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Local polarization of magnetic materials has become a well-known and widely used method for storing binary information. Numerous applications in our daily life such as credit cards, computer hard drives, and the popular magnetic drawing board toy, rely on this principle. In this work, we review the recent advances on the magnetic recording of inhomogeneous magnetic landscapes produced by superconducting films. We summarize the current compelling experimental evidence showing that magnetic recording can be applied for imprinting in a soft magnetic layer the flux trajectory taking place in a superconducting layer at cryogenic temperatures. This approach enables the ex situ observation at room temperature of the imprinted magnetic flux landscape obtained below the critical temperature of the superconducting state. The undeniable appeal of the proposed technique lies in its simplicity and the potential to improve the spatial resolution, possibly down to the scale of a few vortices.

International audience; Tuning the polarization of a periodic array of magnetic stripes on top of a superconducting film allows control of Abrikosov vortex motion. Using direct magneto-optical imaging of the vortex patterns, we demonstrate that the proximity of the magnetic stripe ends to the edges of the superconducting film can strongly alter the vortex dynamics. We observe qualitatively different vortex behavior when the stripes overlap with the film edges. From the resulting unique magnetic flux patterns, we calculate the magnetic pinning strength of our stripe array and study effects of the modified edge barrier on vortex guidance and gating that result from different polarizations of the stripes.

International audience; The influence of a conducting layer on the magnetic flux penetration in a superconducting Nb film is studied by magneto-optical imaging. The metallic layer partially covering the superconductor provides an additional velocity-dependent damping mechanism for the flux motion that helps to protect the superconducting state when thermomagnetic instabilities develop. If the flux advances with a velocity slower than w = 2/μ 0 σ t, where σ is the cap layer conductivity and t is its thickness, the flux penetration remains unaffected, whereas for incoming flux moving faster than w, the metallic layer becomes an active screening shield. When the metallic layer is replaced by a perfect conductor, it is expected that the flux braking effect will occur for all flux velocities. We investigate this effect by studying Nb samples with a thickness step. Some of the observed features, namely the deflection of the flux trajectories at the border of the thick center, as well as the favored flux penetration at the indentation, are reproduced by time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau simulations.

International audience; We image the motion of superconducting vortices in niobium film covered with a regular array of thin permalloy strips. By altering the magnetization orientation in the strips using a small in-plane magnetic field, we can tune the strength of interactions between vortices and the strip edges, enabling acceleration or retardation of the superconducting vortices in the sample and consequently introducing strong tunable anisotropy into the vortex dynamics. We discuss our observations in terms of the attraction/repulsion between point magnetic charges carried by vortices and lines of magnetic charges at the strip edges and derive analytical formulas for the vortex-magnetic strips coupling. Our approach demonstrates the analogy between the vortex motion regulated by the magnetic strip array and electric carrier flow in gated semiconducting devices. Scaling down the geometrical features of the proposed design may enable controlled manipulation of single vortices, paving the way for Abrikosov vortex microcircuits and memories.

We present a thorough investigation by magneto-optical imaging of the magnetic flux penetration in Nb thin films with lithographically defined border indentations. We demonstrate that discontinuity lines ($d$ lines), caused by the abrupt bending of current streamlines around the indentations, depart from the expected parabolic trend close to the defect and depend on the shape and size of the indentation as well as on the temperature. These findings are backed up and compared with theoretical results obtained by numerical simulations and analytical calculations highlighting the key role played by demagnetization effects and the creep exponent $n$. In addition, we show that the presence of nearby indentations and submicrometer random roughness of the sample border can severely modify the flux front topology and dynamics. Strikingly, in contrast to what has been repeatedly predicted in the literature, we do not observe that indentations act as nucleation spots for flux avalanches, but they instead help to release the flux pressure and avoid thermomagnetic instabilities.

International audience; MgO particles are added to high-alumina castables to provide in situ spinel formation at high temperatures. However, the MgO hydration upon curing may damage the material because of localized volumetric expansion. Usually, the damage is evaluated by the ex situ overall measurement of Young's modulus changes during processing via Impulse Excitation Techniques. In this paper, an experimental setup was designed to use Digital Image Correlation (DIC) as an in situ alternative to evaluate the damage. Tomographic scans highlighted that all cracks initiated on the sample surfaces, and propagated in the bulk in an intergranular mode. Crack initiation and growth were assessed, for different temperatures, via Surface Crack Density (SCD) measurements, and Mean Crack Opening Displacement (MCOD) fields. They provided important insights into heterogeneous expansion phenomena and crack network quantification; for example, the SCD flattened out while the overall damage was still increasing. The results attested the usefulness of DIC for in-situ quantification of ceramics cracking during the processing.

International audience; This study determined the effect of the incorporation of micronized salt on physicochemical, yield and consumer's sensory characteristics of beef burger. The micronized salt was obtained by sieving the commercial salt in a 60-mesh stainless steel sieve. The commercial (regular salt) and micronized salt presented differences in the mean size, size distribution and bulk density. Half of the amount of the micronized salt was mixed with pork back fat, and the other half was added to the meat batter in the beef burger manufacture. A Pivot profile method was used with consumers to describe the sensory properties of the burger samples (ranging from 0.5% to 1.5% NaCl). The Pivot profile data revealed that treatments with 0.75% and 0.5% micronized salt were mainly characterized as dry, besides showing the highest cooking loss and diameter reduction. However, beef burgers with 1.0% micronized salt and 1.5% regular salt had similar perceived salty taste. In terms of salt reduction, the results indicated that it would be possible to reduce salt from 1.5% to 1.0% when using micronized salt, without affecting the pH, color parameters, yield properties and some sensory characteristics of the burger, such as salty, tasty, juicy, fatty, and spicy. Therefore, this strategy promises great potential for industrial application in products that contain lipids in their composition, such as meat products.

International audience; A mesh refinement procedure designed for Digital Image Correlation analyses of cracked media is proposed, based on the pixel color for an artificial case, and the crack opening displacement field for two experimental cases. Although evidence that this procedure can improve every case if tiny elements are sought, it is also shown that the size of matrices and consequently, the computational cost can be reduced while maintaining accuracy, especially for low surface crack densities (e.g., single macrocrack).

International audience; The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of reducing the content and size of NaCl on the instrumental texture and dynamic sensory profile, and to determine the temporal drivers of liking (TDL). The reduction of the NaCl content decreased the hardness and chewiness parameters, and affected the dynamic sensory profile of the product. The NaCl reduction ( < 1.0% NaCl) was related to a higher incidence of the attributes off-flavor and dry. In general, the overall liking was driven by the juicy and tasty attributes, the latter being associated with the presence of the sensory attributes salty and seasoned and the texture parameters hardness and chewiness. According to the results, among the treatments with NaCl reduction, the beef burger added with 1.0% micronized salt stood out, since it did not affect considerably the texture parameters, the dynamic sensory profile during chewing and the consumers' liking.

Combined effects of trisodium citrate (TSC), transglutaminase (Tgase) and heating were studied with relation to the mechanical properties of acid milk gels. Acidification of skimmed microfiltered milk samples was performed at 30 °C by addition of glucono – δ lactone to achieve final pH of 4.6 in 4 h. Increasing levels of TSC (0, 10 and 20 mM) were added to the samples, followed by addition of a constant level of Tgase (3 U/g of protein), and subsequent heating to 85 °C for 30 min. Prior to acidification, suspensions were analyzed in terms of amount of sedimentable material, hydration, hydrodynamic diameter (Dh) and ζ-potential (ζ) of the particles. Acid-induced gelation was studied using small deformation rheology followed by large deformation test. The water holding capacity of the gels (WHC) was performed at pH 4.6. Gels microstructure were investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy at pH 4.6 and determination of mean pore size was performed by 2D-correlation analysis. Results showed that combined Tgase and TSC treatments had significant effect on rheological properties, WHC and gel microstructure. Higher stiffness of the gels was observed with Tgase and TSC at 10 mM, whereas a homogenous network distribution with smaller pore size was observed in the presence of Tgase and TSC at 20 mM.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-26T17:51:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-05-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) The role of niche differences and competition is invoked when one finds coexisting species to be more dissimilar in trait composition than expected at random in community assembly studies. This approach has been questioned as competition has been hypothesized to either lead to communities assembled by similar or dissimilar species, depending on whether species similarity reflects fitness or niche differences, respectively. A current problem is that the arguments used to draw relationships between competition and species similarity are based on pairwise theoretical examples, while in nature competition can occurs among a constellation of species with different levels of versatility in resources used. By versatility we mean the documented ability of some species to escape competition for commonly used resources by changing for marginal and unused resources. Thus, a versatile species will have the ability to decrease niche overlap with all other species when facing strong competitors. When these species are embedded in multiple interactions the role of pairwise niche and fitness differences could be reduced due to indirect effects and thus competition would not be detectable. Here we developed a coexistence theory where competition occurs simultaneously among multiple species with different levels of versatility and then used it in a simulation to unravel patterns of species similarity during community assembly. We found that simulated communities can be assembled by species with more, less or equal similarity compared to a null model when using a mean distance based metric (SES.MPD). However, contrasting these varied results, we consistently found species overdispersion using a nearest neighbor-based metric (SES.MNTD), even when species differences reflected more directly their competitive abilities than their niche differences. Strong tendency to overdispersion emerged when high ecological versatility promoted large niche differences and enabled coexistence. This is because versatility to use marginal resources compensates possible fitness differences among species. Our findings provide mounting evidence of the important role of minimum niche differences and versatility in resource consumption for species embedded in multiple direct and indirect interactions. Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Dept Ciencias Ambientais DCAm, Rodovia Washington Luis,Km 235, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil Univ Fed Sao Carlos, Programa Posgrad Ecol & Recursos, Rodovia Washington Luis,Km 235, BR-13565905 Sao Carlos, SP, Brazil UPMC, Sorbonne Univ, Ctr Ecol & Sci Conservat CESCO UMR7204, MNHN,CNRS, CP51,43-61 Rue Buffon, F-75005 Paris, France Irstea, UR EFNO, F-45290 Nogent Sur Vernisson, France Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Ecol, UNESP, Av 24-A,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil Univ Estadual Paulista, Inst Biociencias, Dept Ecol, UNESP, Av 24-A,1515, BR-13506900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil FAPESP: 2013/50424-1 FAPESP: 2013/20540-0 FAPESP: 2014/24532-4 CNPq: 403723/2012-4

International audience; The selection of the most appropriate clustering algorithm is not a straightforward task, given that there is no clustering algorithm capable of determining the actual groups present in any dataset. A potential solution is to use different clustering algorithms to produce a set of partitions (solutions) and then select the best partition produced according to a specified validation measure; these measures are generally biased toward one or more clustering algorithms. Nevertheless, in several real cases, it is important to have more than one solution as the output. To address these problems, we present a hybrid partition selection algorithm, HSS, which accepts as input a set of base partitions potentially generated from clustering algorithms with different biases and aims, to return a reduced and yet diverse set of partitions (solutions). HSS comprises three steps: (i) the application of a multiobjective algorithm to a set of base partitions to generate a Pareto Front (PF) approximation; (ii) the division of the solutions from the PF approximation into a certain number of regions; and (iii) the selection of a solution per region by applying the Adjusted Rand Index. We compare the results of our algorithm with those of another selection strategy, ASA. Furthermore, we test HSS as a post-processing tool for two clustering algorithms based on multiobjective evolutionary computing: MOCK and MOCLE. The experiments revealed the effectiveness of HSS in selecting a reduced number of partitions while maintaining their quality.

The migration of family farmers to urban zones is usually analyzed in terms of rural exodus. This article uses the notion of multilocational families to discuss various flows of resources (food, finance and labor) among farm family members who remain on or live off-farm. Forty-nine farm families in western Santa Catarina were studied, chosen to contemplate the socioeconomic diversity of regional family farming. Among the main results it was found that half of these families are multi-locational and that farms inserted in competitive markets are more multi-located than those with less integration to these markets and lower income. The main resource exchanged is food from the farm sent to those who reside offsite, reinforcing the importance of production for self-consumption both for those who remain and for those who migrate, but who live close to and maintain ties with the family farm.Keywords: agroindustry; self-consumption; rural poverty.CAZELLA, Ademir Antonio; DORIGON, Clovis; NESI, Cristiano Nunes; ELOY, Ludivine. Sistemas agricolas e alimentares de familias rurais: analise da multilocalizacao familiar na regiao Oeste de Santa Catarina. Estudos Sociedade e Agricultura, v. 28, n. 1, p. 21-47, fev. 2020.Submitted on November 28, 2019.Accepted on December 20, 2019.

International audience; This paper proposes an approach to defining the path of a curved crack in a single edge notched specimen with gray level residuals extracted from digital image correlation, followed by the calibration of the parameters of a cohesive zone model. Only the experimental force is used in the cost function minimized via finite element model updating. The displacement and gray level residual fields allow for the validation of the calibrated parameters. \revision{Last, the results are confronted with those given by a straight crack to highlight the benefits of accounting for the actual crack path.

A thermal turbulent Taylor-Couette facility has been designed to investigate turbulent flows generated by differential rotation and radial temperature gradient. It consists of a cylindrical annulus with a rotating inner cylinder and a fixed outer cylinder. The electric heating system is installed inside the inner cylinder, and the annulus is immersed in a large cylindrical container filled with cooling fluid. Temperature regulators independently control the temperature of the inner surface of the inner cylinder and that of the cooling fluid. The facility allows us to reach values of the Reynolds number (Re ∼ 5 × 105) and of the Rayleigh number (Ra ∼ 3 × 106) for water as the working fluid. The facility provides torque measurements, a full optical access at the side and from the bottom for velocity measurements using particle image velocimetry (2D, stereoscopic, and tomographic). Temperature measurements in the flow can be performed by thermochromic liquid crystals or laser induced fluorescence.

A sociedade civil brasileira contribuiu na concepção da Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional e, a partir de 2003, na formulação e gestão de políticas públicas específicas. Essa noção defende o direito das pessoas ao acesso regular e permanente a alimentos de qualidade e em quantidade suficiente, sem comprometer outras necessidades básicas. Com base nessa perspectiva, este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as estratégias alimentares de famílias rurais pobres. A análise fundamenta-se em pesquisas realizadas em dezesseis municípios com características rurais da região Oeste de Santa Catarina, junto a 67 famílias assistidas pelo Programa Bolsa Família entre 2011 e 2018. Os resultados indicam que as famílias pobres adotam diversas estratégias de aprovisionamento de alimentos, com destaque para quatro mecanismos: i) produção tanto em áreas rurais quanto no perímetro urbano; ii) aquisição em mercados que permitem o pagamento a prazo; iii) empréstimo, troca e doação junto a familiares e/ou vizinhos; e iv) doação de empregadores, igrejas e prefeituras. Nenhuma família estava passando fome, mas quase todas viviam em situação de insegurança alimentar, além de se privarem de outras necessidades básicas em prol da alimentação. O conjunto de políticas públicas melhorou a alimentação das famílias rurais pobres, todavia, não foi suficiente para assegurar o acesso aos alimentos em quantidade, qualidade e diversidade, uma vez que não removeu os principais condicionantes da pobreza, que é o acesso a terra e a mecanismos de inserção produtiva.

Oxygen has shaped life on Earth. Enriching its gaseous form in water then in the atmosphere has allowed the development of multicellular and terrestrial life leading to current biodiversity. This could have taken place thanks to the implementation of the process of the oxidative photosynthesis in living organisms. The latter first appeared in bacteria before being subtilized by nucleated life forms. This action was realized by enslaving the bacterium and keeping it inside the nucleated organism by a phenomenon called endosymbiosis. Different endosymbioses have occurred in history, attributing the ability of photosynthesis to a wide panel of living beings. The aim of this thesis is to study the transmission of photosynthesis in eukaryotic organisms. These present a great diversity of chloroplast, the organelle performing photosynthesis and witnessing the integration of a foreign organism. The inference of phylogeny, i.e. the estimation of the relationship existing between organisms, reveals discrepancies between the story told by the genome of chloroplasts and nuclei. Obtaining these phylogenies and studying their discordances are at the heart of the understanding of the history of the acquisition of photosynthesis. However, the inference of phylogeny is a complex process influenced by the type and the quality of data as well as by the used technology. The considerations of this thesis manuscript focus on the impact of these elements on the resolution of the tree eukaryotes, with the objectif of getting a better understanding of the history of the hosts photosynthetic and their endosymbiont. First, we developed softwares that improve the quality of physical inferences by the removal of segments of sequences determined to be non-relative to the organisms evolution. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and its comparative impact to other commonly used sequence filtering methods. Secondly, we create a phylogenomic data set to infer the phylogeny of eukaryotes. This is done semi-automatically and aims to increase the maximum of phylogenetic signal while avoiding the integration of sequences with no trace of homology between organisms. We get a tree of eukaryotes including the greatest diversity of organisms to date and discuss the impact of taxon sampling on the support given to tree topology. Recently, we have studied the impact of the choice of the sequence evolution model on the congruence of the phylogenies obtained between the genomes of the different compartments present in photosynthetic stramenopiles. Our results are in favor of the presence of a weak phylogenetic signal to solve the nodes at the base of this group, the latter can easily be overcome by the non-phylogenetic signal produced by model violations. In the end, this thesis highlights the importance of the development of bioinformatics phylogeny-related method to confidently answer questions in evolution related to old events.; L'oxygène a façonné la vie sur Terre. L'enrichissement de sa forme gazeuse dans l'eau puis dans l'atmosphère a permis le développement de la vie multicellulaire et terrestre menant à la biodiversité actuelle. Celui-ci a pu avoir lieu grâce la mise en place du processus de la photosynthèse oxydative chez les organismes vivants. Ce dernier est d'abord apparu chez les bactérie avant d'être subtilisé par les formes de vie nucléées. Cette action s'est réalisé en asservissant la bactérie et en la maintenant à l'intérieur de l'organisme nucléé par un phénomène nommé endosymbiose. Différentes endosymbioses ont eu lieu dans l'histoire des organismes photosynthétiques, attribuant la capacité de photosynthèse à un large panel d'êtres vivants. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la transmission de la photosynthèse chez les organismes eucaryotes. Ces derniers présentent une grande diversité de chloroplaste, l'organite réalisant la photosynthèse et témoin de l'intégration d'un organisme étranger à l'intérieur de leur cellule. L'inférence de la phylogénie, i.e. l'estimation des relations de parentés entre les organismes, révèle des discordances entre l'histoire racontée par le génome des chloroplastes et des noyaux. L'obtention de ces phylogénies et l'étude de leurs discordances sont au coeur de la compréhension de l'historique de l'acquisition de la photosynthèse. Cependant, l'inférence de la phylogénie est un procédé complexe influencé par la nature et la qualité des données ainsi que par les techniques employées. Les considérations de ce manuscrit de thèse se focalise sur l'impact de ces éléments sur la résolution de l'arbre des eucaryotes, avec pour objectif une meilleure compréhension de l'histoire des hôtes photosynthétiques et de leur endosymbionte. Premièrement, nous avons développé un logiciel améliorant la qualité des inférences phylogénétiques par le retrait de segments de séquences déterminés comme non relatif à l'évolution des organismes. Nous démontrons l'efficacité de la méthode et son impact comparé aux autres méthodes de filtrage de séquence couramment employées. Secondairement, nous créons un jeu de données phylogénomique en vue d'inférer la phylogénie des eucaryotes. Celui-ci est réalisé de manière semi-automatique et vise à augmenter au maximum le signal phylogénétique tout en évitant l'intégration de séquences ne permettant pas de retracer les liens de parentés entre organisme. Nous obtenons un arbre des eucaryotes comprenant la plus grande diversité en organismes à ce jour et discutons l'impact de l'échantillonnage sur les soutiens apportés à la topologie de l'arbre. Dernièrement, nous avons étudié l'impact du choix du modèle d'évolution des séquences sur la congruence des phylogénies obtenues entre les génomes des différents compartiments présents chez les stramenopiles photosynthétiques. Nos résultats sont en faveur de la présence d'un faible signal phylogénétique pour résoudre les noeuds à la base de ce groupe, ce dernier pouvant être facilement dépassé par le signal non phylogénétique produits par les violations de modèles. Au final, cette thèse met en évidence l'importance du développement des méthodes bioinformatique liées à la phylogénie afin de répondre avec assurance aux questions évolutives relatifs à des événements anciens.

Oxygen has shaped life on Earth. Enriching its gaseous form in water then in the atmosphere has allowed the development of multicellular and terrestrial life leading to current biodiversity. This could have taken place thanks to the implementation of the process of the oxidative photosynthesis in living organisms. The latter first appeared in bacteria before being subtilized by nucleated life forms. This action was realized by enslaving the bacterium and keeping it inside the nucleated organism by a phenomenon called endosymbiosis. Different endosymbioses have occurred in history, attributing the ability of photosynthesis to a wide panel of living beings. The aim of this thesis is to study the transmission of photosynthesis in eukaryotic organisms. These present a great diversity of chloroplast, the organelle performing photosynthesis and witnessing the integration of a foreign organism. The inference of phylogeny, i.e. the estimation of the relationship existing between organisms, reveals discrepancies between the story told by the genome of chloroplasts and nuclei. Obtaining these phylogenies and studying their discordances are at the heart of the understanding of the history of the acquisition of photosynthesis. However, the inference of phylogeny is a complex process influenced by the type and the quality of data as well as by the used technology. The considerations of this thesis manuscript focus on the impact of these elements on the resolution of the tree eukaryotes, with the objectif of getting a better understanding of the history of the hosts photosynthetic and their endosymbiont. First, we developed softwares that improve the quality of physical inferences by the removal of segments of sequences determined to be non-relative to the organisms evolution. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the method and its comparative impact to other commonly used sequence filtering methods. Secondly, we create a phylogenomic data set to infer the phylogeny of eukaryotes. This is done semi-automatically and aims to increase the maximum of phylogenetic signal while avoiding the integration of sequences with no trace of homology between organisms. We get a tree of eukaryotes including the greatest diversity of organisms to date and discuss the impact of taxon sampling on the support given to tree topology. Recently, we have studied the impact of the choice of the sequence evolution model on the congruence of the phylogenies obtained between the genomes of the different compartments present in photosynthetic stramenopiles. Our results are in favor of the presence of a weak phylogenetic signal to solve the nodes at the base of this group, the latter can easily be overcome by the non-phylogenetic signal produced by model violations. In the end, this thesis highlights the importance of the development of bioinformatics phylogeny-related method to confidently answer questions in evolution related to old events., L'oxygène a façonné la vie sur Terre. L'enrichissement de sa forme gazeuse dans l'eau puis dans l'atmosphère a permis le développement de la vie multicellulaire et terrestre menant à la biodiversité actuelle. Celui-ci a pu avoir lieu grâce la mise en place du processus de la photosynthèse oxydative chez les organismes vivants. Ce dernier est d'abord apparu chez les bactérie avant d'être subtilisé par les formes de vie nucléées. Cette action s'est réalisé en asservissant la bactérie et en la maintenant à l'intérieur de l'organisme nucléé par un phénomène nommé endosymbiose. Différentes endosymbioses ont eu lieu dans l'histoire des organismes photosynthétiques, attribuant la capacité de photosynthèse à un large panel d'êtres vivants. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier la transmission de la photosynthèse chez les organismes eucaryotes. Ces derniers présentent une grande diversité de chloroplaste, l'organite réalisant la photosynthèse et témoin de l'intégration d'un organisme étranger à l'intérieur de leur cellule. L'inférence de la phylogénie, i.e. l'estimation des relations de parentés entre les organismes, révèle des discordances entre l'histoire racontée par le génome des chloroplastes et des noyaux. L'obtention de ces phylogénies et l'étude de leurs discordances sont au coeur de la compréhension de l'historique de l'acquisition de la photosynthèse. Cependant, l'inférence de la phylogénie est un procédé complexe influencé par la nature et la qualité des données ainsi que par les techniques employées. Les considérations de ce manuscrit de thèse se focalise sur l'impact de ces éléments sur la résolution de l'arbre des eucaryotes, avec pour objectif une meilleure compréhension de l'histoire des hôtes photosynthétiques et de leur endosymbionte. Premièrement, nous avons développé un logiciel améliorant la qualité des inférences phylogénétiques par le retrait de segments de séquences déterminés comme non relatif à l'évolution des organismes. Nous démontrons l'efficacité de la méthode et son impact comparé aux autres méthodes de filtrage de séquence couramment employées. Secondairement, nous créons un jeu de données phylogénomique en vue d'inférer la phylogénie des eucaryotes. Celui-ci est réalisé de manière semi-automatique et vise à augmenter au maximum le signal phylogénétique tout en évitant l'intégration de séquences ne permettant pas de retracer les liens de parentés entre organisme. Nous obtenons un arbre des eucaryotes comprenant la plus grande diversité en organismes à ce jour et discutons l'impact de l'échantillonnage sur les soutiens apportés à la topologie de l'arbre. Dernièrement, nous avons étudié l'impact du choix du modèle d'évolution des séquences sur la congruence des phylogénies obtenues entre les génomes des différents compartiments présents chez les stramenopiles photosynthétiques. Nos résultats sont en faveur de la présence d'un faible signal phylogénétique pour résoudre les noeuds à la base de ce groupe, ce dernier pouvant être facilement dépassé par le signal non phylogénétique produits par les violations de modèles. Au final, cette thèse met en évidence l'importance du développement des méthodes bioinformatique liées à la phylogénie afin de répondre avec assurance aux questions évolutives relatifs à des événements anciens.

We report an experiment to check the identification of a set of words in popular written Portuguese with two versions of a computational dictionary of Brazilian Portuguese, DELAF PB 2004 and DELAF PB 2015. This dictionary is freely available for use in linguistic analyses of Brazilian Portuguese and other researches, which justifies critical study. The vocabulary comes from the PorPopular corpus, made of popular newspapers Di{\'a}rio Ga{\'u}cho (DG) and Massa! (MA). From DG, we retained a set of texts with 984.465 words (tokens), published in 2008, with the spelling used before the Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement adopted in 2009. From MA, we examined papers of 2012, 2014 e 2015, with 215.776 words (tokens), all with the new spelling. The checking involved: a) generating lists of words (types) occurring in DG and MA; b) comparing them with the entry lists of both versions of DELAF PB; c) assessing the coverage of this vocabulary; d) proposing ways of incorporating the items not covered. The results of the work show that an average of 19% of the types in DG were not found in DELAF PB 2004 or 2015. In MA, this average is 13%. Switching versions of the dictionary affected slightly the performance in recognizing the words., Comment: English version, p. 67-85. Vers{\~a}o em portugu{\^e}s, p. 63-80

Made available in DSpace on 2022-05-02T14:14:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2016-05-17 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) The electrochemical response of many redox species on boron-doped diamond (BDD) electrodes can be strongly dependent on the type of chemical termination on their surface, hydrogen (HT-BDD) or oxygen (OT-BDD). For instance, on an HT-BDD electrode the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox system presents a reversible voltammetric behavior, whereas the oxidation overpotential of ascorbic acid (AA) is significantly decreased. Moreover, the electrochemical activity of BDD electrodes can be significantly affected by electrochemical pretreatments, with cathodic pretreatments (CPTs) leading to redox behaviors associated with HT-BDD. Here we report on the effect of increasingly severe CPTs on the electrochemical activity of a highly doped BDD electrode, assessed with the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- and AA redox probes, and on the atomic bonding structure on the BDD surface, assessed by XPS. The hydrogenation level of the BDD surface was increased by CPTs, leading to decreases of the total relative level of oxidation of the BDD surface of up to 36%. Contrary to what is commonly assumed, we show that BDD surfaces do not need to be highly hydrogenated to ensure that a reversible voltammetric behavior is obtained for Fe(CN)6]3-/4-; after a CPT, this was attained even when the total relative level of oxidation on the BDD surface was about 15%. At the same time, the overpotential for AA oxidation was confirmed as being very sensitive to the level of oxidation of the BDD surface, a behavior that might allow the use of AA as a secondary indicator of the relative atomic bonding structure on the BDD surface. Departamento de Química Universidade Federal de São Carlos, C.P. 676 Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual de São Paulo Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques (LISE) UMR8235 CNRS Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 4 Place Jussieu Instituto de Química Universidade Estadual de São Paulo

Sensitive and simple electroanalytical methods were developed for the determination of the loop diuretic furosemide (FUR) in pharmaceutical formulations and synthetic urine samples by coupling square-wave voltammetry (SWV) with polished basal-plane pyrolytic graphite (BPPG) or cathodically pretreated boron-doped diamond (BDD) and amorphous carbon nitride (a-CN x ) as working electrodes. The analytical parameters obtained with the three methods were compared. With BPPG, best results were attained using 0.10 mol L −1 H 2 SO 4 as supporting electrolyte, whereas with BDD and a-CN x , this was attained using a 0.040 mol L −1 BR buffer (pH 4.5). Cyclic voltammograms obtained for FUR evidenced an irreversible behavior (with two oxidation peaks), in agreement with the literature. On the BDD and a-CN x electrodes, the electrooxidation of FUR is a purely diffusion-controlled process, whereas on the BPPG electrode some degree of adsorption is also involved. The obtained linear response ranges (detection limits) for the BPPG, BDD, and a-CN x electrodes were 0.60–4.8 (0.47), 0.30–13 (0.30), and 0.50–99 (0.39) μmol L −1 , respectively. The proposed methods were successfully applied in the determination of FUR in pharmaceutical formulations (tablets), with results similar to those obtained using a reference spectrophotometric method (at a confidence level of 95 %), and in the recovery of FUR in synthetic urine samples. The analytical conditions obtained with the novel SWV methods here reported are comparatively better than those for other electrochemical methods in the literature. As the pretreatment procedures are much simpler for BDD and a-CN x than for BPPG, one can conclude that the former two materials can be advantageously used to determine FUR with good sensitivity and selectivity.

Casein micelle hydrogels were developed using transglutaminase (Tgase) as a crosslink agent in order to encapsulate anthocyanins from jaboticaba fruit (Myrciaria cauliflora). Spray dried casein micelles (CMs) powder was rehydrated in ultrapure water at a concentration of 4.5% w/w, and Tgase was added at 3 units/g of casein. The suspensions were incubated at 45 °C for 1 h, followed by enzyme deactivation at 85 °C for 5 min. Jaboticaba extract (JE), obtained from jaboticaba peel, was added to the suspensions at a concentration of 2% (w/w) at 25 °C. In the suspensions, Tgase promoted a reduction in CMs size and an increase in the degree of casein polymerization. The presence of JE did not affect CMs size or charge. The hydrogel samples were produced by acidification of the suspensions using 2% w/w of glucono – δ – lactone until pH 4.5 at 30 °C. The hydrogels were analyzed using small deformation rheology and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Tgase treatment promoted the formation of a more compact protein matrix compared to the samples without the enzyme. The presence of JE decreased hydrogel elasticity and increased hydrogel pore size. The JE release profile was evaluated by immersing the hydrogels in three buffer solutions at pH 2.0, 4.5 and 7.0. The release rates for the hydrogels with Tgase were lower for all pH values. Solutions with higher pH values induced faster release rates. These findings can be applied to specific delivery systems, such as the transport of JE in an intestinal environment.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:53:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-08-01 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Latitudinal patterns of diversity are one of the most striking large-scale biological phenomena and several hypotheses have been proposed to explain them. Using data from literature-surveys we investigated how phylogenetic patterns in microorganisms, plants, and, metazoans communities differ between the tropical and temperate regions and then explored possible ecological and evolutionary process that could shape such patterns. Using the Net Relatedness Index, we analyzed data from 1486 biological communities, collected in 32 articles that considered the phylogenetic structure of biological communities. We found a pattern of phylogenetic clustering in both regions for microorganisms, while for plants we found phylogenetic clustering in temperate regions and phylogenetic overdispersion in the tropics. We did not detect a clear pattern of clustering or overdispersion in tropical or temperate regions in metazoans. From these patterns we explore different ecological and evolutionary processes that have shaped these communities over space and time. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul Departamento de Ciências Ambientais Universidade Federal de São Carlos Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) UMR 6554 CNRS LETG-Angers Université d'Angers Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science and College of Science and Engineering James Cook University Instituto de Biociências Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Biodiversidade Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp) FAPESP: #2014/24532-4 FAPESP: #2016/14611-0 FAPESP: LSSM #2015/25316-6 FAPESP: RCP #2014/20924-5 FAPESP: VSS #2013/20540-0

This work extends the hypercube queuing model to address users in-queue priorities.The extended model also considers the partial backup of servers.It is motivated by an emergency maintenance service of an agro-industry in Brazil.To reduce the computational burden an approximate method is also developed.The findings suggest promising perspectives for real-life applications. This work extends the hypercube queuing model to explicitly address users in-queue priorities, as well as the partial backup of servers. To reduce the computational burden an approximate method is also developed. The study is motivated by an emergency maintenance service system found within the agricultural stage of the sugarcane agro-industry in Brazil. An example is used to illustrate the issues of priority in queue and partial backup. In order to show the importance and effectiveness of our proposed models we conducted additional experiments by varying the user arrival rates as well as eliminating the in-queue priorities. The study shows that selected adaptations and extensions of both the hypercube model and the approximate method are capable of representing similar emergency systems. The findings from the illustrative examples suggest promising perspectives for real-life applications in sugar and ethanol plants, and other agro-industries.

International audience; Glass-ceramics (GC) generally possess enhanced mechanical properties compared to their parent glasses. The knowledge of how crystallization evolves and affects the mechanical properties with increasing temperature is essential to optimize the design of the crystallization cycle. In this study, we crystallized a glass of the MgO-Al2O3-SiO2 system with nucleating agents TiO2 and ZrO2. The crystallization cycle comprised a 48 hour nucleation treatment at the glass-transition temperature followed by a 10 hour growth step at a higher temperature. During this cycle, the evolution of crystalline phases was followed by high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HTXRD), which revealed the presence of karooite (MgO2TiO(2)), spinel (MgOAl2O3), rutile (TiO2), sillimanite (Al2O3SiO2), and sapphirine (4MgO5Al(2)O(3)2SiO(2)). The same heat treatment was applied for in situ measurement of elastic properties: elastic modulus, E, shear modulus, G, and Poisson's ratio, . The evolution of these parameters during the heating path from room temperature to the final crystallization temperature and during the nucleation and the crystallization plateaus is discussed. E and G evolve significantly in the first two hours of the growth step. At the end of the crystallization process, the elastic and shear moduli of the GC were approximately 20% larger than those of the parent glass.

Made available in DSpace on 2021-07-14T10:35:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T11:33:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1983-41952017000601273.pdf: 5921078 bytes, checksum: b1a7604586699cfbafdac1235894a8ff (MD5) Research Support Foundation of the State of São Paulo Although the use of high strength concrete blocks for the construction of tall buildings is becoming common in Brazil, their mechanical properties and behavior are not fully understood. The literature shows a gap in experimental studies with the use of high strength concrete blocks, i.e., those with compressive strength greater than 16 MPa. The work presented herein was conducted in order to study the behavior of high strength structural masonry. Therefore, the compressive strength and modulus of elasticity of concrete block walls tested under axial load were assessed. The specimens included grouted and ungrouted walls and walls with a mid-height bond beam; ungrouted walls were constructed with face-shell and full mortar bedding. The walls were built and tested in the laboratory of CESP and in the Structures Laboratory of the UNESP Civil Engineering Department in Ilha Solteira (NEPAE). Concrete blocks with nominal compressive strength of 16 (B1), 24 (B2) and 30 (B3) MPa were used. Ungrouted masonry walls had a height of 220 cm and a width of 120 cm while grouted masonry walls had a height of 220 cm and a width of 80 cm. Traditional Portland cement, sand and lime mortar was used. The testing program included 36 blocks, 18 prisms, 9 ungrouted walls (6 with face-shell mortar bedding and 3 with full mortar bedding), 9 grouted masonry walls, and 12 ungrouted walls with a bond beam at mid-height. The experimental results were used to determine the compressive strength ratio between masonry units, prisms and masonry walls. The analyses included assessing the cracking pattern, the mode of failure and the stress-strain curve of the masonry walls. Tests results indicate that the prism-to-unit strength ratio varies according to the block strength; that face-shell mortar bedding is suitable for high strength concrete masonry; and that 20% resistance decrease for face-shell mortar bedding when compared with full mortar bedding is a conservative consideration. The results also show that using a bond beam at the mid-height of the wall does not lead to a compressive strength decreased but it changes the failure mode and the shape of the stress-strain curve. In addition, the results show that estimating E = 800 fp is conservative for ungrouted masonry walls but reasonably accurate for grouted masonry walls and that there is no reason to limit the value of E to a maximum value of 16 GPa. Furthermore, the results show that, for design purposes, a wall-to-prism strength ratio value of 0.7 may be used for high strength concrete masonry. Universidade Federal de Sao Carlos, Departamento de Engenharia Civil Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita e Filho, Departamento de Engenharia Civil Brigham Young University, Departamento de Engenharia Civil Universidade Estadual Paulista Julio de Mesquita e Filho, Departamento de Engenharia Civil Research Support Foundation of the State of São Paulo : 2012/22454-0 ; 2015/02362-2

International audience; Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass is an optically transparent photosensitive multicomponent silicate glass. UV-exposure produces silver nanoclusters, and NaF nanocrystals upon heating, giving rise to permanent refractive index changes. This is the basis for the production ofBragg gratings. In this article, we present a comprehensive overview of the photo-thermoinduced effects in PTR glass. We first give a general introduction of PTR glasses and their applications. Then, we perform a thorough analysis of the mechanisms of refractive index changes starting with the photo-induced process followed by the crystal nucleation mechanism and NaF crystallisation kinetics. Finally, we concentrate on the PTR glassnanostructure and its effect on the crystallisation mechanisms and properties, finishing with the kinetics and origin of the refractive index change. Despite the fact that much is known about this septuagenarian glass and that it is already being commercially produced, a number of open problems still exist that warrant further investigation.

We provide Reynolds averaged azimuthal velocity profiles, measured in a Taylor-Couette system in turbulent flow, at medium Reynolds (7800 $l$ Re $l$ 18000) number with particle image velocimetry technique. We find that in the wall regions, close to the inner and outer cylinders, the azimuthal velocity profile reveals a significant deviation from classical logarithmic law. In order to propose a new law of the wall, the profile of turbulent mixing length was estimated from data processing; it was shown to behave nonlinearly with the radial wall distance. Based on this turbulent mixing length expression, a law of the wall was proposed for the Reynolds averaged azimuthal velocity, derived from momentum balance and validated by comparison to different data. In addition, the profile of viscous dissipation rate was investigated and compared to the global power needed to maintain the inner cylinder in rotation.

In recent years, a growing number of actors and institutions, in different countries, have begun using the notion of Agroecology, which has led to an expansion of its polysemy and its controversies. Taking this into account, this paper analyzes, based on the Brazilian and French experiences, the peculiarities of Agroecology in four different fields: science, social movements, government policies, and education. It also discusses three other issues: the analytical, programmatic and normative discourses; the different definitions, in the fields of science and education, of the object of study of Agroecology; and the different formulations regarding its fundamental principles. It is argued that, in this new context, recognition of this pluralism and the controversies acquires a central role in the construction of knowledge in the various fields linked to Agroecology., En los últimos años, un creciente número de actores e instituciones, en diferentes países, empezó a utilizar la noción de Agroecología, en un proceso que llevó a una expansión de su polisemia y de sus controversias. Este trabajo analiza, en base a las experiencias de Brasil y Francia, las peculiaridades de la Agroecología en cuatro diferentes campos : ciencia, movimientos sociales, políticas del gobierno y educación. También se hace una discusión de otros tres aspectos: la formulación de discursos analíticos, programáticos y normativos; las diferentes concepciones, en los campos de la ciencia y de la educación, sur el objeto de estudio de la Agroecología; las diferentes formulaciones acerca de sus principios fundamentales. Argumentase que, en este nuevo contexto, el reconocimiento del pluralismo y de las controversias adquiere una importancia central para la construcción del conocimiento en los diferentes campos vinculados a la noción de Agroecología., Nos últimos anos, um número crescente de atores e instituições, em diferentes países, passou a utilizar a noção de Agroecologia, em um processo que levou a uma ampliação de sua polissemia e de suas controvérsias. Este texto analisa, com base nas experiências brasileira e francesa, as peculiaridades da Agroecologia em quatro diferentes campos: ciência, movimentos sociais, políticas governamentais e educação. Discute-se também outros três aspectos: a formulação de discursos analíticos, programáticos e normativos; o delineamento, nos campos da ciência e da educação, de diferentes vertentes sobre o objeto de estudo da Agroecologia; e as diferentes formulações sobre seus princípios fundamentais. Argumentase que, neste novo contexto, o reconhecimento do pluralismo e das controvérsias passa a ter uma importância central para a construção do conhecimento nos diferentes campos vinculados à Agroecologia.

Photo-thermo-refractive (PTR) glass is an optically transparent photosensitive sodium alumino silicate glass, containing NaF and KBr additives, along with cerium, silver, tin and antimony oxide dopants. UV-exposed regions of this glass produce NaF nanocrystals upon heating, giving rise to a permanent localized refractive index change. In this article we examine the initial stages of this crystallization process by continuous-wave and pulsed X-band electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. UV exposure of PTR glass produces unpaired electrons whose EPR spectrum is characterized by pronounced peak splitting arising from nuclear magnetic hyperfine interactions with spin-5/2 and spin-7/2 nuclei suggesting close proximity of the unpaired electrons with 121 Sb and 123 Sb nuclei. These results indicate that the Sb 2 O 3 dopant plays a key role in the initial stages of the crystallization mechanism. Upon thermal annealing, leading to the crystallization of NaF, these species disappear, indicating their transient nature. A number of other unpaired electron species identified in the dopant free matrix appear to be unrelated to the crystallization process. These results clearly challenge the classical mechanism proposed decades ago to explain the complex crystallization process of PTR glass. Together with more recent results from optical spectroscopy they support the Nikonorov model involving (1) photoionization of Ce 3 + , (2) transfer of this electron to Sb 5 + species to create a Sb 4 + species, (3) upon annealing electron transfer from Sb 4 + to Ag + ions, producing silver atoms, (4) coalescence of these species into Ag clusters, which (5) serve as nucleation catalysts for NaF nanocrystals.

National audience; One of the basic tasks of natural language ​​processing (NLP) is the construction of lexical databases. The data in these databases can be used in many tools. An example of lexical data that can be used by NLP systems are nominal predicates, that is, constructs formed by predicational nouns (Npred), which select arguments, and a particular type of auxiliary, a support verb (Vsup).Among Npred, nouns of medical examinations or treatments, such as 'mammography,' 'audiogram,' 'hemodialysis,' when constructed with the Vsup 'fazer' "have/take", make up a nominal predicate in Portuguese, as in 'Maria fez uma mamografia' "Mary had/took a mammography". Nominal predicates with the Vsup 'fazer' and an Npred of medical examination or treatment have specific morphological, syntactic and semantic features. This work is part of a research that analysed and classified 1,815 nominal predicates with the Vsup 'fazer' in Brazilian Portuguese, under the theoretical perspective of the Lexicon-Grammar.; O Processamento de Línguas Naturais (PLN) apresenta como uma de suas tarefas básicas a construção de bases de dados com informações lexicais. Os dados contidos nessas bases de dados podem ser utilizados em muitas ferramentas. Um exemplo de dados lexicais que podem ser utilizados por sistemas de PLN são os predicados nominais, ou seja, construções formadas pelos nomes predicativos (Npred), que selecionam argumentos, e um tipo particular de auxiliar, um verbo-suporte (Vsup).Um tipo especial de Npred são os nomes de exames ou tratamentos médicos, como "mamografia", "audiograma", "hemodiálise" que, quando construídos com o Vsup "fazer", formam um predicado nominal, como se percebe em "Maria fez uma mamografia". Os predicados nominais que são formados pelo Vsup "fazer" e um Npred de exame ou tratamento médico apresentam características morfológicas, sintáticas e semânticas específicas que são abordadas neste trabalho, que se insere em uma pesquisa que realizou a análise e classificação de 1.815 predicados nominais com o Vsup "fazer" do português do Brasil, sob a perspectiva teórica do Léxico-Gramática.

International audience; This paper presents a comparative study of cluster ensemble and multi-objective cluster ensemble algorithms. Our aim is to evaluate the extent to which such methods are able to identify the underlying structure hidden in a data set, given different levels of information they receive as input in the set of base partitions (BP). To do so, given a gold/reference partition, we produced nine sets of BP containing properties of interest for our analysis, such as large number of subdivisions of true clusters. We aim at answering questions such as: are the methods able to generate new and more robust partitions than those in the set of BP? are the techniques influenced by poor quality partitions presented in the set of BP?

International audience