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Nephrolithic non-functioning kidney and malakoplakia are major health problems. Kidney function cannot be fulfilled and also this leads to a high risk of development of urothelial neoplasm. We report herein a case of urothelial carcinoma concomitant with malakoplakia in non-functioning nephrolithic kidneys.

Background: Management of the burn injuries is still a problematic issue because the stasis zone may become necrotic. We hypothesized that udenafil, a potent phospodiesterase inhibitor, can be beneficial in burn treatment by enhancing the viability of the stasis zone., Methods: Fifteen Wistar rats were randomly divided into 3 groups. Comb burn injury model was conducted bilaterally on the back of rats in each subject. Group 1 received 1 mL/d of saline orally for 7 days. Group 2 received 10 mg/kg per day of udenafil for 7 days. Group 3 received 20 mg/kg per day of udenafil for 7 days. At the end of seventh day, gross morphological and histopathological samples of stasis zone survival were evaluated., Results: Histopathological examination of groups 2 and 3 revealed that the stasis zone was mostly viable. The mean necrotic area and severity of inflammation was significantly higher in the control group compared with the treatment groups. Significant differences were determined in treatment groups compared with control group in terms of vital stasis zone area and histopathological parameters., Conclusions: Udenafil treatment improved tissue survival on zone of stasis in. Future experimental studies should be conducted to develop zone of stasis treatment protocols combining udenafil with potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant drugs., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest and sources of funding: none declared., (Copyright © 2021 Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: The aim of this study was to immunohistochemically identify and characterize the presence of sensory nerve endings (SNEs) in pulvinar, ligamentum teres (LT), and hip joint capsule (HJC) of children with developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH)., Methods: Pulvinar, LT, and HJC specimens were obtained from 38 hips of 36 children (31 girls, five boys; mean age=49 months; age range=18-132 months) during open reduction surgery for DDH. All specimens underwent subsequent routine tissue processing (formalin fixation and paraffin embedding). To determine tissue morphology, haematoxylin and eosin staining was used. SNEs were analyzed immunohistochemically using a mouse monoclonal antibody against S-100 Beta Protein based on the classification of Freeman and Wyke including four types of SNEs including mechanoreceptors: type I Ruffini corpuscles, type II Pacini corpuscles, type III Golgi organs, and type IVa unmyelinated free nerve endings (FNEs). Additionally, children were sorted into three groups based on their age at the time of surgery: Group 1 (age <3 years; 19 hips of 18), Group 2 (age: 3-5 years; 10 hips of 10 children), and Group 3 (age >5 years; 9 hips of 8 children)., Results: Although no Type I, II, or III SNEs were identified in any specimen, type IVa mechanoreceptor (FNEs) was immunohistochemically characterized in 13 (34%) pulvinar, 19 (50%) LT, and 16 (42%) HJC specimens. The total density of FNEs was 3.31±5.70)/50 mm2 (range 0-21) in pulvinar specimens, 3.18 ± 5.92)/50 mm2 (range 0-24) in HJC specimens, and 4.51±6.61/50 mm2 (range 0-22) in LT specimens. Furthermore, the operated side, gender, and the number of FNEs in specimens did not differ significantly among the age groups (p>0.05 for all), and the number of FNEs was not significantly correlated with age, gender, or the operated side (p>0.05 for all)., Conclusion: Evidence from this study revealed that pulvinar, LT, and HJC include only FNEs, which play a role in pain sensation, among mechanoreceptors. Surgical excision of these tissues may not cause a significant loss of sensory function in the hip joint of children with DDH., Level of Evidence: Level II, Therapeutic Study.

Aim: We aimed to show whether ischemia reperfusion (I/R) injury causes damage on brain or not, and whether thymoquinone and silymarin, as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory herbs, have beneficial effects on this damage or not., Methods: Forty Wistar albino rats were carried out and were randomized to 4 groups with equal numbers (n=10): sham group, implemented of only anesthesia; control group, implemented of anesthesia and I/R injury; silymarin group, implemented of anesthesia and I/R injury and treated with a dose of 200 milligram/kg silymarin ip and thymoquinone group, implemented of anesthesia and I/R injury and treated with a dose of 20 mg/kg thymoquinone. Serum lipid hydroperoxide (LOOH) and total free sulfhydryl (Sh) levels were determined. Light microscopy was used to evaluate histological changes in brain tissue., Results: Serum LOOH levels (0.21 ± 0.04 for control group, 0.29 ± 0.01 for sham group, 0.23 ± 0.09 for silymarin group, 0.29 ± 0.09 for thymoquinone group) were significantly higher and Sh levels (10.74 ± 1.71 for control group, 6.82 ± 0.24 for sham group, 9.12 ± 1.04 for silymarin group, 8.41 ± 1.12 for thymoquinone group) were significantly lower in control, silymarin and thymoquinone groups compared to control group (p<0.05 for all). According to the histopathologic damage score assessment, it was seen that the damage decreased significantly in the silymarin and the thymoquinone groups., Conclusion: We showed that tissue damage also occurs in brain following the ischemia reperfusion. It was shown that thymoquinone and silymarin is quite effective in preventing this damage., Key Words: Brain, Hydroperoxide levels, Ischemia reperfusion injury, Sulfhydryl levels, Silymarin, Thymoquinone.

The most common sites for prostate cancer metastasis include bone, distant lymph nodes, liver and lungs. Renal metastasis of prostate cancer is a rarely seen pattern of invasion. In the current study, we described an 83-year-old male with a history of prostate cancer. He was admitted because of edema, hyperemia, warm and pain at left leg and inguinal region. In the further evaluation, a mass lesion at prostate region and conglomerate lymphadenopathy at left iliac vascular trajectory and a mass lesion at left kidney with heterogeneous contrast-enhancement were observed on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging and computerized tomography scan. Fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed in the lesion with radiologically suspect renal cell carcinoma. By evaluating histopathological features and immunohistochemical staining of the tumor, we decided that the lesion was metastasis from prostate cancer.

Objective: This study aims to determine how the expression of osteopontin is altered in the placenta percreta by compar-ing osteopontin expression in normal placentas and placenta percreta tissues., Material and Methods: Placental tissues from hysterectomy materials which were histopathologically diagnosed with placenta percreta (study group, n = 20) and placental tissues obtained from normal term pregnancies (control group, n = 20) were immunohistochemically stained with osteopontin antibody. The groups were compared with respect to the intensity of cytoplasmic staining for osteopontin., Results: The study and control groups were similar with respect to age, gravidity, parity, gestational age at birth, number of previous cesarean deliveries and curettages and (p > 0.05 for all). Immediate postoperative hemoglobin was significantly lower and the need for blood transfusion was significantly higher in the study group (p = 0.001 for both). Placental osteo-pontin expression was significantly altered in the study group (p = 0.020). Negative staining for placental osteopontin was significantly more frequent in the placenta percreta group than the control group (9/20 vs 0/20, 45.0% vs 0%, p = 0.037)., Conclusion: As reduced placental osteopontin expression was determined in the placenta percreta cases compared to the normal term placenta tissues, osteopontin can be considered to have a role in morbidly adherent placentation. This study is of value as the first study to investigate the changes in osteopontin expression in placenta percreta cases.

Purpose:: We evaluated the efficacy of lycopene, a dietary carotenoid and potent antioxidant, against ocular inflammation and oxidative stress in an experimental uveitis model., Methods:: Endotoxin-induced uveitis (EIU) was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats by a single subcutaneous injection of 200 μg lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Induction of EIU was preceded by daily intraperitoneal injection of 10 mg/kg lycopene for three consecutive days (Lycopene + LPS group) or equivolume vehicle (Vehicle + LPS group). A positive control group received 1 mg/kg dexamethasone pretreatment (DEX + LPS), and a negative control group received daily vehicle injection but no LPS (Vehicle Control). Twenty-four hours after LPS or final vehicle administration, eyes were enucleated, and aqueous humor was collected for measurement of the number of infiltrating cells, total protein concentration, and levels of nitric oxide (NO), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and oxidative stress markers. Inflammatory response severity was compared among groups clinically and histopathologically., Results:: Infiltrating cell number, total protein concentration, and NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 levels were significantly elevated in the aqueous humor of Vehicle + LPS group rats compared to Vehicle Controls. Compared to the Vehicle + LPS group, lycopene pretreatment significantly reduced aqueous humor concentrations of oxidative stress markers, NO (0.29 ± 0.1 μM vs. 0.19 ± 0.1 μM, p=0.003), TNF-α (71.0 ± 22.3 ng/ml vs. 50.1 ± 2.1 ng/ml, p=0.043), and IL-6 (121.6 ± 3.0 pg/ml vs. 111.1 ± 5.6 pg/ml, p=0.008). Inflammatory score was also reduced (2.0 ± 0.0 vs. 0.4 ± 0.5, p=0.001). Lycopene reduced the infiltrating cell count and protein concentration, but differences did not reach significance. Most lycopene effects were equivalent to dexamethasone., Conclusions:: Lycopene may aid in the clinical management of uveitis by suppressing inflammation and oxidative stress.

Objective: To determine whether intraperitoneal silymarin administration has favorable effects on the heart, lungs, kidney, and liver and on oxidative stress in a rat model of supraceliac aorta ischemia/reperfusion injury., Methods: Thirty male Wistar albino rats were divided equally into three groups: sham, control, and silymarin. The control and silymarin groups underwent supraceliac aortic occlusion for 45 min, followed by a 60 min period of reperfusion under terminal anesthesia. In the silymarin group, silymarin was administered intraperitoneally during ischemia at a dose of 200 mg/kg. Rats were euthanized using terminal anesthesia, and blood was collected from the inferior vena cava for total antioxidant capacity, total oxidative status, and oxidative stress index measurement. Lungs, heart, liver and kidney tissues were histologically examined., Results: Ischemia/reperfusion injury significantly increased histopathological damage as well as the total oxidative status and oxidative stress index levels in the blood samples. The silymarin group incurred significantly lesser damage to the lungs, liver and kidneys than the control group, while no differences were observed in the myocardium. Furthermore, the silymarin group had significantly lower total oxidative status and oxidative stress index levels than the control group., Conclusion: Intraperitoneal administration of silymarin reduces oxidative stress and protects the liver, kidney, and lungs from acute supraceliac abdominal aorta ischemia/reperfusion injury in the rat model.

Background and Aims: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between echocardiographically evaluated aortic stiffness and prolidase activity in aortic tissue of patients with critical coronary occlusion., Methods: Thirty six patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) scheduled for CABG and 30 control patients with no CAD proven angiographically were enrolled in this study. Plasma prolidase activities were quantified spectrophotometrically. During performance of the proximal anastomoses in the study group, a piece of aortic tissue was taken by punch and tissue prolidase activity was quantified spectrophotometrically and also evaluated pathologically by prolidase immunostaining. Eventually, the correlation of plasma prolidase activity, aortic tissue prolidase activity and aortic prolidase immunohistochemical staining with aortic stiffness was studied., Results: The correlation of aortic stiffness with aortic tissue prolidase activity (rs = 0.364; p = 0.029) and aortic prolidase immunohistochemical staining (rs = 0.354; p = 0.034) was significant in the study group. However, the correlation of plasma prolidase activity with aortic stiffness was not statistically significant (rs = 0.083; p = 0.292). Linear regression analysis showed that the aortic stiffness β index was significantly associated with aortic tissue prolidase activity (β = 0.354; p = 0.034) and statin usage (β = -0.334; 0.047) in the study group. Regression analysis revealed that ATPA and statin use were predictors of aortic stiffness, and API+ was found to be the predictor for ATPA (β = 0.449; p = 0.006)., Conclusion: Aortic tissue prolidase activity was more significant than plasma prolidase activity and aortic tissue prolidase immunohistochemical staining in the relationship with aortic stiffness in the critical CAD group., (Copyright © 2016 IMSS. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The vast majority of teratomas originating from more than a single germ layer are benign. Often, such teratomas are initially asymptomatic. Later symptoms are caused by the weight per se of the teratoma and include chest pain, cough, dyspnea, and/or recurrent attacks of pneumonia. A mediastinal teratoma is treated by total surgical resection of the mass. Here, we report a case of giant mature cystic teratoma mimicking a pleural effusion in the thorax at the 7-month-old female patient with a symptom of persistent pulmonary infection and tachypnea.