 0 10-methyl, C18 : 1ω7c, C12 : 0 and C18 : 0. The predominant respiratory quinone was Q-9, with a minor amount of Q-10 (3.5 %). The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, and various unidentified glycolipids, phospholipids, aminophospholipids and other polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 57.9 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic, genomic, phenotypic and chemotaxanomic characteristics, strain Soil36-7 T could be classified as representing a novel species of a new genus within the family Alteromonadaceae, for which the name Hydrocarboniclastica marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of the type species is Soil36-7 T (=MCCC 1A12105 T =KCTC 62334 T ).

Alkyl quinolones (AQs) are multifunctional bacterial secondary metabolites generally known for their antibacterial and algicidal properties. Certain representatives are also employed as signalling molecules of Burkholderia strains and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The marine Gammaproteobacterium Microbulbifer sp. HZ11 harbours an AQ biosynthetic gene cluster with unusual topology but does not produce any AQ-type metabolites under laboratory conditions. In this study, we demonstrate the potential of strain HZ11 for AQ production by analysing intermediates and key enzymes of the pathway. Moreover, we demonstrate that exogenously added AQs such as 2-heptyl-1(H)-quinolin-4-one (referred to as HHQ) or 2-heptyl-1-hydroxyquinolin-4-one (referred to as HQNO) are brominated by a vanadium-dependent haloperoxidase (V-HPO HZ11 ), which preferably is active towards AQs with C5-C9 alkyl side chains. Bromination was specific for the third position and led to 3-bromo-2-heptyl-1(H)-quinolin-4-one (BrHHQ) and 3-bromo-2-heptyl-1-hydroxyquinolin-4-one (BrHQNO), both of which were less toxic for strain HZ11 than the respective parental compounds. In contrast, BrHQNO showed increased antibiotic activity against Staphylococcus aureus and marine isolates. Therefore, bromination of AQs by V-HPO HZ11 can have divergent consequences, eliciting a detoxifying effect for strain HZ11 while simultaneously enhancing antibiotic activity against other bacteria., (© 2019 Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-flagellated, non-motile bacterium, designated strain WRN-8 T , was isolated from marine sediment of the Yellow Sea, China (36° 5' 33'' N, 121° 20' 37'' E). Colonies of strain WRN-8 T were 0.2-0.3 µm wide, 2.1-2.8 µm long, catalase-positive and oxidase-positive. Colonies on marine agar solid media were circular, wet, smooth, light yellow and approximately 1.3 mm in diameter. Growth occurred optimally at 33-37 °C, pH 7.0-7.5 and in the presence of 2-4 % NaCl (w/v). Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene indicated that strain WRN-8 T is a member of the genus Microbulbifer within the family Microbulbiferaceae, and the closest described neighbour in terms of 16S rRNA gene sequence identity is Microbulbifer aestuariivivens KCTC 52569 T (98.1 %). The major respiratory quinone of strain WRN-8 T is Q-8, its predominant fatty acids are iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C11 : 03-OH and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), and its major polar lipids are phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, glycolipid, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified lipid. The draft genome obtained in this study was 3 643 020 bp, and the G+C content was 59.2 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization (<46.3 %) and average nucleotide identity (<86.7 %) values between strain WRN-8 T and the closest-related recognized Microbulbifer species confirmed the novelty of this new species. Therefore, we propose a novel species in the genus Microbulbifer to accommodate the novel isolate: Microbulbifer flavimaris sp. nov. (type strain WRN-8 T =KCTC 42989 T =ACCC 19926 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-motile and coccus-shaped bacterium (THG-3.7 T ) was isolated from seawater. Growth occurred at 10-30 °C (optimum 25 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum 7) and in the presence of 1-8 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 4 %). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the nearest phylogenetic neighbours of strain THG-3.7 T were identified as Paraglaciecola mesophila DSM 15026 T (95.3 % similarity), Glaciecola pallidula DSM 14239 T (95.2 %), Paraglaciecola aquimarina KCTC 32108 T (95.1 %), Paraglaciecola arctica KACC 14537 T (94.9 %), Glaciecola nitratireducens KCTC 12276 T (94.7 %) and Paraglaciecola psychrophila CGMCC 1.6130 T (94.7 %). 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities among strain THG-3.7 T and other species were lower than 94.7 %. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified lipid and one unidentified aminolipid. The quinone system was composed of Q-8. The major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH). The DNA G+C content of strain THG-3.7 T was 47.9 mol%. On the basis of the data presented, strain THG-3.7 T represents a novel species of the genus Glaciecola, for which the name Glaciecola amylolytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is THG-3.7 T (=KACC 19478 T =CCTCC AB 2017258 T ).

This study analyses the induction and repression of nitrate reduction activity in a batch culture of Idiomarina strain cos21. On a change from aerobic to anaerobic respiration, the culture entered a stationary phase. The onset of this phase showed 3.75 fold increase in mRNA levels for the nitrate reductase enzyme. mRNA accumulated very rapidly during a short period, after which its overall concentration declined to reach a lower value. The level of nitrite reductase protein reached a maximum value at 36 h of growth when the oxygen concentration dropped below 10 µM. The data set provided here confer new insights into the understanding of the physiological response of Idiomarina strain cos21 to change in oxygen concentration allowing the bacterium to survive and adapt to a new environment by dissimilatory reduction of nitrate to nitrite, which serves to provide energy as the bacteria adapt to anaerobiosis. Main strategy used here is to induce, measure, and track the expression of microbial genes, while they grow in culture conditions to better mimic interaction in a natural environment. This study will help us with a better understanding of the nitrate reduction process in the oxygen minimum zone.

A cold-adapted, piezophilic, slightly halophilic bacterium, designated as N102 T , was isolated from a deep-sea (4700 m) sediment sample collected from the New Britain Trench. Strain N102 T was Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, oxidase- and catalase-positive, and grew optimally at 28 °C (range, 4-40 °C), pH 7.0-7.5 (range, 6.0-9.0) and 3-4 %(w/v) NaCl (range, 2-15 %). The optimum pressure for growth was 10 MPa with tolerance up to 70 MPa. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain N102 T was most closely related to Alteromonas addita R10SW13 T (97.2 %), Alteromonas stellipolaris LMG 21861 T (97.1 %), Alteromonas gracilis 9a2 T (97.1 %), Salinimonas lutimaris DPSR-4 T (96.1 %) and Salinimonas chungwhensis BH030046 T (95.4 %). Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene, gyrB gene and whole-genome sequences placed strain N102 T within the genus Salinimonas. Genomic comparisons based on average nucleotide identity and tetranucleotide signature frequencies corroborated the results of the phylogenetic analyses. The principal fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c/C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω7c/C18 : 1ω6c). The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 8. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospholipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 48.2 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and molecular data, we conclude that strain N102 T represents a novel species of the genus Salinimonas, for which the name Salinimonassediminis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain N102 T =MCCC 1K03497 T =KCTC 62440 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic, curved-rod bacterium, designated as strain 2p52 T , was isolated from the marine algae Gracilaria blodgettii collected off the coast of Lingshui county, in Hainan province, China. Strain 2p52 T grew at 15-42 °C (optimally at 30-33 °C), at pH 6.0-10.0 (7.5-8.0) and in the presence of 1.0-8.0 % (w/v) NaCl (2.0-3.0 %). The most closely related species was Agaribacter marinus (96.5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity). Phylogenetic analysis based on the sequence of the 16S rRNA gene revealed that strain 2p52 T belonged to the genus Agaribacter. The novel strain contained phophatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol as the major polar lipids. The predominant isoprenoid quinine was Q-8, and the DNA G+C content was 43.2 mol%. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, C16 : 0, and C18 : 1ω7c. The phenotypic and systematic comparative analyses indicated that the isolate is representative of a novel species of the genus Agaribacter, and the name Agaribacter flavus sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2p52 T (=KCTC 52473 T =MCCC 1H00151 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, short rod-shaped bacterium with a single polar flagellum, designated strain S27-2 T , was isolated from surface seawater from the Indian Ocean. Growth was observed in 0-12.0 % (w/v) NaCl with an optimum of 0.5-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl, pH 6.0-9.0 with an optimum of pH 7.0, and growth temperature of 10-41 °C with an optimum of 25-37 °C. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain S27-2 T belonged to the family Alteromonadaceae and formed a distinct lineage with the type strain of Pseudobowmanella zhangzhouensis. Levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain S27-2 T and members of related genera included in the trees ranged from 86.7 to 93.8 %. Strain S27-2 T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone. The principal fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0 (22.1 %), C16 : 1ω7c/ω6c (22.7 %) and C18 : 1ω7c/ω6c (20.1 %). The polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified phospholipid and two unknown lipids. The G+C content of strain S27-2 T was 43.7 mol%. On the basis of the polyphasic taxonomic evidence presented in this study, strain S27-2 T should be classified as a novel species in a new genus within the family Alteromonadaceae, for which the name Neptunicella marina gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain S27-2 T (= KCTC52335 T =MCCC 1A02149 T ).

Seven xylene-utilizing bacterial strains were isolated from seawater collected off the coast of Japan. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that six isolates were most closely related to the marine bacterial genera Alteromonas, Marinobacter or Aestuariibacter. The sequence of the remaining strain, KU68FT, showed low similarity to the 16S rRNA gene sequences of known bacteria with validly published names, the most similar species being Maricurvus nonylphenolicus strain KU41ET (92.6% identity). On the basis of physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic data, strain KU68FT is suggested to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Cellvibrionaceae of the order Cellvibrionales within the Gammaproteobacteria, for which the name Halioxenophilus aromaticivorans gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Halioxenophilus aromaticivorans is KU68FT (=JCM 19134T = KCTC 32387T). PCR and sequence analysis revealed that strain KU68FT possesses an entire set of genes encoding the enzymes for the upper xylene methyl-monooxygenase pathway, xylCMABN, resembling the gene set of the terrestrial Pseudomonas putida strain mt-2.

A novel bacterial strain, A3 T , was isolated from the intestines of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis collected in Øresund, Denmark. The strain was Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped and facultatively anaerobic, and displayed growth at 5-25 °C (optimum 20 °C), pH 7-9 (optimum at pH 7) and 1-6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 3 %). Furthermore, strain A3 T grew on agar, agarose, κ-carrageenan, alginate and laminarin as sole carbon source. Complete liquefaction of agar and κ-carrageenan was observed on solid plate media as a result of enzymatic activities. Major fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The respiratory quinones were determined to be ubiquinones Q-8 (92 %) and Q-7 (8 %), and polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content was 36.9 mol%. Phylogenetical analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene showed that the bacterium was affiliated with the genus Colwellia within the Alteromonadaceae of the Gammaproteobacteria. The level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between strain A3 T and its closest relatives in the genus Colwellia (C. psychrerythraea ATCC 27364 T and C. asteriadis KMD 002 T ) was 97.5 %. The average nucleotide identity between strain A3 T and other members of Colwellia was 78.6-80.5 %, and DNA-DNA hybridization prediction revealed values of less than 23 % relatedness between strain A3 T and other Colwellia species. The phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses support the hypothesis that strain A3 T represents a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia echini sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is A3 T (=LMG 30125 T =NCIMB 15095 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, facultative anaerobic and oligotrophic, rod-shaped, and motile with single polar flagellum bacterial strain, designed M11-4 T was isolated from mangrove sediment in Yunxiao Mangrove National Nature Reserve, China. Growth was observed at temperatures from 10 to 40 °C (optimum 30 °C), at salinities from 0.5 to 6 % (optimum 2-3 %), and at pH from 5 to 8 (optimum 6). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain M11-4 T shared highest sequence similarity with the genus Marinobacter(92.5-95.0 %) and represented a distinct phylogenetic lineage in the family Alteromonadaceae. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 58.2 mol%. The dominant fatty acids were C16 : 0, C16 : 0 N-alcohol, summed feature 9 (comprising iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 0 10-methyl) and summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c). The predominant respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-9 and the major polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol; phosphatidylethanolamine; phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified aminophospholipid. According to its morphology, physiology, fatty acid composition and 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain M11-4 T should be assigned as a novel species of a novel genus for which the name Mangrovitalea sediminis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Mangrovitalea sediminis is M11-4 T (=MCCC 1K03312 T =JCM 32104 T ).

A Gram stain-negative, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated NB097-1 T , was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from the Bering Sea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain NB097-1 T grew at 0-25 °C, with an optimum growth temperature of 10-13 °C. Phylogenetic trees reconstructed based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain NB097-1 T belonged to the genus Colwellia. Strain NB097-1 T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.6, 98.5, 98.0, 97.2 and 96.8 % with the type strains of Colwellia mytili, C. sediminilitoris, C. aestuarii, C. polaris and C. chukchiensis, respectively. Strain NB097-1 T had Q-8 as the major respiratory quinone and contained summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain NB097-1 T were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain NB097-1 T was 38.5 mol%, and its average nucleotide identity values with the type strains of C. mytili, C. sediminilitoris, C. aestuarii, C. polaris and C. chukchiensis were 77.30, 78.99, 78.82, 80.66 and 75.77 %, respectively. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic properties, together with average nucleotide identity value data, strain NB097-1 T represents a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia beringensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is NB097-1 T (=MCCC 1A11668 T =KCTC 52554 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, singly flagellated, aerobic and coccoid, ovoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated strain JDTF-33 T , was isolated from a tidal flat in Jindo, an island of South Korea. Strain JDTF-33 T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, demonstrated that strain JDTF-33 T belonged to the genus Paraglaciecola, joining the type strain of the species Paraglaciecola aquimarinawith 97.9 % sequence similarity. Strain JDTF-33 T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.1 and 97.0 % to the type strains of Paraglaciecola arctica and Paraglaciecola psychrophila, respectively, and of 96.1-96.6 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Paraglaciecola. Strain JDTF-33 T showed DNA-DNA relatedness values of 11-24 % to the type strains of the species P. aquimarina, P. arctica and Paraglaciecola psychrophila. Strain JDTF-33 T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain JDTF-33 T were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain JDTF-33 T was 41.7 mol%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic data, demonstrate that strain JDTF-33 T is separate from species of the genus Paraglaciecolawith validly published names. On the basis of the data presented, strain JDTF-33 T represents a novel species of the genus Paraglaciecola, for which the name Paraglaciecola aestuariivivens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is JDTF-33 T (=KCTC 52838 T =NBRC 112782 T ).

A novel, rod-shaped, Gram-stain-negative, halophilic and non-motile bacterium, designated CCB-MM1 T , was isolated from a sample of estuarine sediment collected from Matang Mangrove Forest, Malaysia. The cells possessed a rod-coccus cell cycle in association with growth phase and formed aggregates. Strain CCB-MM1 T was both catalase and oxidase positive, and able to degrade starch. Optimum growth occurred at 30 °C and pH 7.0 in the presence of 2-3 % (w/v) NaCl. The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain CCB-MM1 T showed 98.12, 97.46 and 97.33 % sequence similarity with Microbulbifer rhizosphaerae Cs16b T , Microbulbifer maritimus TF-17 T and Microbulbifergwangyangensis GY2 T respectively. Strain CCB-MM1 T and M. rhizosphaerae Cs16b T formed a cluster in the phylogenetic tree. The major cellular fatty acids were iso-C17 : 1 ω9c and iso-C15 : 0, and the total polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphoaminolipid, two unidentified lipids, an unidentified glycolipid and an unidentified aminolipid. The major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8 and the genomic DNA G+C content of the strain was 58.9 mol%. On the basis of the phylogenetic, phenotypic and genotypic data presented here, strain CCB-MM1 T represents a novel species of the genus Microbulbifer, for which the name Microbulbiferaggregans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CCB-MM1 T (=LMG 29920 T =JCM 31875 T ).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, rod-shaped and agar-hydrolysing bacterium, designated D2 T , was isolated from a marine sediment sample collected from the coast of Weihai, China (37° 31' 59″ N 122° 03' 47″ E). The cells were motile by a lateral flagellum. Growth was observed at 10-42 °C, at pH 6.0-9.0 and with 0.5-8 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain D2 T belonged to the genus Catenovulum, appearing closely related to Catenovulum agarivorans YM01 T (96.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity) and Catenovulum maritimumQ1 T (93.9 %). The dominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), C16 : 0 and C10 : 0 3-OH. The polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, two phosphoaminolipids, two unknown lipids and three phospholipids. Ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) was found to be the major respiratory quinone. The DNA G+C content was 40.4 mol%. On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, strain D2 T is presented as a representative of a novel species of the genus Catenovulum, for which the name Catenovulum sediminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is D2 T (=KCTC 42869 T =MCCC 1H00129 T ). An emended description of the genus Catenovulum is also provided.

A novel bacterial strain, S66T, was isolated from eelgrass collected on the coastline of Zealand, Denmark. Polyphasic analyses involving phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic methods were used to characterize strain S66T. The strain was Gram-reaction-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic, and displayed growth at 10-25 °C (optimum 20-25 °C) and at pH 7-9 (optimum pH 7.5). Furthermore, strain S66T grew on seaweed polysaccharides agar, agarose, porphyran, κ-carrageenan, alginate and laminarin as sole carbon sources. Major fatty acids were C16 : 0, C16 : 1ω7c and C18 : 1ω7c. The respiratory quinone was determined to be Q-8, and major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The DNA G+C content was determined to be 42.2 mol%. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene and GyrB sequence comparisons showed that the bacterium was affiliated with the genus Paraglaciecola within the family Alteromonadaceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria. The percentage similarity between the 16S rRNA gene and GyrB sequences of strain S66T and other members of the genus Paraglaciecola were 94-95 % and 84-85 %, respectively. Based on the genome sequence of S66T, the average nucleotide identity (ANI) between strain S66T and other members of the genus Paraglaciecola was 77-80 %, and DNA-DNA hybridization prediction showed values of less than 24 % relatedness, respectively, between S66T and other species of the genus Paraglaciecola. The phenotypic, phylogenetic and genomic analyses support the hypothesis that strain S66T represents a novel species of the genus Paraglaciecola, for which the name Paraglaciecola hydrolytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is S66T (=LMG 29457T=NCIMB 15060T=DSM 102834T).

A novel Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic, yellowish and agar-digesting marine bacterium, designated strain QM50T, was isolated from coastal seawater in an aquaculture site near Qingdao, China. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that the isolate represented a member of the genus Colwellia and exhibited the highest sequence similarity (97.4 %) to Colwellia aestuarii SMK-10T. Average nucleotide identity (ANI) values based on draft genome sequences between strain QM50T and C. aestuarii KCTC 12480T showed a relatedness of 72.0 % (ANIb) and 85.1 % (ANIm). Cells of strain QM50T were approximately 0.3-0.6×0.8-2.5 µm in size and motile by means of a polar flagellum. Growth occurred in the presence of 1.0-6.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.0-3.0 %), at pH 6.5-8.5 (optimum, pH 7.0) and at 4-37 °C (optimum, 28-30 °C). Strain QM50T was found to contain ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH), C16 : 0 and C17 : 1ω8c as the main cellular fatty acids. Phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol were found to be major polar lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain QM50T was determined to be 35.7 mol%. On the basis of phylogenetic and phenotypic data, strain QM50T represents a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia agarivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is QM50T (=KCTC 52273T=MCCC 1H00143T).

Plant-derived protein sources are the most relevant substitutes for fishmeal in aquafeeds. Nevertheless, the effects of plant based diets on the intestinal microbiome especially of juvenile Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are yet to be fully investigated. The present study demonstrates, based on 16S rDNA bacterial community profiling, that the intestinal microbiome of juvenile Rainbow trout is strongly affected by dietary plant protein inclusion levels. After first feeding of juveniles with either 0%, 50% or 97% of total dietary protein content derived from plants, statistically significant differences of the bacterial gut community for the three diet-types were detected, both at phylum and order level. The microbiome of juvenile fish consisted mainly of the phyla Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Fusobacteria and Actinobacteria, and thus fits the salmonid core microbiome suggested in previous studies. Dietary plant proteins significantly enhanced the relative abundance of the orders Lactobacillales, Bacillales and Pseudomonadales. Animal proteins in contrast significantly promoted Bacteroidales, Clostridiales, Vibrionales, Fusobacteriales and Alteromonadales. The overall alpha diversity significantly decreased with increasing plant protein inclusion levels and with age of experimental animals. In order to investigate permanent effects of the first feeding diet-type on the early development of the microbiome, a diet change was included in the study after 54 days, but no such effects could be detected. Instead, the microbiome of juvenile trout fry was highly dependent on the actual diet fed at the time of sampling.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, aerobic and coccoid or rod-shaped bacterium, designated GHTF-23T, was isolated from a tidal flat of the South Sea, South Korea. GHTF-23T grew optimally at 37 °C, at pH 6.5-7.5 and in the presence of 2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. In the neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, GHTF-23T fell within the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Microbulbifer. GHTF-23T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 97.1-97.9 % to the type strains of Microbulbifer salipaludis, Microbulbifer hydrolyticus, Microbulbifer elongatus, Microbulbifer mangrovi and Microbulbifer yueqingensis and 94.5-96.8 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Microbulbifer. GHTF-23T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in GHTF-23T and M. hydrolyticus DSM 11525T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and one unidentified glycolipid. The DNA G+C content of GHTF-23T was 60.1 mol% and its mean DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of M. salipaludis, M. hydrolyticus, M. elongatus, M. mangrovi and M. yueqingensis were 11-31 %. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that GHTF-23T is separated from species of the genus Microbulbifer with validly published names. On the basis of the data presented, GHTF-23T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Microbulbifer, for which the name Microbulbifer aestuariivivenssp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GHTF-23T (=KCTC 52569T=NBRC 112533T).

A novel bacterium, designated as strain AM134T, was isolated from the gut of a purple sea urchin (Heliocidaris crassispina) gathered from the coastal waters of Dokdo, Korea. Strain AM134T was Gram-stain-negative, both catalase- and oxidase-positive, strictly aerobic and showed a rod-coccus cell cycle. Optimum growth occurred at 30 °C, in the presence of 2 % (w/v) NaCl and at pH 7. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis showed that strain AM134T belonged to the genus Microbulbifer in the family Alteromonadaceae and had high 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity (>97 %) with Microbulbifer epialgicus F-104T (98.9 % similarity) and Microbulbifer variabilis Ni-2088T (98.6 % similarity). The polar lipid profile of strain AM134T was composed of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylserine, three unidentified aminophospholipids, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified amino lipid and six unidentified lipids. The major respiratory quinone was identified as ubiquinone-8 (Q-8). The major cellular fatty acids were summed feature 8 (C18 : 1ω6c and/or C18 : 1ω7c) and C16 : 0. The DNA-DNA hybridization analysis showed that the strain shared less than 28 % genomic relatedness with Microbulbifer epialgicus DSM 18651T (27±3 %) and Microbulbifer variabilis ATCC 700307T (15±1 %). The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 56.1 mol%. The results of the phylogenetic, phenotypic and genotypic analyses suggest that strain AM134T represents a novel species in the genus Microbulbifer, for which the name Microbulbifer echini is proposed. The type strain is AM134T (=KACC 18258T=JCM 30400T).

An obligately piezophilic strain was isolated from an amphipod crustacean obtained in the Challenger Deep region of the Mariana Trench during the DEEPSEA CHALLENGE expedition. The strain, MTCD1T, grew at extremely high hydrostatic pressures, with a growth range of 80-140 MPa (optimum, 120 MPa) at 6 °C. Phylogenetic analyses based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicate that it is closely affiliated with the genus Colwellia. Comparative 16S rRNA gene sequence analyses revealed 95.7, 95.5 and 95.2 % similarity to Colwellia maris ABE-1T, Colwellia piezophila Y233GT and Colwellia psychrerythraea ATCC 27364T, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were C16 : 1, C16 : 0 and C22 : 6 (docosahexaenoic acid), and the sole isoprenoid quinone produced was ubiqinone-8. DNA G+C content was 48.6 mol%. The strain was positive for oxidase and catalase activities. Based on the results from this study, strain MTCD1T is a novel Gram-negative species of the genus Colwellia, and the name Colwellia marinimaniae sp. nov. (type strain MTCD1T=ATCC TSD-5T=JCM 30270T) is proposed. It is the most piezophilic organism yet described.

A bacterial strain designated K7T was isolated from the South China Sea and characterized using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. Cells of strain K7T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, poly-β-hydroxybutyrate-accumulating, motile by means of a monopolar flagellum, non-spore forming rods surrounded by a thick capsule and forming yellow colonies. Growth occurred at 4-35 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C), at pH 5.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and with 0.5-10 % (w/v) NaCl [optimum, 1-4 % (w/v)]. The predominant fatty acids were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c), C16 : 0 and C18 : 1ω7c. The major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8 and the DNA G+C content was 46.5 mol%. The polar lipid profile consisted of a mixture of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamine, one uncharacterized phospholipid, two uncharacterized aminophospholipids and five uncharacterized lipids. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain K7T formed a distinct lineage with respect to closely related genera in the family Alteromonadaceae. Strain K7T was most closely related to Aestuariibacter, Aliiglaciecola, Paraglaciecola and Glaciecola, and the levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with respect to the type species of related genera were less than 95 %. On the basis of the genotypic and phenotypic data, strain K7T represents a novel species of a new genus of the family Alteromonadaceae, for which the name Planctobacterium marinum gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Planctobacterium marinum is K7T (=BCRC 80901T=LMG 28835T=KCTC 42657T).

The survival of microorganisms within a cementitious geological disposal facility for radioactive wastes heavily depends on their ability to survive the calcium-dominated, hyperalkaline conditions resulting from the dissolution of the cementitious materials. The results from this study show that the formation of flocs, composed of a complex mixture of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), provides protection against alkaline pH values up to 13.0. The flocs were dominated by Alishewanella and Dietzia spp., producing a mannose-rich carbohydrate fraction incorporating extracellular DNA, resulting in Ca 2+ sequestration. EPS provided a ∼10-μm thick layer around the cells within the center of the flocs, which were capable of growth at pH values of 11.0 and 11.5, maintaining internal pH values of 10.4 and 10.7, respectively. Microorganisms survived at a pH of 12.0, where an internal floc pH of 11.6 was observed, as was a reduced associated biomass. We observed limited floc survival (<2 weeks) at a pH of 13.0. This study demonstrates that flocs maintain lower internal pHs in response to the hyperalkaline conditions expected to occur within a cementitious geological disposal facility for radioactive wastes and indicates that floc communities within such a facility can survive at pHs up to 12.0. IMPORTANCE The role of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in the survival of microorganisms in hyperalkaline conditions is poorly understood. Here, we present the taxonomy, morphology, and chemical characteristics of an EPS-based microbial floc, formed by a consortium isolated from an anthropogenic hyperalkaline site. Short-term (<2 weeks) survival of the flocs at a pH of 13 was observed, with indefinite survival observed at a pH of 12.0. Measurements from micro-pH electrodes (10-μm-diameter tip) demonstrated that flocs maintain lower internal pHs in response to hyperalkaline conditions (pH 11.0, 11.5, and 12.0), demonstrating that floc formation and EPS production are survival strategies under hyperalkaline conditions. The results indicate how microbial communities may survive and propagate within the hyperalkaline environment that is expected to prevail in a cementitious geological disposal facility for radioactive wastes; the results are also relevant to the wider extremophile community., (Copyright © 2017 American Society for Microbiology.)

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated RA2-7T, was isolated from a mussel (Mytilus edulis) collected from the South Sea, South Korea, and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain RA2-7T grew optimally at 20 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 2.0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain RA2-7T belonged to the genus Colwellia. Strain RA2-7T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.3, 98.0 and 97.5 % to the type strains of Colwellia sediminilitoris, Colwellia aestuarii and Colwellia polaris, respectively, and of 94.5-96.5 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Colwellia. Strain RA2-7T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain RA2-7T were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain RA2-7T was 39.0±0.04 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strains of C. sediminilitoris, C. aestuarii and C. polaris were 14-19 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain RA2-7T is separated from recognized species of the genus Colwellia. On the basis of the data presented, strain RA2-7T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia mytili sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RA2-7T (=KCTC 52417T=NBRC 112381T).

A tyrosine-metabolizing, Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic, non-spore-forming, curved-rod-shaped, motile (due to monopolar flagellum) marine bacterium, designated strain CC-PW-9T, was isolated from estuarine water off Pingtung, Taiwan. Strain CC-PW-9T not only shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Idiomarina representatives (96.4-93.4 %, n=26), but also formed a distinct phyletic lineage and coherent phylogenetic cluster associated with those species. Cells of strain CC-PW-9T grew with 6-12 % (w/v) NaCl, at 20-40 °C and at pH 6-9. It produced predominant amounts of phosphatidylethanolamine, plus diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, two unidentified phospholipids, an unidentified phosphoglycolipid, two unidentified lipids and an unidentified aminolipid in moderate to trace amounts. Fatty acids such as iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or C16 : 010-methyl (summed feature 9) were found in major amounts. The DNA G+C content was 51.1 mol%. Ubiquinone-8 (Q-8) was the sole respiratory quinone. Based on evidence from this polyphasic taxonomic study, strain CC-PW-9T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Idiomarina, affiliated to the family Idiomarinaceae, for which the name Idiomarina tyrosinivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CC-PW-9T (=JCM 19757T=BCRC 80745T).

A bacterial strain, designated CL-22T, was isolated from an encrusting pore coral, Montipora aequituberculata, collected off the coast of Southern Taiwan. Its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Cells of strain CL-22T were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile by means of a single polar flagellum, rod-shaped and formed yellow colonies. Optimal growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 6.5-7 and in 2 % (w/v) NaCl. A neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree, based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, showed that strain CL-22T fell into the clade comprising the type strains of species of the genus Thalassotalea. Strain CL-22T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 94.7-97.1 % to the type strains of species of the genus Thalassotalea. The major fatty acids (>10 %) of strain CL-22T were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The predominant isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain CL-22T was 41.2 mol%. The differential phenotypic properties, together with the phylogenetic inference, demonstrate that strain CL-22T should be classified as a novel species of the genus Thalassotalea; the name Thalassotalea montiporae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CL-22T (=LMG 24827T=BCRC 17940T).

A Gram-stain-negative, facultatively anaerobic bacterium, designated WM3T, was isolated from surface seawater collected from the East China Sea. Cells were catalase- and oxidase-positive, short rods and motile by means of a single polar flagellum. Growth occurred at 15-43 °C (optimum 37-40 C), pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum pH 6.5-7.5) and with 0.25-9.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 1.0-1.5 %). Chemotaxonomic analysis showed that the respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8, the major fatty acids included C16 : 0 (23.6 %), C18 : 1ω7c (26.2 %) and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or iso-C15 : 0 2-OH, 22.1 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain WM3T was most closely related to the genus Marinobacterium, sharing the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity of 95.5 % with both Marinobacterium litorale KCTC 12756T and Marinobacterium mangrovicola DSM 27697T. The genomic DNA G+C content of the strain WM3T was 55.8 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic characteristics presented in this study, strain WM3T is suggested to represent a novel species of the genus Marinobacterium, for which the name Marinobacterium zhoushanense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is WM3T (=KCTC 42782T=CGMCC 1.15341T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped or ovoid bacterial strain, designated YSM-23T, was isolated from a tidal flat on the South Sea in South Korea, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain YSM-23T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 1.0-2.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic trees based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain YSM-23T represented a member of the genus Colwellia. Strain YSM-23T exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 98.0, 97.4 and 97.3 % to the type strains of Colwellia aestuarii, Colwellia polaris and Colwellia chukchiensis, respectively, and of 94.5-96.8 % to the type strains of the other species of the genus Colwellia. Strain YSM-23T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) as the major fatty acid. The major polar lipids detected in strain YSM-23T were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The DNA G+C content of strain YSM-23T was 43.8±0.08 mol% and its DNA-DNA relatedness values with the type strain of C. aestuarii, C. polaris and C. chukchiensis were 10±3.5-22±4.9 %. Differential phenotypic properties, together with its phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain YSM-23T is separated from species of the genus Colwelliawith validly published names. On the basis of the data presented, strain YSM-23T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Colwellia, for which the name Colwellia sediminilitoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is YSM-23T (=KCTC 52213T=NBRC 111994T).

A Gram-reaction-negative, aerobic, non-spore forming, rod-shaped bacterium motile with a single polar flagellum, designated strain hydD622T, was isolated from the sediment of a tidal flat at Asan Bay, Korea. Strain hydD622T exhibited an agarolytic activity. Comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain hydD622T was closely related to Agarivorans litoreus KCTC 42116T, Agarivorans albus KCTC 22256T and Agarivorans gilvus KCTC 32555T with similarities of 98.4, 98.0 and 96.5 %, respectively. Strain hydD622T was clustered distantly from the other genera in the family Alteromonadaceae but formed a unique clade within the genus Agarivorans based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The DNA-DNA relatedness with Agarivorans litoreus KCTC 42116T and Agarivorans. albus KCTC 22256T was 39.0 and 37.8 %, respectively. The major fatty acids (>10 %) were C16 : 0,C16 : 1ω6c/C16 : 1ω7c and C18 : 1ω6c/C18 : 1ω7c. The respiratory quinone was ubiquinone-8, and the polar lipid profile consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified lipid. The DNA G+C content was 44 mol%. On the basis of physiological, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic analyses, strain hydD622T represents a novel species within the genus Agarivorans, for which the name Agarivorans aestuarii sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Agarivorans aestuarii sp. nov. is hydD622T (=KCTC 32543T=CGMCC 1.12692T).

A Gram-negative, motile, and rod-shaped bacterial strain, UDC354(T), was isolated from the seawater of Dokdo, Korea. The strain UDC354(T) displayed optimal growth at 30-37 °C in the presence of 0-2 % (w/v) NaCl at pH 8. Strain UDC354(T) was found to contain Q-8 and 9 as isoprenoid ubiquinones; C16:0 (22.9 %), summed feature 3 (iso-C15:0 2-OH and C16:1 ω7c) (21.4 %) and C18:1 ω7c (12.2 %) as the major fatty acids; and diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, and phosphatidylethanolamine as the major polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was found to be 54.1 mol %. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain UDC354(T) belongs to the genus Bowmanella, of the family Alteromonadaceae, and is closely related to Bowmanella pacifica W3-3A(T) (95.2 %) and Bowmanella denitrificans BD1(T) (95.0 %). It was found that strain UDC354(T) is exoelectrogenic and is capable of generating 6.6 μW/cm(3) in marine broth in the microbial fuel cells. Based on the analysis of the phenotypic, chemotypic and phylogenetic characteristics, a new species, Bowmanella dokdonensis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is UDC354(T) (=KCTC 42147(T)=JCM 30855(T)).

A Gram-stain-negative, motile, aerobic, rod- or ovoid-shaped bacterium, designated DB-1T, was isolated from a tidal flat on the Yellow Sea in South Korea and subjected to a taxonomic study using a polyphasic approach. Strain DB-1T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7.0-8.0 and in the presence of 0.5-2.0% (w/v) NaCl. The neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain DB-1T falls within the clade comprising species of the genus Marinobacterium, clustering coherently with the type strain of Marinobacterium nitratireducens and showing a sequence similarity value of 98.4 %. The novel strain exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 91.5-94.4 % to the type strains of other species of the genus Marinobacterium. Strain DB-1T contained Q-8 as the predominant ubiquinone and C18:1ω7c, summed feature 3 (C16:1ω7c and/or C16:1ω6c) and C16:0 as the major fatty acids. The major polar lipids detected in strain DB-1T were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminolipid, one unidentified glycolipid, one unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain DB-1T was 62.3 mol% and the mean DNA-DNA relatedness value with the type strain of M. nitratireducens was 21±4.6%. Differential phenotypic properties, together with phylogenetic and genetic distinctiveness, revealed that strain DB-1T is separated from recognized species of the genus Marinobacterium. On the basis of the data presented, strain DB-1T is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Marinobacterium, for which the name Marinobacterium aestuariivivens sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is DB-1T (=KCTC 42778T=NBRC 111756T).