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In this paper, we propose a gate recurrent unit (GRU) method to forecast ionospheric the total electron content (TEC) at different latitudes and longitudes. This method aims to address the issues of low accuracy in traditional neural networks and the challenges faced in training long-term time series. We construct a GRU model using TEC data from the European Orbit Determination Center (CODE) for the years 2016 to 2018, geomagnetic indices, and solar activity indices (16 points along the latitude and longitude lines of 120°E and 30°N). Comparative experiments are carried out with the international reference ionosphere (IRI) model and the long short-term memory (LSTM) model. The results show that the GRU model outperforms other models in terms of accuracy. On geomagnetic quiet days, the 5-day predicted average residual can reach 0.51 TECU, while on storm days it can reach 0.72 TECU. The root mean square error (RMSE) for these days is 0.64 TECU and 1.01 TECU, respectively. The correlation coefficients are 0.98 and 0.93, respectively. The RMSE of the GRU model ranges from 0.60 TECU to 2.62 TECU for both geomagnetic quiet days and storm days. In terms of TEC forecast accuracy in 2018, the RMSE of the GRU model is 1.6 TECU, which is smaller than that of the IRI model and LSTM model. These results demonstrate that the GRU model performs better than the IRI model and LSTM model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• hPMSCs transplantation rescued apoptosis after HI. • hPMSCs transplantation rescued long-term neurological ability after HI. • hPMSCs downregulated Sema 3A/NRP-1 after HI to rescued apoptosis. • Downregulated Sema 3A/NRP-1 led to the activation of PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is an abnormal neurological condition caused by hypoxic-ischemic damage during the perinatal period. Human placenta derived mesenchymal stem cells (hPMSCs) have been shown to have protective and reparative effects in various neurological diseases; however, the research on HIE is insufficient. This study aimed to establish a rat model of HIE and transplant hPMSCs through the lateral ventricle after hypoxic-ishcemic (HI) brain damage to observe its protective effects and mechanisms, with a focus on brain apoptosis compared among groups. Differentially expressed apoptosis-related proteins were screened using a rat cytokine array and subsequent verification. Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) and Semaphorin 3A (Sema 3A) were selected for further investigation. Western blotting was used to quantify the expression of Sema 3A and the proteins related to PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Exogenous Sema 3A was added to evaluate the effects of Sema 3A/NRP-1 on hPMSCs following HI injury. hPMSCs transplantation ameliorated HI-induced pathological changes, reduced apoptosis, and improved long-term neurological prognosis. Furthermore, Sema 3A/NRP-1 was a key regulator in reducing HI-induced apoptosis after hPMSCs transplantation. hPMSCs inhibited the expression of Sema 3A/NRP-1 and activated the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. Additionally, exogenous Sema 3A abolished the protective effects of hPMSCs against HI. In conclusion, hPMSCs transplantation reduced apoptosis and improved long-term neurological prognosis after HI by downregulating Sema 3A/NRP-1 expression and activating the PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epoxidation of styrene is an important route to synthesize organic intermediate, but how to effectively promote the formation of target superoxide radicals and then regulate the production of styrene oxide in two-phase reaction system remains an urgent challenge. In this study, MnO x nanocatalysts with abundant oxygen vacancies were fabricated using reverse-micelle as template, and then were endowed with an amphiphilic surface through post-modification. With such MnO x catalysts, Pickering emulsion could be formulated, in which numerous compartmentalized droplet microreactors were created for the epoxidation of styrene. The rich oxygen defects on MnO x were found to be useful to improve the chemisorption of t -butylhydroperoxide, and the active complexes formed by coordination of Mn3+ with N, N-dimethylformamide favored the generation of preferable superoxide radicals for the synthesis of styrene oxide. Moreover, it was also found that compartmentalization effects arising from Pickering emulsion droplets modifies the radicals reaction path, significantly improving the catalytic efficiency and selectivity. As a result, in the Pickering emulsion system, 90.0% selectivity towards styrene oxide and a turnover frequency of 581 h−1 could be obtained, which were higher than ever reported results. The Pickering emulsion-based compartmentalized microreactors can provide versatile platforms to efficiently control the epoxidation of styrene involving free radicals. [Display omitted] • MnO x with rich oxygen vacancies were fabricated by a reverse-micelle method. • Abundant oxygen vacancies was found to promote the chemisorption of TBHP. • The complexes of Mn3+/DMF favor the generation of HO 2 ∙ for epoxidation of styrene. • 90% SO yield was obtained by the compartmentalization effect of Pickering emulsions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogen production from electrochemical water electrolysis is one of the most effective solutions to the world's energy dilemma and environmental degradation. Transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been extensively reported as effective catalysts for hydrogen production, Molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2) has particularly evoked widespread interest due to its high activity, low cost, and plentiful components. For MoS 2 , it commonly has the semiconductor phase (2H) and the metallic phase (1T) structures, and 2H is more stable but less conductive than 1T. Although more favorable for electronic transfer, 1T-MoS 2 has poor stability, complex preparation, a restricted number of active sites, low intrinsic catalytic activity, and poor interlayer conductivity. In this review, we will discuss the phase transition mechanism from 2H–MoS 2 to 1T-MoS 2 , along with recent research advances. Because it is a technical challenge to synthesize the1T-MoS 2 , we will discuss the characteristics and structure of 1T-MoS 2 in detail and its application in water electrolysis cataloging on the preparation methods. The improved intrinsic activity, increased active sites, and the improvement of conductivity are discussed in terms of several aspects including (1) doping and ionic intercalation, (2) introduction of S vacancies (Vs) and defect modification, (3) highly conductive substrates and composite structures combination, as well as (4) phase transition effect. The critical difficulties and prospects are also presented at the end of this review, providing further solutions and inspirations for the preparation of 1T-MoS 2 electrocatalysts with enhanced catalytic performance. • The characteristics, structure, preparation methods of 1T-MoS2 and its application in the HER are discussed in detail. • The "quantity" and "quality" improvement of HER performance of 1T-MoS2 based on function oriented design is discussed. • The future development strategies are put forward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the RANS equations and applying the waves2Foam solver in OpenFOAM, the study numerically investigated the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) generated due to emergent rigid vegetation in water waves. The numerical results show that the TKE generated due to emergent vegetation in water waves increases with decreasing water depth and increasing wave height and period, as well as vegetation density and stem diameter. Moreover, compared to wave height, the influence of wave period on the stem-generated TKE in waves is more significant. Furthermore, the ratio of the amplitude of wave motion trajectory to stem spacing has a significant impact on the stem-generated TKE in waves. When the amplitude of wave motion trajectory is less than half of the stem spacing, the stem-generated TKE in waves is similar to the TKE of the bare bed in waves. In the case where the amplitude of wave motion trajectory is greater than half of the stem spacing, the stem-generated TKE in waves in the front of the vegetation will be significantly enhanced. Based on the study, an improved formula is proposed for predicting the stem-generated turbulence in waves. • Stem-generated turbulent kinetic energy in waves increases with decreasing water depth and increasing wave height and period. • Stem-generated turbulent kinetic energy in waves increases with increasing plant density and stem diameter. • Influence of the ratio of wave excursion to stem spacing on stem-generated TKE in waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DFT calculations were performed on the adsorption and reaction behaviors of room environment gases (i.e., O 2 , H 2 , H 2 O) on the PuO 2 (111) surface. • The stoichiometric PuO 2 (111) slab is inert under O 2 atmosphere within a large temperature and pressure range. • H 2 O prefers to stay as molecular state when adsorbing on PuO 2 (111) and dissociative adsorption of H 2 remains thermodynamically stable at H 2 -pressure as low as ∼10−35 bar under room temperature. • Kinetic analysis reveals the dynamical properties of PuO 2 surface under H 2 -rich atmosphere with increased temperature. Adsorption and reaction properties of environmental gases including O 2 , H 2 , and H 2 O on the PuO 2 (111) surface were studied via density functional theory simulations along with thermodynamic and kinetic analysis. Simulation results show that the stoichiometric PuO 2 (111) remains intact under O 2 atmosphere and extremely low or high O 2 pressure is required to form oxygen vacancy or adsorbed-O on the surface. The H 2 O prefers to stay as molecular state when adsorbing on PuO 2 (111) and a relatively high humidity is required for H 2 O to be stably binding on the surface. For H 2 interaction with PuO 2 , the dissociative adsorption of H 2 molecule induces reduction of Pu(IV) ions to Pu(III), and remains thermodynamically stable at H 2 pressure as low as ∼10−35 bar under room temperature. Kinetic modeling shows that at temperature below 350 K, the PuO 2 (111) surface is mainly covered by OH species when exposing to H 2 environment while bare metal sites appear with increased temperature and reaction time. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metallic materials have attracted the considerable attentions owing to their remarkable tribological potentials, rendering them indispensable in the fields of manufacturing, aerospace, medical, and daily life. In the future, their utilization is poised to extend into electronic devices, energy storage, sensors, catalysts and other realms in order to enhance performance metrics, bolster stability and reduce costs. Notwithstanding various research have been undertaken on metal-based composites, the important influencing factors and wear mechanisms of metal-base friction interfaces have not been comprehensively reviewed. Therefore, this review summarizes these main influencing factors (e.g., material properties, service conditions, additives and energy effects) on tribological behaviors of metal interfaces, subsequently generalizes their wear mechanisms such as abrasion, adhesion, corrosion and fatigue. Finally, their development prospects and difficulties of the interface tribology are discussed in detail, thereby providing the in-depth insight of these fields for enriching actual applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, AI (artificial intelligence) algorithms based on big data have gradually emerged and been applied to short time predictions of ocean waves (e.g. 1 h, 3 h, ..., 48 h). However, limited by the lack of a better method and time-consuming computation, long time (e.g. 720 h) predictions have not been investigated yet. Based on the problems with study of long time series wave prediction, by using the hourly wave reanalysis data near Bering Sea from 2016 to 2020, this study establishes a long time series AI prediction model for waves with a forecast length of one month (720 h) based on PatchTST model. The time series prediction results of significant wave height evolution in 2021 show that compared with Informer, LSTM (Long Short Term Memory) and NeuralProphet, PatchTST's is significantly superior with COR (Correlation) averages at 0.90, RMSE (Root Mean Square Error) averages at 0.65 and MAE (Mean Absolute Error) averages at 0.56 on 12 months of 2021, which can be effectively applied to long time significant wave height prediction. • AI model based on the PatchTST algorithm for predicting the long-term evolution of ocean waves. • PatchTST algorithm is effective and accurate in predicting wave height evolution. • The gap between long-term wave forecasting and short-term wave forecasting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The MRT LB equations describing two-phase flows are modified to eliminate error terms. • Two wetting boundary schemes are developed for simulating contact-line motions of two-phase flows with large density ratios. • The requirement of virtual nodes in wetting boundary scheme is removed by a local scheme. • The developed wetting boundary schemes are validated by steady and dynamic simulations. • The contact angle hysteresis with large density and viscosity ratios can be successfully simulated. In this work, wetting boundary schemes in a modified phase-field lattice Boltzmann (LB) method are developed to simulate the contact-line motion and contact angle hysteresis of binary fluids with large density ratios. In the modified phase-field LB method, two multiple-relaxation-time (MRT) LB equations are utilized, one with a nondiagonal relaxation matrix used to solve the conserved Allen-Cahn (A-C) equation and the other with a modified discrete source term used to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes (N-S) equations. Based on the idea of geometric formulation, two wetting boundary schemes corresponding to the modified phase-field LB model are proposed. In the first scheme, a layer of virtual nodes is utilized to realize the geometric formulation. The values of the order parameter at the virtual nodes are determined by the central difference method. In the second scheme, the geometric formulation is realized through a local scheme for the gradient terms of the order parameter where the nonequilibrium parts of the distribution function are utilized. Compared with the first wetting boundary scheme and some previous models, the second wetting boundary scheme does not require the virtual nodes and simplifies the numerical implementation. The developed two schemes are validated through a series of benchmark simulations, including droplet spreading on idea substrate, capillary intrusion and droplet shearing on nonideal substrate. It is found that satisfactory accuracy can be achieved by both two schemes, and the second scheme can obtain better stability while the first scheme shows better performance in simulating contact angle hysteresis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Smart energy plays an important role in alleviating energy poverty in China in the context of the new technological revolution and industrial change. This paper uses China's smart pilot policy as a quasi-natural experiment, employing China's provincial panel data from 2011 to 2022, measuring energy poverty indices based on a projection pursuit evaluation model, and conducting a quasi-natural experiment using a synthetic control method to assess the effect of smart energy on energy poverty and specific mechanisms of action. The study found that smart energy has a specific and significant impact on energy poverty, but the effect differs in different regions depending on the construction cycle and energy endowment. In the mechanism test, smart energy significantly alleviates energy poverty through the mechanisms of improving energy supply capacity, improving energy payment capacity, and improving energy cleanliness. The results of the study provide empirical references for regional solutions to energy poverty and the planning of smart energy construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudo-halide substitution is an effective approach to enhance the performance and stability of perovskite optoelectronic devices. However, the role of pseudo-halide ions played in the perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLEDs) is still rarely investigated. Herein, we have synthesized the organic salt PEABF 4 (PEA = phenylethylamine) as a pseudo halide substitute for surface halides in PEABr and fabricate quasi two-dimensional (quasi-2D) PeLEDs. The incorporation of BF 4 − anion improves the photoluminescence (PL) intensity and lifetime by taking advantage of improved crystallinity and enlarged grain size. The BF 4 − substituted PeLEDs shows great improvement of performance to the control devices. The optimized device with structure of indium tin oxide-coated glass (ITO(glass))/poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene-sulfonate)(PEDOT:PSS)/perovskite/4,7-Diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (Bphen)/Ag produces a maximum luminance at 44850 cd/m2, and an efficiency of 11.5 cd/A, respectively. Through further investigation by optical and electrical characterization, we find the substitution of BF 4 − anion has merits on the enhancement of exciton binding energy and suppression of non-radiative trap-assisted recombination on the surface. These results provide better understanding of pseudo-halide's benefits in perovskite light-emitting devices. By using the new designed organic salt PEABF 4 (PEA = phenylethylamine), we investigate the substitution effects of BF 4 − ion on quasi-2D perovskite light-emitting diode. Their influences on defect passivation and exciton binding energy are discussed in this work. [Display omitted] • We successful synthesis the large cation ligand PEABF 4 , and use solution method to partial substituted the Br− anion in qusi-2D perovskite. • The suitable substitution ratio of BF 4 − anion could improve the crystallinity and increase the exciton binding energy of the perovskite grains. • The surface defect induced non-radiative recombination has also suppressed by introduction of BF 4 − anions into the quasi-2D perovskites. • The best ratio of substituted PEABr with PEABF 4 to make highly efficient PeLED, which gives luminance at 44850 cd/m2 with a maximum current efficiency 11.5 cd/A in our testament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • CCL17/CCR4 axis has not been reported in CDR. • CCR4 on Th2 cells is activated by CCL17 during CDR, and CCL17/CCR4 axis-mediated CDR via the ERK/STAT3 pathway. • The results provide a new strategy for creating anti-CDR drugs that targeting CCL17/CCR4 axis. Cutaneous drug reactions (CDRs) are common drug-induced allergic reactions that cause severe consequences in HIV/AIDS patients. The CCL17/CCR4 axis is involved in the immune mechanism of allergic diseases, but its role in the CDRs has not been determined. Here, we aimed to determine the role of the CCL17/CCR4 axis and the underlying mechanism involved in CDRs. In this study, the serum cytokine levels in patients with CDR and healthy controls were measured. The CCL17-triggered allergic profile was screened via a PCR array. Apoptosis of keratinocytes cocultured with CCL17-stimulated Th2 cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. An NVP-induced rat CDR model was established, and dynamic inflammatory factor levels and Th2 cells in the peripheral blood of the rats were measured. Rat skin lesions and signaling pathways in Th2 cells were also analyzed. We showed that the serum CCL17 level was significantly upregulated in CDR patients (P = 0.0077), and the Th2 cell subgroup was also significantly elevated in the CDR rats. The CCL17/CCR4 axis induces Th2 cells to release IL-4 and IL-13 via the ERK/STAT3 pathway. The CCR4 antagonist compound 47 can alleviate rash symptoms resulting from NVP-induced drug eruption, Th2 cell subgroup, IL-4, and IL-13 and inhibit keratinocyte apoptosis. Taken together, these findings indicate that the CCL17/CCR4 axis mediates CDR via the ERK/STAT3 pathway in Th2 cells and type 2 cytokine-induced keratinocyte apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The traditional error model for strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS)/Doppler velocity log (DVL) integrated navigation is establish for special orthogonal group Kalman filter (SOKF), which is only suitable for the case of small misalignment angle. In this article, the Lie group based nonlinear error model is investigated for SINS/DVL in inertial frame, this model is no longer limited by the size of misalignment angle like traditional SOKF, so initial alignment and integrated navigation could be combined into one stage, and the navigation solution is more accurate and faster. First, a thorough theoretical analysis is presented for state transformation extended Kalman filter (STEKF) modeling in both special orthogonal group (SO(3)) and special euclidean group (SE(3)). Then, the nonlinear error models (both left and right invariant error models) in inertial frame are derived in extended special euclidean group (SE 2 (3)). On this basis, SINS/DVL is verified as a type of left invariant observation system which is more applicable to the left invariant error model. Finally, both simulation and field test for SINS/DVL are conducted to evaluate the actual performance of the investigated methods. The results show that the proposed left invariant error model in inertial frame performs better for SINS/DVL than right invariant error model, and it also has more excellent performance than other existing integrated navigation methods, such as SOKF and STEKF. Especially compared with the current advanced invariant error model defined in earth frame, the model we investigated is more concise, efficient and accurate. • A thorough theoretical analysis is presented for STEKF modeling in both special orthogonal group (SO(3)) and special euclidean group (SE(3)). The inherent defects of STEKF are discussed from linearized modeling and Lie group theory. • A new navigation state is defined in inertial frame extended special euclidean group (SE 2 (3)), which is proved to satisfy the group affine property. The left and right invariant error models corresponding to the aforementioned state are derived for SINS/DVL integrated navigation. SINS/DVL is discussed as a type of left invariant observation system based on the analysis of transition matrices. • The simulation and field test are conducted to evaluate the actual performance of the investigated nonlinear error models. The results are explicitly presented with thorough discussion, which are consistent with theoretical analysis. The proposed left invariant error model in inertial frame outperform the common models (such as SOKF and STEKF) on the state estimation. Especially compared with the current advanced invariant error model defined in earth frame, the model we investigated is more concise, efficient, and accurate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Self-assembled technology controls the thickness of MXene films. • Exploring the influence of thickness on the optoelectronic properties of MXene. • The discovery of transition states in MXene photoresponse. Due to its tunable interlayer chemistry, MXene shows great potential in various sensor applications, but the optoelectronic properties of MXene are greatly hindered by the slow photoresponsivity of the intercalation chemistry. The main challenge to MXene in photoelectric sensor applications arises from its composite resistive properties. This paper analyzes the photoelectric responses separately by constructing singlelayer and multilayer structures. Under light, the resistance of a monolayer of MXene increases to 100.1% and recovers in 1 s. When the number of layers increases, the resistance of MXene quickly drops to 99.6% under light and recovers slowly within 15 s. In summary, this study reveals how MXene's layered structure affects its photoresponsivity, offering insights for advancing MXene-based optoelectronic sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Electrons are redistributed as Mg&MoP/CN loaded at a reverse interfacial position. • Interfacial MoP behaves as the electron collecting sites to improve the activity. • Exterior Mg functions as the catalyzing sites to tackle the selectivity challenge. • Selective and efficient CH 4 evolution are achieved by a Z-scheme reaction pathway. Constructing photocatalysts with dual-function active sites can coordinate the photogenerated electrons transfer and the adsorption energy of key intermediates, thereby converting CO 2 into valuable methane with high efficiency. However, the role that the interfacial position of functional catalysts played in determining the activity and selectivity of CO 2 photoreduction remains unclear. Herein, we regulated the action interface and synergistic effect of magnesium nitrate hydroxide and molybdenum phosphide (Mg & MoP) to modify polymeric carbon nitride (PCN), and found the function-oriented Mg-MoP/PCN exhibits superior performance for catalyzing CO 2 -to-CH 4 in pure water, with a rate of 24.45 μmol h−1 g−1 and 95.3 % selectivity. Theoretical and experimental studies reveal that interfacial layer of MoP promotes the evolutionary activity by facilitating the electron transfer while exterior layer of Mg functions as the catalyzing sites to tackle the selectivity challenge by promoting CO 2 adsorption and CO* stabilization. The synergistic interaction of function-oriented Mg&MoP realizes selective CH 4 evolution with high efficiency via a Z-scheme pathway. The interfacial position of bifunctional catalysts is vital for regulating CO 2 photoreduction activity and product selectivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total electron content (TEC) is a critical parameter of ionosphere morphology. Precise modeling and prediction of the TEC time series can significantly aid the functioning of the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS), satellite as well as shortwave communications. An improved Transformer-based TEC prediction model (ITM) is proposed in this study, in response to the high noise characteristics of the temporal data for TEC in the global ionosphere. The ITM model forecasts the global ionospheric TEC data provided by the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (CODE) for the year 2018. Experimental results indicate that the model obtains an annual average root mean square error of 1.4 TECU, which represents a 6.67 % advancement over the daily forecast product C1PG published by the CODE center. The model also attains an annual average mean absolute error of 1 TECU, representing a 9.09 % improvement over the accuracy of C1PG. The annual average correlation coefficient is 0.98, which indicates a 0.62 % upgrade in C1PG's accuracy. Additionally, the model exhibits a maximum increase of 23.53 % in monthly average root mean square error over C1PG, a maximum increase of 25 % in monthly average mean absolute error, and a maximum increase of 1.55 % in monthly average correlation coefficient. During the more geomagnetically active phases of 2018, the ITM model's forecast accuracy exhibited an overall improvement of 5 % in RMSE, 7.14 % in MAE, and 0.83 % in correlation coefficient R compared to the C1PG product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Bulk nanostructured ceramic was prepared by embedding CNTs in YSZ-MgO nanocrystals. • He ion irradiation response of CNT-reinforced ceramic at 500 °C was studied. • Management of defects/He atoms via constructed ternary nanostructures was realized. • High ability in keeping microstructure stability and resisting radiation hardening. Developing long-lifetime bulk-form ceramic-based materials with high irradiation resistance is crucial for advanced nuclear systems. Here, we incorporated carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and magnesia (MgO) nanocrystals to fabricate bulk YSZ-MgO-CNT nanocomposites with abundant ternary nanostructures by spark plasma sintering. To understand the role of tailored ternary nanostructure on irradiation, we investigated the microstructure and mechanical properties evolutions of the YSZ-MgO-CNT nanocomposites irradiated by multi-energy He+ ions at high temperature to different fluences. Compared with the single-phase YSZ and ultrafine-grained YSZ-MgO composites, the YSZ-MgO-CNT nanocomposites possessed higher ability to manage irradiation-induced He bubbles/defects via the defect-interface interactions of proposed "loading-unloading" and "loading-transporting-unloading" mechanisms for controlling the dynamical behaviors of He atoms/defects in the CNT-doped ternary nanostructures, thereby presenting more stable microstructure and better performance in resisting irradiation hardening. This work provides insight into the design of advanced inert matrix nuclear fuel and new nuclear waste management materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our previous studies showed that S100A9 was overexpressed in glioma and promoted tumor growth. However, S100A9 can also be secreted by tumor cells to regulate the tumor microenvironment (TME). In this study, we aimed to explore the functions of glioma derived-S100A9 in microglial M2 polarization, resulting in inhibition of CD8+ T lymphocytes and promotion of immunosuppression. We first showed that glioma exhibited higher expression and secretion of S100A9 than astrocytes. After knocking down S100A9 in two glioma cell lines, the secretion of S100A9 was repressed. Then, the medium was collected and considered as conditioned medium (CM), which was incubated with microglia. We found that glioma-derived S100A9 drove microglial M2 polarization and increased TGFβ1 secretion. These molecular mechanisms were related to the interaction of S100A9 with αvβ3 integrin and the subsequent activation of AKT1 in microglia. Furthermore, we demonstrated that S100A9-induced M2 microglia negatively affected cell viability, IL-2 and IFN-γ secretion, together with increased early apoptosis in CD8+T lymphocytes via TGFβ1. Additionally, glioma cells were implanted into mouse brains, and we confirmed that S100A9 stimulated microglial M2 polarization, enhanced TGFβ1 levels and repressed CD8+ T lymphocytes in orthotopically transplanted tumors. In human glioma samples, S100A9 expression was positively associated with CD206 expression, but negatively correlated with CD8+T lymphocyte accumulation in the TME. Our data indicated that glioma-derived S100A9 has a promising ability to manipulate non-malignant cells and promote immune evasion in the TME, providing valuable insight into the mechanism by which S100A9 participates in the progression of glioma. • Glioma-derived S100A9 polarizes microglia toward M2 via αvβ3 integrin/AKT1. • M2 microglia secretes TGFβ1 to inhibit immunocompetence of CD8+T lymphocyte. • Crosstalk among glioma, M2 microglia and CD8+T lymphocytes for immunosuppression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex neurodegenerative disease. Despite several decades of research, the development of effective treatments and responses for Alzheimer's disease remains elusive. The utilization of polysaccharides for Alzheimer's disease became more popular due to their beneficial characteristics, notably their multi-target activity and low toxicity. This review mainly focuses on the researches of recent 5 years in the regulation of AD by naturally derived polysaccharides, systematically lists the possible intervention pathways of polysaccharides from different mechanisms, and explores the structure-activity relationship between polysaccharide structural activities, so as to provide references for the intervention and treatment of AD by polysaccharides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nano-additives reinforced Inconel 625 alloys were manufactured by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF), consisting of titanium carbide nanoparticles (TiC) and/or nickel-coated multi-walled carbon nanotubes ((Ni)MWCNT). Microstructural characterization revealed that respective structures of TiC and (Ni)MWCNT nano-additives were retained, while the (Ni)MWCNT experienced fragmentation into shorter segments after ball milling and LPBF. Compared to LPBF In625, the reinforced samples showed enhanced ultimate tensile strength, yield strength, and hardness, despite decreased elongation to failure. Nano-additives exert varying effects on the properties of the alloys. Individually, (Ni)MWCNT strengthens the alloy, and TiC plays an insignificant role; collectively, they strengthen the material to a higher degree, via refining the cell size and probably increasing dislocation density. • Two nano-additives, (Ni)MWCNT and TiC, were incorporated into In625 alloy. • The nano-additives were found to be along the boundaries of cellular structures. • Individually, (Ni)MWCNT strengthens the alloy, and TiC plays an insignificant role. • Collectively, they strengthen the material to a higher degree, via refining the cell size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effects of different crosslinking agents on physicochemical properties and adsorption properties of porous starch. Native corn starch was hydrolyzed by maltase and crosslinked with different crosslinking agents. Sodium trimetaphosphate crosslinked porous starch (STMP-MPS), malic acid cross-linked porous starch (MA-MPS) and citric acid cross-linked porous starch (CA-MPS) were prepared. After crosslinking, MA-MPS and CA-MPS showed a new C O stretching absorption peak at 1738 cm−1, and the crosslinking degree was much higher than that of STMP-MPS. The surface area of MA-MPS was 36 % higher than that of STMP-MPS. Compared with the average pore size of 12.43 nm of STMP-MPS, CA-MPS (14.02 nm) and MA-MPS (14.79 nm) were increased more significantly. The degradation temperature of MA-MPS and CA-MPS was increased by the introduction of ester bond, which indicates that the organic acid cross-linking strengthens the starch granules and hence more energy is required for disruption. Compared with STMP-MPS, the water absorption of MA-MPS and CA-MPS increased by 64 % and 32 %, respectively. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity of MA-MPS to essential oil was the strongest, about 4 times that of STMP-MPS. Overall, it is feasible to modify porous starch by crosslinking reaction to improve its heat resistance and adsorption properties. • Porous starch was crosslinked by citric acid, malic acid and sodium trimetaphosphate. • Cross-linked porous starches had an obvious increment in surface area and pore size. • Malic acid cross-linked porous starch had the best thermal stability. • The adsorption capacity of MA-MPS for water, pigment, essential oil and soybean oil is the highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to investigate the effects of different crosslinking agents on physicochemical properties and adsorption properties of porous starch. Native corn starch was hydrolyzed by maltase and crosslinked with different crosslinking agents. Sodium trimetaphosphate crosslinked porous starch (STMP-MPS), malic acid cross-linked porous starch (MA-MPS) and citric acid cross-linked porous starch (CA-MPS) were prepared. After crosslinking, MA-MPS and CA-MPS showed a new C O stretching absorption peak at 1738 cm−1, and the crosslinking degree was much higher than that of STMP-MPS. The surface area of MA-MPS was 36 % higher than that of STMP-MPS. Compared with the average pore size of 12.43 nm of STMP-MPS, CA-MPS (14.02 nm) and MA-MPS (14.79 nm) were increased more significantly. The degradation temperature of MA-MPS and CA-MPS was increased by the introduction of ester bond, which indicates that the organic acid cross-linking strengthens the starch granules and hence more energy is required for disruption. Compared with STMP-MPS, the water absorption of MA-MPS and CA-MPS increased by 64 % and 32 %, respectively. Furthermore, the adsorption capacity of MA-MPS to essential oil was the strongest, about 4 times that of STMP-MPS. Overall, it is feasible to modify porous starch by crosslinking reaction to improve its heat resistance and adsorption properties. • Porous starch was crosslinked by citric acid, malic acid and sodium trimetaphosphate. • Cross-linked porous starches had an obvious increment in surface area and pore size. • Malic acid cross-linked porous starch had the best thermal stability. • The adsorption capacity of MA-MPS for water, pigment, essential oil and soybean oil is the highest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This study has positive significance for CO 2 geological storage, and the later the breakthrough time, the longer the CO 2 adsorption time. • The experimental study of CO 2 injection for CH 4 displacement in different coal ranks was studied. • Combined with the volume fraction of produced gas, permeability and flow rate, the effect of gas injection displacement is analyzed and discussed. • The gas production of CH 4 increases with the increase of coal rank. The dominant mechanism of CH 4 gas production was different before and after CO 2 breakthrough. Coal seam gas extraction is an important part of green mining. At the same time gas injection for enhanced coalbed methane recovery (ECBM) has been proposed as an environmentally friendly, low-carbon and effective technology to increase methane production. To study the influence of coal rank on carbon dioxide (CO 2)-ECBM efficiency, lignite, bituminous coal, and anthracite were tested using the Gas Flow and Displacement Testing Apparatus (GFDTA). Data indicated that: (1) in lignite and anthracite, outflow CO 2 and CH 4 fractions changed at higher rates as compared with bituminous coal. At the end of the experiments, lignite and anthracite displayed CH 4 outflow fractions of 0.19% and 7.73%, respectively; (2) at the initial stage of the experiments, permeability rapidly decreased. Later, a fast increase was followed by a stable phase. In lignite and anthracite, the increment in permeability during the rapid increase stage was significantly larger than that of bituminous coal. (3) The CH 4 flow rate of the three coal ranks showed a decreasing trend. Before the breakthrough, CH 4 flow rate decreased rapidly and slowed down. After the breakthrough, CO 2 flow displayed a linear increasing trend and later reached stability. (4) In general, CH 4 production increased with the increase in coal rank. The variation of CH 4 production is manifested in two phases with different dominant factors. In the first stage, CH 4 production was mainly affected by permeability, and followed the order lignite > anthracite > bituminous. In the second stage, CH 4 production was mainly controlled by the displacement effect, following the order anthracite > bituminous coal > lignite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mechanism of SO 2 effect on Cu 1-x Fe x CeZr catalysts for simultaneous removal of NO and toluene. [Display omitted] • The correlativity between the the reaction process and sulfur poisoning was studied. • The mechanism effect of SO 2 on the reaction process was studied. • A mechanism for simultaneous removal of NO and toluene was proposed. • The introduction of Fe enhanced oxygen vacancies formation and oxygen mobility. Developing non-vanadium-based SCR catalysts with high performances for simultaneous removal of NO and toluene at low-medium temperatures remains a challenge in addressing SO 2 poisoning. Herein, porous Fe-modified CuCeZr catalysts prepared via KIT-6 hard-templating method was conducted to investigate the simultaneous removal of NO and toluene at low-medium temperatures. A suite of experiments and characterizations was systematically used to probe into the effect of SO 2 on the reaction process. The results indicated that porous Fe-modified CuCeZr displayed excellent performance for simultaneous removal of NO and toluene. The introduction of Fe into CuCeZr enhances both acid sites and redox properties via the redox cycle between Cu2++Ce3+↔Cu++Ce4+ and Fe3++Ce3+↔Fe2++Ce4+ redox cycle. Importantly, Fe incorporation leads to the formation of lattice defects and oxygen vacancies, generating abundant active sites that mitigate the detrimental effects of SO 2 poisoning, and promote the efficient removal of NO and toluene simultaneously. Besides, a mechanism influence of SO 2 on the reaction process for simultaneous removal of NO and toluene at low-medium temperatures was proposed. This mechanism has the potential to provide an effective solution for developing non-vanadium-based SCR catalysts with sulfur resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multi-timescale dynamics are common in chemical processes. These processes are often difficult to model and pose challenges in control system design. In this paper, we propose a data-based control approach for linear multi-timescale systems using a system behavioural framework. A data resampling method coupled with a novel data predictive control (DPC) design with multi-level optimisation horizons is developed to handle different timescales. To deal with the dynamics of different timescales, the optimisation horizons with small to large time intervals are used to predict and optimise control actions from near to distant future. Computational complexity wise, the multi-level structure allows horizon length to expand exponentially with optimisation steps. A trajectory-based dissipativity condition is also developed to ensure stability of the proposed DPC, while achieving disturbance rejection and tracking control. An example of controlling a multi-timescale reactive distillation column is presented to illustrate the proposed approach. • A novel multi-timescale Data-Predictive Control (DPC) approach is developed. • This approach is based on a system behavioural framework. • A data resampling approach is developed to capture multi-timescale dynamics. • A multi-level DPC approach is developed to control multi-timescale processes. • A trajectory-based dissipativity condition ensures stability of the proposed DPC. • Tracking control is achieved together with disturbance rejection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• In previous studies, deep learning methods were used for sound source localization using the frequency-domain features of array signals commonly. This paper proposes a time-domain signal feature for sound source localization for the first time and designs a novel method for constructing time-domain signal features. • A three-dimensional array formation suitable for this method has been designed, which, combined with the time-domain features, can achieve accurate localization in all directions. • This method directly uses time-domain signals as input features without performing any pre-processing on the signals, and does not rely on any basic signal processing methods. Combined with deep learning, once the network training is completed, rapid localization can be achieved. Deep learning, as the most commonly used machine learning algorithm, is widely used in various fields. In the field of acoustics, deep learning methods are combined with frequency-domain features of signals to locate sound sources. The commonly frequency domain features include microphones array Cross-spectral-Matrix(CSM) and Short Time Fourier Transform(STFT). However, the use of frequency-domain features often leads to the loss of partial signal information and increases the computational complexity. This paper proposed a novel sound source localization algorithm based on time-domain features, which uses convolutional neural network(CNN) as a medium to achieve mapping from time-domain features to sound source locations. This method does not rely on any basic signal processing algorithm, and directly uses time-domain sampling points as network inputs for sound source localization. The application simulation shows that the proposed method can achieve precise localization and low side-lobe effect under different testing conditions. Once the network training is completed, the testing accuracy under different conditions is above 95%, with a maximum of 100%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the context of COVID-19 pandemic prevention and control, it is of vital significance to realize accurate face mask detection via computer vision technique. In this paper, a novel attention improved Yolo (AI-Yolo) model is proposed, which can handle existing challenges in the complicated real-world scenarios with dense distribution, small-size object detection and interference of similar occlusions. In particular, a selective kernel (SK) module is set to achieve convolution domain soft attention mechanism with split, fusion and selection operations; a spatial pyramid pooling (SPP) module is applied to enhance the expression of local and global features, which enriches the receptive field information; and a feature fusion (FF) module is utilized to promote sufficient fusions of multi-scale features from each resolution branch, which adopts basic convolution operators without excessive computational complexity. In addition, the complete intersection over union (CIoU) loss function is adopted in the training stage for accurate positioning. Experiments are carried out on two challenging public face mask detection datasets, and the results demonstrate the superiority of the proposed AI-Yolo against other seven state-of-the-art object detection algorithms, which achieves the best results in terms of mean average precision and F1 score on both datasets. Furthermore, effectiveness of the meticulously designed modules in AI-Yolo is validated through extensive ablation studies. In a word, the proposed AI-Yolo is competent to accomplish face mask detection tasks under extremely complex situations with precise localization and accurate classification. • A novel attention-enhanced face mask detection framework is proposed. • Presentation ability of both local and global features is strengthened. • Information in multi-scale features is sufficiently fused. • CIoU loss function is applied to promote accurate localization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Probe is capable of detecting ONOO− with a longwave fluorescence emission. • TL could monitor high concentration of dexamethasone-induced an up-regulation of ONOO−. • Probe has mitochondrial targeting capability. • Probe have good selectivity and low detection limit. • The imaging demonstrated its value of practical application. Peroxynitrite (ONOO−), as a strong oxidizing reactive nitrogen substance (RNS), is generated endogenously by cells. Its visualization research is crucial to understand relevant disease processes. Herein, we reported a long-wavelength mitochondria-targeted fluorescence "turn on" probe TL. The probe TL could react with ONOO− by using 4-(Bromomethyl)benzeneboronic as a reactive site, which exhibited outstanding characteristics for detection of ONOO−, thus improving response time (about 50 s), sensitivity (DL, 10.1 nM), and emission wavelength (667 nm). Besides, TL displayed well mitochondria targeting and biological visualizing of exogenous and endogenous ONOO− in biological systems. Finally, TL was used to monitor high concentration of dexamethasone-induced an up-regulation of ONOO−. This indicated that TL has excellent potential to study the fluctuation of ONOO− in the physiological and pathological system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As one of important indicators of atherosclerosis (AS), excess homocysteine (Hcy), could cause oxidation stress, thus leading to inflammation and tissue damage. Hypochlorous acid/hypochlorite (HOCl/OCl−), as an important reactive oxygen species, is speculated to be an indicator of AS caused by Hcy-inducated. Here, a fluorescence nanoprobe LR NPs based on the assembly of pluronic F-127 and probe TR was developed for ClO− detection and imaging during Hcy stress. As expected, LR NPs showed good selectivity and sensitivity for ClO− detection. LR NPs can visualize the fluxes of HClO/ClO− during the stimulation of Hcy induce AS in real time, which demonstrated HClO/ClO− could be performed as an indicator of AS. [Display omitted] • A nano-fluorescent probe (LR NPs) with high sensitivity and selectivity to ClO− was designed and synthesized. • LR NPs was applied to detect endogenous and exogenous ClO− in living cells. • The fluorescent imaging of ClO− caused by Hcy-induced was reported for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The oxidation corrosion of metallic plutonium, intentional or unavoidable, is a crucial issue for its actual applications. However, the atomistic mechanisms behind such oxidation remain elusive. Through a systematic first principles study of the oxygen diffusion in plutonium dioxide, sesquioxide, and their interface, we obtained some dynamic parameters of oxygen diffusion in different oxides. Moreover, we also discovered a dynamic equilibrium and an anisotropic pathway that prefers the [001] crystallographic direction for oxygen diffusion at their interface. These conclusions were in accord with the experimental results of ceria oxides, an ideal analogue of the plutonium oxides with 4f electrons. These results help us to better understand the mechanisms of oxidation corrosion of plutonium at an atomistic level, and to reveal prospects for applications of the anisotropic orientation-relevant fluorite-structured oxides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demethylthio is one of the most important ways for microorganisms to metabolize triazine herbicides. Previous studies have found that the initial reaction of prometryn catabolism in Leucobacter triazinivorans JW-1 was the hydroxylation of its methylthio group, however, the corresponding functional enzyme was not yet clear. In this study, the gene proA was responsible for the initial step of prometryn catabolism from the strain JW-1 was cloned and expressed, and the purified amidohydrolases ProA have the ability to transform prometryn to 2-hydroxypropazine and methanethiol. The optimized reaction temperature and pH of ProA were 45 °C and 7.0, respectively, and the kinetic constants K m and V max of ProA for the catalysis of prometryn were 32.6 μM and 0.09 μmol/min/mg, respectively. Molecular docking analyses revealed that different catalysis efficiency of ProA and TrzN (Nocardioides sp. C190) for prometryn and atrazine was due to non-covalent changes in amino acid residues. Our findings provide new insights into the understanding of s -triazine catabolism at the molecular level. [Display omitted] • ProA from the strain JW-1 was successfully identified and characterized. • ProA catalyzes the conversion of prometryne to 2-hydroxyprometryne and methyl mercaptan. • ProA has different catalytic efficiency for prometryne and atrazine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), a highly malignant cancer with poor prognosis, is an example of the classical view of cancer development based on stem cell origin and multistep progression. In the past five years, the applications of large-scale sequencing and single-cell sequencing have expanded to human esophageal normal tissues and precancerous lesions, which, coupled with the application of transgenic lineage tracing technology in mouse models, has provided a more comprehensive and detailed understanding of esophageal stem cell heterogeneity and early clonal evolution of ESCC. In this review, we discuss the heterogeneity of esophageal basal-layer stem cells and their potential relationship with cells of ESCC origin. We present evidence that expansion of NOTCH1 mutants may call into play an evolutionarily conserved anti-cancer mechanism and mold the model of early clonal evolution in ESCCs. Finally, we discuss the potential avenues in this context. This review provides a focused understanding of the early development of ESCC, as a background for early tumor detection, intervention, and prevention strategies. • This review provides all-rounded evidence for the early development esophageal cancer. • Unlike rodent, human esophagus contains slow-cycling stem cell niches, which may be an evolutionary anti-cancer mechanism. • Some driver mutants in ESCC may play a tumor-braking role in normal and precancerous stages. • NOTCH1 mutants impede carcinogenesis and mold a punctuated early evolutionary model of ESCC. • The punctuated evolution model suggests the need to refine our understanding of precancerous lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Co 2 B/CN triggered the water splitting reaction from visible to NIR regions. • "SPR effect" that noble metal featured was fabricated in the amorphous Co 2 B nanosheets. • Optimized Co 2 B/CN catalyst showed the activity for H 2 evolution outperformed Pt/CN. • Amorphous featured Co 2 B nanosheets provided massive active sites for reaction. • The promoted charge transfer and the inhibited e-/h+ recombination are available on Co 2 B/CN. Developing noble-metal-free photocatalysts to address the challenges of high recombination rate of electrons and holes and poor optical response is high desirable for water splitting. Herein, cobalt boride (Co 2 B) nanosheets with amorphous phases ordered in short-range but disordered in long-range was fabricated, and coupled with graphic carbon nitride (CN) photocatalysts in the form of B(δ−)–Co(δ+)–N(δ−) bonding states through an in-situ chemical reduction method. The optimized Co 2 B/CN nanohybrids exhibited a H 2 evolution rate of 56.86 μmol/h with the highest AQY up to 22.8 %, outperforming than that of Pt decorated CN. Theoretical calculation by DFT verify the characterization results and show that Co active sites on Co 2 B have better performance of adsorbing H atoms and desorbing hydrogen. The disordered structure of Co 2 B nanosheets contributed to water splitting performance by providing abundant active sites while metallic nature of Co 2 B facilitated electrons transfer and inhibited the recombination of electrons and holes. Moreover, theoretical calculation suggested that the high concentration of free carriers endowed Co 2 B with an resembled SPR effect, thereby increasing the light response of CN and triggering the reaction from visible-light region extended to the near-infrared region up to 800 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the basic element and module unit in the construction architecture of smart city, the Internet of things (IoT) is also the key foundation and important support for realizing "automatic perception, rapid response, and scientific decision-making" of smart city. The study aims to improve the efficiency of power inspection in power enterprises and provide intelligent technology for power inspection. After the theoretical analysis of IoT and RFID technology under the background of smart city, the study discusses the information acquisition principle of RFID technology. Second, based on IoT and smart grid, the study takes the power equipment of power company A as an example, and puts forward the power inspection scheme, including the information required for inspection and the inspection of primary and secondary equipment. The specific contents are as follows: health assessment is carried out according to the real-time alarm of power equipment, and the control command is sent to the downstream control equipment to confirm the alarm information. Meantime, based on the alarm information of power equipment and related equipment, the expert analysis system is used for reasoning and analysis, and the RFID tag is used to supervise the inspectors to arrive at the site and inspect the situation according to the predetermined route. The temperature of the cable of power company A is measured under normal and hidden dangers, and the body insulation test is conducted on No. 1 main transformer. The results show that under normal operation, the cable temperature at each point is slightly different, which is basically about 40 °C. The temperature before the fourth point of the cable rises obviously, indicating that the fourth point has faulty. Over time, the more chemical molecules are detected in phase A. When phase B and phase C are tested on the same day, the difference of chemical molecular content is relatively small. It indicates that the chemical molecular content detected by chromatographic test of bulk insulating oil is normal. To sum up, smart power, as the objective need of urban intelligent development, is an important foundation of smart city. The power inspection scheme based on IoT and RFID technology proposed has high detection efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An adaptive fuzzy nonlinear integral sliding mode control strategy based on an extended state observer (ESO) is proposed for trajectory tracking of unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) in the presence of unknown external disturbances and model parameter uncertainties. A nonlinear dynamics error model of the UUV is established; the estimation of the lumped disturbances are estimated using ESO, and the control variables are compensated for in real time. A nonlinear integral sliding mode controller with saturation characteristics is designed to improve the transient and steady-state performance of the system, and the switching gain of the sliding mode control is adaptively adjusted using the fuzzy logic system, such that the weight of the output changes with the sliding mode surface; thus, the chattering of the control variables is weakened. The asymptotic stability of the control system is verified using Lyapunov stability theory. The simulation and experimental results demonstrated that the designed control strategy effectively suppresses the system lumped disturbances with high tracking accuracy and robustness. • The strategy is based on the combination of a nonlinear integral sliding mode control technique with an extended state observer. • The extended state observer achieves an effective estimation of the lumped disturbances. • The nonlinear integral sliding mode controller improves the transient and steady-state performance of the system. • The adaptive fuzzy switching rate reduces the chattering phenomenon. • Asymptotic stability of the control system is verified by Lyapunov stability theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• An orientation method with limited effective polarization area is proposed. • Using UNet to separate occluders and effective polarization regions. • Solar Meridian Fitting Using Antisymmetry of Skylight Polarization Pattern. The bionic polarized light compass has characteristics of immunity to interference from electromagnetic fields and zero error accumulation over time, and thus has good application prospects in the autonomous navigation field under conditions of Global Positioning System rejection or failure. With the aim of addressing the problem that the polarization orientation accuracy of the bionic polarized light compass can be degraded seriously by the presence of large-area occlusions such as clouds and buildings during the actual application process, this paper proposes a highly robust orientation method under the limited effective polarization area condition based on the antisymmetry of the skylight polarization pattern. The orientation algorithm first uses the UNet convolutional neural network to perform binary segmentation of the polarized image and then separates and removes the thick cloud layer/building occlusion area from the image; Then, a new solar meridian fitting method is proposed, which makes use of the characteristic of antisymmetric distribution of polarization angle along the solar meridian in atmospheric polarization mode to fit the solar meridian, and then completes the orientation. Experimental results show that the method proposed in this paper can effectively solve the problem of polarization orientation accuracy degradation caused by harsh environments, including clouds, building occlusions, and cloudy days, and can thus improve the robustness of bionic polarized light compass orientation effectively in complex environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To study correlation between interfacial adhesion and properties of corn starch/corn stalk cellulose (CSC) biodegradable straws, the interfacial adhesion and functional properties of the starch-based straws with different cellulose contents were analyzed and compared. The results showed that the starch/CSC straw with 1 % CSC (SC1) had the highest interfacial adhesion between starch and cellulose, resulting in higher mechanical properties and water resistance. Compared to starch/CSC straw with 0 % CSC, water absorption rate of SC1 decreased by 13.0 % (4 °C, 1 h) and 18.4 % (25 °C, 1 h), respectively. The fracture strength and fracture deformation increased by 47.8 % and 59.6 %, respectively. The strength increased by 3.93 (4 °C, 30 min) and 1.53 (25 °C, 30 min) times after soaking, respectively. The soil degradation rate of SC1 was 89.5 % on the 20th day and thermal degradation rate was 79.6 % at 600 °C. The SC1 with better properties (soil degradability, water resistant and mechanical properties) was as economical as paper straw. [Display omitted] • 1 % CSC addition resulted in better interfacial adhesion between starch and CSC. • Mechanical properties and water resistance were improved by interfacial adhesion. • Interfacial adhesion is formed by hydrogen bonds and mechanical interlocks. • The performances of starch/CSC straws with 1 % CSC were better than paper straws. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of rigid emergent vegetation on wave overtopping have been studied by numerical simulation in this study. The numerical model is based on second-order fully nonlinear Boussinesq equations and solved by a combination of finite difference and finite volume methods. Physical laboratory results of wave propagation in the vegetated area and wave overtopping on a bare slope were used to validate the capability of the model, and the numerical and experimental results agreed well, which indicated that the model can well predict wave overtopping on a vegetated slope. Then, based on the model, the effects of rigid emergent vegetation on wave overtopping were investigated. The results showed that the wave overtopping volume decreases exponentially with the increase of vegetation volume per unit water volume V veg / V w , and the wave overtopping volume can be decreased by 50% when V veg / V w equals 0.01. • Influences of rigid emergent vegetation on regular wave overtopping. • Effects of plant diameter, vegetation density and volume on wave overtopping. • Effects of wave period and height on wave overtopping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The progress of this research is the preparation of FeNi alloy thin films by magnetron sputtering. Each step of the experimental process is based on the electrocatalytic performance of the sample, and characterized by many characterizations means such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray energy spectrometry (EDS) and step gauge thickness test for morphology, structure and elemental composition, etc. The analysis of the characterization results is used as a support for the experimental process. Adjustment of various preparation process parameters for material growth and subsequent processing include doping of non-metallic elements and construction of nanostructures. Doping of C elements can make FeNi based alloy films further amorphous. Zn element is used as a pore-forming agent. The two processes of doping and high-temperature vacuum dealloying can make the film obtain a nanoporous structure, which greatly increases the specific surface area. These two strategies reduce the overpotential (η10) of oxygen evolution reaction (OER) of FeNi alloy thin films to 393 mV and 314 mV, which are reduced by 47 mV and 79 mV step by step. The electrochemical properties of the finally obtained alloy film are: overpotential of 314 mV, Tafel slope of 61.8 mV/dec and the stability of only 10% decay at a current density of 10 mA/cm2 for 12 h. In this study, low-cost transition metals were used as the main materials to design OER catalysts, and the catalytic efficiency was comparable to that of commercial noble metal catalysts. The physical preparation methods made each sample have good reproducibility. It provides the experimental basis and theoretical basis for the design and synthesis of new catalytic materials at a higher level. • The electrocatalytic thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering has the characteristics of high stability. • The addition of carbon can deepen the amorphization, thus improving the catalytic efficiency. • High-vacuum dealloying is characterized by high speed and good repeatability in preparing porous structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Direct melt infiltration does not produce sintered closed holes and considerably reduces the time required for preparation compared with pre-sintered WC skeleton followed by melt infiltration of Co. However, it may lead to alloy collapsing and deformation. In this study, WC and Co green parts were prepared via binder jet 3D printing. The two parts were stacked layer by layer then subjected to melt infiltration to prepare a WC–Co series of cemented carbides. The aim was to investigate the shape retention, infiltration conditions, and properties of the alloy after the equal distribution of Co and the direct infiltration of the Co melt into the WC green parts without pre-sintering. The effect of different Co amounts on the product was also studied. Results showed that the carbide prepared through direct melt infiltration of WC green parts without pre-sintered skeletons displayed excellent shrinkage and properties. The shrinkage of the prepared cemented carbide with a Co content of about 25 wt% was within 3% in all directions. The relative density, hardness, and fracture toughness of the alloy reached 96.65%, 11.5 GPa, and 23.5 Mpa m1/2, respectively. This work provides a simplified, and high-shape-retention method for other alloys that can be prepared through melt infiltration. • WC and Co green parts were prepared by binder jet 3D printing, and WC-Co was successfully prepared by melt infiltration method. • The melt infiltration after layering and stacking two green parts resulted in an alloy with good properties and shrinkage of less than 3%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The synchronization of the nervous system is strongly related to diseases such as Parkinson's, epilepsy, and schizophrenia. Given that the existence of autapse has been proved experimentally, the influence of autapse on the synchronization in a neural network is studied numerically. The results show that increasing coupling intensity could destroy the synchronization of the neural firing pattern, and reduce the firing rate in the network. Especially, an inhibition zone, in which the neural firing is inhibited completely, exists for changes of both coupling intensity and time delay in all types of autapses. As a key factor for different types of autapses, the transmission time delay influences the synchronization complicatedly, i.e., increasing time delay could modulate synchronization for different types of autapse and parameter regions. The theoretical results in this paper shed some light on the study about the mechanism of neural synchronization. • Autapse's existence determines the synchronization in SW neural network. • Time delay influences the synchronization complicatedly, instead of monotonously. • An inhibition zone for autaptic parameter could be found for all types of autapses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peroxynitrite (ONOO-), an endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS), can cause a variety of diseases in organisms at high levels. Golgi oxidative stress produces a large number of ROS, and the quantitative detection of various ROS is of great significance to study Golgi oxidative stress. Therefore, accurate detection of ONOO- level in Golgi is important to reveal the mechanism of ONOO- in living organisms. Here, we developed a Golgi-targeted aggregation-induced emission (AIE) fluorescent probe Gol-ONOO - to detect ONOO- in cells. The probe Gol-ONOO - has the advantages of instant response to ONOO-, high selectivity, low detection limit (250 nM) and large Stoke's shift (180 nm). Most importantly, the probe Gol-ONOO - monitored the increase of ONOO- level caused by monensin-induced oxidative stress in the Golgi apparatus, and it was the first time to realize ONOO- imaging in the Golgi apparatus. • A AIE fluorescent probe Gol-ONOO - was synthesized for detecting peroxynitrite with large Stock's shift. • For the first time, real-time imaging of the ONOO- level of the Golgi apparatus has been achieved. • Gol-ONOO - has been used to monitor the ONOO- level caused by monensin-induced oxidative stress in Golgi for the first time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at the special requirements of low-frequency echo control of underwater targets in high pressure environment, a low-frequency miniaturized active control unit with thickness less than 50 mm was designed based on Terfenol-D, a giant magnetostrictive material. Based on that, a kind of light and thin underwater large plate smart acoustic structure was constructed. It was used for low-frequency active echo control of underwater targets. The active control unit was constructed into a flat smart acoustic structure using a 4 × 4 array distributed design. The active control system based on multi-channel adaptive filter was used to test the echo control performance of the flat active acoustic structure, which can achieve significant noise reduction level in less than one second. And the sound absorption coefficient of 0.8 or more can be achieved at a high pressure of 1 MPa. When the sound wave was incident on the surface of the underwater target obliquely from −10° to +10°, the phased array method was used to make the pointing angle of the GMA array consistent with the incident angle, which could control the surface echo of the active structure very well, and the sound absorption coefficient is close to 0.9. The giant magnetostrictive smart structure combined with the active control system is a new type of low-frequency underwater noise reduction technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]