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Introduction: An ongoing inflammatory is condition in atherosclerosis in which there is fat streak, a buildup of foam cells with lipid content in the artery's intimal layer act as precursor to atherosclerosis. Peltophorum pterocarpum stem bark extract found to be effective in inhibition of platelet aggregation and possess anti-inflammatory effect that may be useful in treating atherosclerosis. Therefore, the goal of the current investigation is to ascertain if the ethanolic extract of Peltophorum pterocarpum stem bark (EEPP) has anti-atherosclerosis effect in Wistar rats using a high fat diet in atherosclerotic induced atherosclerosis model for 60 days. Atherosclerosis was induced in male Wistar rats by giving them a high-fat diet. Following induction, oral doses of EEPP (250, 500 mg/kg) and atorvastatin (10 mg/kg) were administered orally to the rats for the following 20 days. Methods: The literature was searched using PubMed and google scholar search Engines. A total 30 plants were mentioned through database searches. Papers from between 1999 and 2022 were included. An attempt was made to document relevant literature that is only focused on potential effect of various plants in treatment of atherosclerosis. Results: In comparison to the control group, EEPP was able to significantly lower the raised serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, and VLDL while significantly increasing the levels of HDL. When compared to the diseased control group, EEPP significantly lessened damage to the endothelial lining of the aorta and had an impact on lumen size by lowering cholesterol buildup. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the effects of Pausinystalia yohimbe ethanolic extract on the hematological parameters and testosterone levels in Wistar rats. Forty-two rats were grouped into six groups (A–F) of seven animals each (4 males and 3 females) and were administered P. yohimbe extract at doses of 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg, 75 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg, with a positive control group receiving Sildenafil citrate at 5 mg/kg and a negative control group receiving distilled water for 14 days. The rats were sacrificed, and 5 ml of blood was collected for hematology tests. There was an increase in hematological parameters (PCV, WBC, hemoglobin, and lymphocytes) as the concentration of P. yohimbe extract increased, except for RBC and platelet levels which decreased. RBC levels decreased from (8.80 ± 0.12) at 25 mg/kg to (8.52 ± 0.02) at 100 mg/kg compared to the control (8.70 ± 0.06). Platelet levels decreased from (764.00 ± 0.58) at 25 mg/kg to (5.70 ± 1.73) at 100 mg/kg compared to the control (532.00 ± 1.15). There was a significant increase in testosterone levels with increasing concentrations of the extract: 25 mg/kg (8.52 ± 0.02) and 50 mg/kg (6.70 ± 0.06), but a decrease at 100 mg/kg (5.40 ± 0.12) compared to the control (3.00 ± 0.12). The study reveals that P. yohimbe ethanolic extracts have a significant effect on the hematological parameters and testosterone levels of Wistar rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One previously undescribed cucurbitacin, 11-hydrocucurbitacin B (1), and five known analogs, 3-epicucurbitacin Q1 (2), cucurbitacin Q1 (3), cucurbitacin D (4), isocucurbitacin D (5), and hemslecin A (6), were isolated from the stem bark of Aquilaria sinensis (Thymelaeaceae). The chemical structure of 11-hydrocucurbitacin B was elucidated by MS and NMR analysis and ECD calculations. All the isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against seven human cancer cell lines, namely, gastric cancer HGC-27 and AGS cells, leukemia HL-60 cells, breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells, colon cancer SW480 cells, lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, and paclitaxel-resistant A549 (A549/Taxol) cells, in addition to the normal human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B. Cucurbitacin Q1 exhibited the most potent inhibitory activity against these seven cancer cell lines, with IC 50 values ranging from 0.017 μ M to 7.68 μ M. The previously undescribed compound, 11-hydrocucurbitacin B exhibited moderate inhibitory effects on AGS (IC 50 = 2.66 μ M), HGC-27 (IC 50 = 0.54 μ M), SW480 (IC 50 = 3.94 μ M), A549 (IC 50 = 0.51 μ M), and A549/Taxol (IC 50 = 2.39 μ M) cell lines, with low toxicity toward normal BEAS-2B cells (IC 50 ˃ 40 μ M). [Display omitted] • Six cucurbitacins were isolated from the stem bark of Aquilaria sinensis. • 11-Hydrocucurbitacin B was cytotoxic to AGS, HGC-27, SW480, A549, and A549/Taxol cells. • 11-Hydrocucurbitacin B exhibited low toxicity toward normal BEAS-2B cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Determining the sources of heavy metals pollution in the environment is very important in other to provide solution to the problem. Plants are important indicators of heavy metals in Environmental Pollution. Neem trees is used for shade lining the streets or in most people's back yards in Maiduguri. This study was aimed at determining the concentration (µg/g) of Mn, Ni, Co, Cr, Cd, Cu, Fe, Zn and Pb in barks of Neem tree at various distances away from the main roads of Maiduguri Metropolitan council, Borno State, Nigeria. Samples (stem barks) were collected monthly for three months from three different locations (Bama station, Bulumkutu and Post office areas designated as S1, S2 and S3 respectively) at distances of 50 m and 100 m each from the main roads, and 250 m to serve as control. The samples were collected monthly from the designated and control points for a period of three months. The concentrations of heavy metals in the samples were determined using Perkin-Elmer Analyst 200 Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The results showed that the mean concentrations (μg/g) of the heavy metals in the various locations varied for Zn (0.115±0.007 - 0.719 ± 0.003), Mn (0.234±0.07 - 1.413 ± 0.134), Cu (0.013±0.001 - 0.151 ± 0.003), Co (0.010±0.004 - 0.043 ± 0.013), Fe (1.412±0.028 - 7.681 ± 0.123) and Pb (0.003±0.003 - 0.245 ± 0.147). Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) confirmed significant differences (p

Background: Olax scandens Roxb. (Olacaceae) is a scandent thorny shrub used by many ethnic tribes of Asia to cure stomach ache, diarrhoea, fever, cough, mouth ulcers, anaemia, filaria, joint pains, intestinal and liver diseases and diabetes. Objectives: The present study was undertaken to investigate the in vitro hypoglycemic activity and mechanism of action of O. scandens stem bark extracts in five different in vitro models at different glucose concentrations. Materials and Methods: Various extracts of O. scandens stem bark was studied for their effect on glucose adsorption, glucose diffusion, glucose uptake by yeast cells, alpha glucosidase and alpha amylase inhibition at different glucose concentrations. Results: In the glucose adsorption method, the butanolic extract showed statistically significant increase in glucose bound concentration of 7.35 mM/L at 100 mM glucose concentration used. All extracts showed a significant retardation in glucose diffusion across a dialysis membrane into the external medium, at different time intervals. GDRI of ethyl acetate extract was 84.471 at 30 min whereas the butanolic extract and aqueous ethanolic extract showed highest GDRI of 80.267 and 70.386 at 120 min respectively. In the method of glucose uptake by yeast cells, aqueous ethanolic and butanolic extracts both showed significantly higher uptake of glucose of 65% at 5 mg/mL concentration. The ethyl acetate extract and standard acarbose showed 26.25% and 35% inhibition of alpha glucosidase respectively at 100 µg/mL concentration. Whereas at the same concentration, ethyl acetate extract and acarbose showed 48.922% and 63.093% inhibition of alpha amylase. Conclusion: Significant in vitro hypoglycemic activity was seen in glucose diffusion method suggesting a possible role of fibre which may retard glucose release across the dialysis membrane. This mechanism can be correlated with retardation in the transport of glucose across the intestinal lumen thus causing a reduction in post prandial hyperglycemia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The stem bark of Sapium ellipticum is a medicinal plant frequently utilized in traditional medicine for treating a range of ailments. Despite its widespread use, there is limited data regarding the safety and immunomodulatory potential of its extract. Objective: This investigation was conducted to assess the phytochemical profile, acute toxicity, and immunomodulatory activity of the aqueous extract of S. ellipticum stem bark. Methods: Acute toxicity was assessed using the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) guidelines at doses of 123, 300, and 2000 mg/kg. Immunomodulatory activity was evaluated using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) to measure the expression levels of IL-10, IL-6, IL-iRa, and IL-iß. Phytochemical profiling was carried out using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results: The aqueous extract of S. ellipticum stem bark did not produce any hematological or biochemical signs of toxicity, indicating that the lethal dose was greater than 2000 mg/kg. The extract showed potential as an immunomodulator, with downregulation of IL-6 and IL-10 and upregulation of IL-1Ra and IL-1ß. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of antiinflammatory compounds, such as Fraxetin and L-carnitine. However, the extract also showed upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1ß, with no inflammatory compounds identified. Conclusion: Findings from the present study suggest aqueous extract of S. ellipticum stem bark is safe up to a dose of 2000 mg/kg, and shows immunomodulatory potential through the presence of anti-inflammatory compounds. Furthermore, provides a foundation for future research on the potential medicinal uses of this extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Automatization of tree species identification in the field is crucial in improving forest-based bioeconomy, supporting forest management, and facilitating in situ data collection for remote sensing applications. However, tree species recognition has never been addressed with hyperspectral reflectance images of stem bark before. We investigated how stem bark texture differs between tree species using a hyperspectral camera set-up and gray level co-occurrence matrices and assessed the potential of using reflectance spectra and texture features of stem bark to identify tree species. The analyses were based on 200 hyperspectral reflectance data cubes (415–925 nm) representing ten tree species. There were subtle interspecific differences in bark texture. Using average spectral features in linear discriminant analysis classifier resulted in classification accuracy of 92–96.5%. Using spectral and texture features together resulted in accuracy of 93–97.5%. With a convolutional neural network, we obtained an accuracy of 94%. Our study showed that the spectral features of stem bark were robust for classifying tree species, but importantly, bark texture is beneficial when combined with spectral data. Our results suggest that in situ imaging spectroscopy is a promising sensor technology for developing accurate tree species identification applications to support remote sensing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robinia pseudoacacia, a deciduous tree native to North America, has various medicinal properties, including antioxidant, antitumour, diuretic and antispasmodic effects. The plant contains various bioactive compounds, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, and phenols. However, caution is advised as all parts of the plant, except the flowers, are poisonous due to the phytotoxin robinin and its glycoside. The bark, on the other hand, shows resistance to rot due to the antifungal compounds dihydrorobinetin and robinetin. This study focuses on the stem bark of R. pseudoacacia from Bulgaria, a widely distributed wild species. Using advanced chromatographic techniques, we isolated and identified 3-O-caffeoyloleanolic acid, a new compound in the genus Robinia and R. pseudoacacia. Structural characterization was performed by state-of-the-art spectroscopic methods, including ¹H NMR, 13C NMR and 2D NMR (COSY, HSQC, HMBC), as well as by LC-HRESI-MS analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preparations of the roots, stems, and leaves of Rhinachantus nasutus (L.) Kurz (RNK) have been used empirically in traditional medicine to treat diabetes, eczema, pulmonary tuberculosis, herpes, hepatitis, and hypertension for centuries. This study seeks to identify compounds that have antioxidant and antidiabetic properties by inhibiting alpha-glucosidase activity in RNK stem bark through metabolomics and molecular docking approaches based on ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UHPLC MS/MS). The results of the alpha-glucosidase inhibition activity test showed that fraction A of stem bark was active with an IC50 value of 20.04 ± 0.05 mg/L, while fractions B and C were very active with IC50 values of 6.67 ± 0.04 and 6.99 ± 0.03 mg/L, respectively. The EC50 value obtained in testing the antioxidant activity of fractions A, B, and C using the FRAP method was in the range 9.79–11.33 mg/L, while using the CUPRAC method was in the range 8.98–17.05 mg/L. The antioxidant properties of fractions A, B, and C are very strong. This metabolomics approach yielded nine compounds that play an important role as antioxidants (the FRAP method) and 19 compounds (the CUPRAC method), while 11 compounds play an important role as inhibitors of alpha-glucosidase activity. Molecular docking verification of 11 significant compounds as alpha-glucosidase inhibitors revealed that the ΔG values of all compounds were negative, with the exception of compound (10) tangeretin, which had an almost identical ΔG value to acarbose. RNK stem bark is a possible source of anti-diabetic and antioxidant compounds, according to the findings of this study. Therefore, RNK stem bark may be utilised in the future for the advancement of anti-diabetes research and the preparation of medicinal constituents. Besides that, it can better utilise stem bark which was originally an agricultural or plantation waste, to become a source of antidiabetic drugs.

ABSTRACTAutomatization of tree species identification in the field is crucial in improving forest-based bioeconomy, supporting forest management, and facilitating in situ data collection for remote sensing applications. However, tree species recognition has never been addressed with hyperspectral reflectance images of stem bark before. We investigated how stem bark texture differs between tree species using a hyperspectral camera set-up and gray level co-occurrence matrices and assessed the potential of using reflectance spectra and texture features of stem bark to identify tree species. The analyses were based on 200 hyperspectral reflectance data cubes (415–925 nm) representing ten tree species. There were subtle interspecific differences in bark texture. Using average spectral features in linear discriminant analysis classifier resulted in classification accuracy of 92–96.5%. Using spectral and texture features together resulted in accuracy of 93–97.5%. With a convolutional neural network, we obtained an accuracy of 94%. Our study showed that the spectral features of stem bark were robust for classifying tree species, but importantly, bark texture is beneficial when combined with spectral data. Our results suggest that in situ imaging spectroscopy is a promising sensor technology for developing accurate tree species identification applications to support remote sensing.

F. religiosa bark has been extensively used in traditional medicinal systems, such as Ayurveda, for its health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids) of the hydroalcoholic stem-bark extract from F. religiosa because this plant has been proven to have a beneficial effect on health disorders. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted for the identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds in F. religiosa bark using sophisticated chromatographical techniques such as UPLC-HRMS and RP-HPLC-PDA. Additionally, total flavonoids, total phenolics and the scavenging profile of the bark were studied using a UV spectrophotometer. A total of 23 compounds identified with UPLC-HRMS were mainly phenolic acids, polyphenolics, and flavonoids (flavanols and proanthocyanidins). Among the identified compounds, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and ellagic acid were simultaneously quantified (0.031–0.380%) using RP-HPLC-PDA. Thereafter, the study complied by evaluating the total flavonoids (109.15 ± 1.2 mg RuE/g and 33.78 ± 0.86 mg CaE/g), total phenolics (4.81 ± 1.01 mg GaE/g), and scavenging profiles (IC50 13.75 ± 0.12 µg/mL) of the F. religiosa bark. This is the first report on the chemical profiling of F. religiosa bark, which is a necessary step to evaluate its nutraceutical properties, paving the way for possible food application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal cancer is the most common malignant cancer in developing countries. Canarium odontophyllum, also known as "Dabai" or "Borneo Olive" is among the natural plants that can potentially be used as an anticancer agent. This study aims to determine the antiproliferative activities and cytotoxicity effects of acetone extract from C. odontophyllum stem bark against human colorectal cancer cell lines HCT 116 and HT 29. Acetone extract of C. odontophyllum stem bark exerted a significant cytotoxic effect on HCT 116 and HT 29 cells determined by MTT assay at the concentration of 12.5 μg/mL to 200 μg/mL for 24, 48, and 72 hours treatment. It was found that acetone extract of C. odontophyllum stem bark inhibited proliferation of HCT 116 with an IC50 value of 184.93 ±.0 μ g/mL, 61.24 ±.1 μ g/mL, 79.98 ±.029 for 24, 48 and 72 hours respectively. The findings also showed that acetone extract of C. odontophyllum stem bark revealed a lower inhibitory effect against HT-29 with an IC50 value of more than 200 μg/mL for 24, 48 and 72 hours. However, acetone extract of C. odontophyllum stem bark at similar concentrations and time points did not show any cytotoxic effect to normal colorectal fibroblast cell CCD18-Co. In conclusion, the acetone extract of C. odontophyllum stem bark exhibited more sensitivity against HCT 116 than HT 29. Its antiproliferative ability towards HCT 116 and HT 29 cells provides insight that this extract may serve as an anticancer agent against colorectal cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the aqueous ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica stem bark was obtained by Soxhlet extraction and partitioned into different solvents. The extract and fractions were then assessed for their phytochemical contents, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. The results showed that saponins, flavonoids, phenol, and tannins were present in all the samples. Also, the ethanol extract had the highest flavonoid (281.15 mgQE/g), phenolic (714.82 mgGAE/g), and tannin (156.54 mgTAE/g) contents, as well as the highest DPPH scavenging activity (95.71%) and total reducing power (1.27). However, among the fractions, butanol fraction showed the highest contents of flavonoids (235.20 mgQE/g), phenolics (413.42 mgGAE/g) and the highest DPPH scavenging activity (93.87 %) while the highest tannin content (86.90 mgTAE/g) and total reducing power (1.06) was observed in the ethyl acetate fraction. The lowest concentration of flavonoid (34.60 mgQE/g) and lowest antioxidant activity was obtained for the hexane fraction while lowest contents of phenolics (102.32 mgGAE/g) and tannins (41.21 mgTAE/g) were both observed in the water-soluble fraction. The most active fraction against both Staphylococcus aureus and Enterobacter cloacae was ethyl acetate. Meanwhile, the ethanol extract, hexane fraction, and water-soluble fractions showed the highest activity against Candida albicans, Salmonella typhi, and Escherichia coli, respectively. This research reveals that the stem bark of Azadirachta indica contains notable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties, making it a promising source for developing potent therapeutic drugs and functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Liquid biofuels have emerged as a worldwide alternative fuel with potential to replace fossil fuels. Due to their wide availability as derivatives of organic materials from plants, they have attracted much attention and investment in developing countries including Tanzania, as alternative sources of energy. This study examined effects of oil quality from stem barks and phylloclades of Euphorbia tirucalli trees of different girth sizes (viz., 20 cm, 30 cm, 40 cm, 50 cm, 60 cm, 70 cm, and 80 cm) from semi-arid, coastal, and southern highlands in Dodoma, Dar es Salaam, and Mbeya Southern highland, agro-ecological zones in Tanzania. Using Soxhlet extraction method, oils were extracted from E. tirucalli stem barks with different girth sizes while oils from phylloclades were extracted from matured apical phylloclades collected from shoots of E. tirucalli trees from which the stem bark samples had been collected. Oil yields were determined by measuring the weight of oil (g) by the total weight of sample extracts used (20 g), and the average oil yield on each sample was determined. Oil quality was evaluated as oxidative stability index (OSI), acid values (AVs), and percent free fatty acids (%FFAs). Their results were then compared with the European Union (EU) oil quality standard specifications prescribed in EN 14214 of 6 h, 0.5 mg KOH/g, max and 0.020 maximum wt% limits, respectively. Differences in the quality of E. tirucalli (stem bark and phylloclades) oil were analyzed statistically with paired-sample t test (two-tailed) using the SPSS 15.0 software package. Results showed that the difference in OSIs from stem barks were not significantly higher (3–5 h) than phylloclades (3–4 h) at the p > 0.5 level. Also, the difference in AVs and %FFAs from the stem barks (7.6–7.4 mg KOH and 3.8–3.6%) was not significantly lower than those from the phylloclades (8.4–8.1 mg KOH and 4.3–4.0%) respectively. The quality of oil from stem bark and phylloclades samples at different stem girth sizes semi-arid agro-ecological zone was not significantly higher than from southern highland and coastal agro-ecological zones, respectively. Thus, there were no significant differences in the quality of E. tirucalli oil (stem bark and phylloclades) among stem girth sizes in different agro-ecological zones. The AVs and %FFAs of oils from stem bark and phylloclades were higher than the recommended standards, while the OSIs were below the biofuel standard limit. High AVs and %FFAs reduced oil quality by producing considerably low OSIs values than recommended standards. Finally, the study concluded that E. tirucalli oil requires purification to reduce levels of AV and %FFA contents so that the oil becomes suitable for application as liquid biofuel for energy generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Litsea belonging to the family Lauraceae, is among the most diverse genera of evergreen shrubs and trees. Litsea is distributed majorly in the Western Ghats of India. Litsea are traditionally used to treat cold, fever, bruises, insect bites and other diseases. The objective of this study was to understand the phytochemistry of the methanol extract of Litsea ghatica stem bark and evaluate it for potential antioxidant activity in an effort to understand the nature of phytoconstituents present in the stem bark. Phytochemical screening of the methanol extract indicated the presence of tannins, phenols, flavonoids, saponins and carbohydrates. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in the methanol extract was determined by Folin Ciocalteau's and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the methanol extract was evaluated by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, ferric reducing antioxidant power and NO radical scavenging assays. The methanol extract showed significant potential antioxidant activity, namely 93.08 and 95.1 % radical scavenging activity in DPPH assay at 100 ppm for the methanol extract and ascorbic acid, respectively. In FRAP and NO radical scavenging assay, the methanol extract showed dose dependent antioxidant activity reaching maximum at 100 ppm concentration. The anti-inflammatory activity was determined by in vitro albumin denaturation assay using naproxen as the reference standard. The results indicated encouraging anti-inflammatory activity with 18.53% inhibition at 60 ppm of the methanol extract. This preliminary anti-inflammatory data needs to be substantiated with additional in vitro and in vivo studies for conclusive evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The red and white types of Anacardium occidentale L. stem barks (AoB) are used in the Community of Portuguese Language Countries, including Portugal, to make traditional herbal preparations for the treatment of diabetes. This work aims to obtain the macroscopic, micromorphological, chemical, and purity data necessary to use both types of AoBs as medicinal plants safely. Macroscopically, a brown inner (red AoB) or a dark-brown inner surface (white AoB) was observed. Light and scanning electron microscopy showed that sclereid cells with thin cell walls were significantly larger (p < 0.001) in red AoB than in white AoB, but calcium oxalate druses and starch grain areas were significantly larger (p < 0.001) in white AoB than in red AoB. The chromatographic profiles (thin-layer chromatography and high-performance liquid chromatography) of both types of AoBs were characterized by the presence of gallic and protocatechuic acids and other phenolic derivatives. The condensed tannins were the major secondary metabolites class (143.69 ± 4.67 mg and 73.79 ± 4.46 mg catechin equivalents/g AoB in red and white types, respectively). The loss on drying and the total ash were, respectively, 7.07 ± 0.16% and 2.31 ± 0.18% in red AoB and 6.58 ± 0.16% and 1.94 ± 0.14% in white AoB. The obtained data are helpful in ensuring the quality of AoB as raw material for the pharmaceutical market. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The emerging multi-drug-resistant pathogens urge continuous searches for new antimicrobial agents. This study investigated the in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activities of the stem barks of two plants, Sorindeia madagascariensis and Albizia harveyi. Broth microdilution assay was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of hydroethanolic extracts of the stem barks against selected bacteria and fungi. Both plant extracts exhibited activity against all tested microorganisms and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) against bacteria and fungi were from 1.67 to 5.00 mg/mL and from 1.67 to 10.00 mg/mL, respectively. This study reports the antibacterial and antifungal activities of the hydroethanolic extracts of the stem barks of both plants. Antifungal activity of A. harveyi is being reported for the first time. We therefore suggest further investigation of bioactive compounds from stem barks of A. harveyi and S. madagascariensis with antibacterial and antifungal activities.

Background: Adansonia digitata L (Baobab) contains different classes of bioactive compounds which were identified from various parts of the plant such as seed, leaves, and roots and also stem bark. The study was designed to determine the antibacterial activityof Adansonia digitata leaf and stem bark extracts. Methods: The plant material was extracted using aqueous, ethanol and methanol; and their activity against the three clinical isolates Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) was ascertained using agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the different extracts were also determined. One way analysis of variance was conducted using Stata/SE11.1 and t-test to determine the significant difference between the effects at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The extracts were found to be effective against the tested organisms. The methanolic extracts showed significantly higher activity against the test organisms compared to aqueous and ethanolic extracts (p = 0.000). The result also demonstrated that the leaf extract is more active than the stem bark extract with significant difference (p=0.000). The methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited highest inhibitions zone of 19mm and 16mm against E. coli at concentration of 1000mg/mL respectively. The MIC result of the study showed that the methanolic and ethanolic extracts inhibited the growth of the organisms at 25 mg/ml. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts have MBC at 25 mg/mL. Conclusion: The methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts have significant effect against the test organisms at all concentration tested.

Objectives: Local and general anaesthetics currently used in clinical practice are not absolutely safe and efficacious. Hence two or more drugs are used for induction and maintenance of general anaesthesia. Methods: In view of this, local and general anaesthetic potentials of Annona muricata extracts were investigated prospectively in laboratory using rat and dog. A total of 15 animals comprising 6 rats (3 males; 3 females) and 9 dogs (5 males; 4 females) were used. Secondary metabolites in root bark, leaf, stem bark and seed of Annona muricata were qualitatively and quantitatively determined. Methanol and water extracts were tested for induction and maintenance of surgical anaesthesia in rat and dog. The dose of the extracts (1250 mg/kg body weight of rat) that produced deep anaesthesia in rats was translated to 150, 170 and 150 mg/kg of root bark methanol extract (RBME), stem bark water extract (SBWE) and seed water extract (SWE), respectively. Each extract was administered to female and male dog for induction and maintenance of anaesthesia. Laparatomy was carried out via linea alba, and the length of small intestine (220 cm) and large intestine (32 cm) were measured using measuring ruler. Results: Phenols and tannins were significantly lower (p 5000 mg/kg in male rats, respectively. Sedation, anaesthesia, male mounting and death were observed within 4 days of extract administration in the female rats, However, 12.5 mg/kg showed significant (p

Many studies have confirmed the traditional use of Ximenia americana (Olacaceae). Its different parts, leaf, fruit, roots, stem bark and root bark have showed pharmacological potentials. X. americana is a plant which possessed antibacterial, antidiabetic, antiviral and anticancer properties. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the oral acute and subchronic toxicity of hydroethanolic extract of X. americana stem bark on Sprague Dawley rats. In acute test, female rats were administrated once 5000 mg/kg and observed during 14 days for determination of toxicity signs. For the subchronic toxicity the extract (500 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg) was administrated daily to both sexes of rats during 28 days. Control rats were administrated distilled water. Animals were observed, food and water consumption, mortality were monitoring during experiment period. Body weight, organs relative weight, hematological and biochemical parameters and histopathological changes were conducted at the end of treatment. Acute toxicity test revealed no adverse effects and no mortality. Extract administration during 28 days does not cause any behavioral change, change in body and organs relative weight and mortality. No significant variation was observed in hematological, biochemical parameters between treatment and control groups. No remarkable structural change was found in organs. However, triglycerides show significant variation in both sexes but this variation was not dose dependent. Results suggested that the LD50 of hydroethanolic extract of X. americana stem bark is higher than 5000 mg/kg and extract administration at 1000 mg/kg during 28 days does not cause toxicity in Sprague Dawley rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

F. religiosa bark has been extensively used in traditional medicinal systems, such as Ayurveda, for its health benefits. The aim of this study was to investigate the secondary metabolites (phenolics and flavonoids) of the hydroalcoholic stem-bark extract from F. religiosa because this plant has been proven to have a beneficial effect on health disorders. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted for the identification and quantification of polyphenolic compounds in F. religiosa bark using sophisticated chromatographical techniques such as UPLC-HRMS and RP-HPLC-PDA. Additionally, total flavonoids, total phenolics and the scavenging profile of the bark were studied using a UV spectrophotometer. A total of 23 compounds identified with UPLC-HRMS were mainly phenolic acids, polyphenolics, and flavonoids (flavanols and proanthocyanidins). Among the identified compounds, gallic acid, catechin, epicatechin, epigallocatechin gallate, and ellagic acid were simultaneously quantified (0.031–0.380%) using RP-HPLC-PDA. Thereafter, the study complied by evaluating the total flavonoids (109.15 ± 1.2 mg RuE/g and 33.78 ± 0.86 mg CaE/g), total phenolics (4.81 ± 1.01 mg GaE/g), and scavenging profiles (IC50 13.75 ± 0.12 µg/mL) of the F. religiosa bark. This is the first report on the chemical profiling of F. religiosa bark, which is a necessary step to evaluate its nutraceutical properties, paving the way for possible food application.

Khaya grandifoliola C. DC. (Meliaceae), is a large tree exploited for timber purpose, for treating various illnesses and to enhance libido in Nigerian indigenous traditional medicine. Therefore, this study evaluates the aphrodisiac potential of K. grandifoliola stem bark in male Wistar rats. Aphrodisiac potential was determined following the oral administration of graded doses: 250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg of crude MeOH extract of K. grandifoliola stem bark, and 100 and 200 mg/kg each of aqueous (AQ) and dichloromethane (DCM) fractions. Sildenafil citrate and distilled water served as positive and negative controls, respectively. Sexual behavioural parameters like mount, intromission and ejaculatory frequencies and latencies were recorded on day 7. Serum testosterone concentrations and haematological parameters were also monitored. The findings from the sexual behavioural study indicated that methanol extract of K. grandifoliola was active and significantly increased mount and intromission frequencies, and intromission and mount latencies in a dose- dependent manner, but had no effect on ejaculatory frequency and ejaculatory latency. Both AQ and DCM fractions were more active than the extract but comparable to Sildenafil citrate, with the DCM fraction being comparatively more active. Testosterone concentrations were also increased dose-dependently by all tested agents, but DCM fraction was the most active and comparable to Sildenafil citrate. Improvement in some haematological indices, HB and PCV was evident with DCM fraction From all indications, methanol extract of K. grandifoliola stem bark which increased serum testosterone and sexual behavioural indices has potential for improving sexual dysfunction in males, and the more active DCM fraction qualifies for further phytochemical investigation to isolate active compounds. These findings therefore justify the acclaimed local use of K. grandifoliola stem bark as an aphrodisiac in males. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Adansonia digitata L (Baobab) contains different classes of bioactive compounds which were identified from various parts of the plant such as seed, leaves, and roots and also stem bark. The study was designed to determine the antibacterial activity of Adansonia digitata leaf and stem bark extracts. Methods: The plant material was extracted using aqueous, ethanol and methanol; and their activity against the three clinical isolates Escherichia coli (E. coli), Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Salmonella typhi (S. typhi) was ascertained using agar well diffusion method. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the different extracts were also determined. One way analysis of variance was conducted using Stata/SE11.1 and t-test to determine the significant difference between the effects at p ≤ 0.05. Results: The extracts were found to be effective against the tested organisms. The methanolic extracts showed significantly higher activity against the test organisms compared to aqueous and ethanolic extracts (p = 0.000). The result also demonstrated that the leaf extract is more active than the stem bark extract with significant difference (p=0.000). The methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts exhibited highest inhibitions zone of 19mm and 16mm against E. coli at concentration of 1000mg/mL respectively. The MIC result of the study showed that the methanolic and ethanolic extracts inhibited the growth of the organisms at 25 mg/ml. The methanolic and ethanolic extracts have MBC at 25 mg/mL. Conclusion: The methanolic and ethanolic leaf extracts have significant effect against the test organisms at all concentration tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extract of Ziziphus nummularia stem bark as well as the determination of core structure fractionated from its crude extract. Materials and Methods: The antiplasmodial activity of stem bark extracts was investigated by in vitro schizont maturation inhibition assay against Plasmodium falciparum (both chloroquine sensitive and resistant). The crude extract was analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry (GC–MS). Result: Both alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts showed their potential toward in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum strains MRC-02 (CQ sensitive) and RKL-09 (CQ resistant). Alcoholic extract showed more promising antiplasmodial activity with Inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.130 and 1.191 for MRC-02 and RKL-09 strains, respectively, as compared to hydroalcoholic extract with IC50 of 1.856 and 2.981 for MRC-02 and RKL-09 strains, respectively. No morphological changes in erythrocytes were observed when investigated for chemical injury to the erythrocytes. Chemical characterization of alcoholic extract was performed by GC–MS analysis to identify the bioactive compounds that are responsible for antiplasmodial activity. Alkyl esters, phenolics, and flavonoids were found as major compounds and also showed resemblance to existing antimalarial drugs. Conclusion: The findings suggested that the investigated extracts will provide a foundation for combating the resistant strains of P. falciparum. Also, the compounds isolated from Z. nummularia crude extract are viable newer chemical antimalarial candidates requiring further investigation.

The present concerns on fossil fuels shortage, high price, and future exhaustion have necessitated the search for alternative energy sources using green plants. The study evaluated the yield and Oxidative Stability [OS] of liquid hydrocarbons from the E.tirucalli plant as a quality alternative energy source for future use. E.tirucalli stem bark samples were collected from 28 trees with similar stem Diameter at Breast Height (DBH) (60 cm) in the Bahi (semi-arid), Goba (coast), and Iyela (tropical) sites. Sample processing and analysis were done at the Department of Chemical and Mining Engineering (CME), University of Dar es Salaam. 20 g of the milled and dried stem bark sample has been used for extraction of liquid hydrocarbons using a Solid-liquid extraction technique with a Soxhlet extractor. The percentage yields (%) of the obtained liquid hydrocarbons were determined after rotary evaporation (60 °C) of the solvent. The hydrocarbon OS Indexes [OSI(s)] were determined by using a Metrohm 873 Biodiesel Rancimat, and the obtained OSI(s) were compared with 6 h EN 14214 standard Induction Time (IT). Differences in hydrocarbon yields (%) and, the OSI(s) among stem DBH in different study sites were determined by using One-way ANOVA (Minitab-v19: P ≤ 0.05). Results revealed higher hydrocarbon yields (5% – 17.5%) than 1% – 14% of the most laticiferous plants, 3% – 9% for most energy application substitutes, and 9% – 12% for long-term OSI quality products. Hydrocarbon OSI (s) was lower [3.50 h – 5.83 h (Bahi site] than recommended standards (6 hrs) in all study sites. Both hydrocarbon yields (%) and OSI (s) differed significantly, higher in the Bahi than Iyela and Goba sites. High hydrocarbon yields (%) and low OSI (s) indicate that E. tirucalli contained a high amount of low-quality high molecular weight unsaturated hydrocarbons susceptible to undergo auto-oxidation. They require pre-treatment to reduce their molecular weight to be suitable to replace fossil fuels, for energy use and conform to certified quality products of long-term oxidative stability.

Calophyllum soulattri (Sulatri), a plant from Clusiaceae family, has been empirically used as traditional medicine. In the present study, C. soulattri stem bark extract and fractions were evaluated for their toxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer cells. The chemical contents of the extract and fractions were analyzed using =liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The results showed that methanol extract and n-hexane fractions had a strong cytotoxic activity with IC50 values of 93.6 and 36 µg/mL, respectively. Meanwhile, as the positive control, ethyl acetate and cisplatin fractions have IC50 values of 233 and 16.2 µg/mL, respectively. The LC-MS/MS analysis showed that the extract and fractions contained polyporusterone A, poricoic acid D, polyporusterone F, esculentagenin, and 1-acetyl-3-(methoxy-carbonyl)-_-carboline. Therefore, C. soulattri stem bark extract and fractions have potential activity as an anticancer agent that can inhibit MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new xanthones delpyxanthone A (1) and delpyxanthone B (3), together with four known ones, gerontoxanthone I (2), α-mangostin (4), cowanin (5) and cowanol (6) were isolated from the stem bark of Garcinia delpyana. The chemical structures of 1–6 were established mainly using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS). The anti-inflammatory activity of the isolated compounds was evaluated against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW264.7 cells in vitro. Compounds 1–4 showed significant inhibitory activity against the LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells with IC50 values ranging from 14.5 to 28.2 μM, but the others were inactive. The results suggested that G. delpyana and its constituents might be potential anti-inflammatory agents on RAW 264.7 cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to investigate the potential differences in the anti-hyperglycemia and antioxidant effects of fermented faloak (Sterculia quadrifida R.Br) stem bark (FSB) kombucha and FSB brew (without fermentation) in alloxan-induced diabetic rats. Black tea (BT) kombucha was used as a kombucha control. FSB kombucha, BT kombucha, and FSB brew were administered orally at a dose of 5 mL/Kg bw/day into the alloxan-induced diabetic rats for 28 days. Fasting blood glucose (FBG), body weight, superoxide dismutase activity, malondialdehyde levels, and pancreatic histopathology of the rats were analyzed. The results of this study showed that FSB kombucha, BT kombucha, and FSB brew were able to effectively reduce FBG, increase superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, reduce malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, improve lipid profile, and repair pancreatic β-cells in the islets of Langerhans. The administration of FSB kombucha significantly (P

Background and objectives: Plumeria rubra L. (Apocynaceae) is a deciduous shrub or small tree cultivated in subtropical and tropical countries. Its bark is prescribed to treat amoebic dysentery, dropsy, jaundice, scabies, gonorrhea, venereal affections and wounds. In the present research, we aimed to isolate and identify the chemical constituents of the bark of P. rubra. Method: An air-dried bark powder of P. rubra was exhaustively extracted with methanol. Methanol was removed afterwards under vacuum to get a dark brown mass. The extract was dissolved and adsorbed on silica gel (60-120 mesh) for preparation of slurry. The slurry was loaded over silica gel column packed in petroleum ether. The column was eluted with organic solvents successively in order of increasing polarity to isolate the chemical constituents. The structures of the phytoconstituents, isolated from the plant for the first time, have been elucidated by analyzing the spectral data and on the basis of chemical reactions. Results: Phytochemical investigation of a methanol extract of the stem bark led to isolate n-octyl n-octadecanoate (n-octyl stearate, 1), lauryl-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl–(2ʹ→1ʹʹ)-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (lauryl diglucoside, 2), stearyl-α-L-xylopyranosyl–(2ʹ→1ʹʹ)-α-L-xlyopyranosyl-2ʹʹ-(3ʹʹ-oxy-4ʹʹʹ-hydroxy-5ʹʹʹ-methoxy)-benzoic acid (stearyl dixylosyl methoxygallic acid, 3), vanillic acid 4-O-β-D-arabinopyranosyl-(2a→1b)-O-β-D-arabinopyranosyl- (2b→1c)-O-β-D-arabino-pyranosyl-(2c→1d)-O-β-D-arabinopyranosyl-2d-stearate (vanillic acid 4-O-tetra-arabinosyl stearate, 4), vanillic acid 4-O- β-D-arabinopyranosyl-(2a→1b)-β-D-arabinopyranosyl-(2b→1c)-β-D-arabino- pyranosyl-(2c→1d)-β-D-arabinopyranosyl-(2d→1e)-β-D-arabinopyranosyl-(2e→1f)-β-D-arabino-pyranosyl-2f-stearate (vanillic acid 4-O-hexa-arabinosyl stearate, 5), β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2a→1b)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2b→1c)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl- (2c→1d)-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-(2d→1e)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2e→1f)-O-β-D- glucopyranoside (β-D-hexaglucoside , 6) and β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2a→1b)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2b→1c)-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-(2c→1d)-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-(2d→1e)-O-D- glucopyranosyl-(2e→1f)-O-β-D- glucopyranosyl-(2f→1g)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(2g→1h)-O-β-D-rhamnopyranoside (β-D-heptaglucosyl-β-D-rhamnoside, 7). Conclusion: The stem bark of P. rubra contained a variety of chemical constituents like a fatty ester, acyl glycosides, vanillic acid glycosides and polyglycosides.

Traditional and herbal medicines are the most easily available health care remedies. Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P. S. Green is an endemic tree species of the family Oleaceae. It is used in giddiness, epilepsy, wound healing and liver disease. Phytochemical studies of this plant have not been reported so far. The aim of the present study is to characterize the chemical constituents present in ethanolic stem bark extract of Chionanthus mala-elengi. Thirty grams of powdered stem bark was extracted using 150 ml ethanol in Soxhlet apparatus. The mixture was filtered. The filtrates were evaporated and the dried ethanolic stem bark extract was used for further studies. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry analysis provided different peaks indicating the presence of sixteen different phytochemical compounds. Thus, the qualitative determination of stem bark ethanolic extract of C. mala-elengi using GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds which is used for different ailments by traditional practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ficus religiosa L. (Moraceae) is considered as a holy tree in most of the part of south-eastern Asia. Traditionally, its bark is used in the treatment of burns, diarrhoea, dysentery, gastrohelcosis and gonorrhoea, glandular swellings of the neck, scabies, piles, urogenital disorders, anxiety, vomiting, skin diseases and prescribed to improve the skin complexion. Materials and Methods: The methanol extract of stem bark of F. religiosa was obtained by continuous hot extraction process. Isolation of phytoconstituents was done by silica gel column chromatography. Analytical thin layer chromatography was used to check the homogeneity of eluted fractions. The structures of isolated compounds were established on the basis of 1D and 2D NMR, FT-IR, UV and MS data and chemical means. Results: Phytochemical investigation of the methanol extract of F. religiosa stem bark led to the isolation of a new naphthyl substituted phytosterol characterized as naphthyl-1',3'-diol-1'-3ß-sitosteryl-3'-linoleinate (1) and a new lanostane type-triterpenic ester elucidated as lanostan-19-oic acid-3ß-olyl-oleate (2). Conclusion: The present work has enhanced the phytochemical profile of F. religiosa. Compound 1 and 2 have been isolated for the first time from this plant and might be used as chromatographic markers for the quality control analysis of its marketed herbal formulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Traditional and herbal medicines are the most easily available health care remedies. Chionanthus mala-elengi (Dennst.) P. S. Green is an endemic tree species of the family Oleaceae. It is used in giddiness, epilepsy, wound healing and liver disease. Phytochemical studies of this plant have not been reported so far. The aim of the present study is to characterize the chemical constituents present in ethanolic stem bark extract of Chionanthus mala-elengi. Thirty grams of powdered stem bark was extracted using 150 ml ethanol in Soxhlet apparatus. The mixture was filtered. The filtrates were evaporated and the dried ethanolic stem bark extract was used for further studies. Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry analysis provided different peaks indicating the presence of sixteen different phytochemical compounds. Thus, the qualitative determination of stem bark ethanolic extract of C. mala-elengi using GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of various bioactive compounds which is used for different ailments by traditional practitioners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the acute toxicity profile of the stem bark extract of Omphalocarpum procerum. O. procerum is traditionally used to treat infertility and other health conditions in Africa. A 24 h and 14 day single dose administration was performed. The animals were placed in two groups (control and treatment) of 5 mice each for both 24 h and 14 days. O. procerum was orally administered at a dose of 5 g/kg to adult female mice in the treatment group while the control group received water only. The body weights and body temperatures of the animals were determined, blood samples were collected at the end of the study for haematological analyses, while organs (lungs, heart, uteri, liver and kidneys) were collected, weighed and examined for histopathological changes. In both treatment periods, no mortalities and altered behaviour were observed; there were also no changes to body weights. No differences in haematological parameters were observed except for a significant increase (P < 0.01) in platelet count in the 14 day study on treatment with the extract. There were also no significant changes in organ weights. Mild inflammation was however observed in the lung and kidney tissues in both the 24 h and 14 day studies. The stem bark extract of O. procerum is relatively safe for consumption at a high dose on a short term, however caution should be observed as mild inflammation may occur on the lungs and kidneys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: This study was carried out to evaluate the in vitro antiplasmodial activity of alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extract of Ziziphus nummularia stem bark as well as the determination of core structure fractionated from its crude extract. Materials and Methods: The antiplasmodial activity of stem bark extracts was investigated by in vitro schizont maturation inhibition assay against Plasmodium falciparum (both chloroquine sensitive and resistant). The crude extract was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrophotometry (GC-MS). Result: Both alcoholic and hydroalcoholic extracts showed their potential toward in vitro antiplasmodial activity against P. falciparum strains MRC-02 (CQ sensitive) and RKL-09 (CQ resistant). Alcoholic extract showed more promising antiplasmodial activity with Inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 0.130 and 1.191 for MRC-02 and RKL-09 strains, respectively, as compared to hydroalcoholic extract with IC50 of 1.856 and 2.981 for MRC-02 and RKL-09 strains, respectively. No morphological changes in erythrocytes were observed when investigated for chemical injury to the erythrocytes. Chemical characterization of alcoholic extract was performed by GC-MS analysis to identify the bioactive compounds that are responsible for antiplasmodial activity. Alkyl esters, phenolics, and flavonoids were found as major compounds and also showed resemblance to existing antimalarial drugs. Conclusion: The findings suggested that the investigated extracts will provide a foundation for combating the resistant strains of P. falciparum. Also, the compounds isolated from Z. nummularia crude extract are viable newer chemical antimalarial candidates requiring further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The plant Bridelia ferruginea Benth (Euphorbiaceae) has been known for its use in the management of oral thrush ethnomedicinally in various parts of Africa, a practice which has been justified by results of certain scientific studies. The aim of this study was to develop an appropriate dosage formulation, a mouthwash and evaluate the antifungal potential of this dosage formulation against a major causative organism of oral thrush, Candida albicans. Extraction of the stem bark was carried out with boiled distilled water, the extract was formulated into mouthwashes at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5%w/v. All formulations contained viscosity imparting agent, a sweetener and a preservative. Physical characterisation, viscosity, pH and palatability of the mouthwash formulations were determined. Agar-well diffusion method was used to assess antifungal activity of the formulations against Candida albicans and Nystatin oral suspension was used as reference compound. The results showed that Bridelia ferruginea stem bark extract mouthwash solutions were brown in colour, had agreeable odour and sweet astringent taste. The pH for all concentrations was in the range 5.41-5.63. The viscosity at spindle no 2, 60rpm range between 0.226-0.238 Pa.S for all concentrations studied. The formulations had antifungal activity against Candida albicans. The highest concentration (2.5%w/v) gave mean zone of inhibition of 25.50±0.71mm that was comparable with Nystatin oral suspension 28.00±1.41mm, a reference compound. The foregoing suggests that with little modification in the formulation especially the adjustment of the pH, Bridellia ferruginea mouthwash solutions may be developed into commercially useful preparations.

The aim of this research was to isolate and characterize bioactive substances that may be responsible for the ethno medicinal uses of Punica granatum. Phytochemical constituents and characterization led to the isolation of Beta-Sitosterol from the hexane extract of the stem bark of the plant. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated by spectra data including FTIR, 1D- and 2D-NMR. The compound was active against Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli with zones of inhibition of 20 and 35 mm respectively which were appreciable with that of the standard. The values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were as low as 6.25 and 12.5 μg/ml against Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli respectively. Keywords: Punica granatum, Stem Bark, Antimicrobial, Beta-Sitosterol

• The EACCZJ presented more effective results against biofilms. • The EAFZJ presented significant eradication of mature yeast biofilms. • Ziziphus joazeiro aqueous extracts demonstrated a biofilm inhibition effect. The aim of this study is to verify the action of the aqueous leaf extract Ziziphus joazeiro in the eradication of bacterial and fungal biofilms, and to compare these effects with the stem bark extracts, as well as with conventional standard drugs. The presence of secondary metabolites was observed through phytochemical prospection assays. The effect of the aqueous extract on microbial biofilm formation was observed by OD600 nm absorbance and the crystal violet assay. For bacterial and fungal biofilms, chlorhexidine gluconate and fluconazole, respectively, were used as positive controls. Phytochemical characterization showed the presence of secondary metabolite classes common to both extracts such as flavonoids, steroids and saponins. In particular, in the aqueous leaf extract phenols, condensed tannins and alkaloids were observed. Eradication results using the aqueous leaf extract showed an inhibition of the microbial biofilm mass, moreover the biofilms were more sensitive to the bark extract, which presented a greater inhibition number and an action similar to standard drugs. It is important to highlight the leaf extract showed significant eradication at the lowest concentrations for mature yeast biofilms, thus demonstrating its potential to modify microbial resistance susceptibility. Bacterial and fungal biofilm eradication results using the Ziziphus joazeiro aqueous extracts presented a biofilm inhibition effect for both, moreover the results support the ethnopharmacological knowledge surrounding the use of Ziziphus joazeiro stems in the community. In comparison, the bark extract presented a more effective treatment than the leaf extract against biofilms, presenting inhibition levels similar to the used standard drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The decoction of the stem bark of Salix alba (EASA) is traditionally used in Iran against headache, low back pain and to treat piles. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the safety of decoction of Salix alba stem bark extract after acute and sub-chronic oral administration in male rodents. For the acute study, a single administration of (EASA) was given orally to male mice at doses of 2,4, 8, 12,16 and 20 g/kg. In the sub-chronic toxicity study, Salix alba bark extract was administered orally as a single administration to male Wistar rats at doses of 200, 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg/day for 28 days. Animal body weight was recorded throughout the experimental period while hematological and biochemical parameters of blood and urine, as well as the weight of organs, were evaluated. The relative weight of organs was affected significantly by the treatment at the doses of 800 and 1600 mg/kg between liver and kidney that was dose-related. Hematological changes were observed at the doses 400, 800 and 1600 mg/kg at the parameters of RBC, Hgb, HCT, PLT, and WBC. Serum AST, ALT, ALP, and total bilirubin increased significantly while total protein and triglycerides significantly decreased. Renal function indices assay in blood showed a significant modification in the 800 and 1600 mg/kg groups at the parameters of creatinine, uric acid and potassium compared to control while, in urine, protein, and calcium markedly increased at the doses of 1600 mg/kg. These results showed that there is a wide margin of safety for the therapeutic use of EASA and that the aqueous stem bark extract of Salix alba had no toxicity in oral acute high dose administration and very low toxicity in oral sub-chronic administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research was to isolate and characterize bioactive substances that may be responsible for the ethno medicinal uses of Punica granatum. Phytochemical constituents and characterization led to the isolation of Beta-Sitosterol from the hexane extract of the stem bark of the plant. The structure of the isolated compound was elucidated by spectra data including FTIR, 1D- and 2D-NMR. The compound was active against Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli with zones of inhibition of 20 and 35 mm respectively which were appreciable with that of the standard. The values of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were as low as 6.25 and 12.5 μg/ml against Salmonella typhi and Escherichia coli respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]