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Ganoderma lucidum (GL) is a prominent medicinal mushroom in traditional Chinese medicine, known for its potent antitumor properties. This study aimed to illustrate the efficacy of GL extracts (GLE) on treating endometrial cancer (EC) and explore the underlying mechanisms via network pharmacology and experimental validation. Network pharmacological analysis was conducted to explore the therapeutic efficacy and mechanisms of GL on EC. In vitro experimental validation was performed on human endometrial cancer cell lines HEC-1-A and KLE. Network pharmacology revealed that key targets of GL against EC were primarily associated with the Rap1 signaling pathway. In in vitro experiments, GLE or GGTI-298 (a GTPase inhibitor) treatment inhibited cell proliferation and migration, promoted cell apoptosis, increased caspase-3 level, and arrested cell cycle in G1 phase in HEC-1-A and KLE cells. GLE increased the protein expression of Rap1-GTP, p-AKT, and p-ERK2 in HEC-1-A and KLE cells. Moreover, GGTI-298 enhanced the effects of GLE on suppressing the malignant progression of EC cells and on activating Rap1 signaling pathway. GLE inhibited the malignant progression of EC cells probably via activating the Rap1 signaling pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we investigate the existence and uniqueness of the S-asymptotically ω -periodic mild solutions to a class of multi-term time-fractional measure differential equations with nonlocal conditions in an ordered Banach spaces. Firstly, we look for suitable concept of S-asymptotically ω -periodic mild solution to our concern problem, by means of Laplace transform and (β , γ k) -resolvent family { S β , γ k (t) } t ≥ 0 . Secondly, we construct monotone iterative method in the presence of the lower and upper solutions to the delayed fractional measure differential equations, and obtain the existence of maximal and minimal S-asymptotically ω -periodic mild solutions for the mentioned system. Finally, as the application of abstract results, an example is given to illustrate our main results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the asymptotic properties for the drift parameter estimators in the fractional Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process with periodic mean function and long range dependence. The Cremér-type moderate deviations, as well as the moderation deviation principle with explicit rate function can be obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Astragalus adsurgens (A. adsurgens), which is considered a forage in China, grows widely in Eurasia and North America. However, Alternaria gansuense (A. gansuense) (synonym: Embellisia astragali) systematically infects A. adsurgens, producing swainsonine (SW), which poisons domesticated animals. In this study, we hypothesized that the A. gansuense SW-producing fungus is morphologically and molecularly related to the locoweed endophyte, Alternaria oxytropis (A. oxytropis), which systematically grows in host plants. Therefore, pure cultures of the fungi from diseased plants or endophytic interactions were collected from fields and assayed for SW via high-performance liquid chromatography linked to mass spectroscopy (HPLC–MS). The production of SW was also detected in A. adsurgens, A. oxytropis and diseased plants by assaying for the presence of the β-ketoacyl synthase (KS) gene, which is required for SW synthesis. Diseased A. adsurgens and pure cultures of A. gansuense have SW and the healthy-looking A. adsurgens plants also contained SW, probably because they were infected with A. gansuense. Therefore, A. adsurgens-infected A. gansuense are not safe for livestock consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine whether the integrity of the entry portal of head-neck implant is related to postoperative mechanical complications. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed consecutive patients with pertrochanteric fractures in our hospital treated from January 1, 2018, to September 1, 2021. Based on the integrity of the entry portal for head-neck implants on the femoral lateral wall, patients were divided into two groups, including the ruptured entry portal (REP) group and the intact entry portal (IEP) group. After 4:1 propensity score-matched analyses were used to balance the baseline of the two groups, a total of 55 patients were extracted from the original participants, including 11 patients in the REP group and 44 matched patients in the IEP group. The anterior to posterior cortex width on the mid-level of the lesser trochanter was measured and defined as the residual lateral wall width (RLWW). Results: Compared with the IEP group, the REP group was correlated with postoperative mechanical complications (OR = 12.00, 95% CI 1.837–78.369, P = 0.002) and hip-thigh pain (OR = 26.67, 95% CI 4.98–142.86). RLWW ≤ 18.55 mm indicated a high likelihood (tau-y = 0.583, P = 0.000) of becoming the REP type postoperatively and being more likely to suffer from mechanical complications (OR = 30.67, 95% CI 3.91–240.70, P = 0.000) and hip-thigh pain (OR = 14.64, 95% CI 2.36–90.85, P = 0.001). Conclusion: Rupture of entry portal is a high-risk factor for mechanical complications in intertrochanteric fractures. RLWW ≤ 18.55 mm is a reliable predictor of the postoperative REP type. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ special-shaped microfibrillar composites, employing polyolefin elastomer (POE) as matrix and poly(lactic acid)/polyamide 6 (PLA/PA6) masterbatch as dispersed phase, were successfully prepared by using multistage stretching extrusion technology. The special-shaped microfibrils liking "gourd skewers" or "trepang" can be readily tuned by changing the weight ratio of PLA to PA6 in the POE/(PLA/PA6) composites. It was found that the morphological evolution of special shaped structure microfibril were mainly ascribed to the phase separation and viscosity difference between PLA and PA6 during stretching extrusion process. Owing to the large specific surface area and the "hang nail" effect of special-shaped microfibrils, the excellent elongation at break(867%) and tensile strength (20.1 MPa) can be achieved for the POE/(PLA/PA6) composites (PLA/PA6 = 12.5/12.5), which were 1.2 and 2 times higher than those of pure POE respectively. Dynamic rheology studies showed that the viscoelasticity of POE/(PLA/PA6) composites can be improved significantly compared to pure POE. This work provided a facile and cost-effective way to fabricate special shaped microfibrillar composites to improved strength and toughness simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphdiyne (GDY) has attracted a lot of interest in electrochemical sensing application with the advantages of a large conjugation system, porous structure, and high structure defects. Herein, to further improve the sensing effect of GDY, conductive MWCNTs were chosen as the signal accelerator. To get a stable composite material, polydopamine (PDA) was employed as connecting bridge between GDY and MWCNTs-NH2, where DA was firstly polymerized onto GDY, followed by covalently linking MWCNTs-NH2 with PDA through Michael-type reaction. The formed GDY@PDA/MWCNTs-NH2 composite was then explored as an electrochemical sensor for benomyl (Ben) determination. GDY assists the adsorption and accumulation of Ben molecules to the sensing surface, while MWCNTs-NH2 can enhance the electrical conductivity and electrocatalytic activity, all of which contributing to the significantly improved performance. The proposed sensor displays an obvious oxidation peak at 0.72 V (vs. Hg|Hg2Cl2) and reveals a wide linear range from 0.007 to 10.0 µM and a low limit of detection (LOD) of 1.8 nM (S/N = 3) toward Ben detection. In addition, the sensor shows high stability, repeatability, reproducibility, and selectivity. The feasibility of this sensor was demonstrated by detecting Ben in apple and cucumber samples with a recovery of 94–106% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 2.3% (n = 5). A sensitive electrochemical sensing platform was reported for benomyl (Ben) determination based on a highly stable GDY@PDA/MWCNTs-NH2 composite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into functional ureteric and collecting duct (CD) epithelia is essential to kidney regenerative medicine. Here we describe highly efficient, serum-free differentiation of hPSCs into ureteric bud (UB) organoids and functional CD cells. The hPSCs are first induced into pronephric progenitor cells at 90% efficiency and then aggregated into spheres with a molecular signature similar to the nephric duct. In a three-dimensional matrix, the spheres form UB organoids that exhibit branching morphogenesis similar to the fetal UB and correct distal tip localization of RET expression. Organoid-derived cells incorporate into the UB tips of the progenitor niche in chimeric fetal kidney explant culture. At later stages, the UB organoids differentiate into CD organoids, which contain >95% CD cell types as estimated by single-cell RNA sequencing. The CD epithelia demonstrate renal electrophysiologic functions, with ENaC-mediated vectorial sodium transport by principal cells and V-type ATPase proton pump activity by FOXI1-induced intercalated cells. Kidney collecting duct cells with physiologic functions are generated from human pluripotent stem cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recent studies have demonstrated that hyperglycemia may result in a poor prognosis following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). However, the association between hyperglycemia and the clinical outcome of aSAH has not been clearly established thus far. Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to investigate the association between hyperglycemia and the development of aSAH. We completed a literature search in four databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science) up to November 1, 2021, including all eligible studies investigating the prognostic value of hyperglycemia in patients with aSAH. We performed a quality assessment of included studies using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. The pooled odds ratios (ORs) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to assess the association of hyperglycemia in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. A total of 35 studies with 11,519 patients were finally included in the meta-analysis. Nineteen studies reported the association between hyperglycemia and poor outcome, 12 studies reported the association between hyperglycemia and all-cause mortality, 7 studies reported the association between hyperglycemia and cerebral vasospasm, and 9 studies reported the association between hyperglycemia and cerebral infarction. The pooled data of these studies suggested that hyperglycemia was significantly associated with poor functional outcomes (odds ratio [OR], 1.29; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.17–1.42; P < 0.00001; I2 = 83%), all-cause mortality (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.04; P = 0.0006; I2 = 89%), cerebral vasospasm (OR, 1.02; 95% CI, 1.01–1.02; P = 0.0002; I2 = 35%), and cerebral infarction (OR, 1.16; 95% CI, 1.09–1.23; P < 0.00001; I2 = 10%) in aSAH patients. These findings suggested that assessing for hyperglycemia at admission may help clinicians to identify critically ill patients and complete patient stratification early, which may achieve better management and improve the prognosis of patients with aSAH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In humans, a family of 25 bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs) mediates bitter taste perception. A common approach to characterize bitter causative agents involves expressing TAS2Rs and the appropriate signal transducers in heterologous cell systems, and monitoring changes in the intracellular free calcium levels upon ligand exposure using a fluorescence-based modality, which typically suffers from a low signal window, and is susceptible to interference by autofluorescence, therefore prohibiting its application to screening of plant or food extracts, which are likely to contain autofluorescent compounds. The aim of this study is to develop and validate a bioluminescence-based intracellular calcium release assay for TAS2Rs that has a better assay performance than a fluorescence-based assay. Furthermore, the bioluminescence-based assay enabled the evaluation of TAS2R agonists within an autofluorescent matrix, highlighting its potential utility in the assessment of the bitterness-inducing properties of plant or food fractions by the food industry. Additionally, improvement to the bioluminescence-based assay for some TAS2Rs was achieved by altering their N-terminal signal sequences, leading to signal window enhancement. Altogether, the bioluminescence-based TAS2R assay can be used to perform functional studies of TAS2Rs, evaluate TAS2R-modulating properties of autofluorescent samples, and facilitate the discovery of compounds that can function as promising bitter taste modulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The present report discusses the indications of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in open nephrectomy and surgical outcomes of conventional and minimally invasive surgical techniques for treating advanced renal cell carcinoma with inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. Methods: The present study involved a comprehensive retrieval of pertinent literature from the most recent two decades. Results: Comparisons between radical nephrectomy procedures in terms of open, laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgeries revealed that open surgery had more blood loss, a longer operation time and higher mortality rates than laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgeries. Furthermore, surgery with CPB was associated with more blood loss than non-CPB surgery. Rates of early and late deaths were much higher in patients with CPB than in those without CPB. Conclusions: Different surgical techniques had different indications in terms of levels of inferior vena cava tumor thrombus. The laparoscopic, robotic-assisted, open surgical techniques and CPB with deep hypothermic circulatory arrest were indicated for Levels I, II, III and III–IV inferior vena cava tumor thrombus, respectively. Laparoscopic and robotic-assisted surgeries cause less trauma than open surgery but require more complicated equipments to support the procedure. CPB should be avoided in radical nephrectomy whenever possible. The increased application of laparoscopic and robotic techniques in the future is anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, carbon nanohorn (CNH)–decorated multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) (CNH@MWCNT) composite was prepared and used to modify glass carbon electrode (GCE) as sensitive electrochemical sensor for niclosamide (NA) determination. Herein, the decoration of CNHs induces higher dispersibility for MWCNTs, and endows the composite with better conductivity, larger surface area, and higher catalytic activity, which leads to significantly enhanced electrochemical behavior toward NA oxidation. The parameters such as mass ratios of CNHs and MWCHTs, the amount of composite materials, the accumulation time, and the solution pH are systematically optimized. Under optimized conditions, the developed electrochemical sensor exhibits a low detection limit of 2.0 nM with a wide linear range of 7.0 nM–10.0 µM and high anti-interference ability. In addition, the sensor displays good stability, repeatability, and reproducibility. The feasibility of the assay was verified by testing NA in brown rice and rice field water samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

DNA methylation is one of the important contents of epigenetics research, and it is inseparable from the occurrence of various biological processes. To explore the epigenetic mechanism of hyperhydricity development and recovery in Dendrobium officinale, whole-genome bisulfite sequencing was performed to systematically analyze the extent and patterns of cytosine methylation in the normal plantlets (Normal), hyperhydric plantlets (HH), and hyperhydric plantlets cultured with K2SiO3 (HH-Si). The CHH context accounted for the largest proportion of methylated cytosine site in D. officinale. There was no significant difference in the degree of methylation in the CG context among the HH vs. Normal, HH-Si vs. HH, and HH-Si vs. Normal. The methylation level in the CHH context decreased with hyperhydricity, while the exogenous addition of silicon increased the methylation level of hyperhydric plantlets. In addition, 36,944 differentially methylated regions were detected in our study. GO enrichment analysis of differentially methylated genes revealed that various methylation sites were involved in different processes and pathways. In HH vs. Normal and HH-Si vs. HH, CHH-DMGs are closely related to the redox system. A cointegration analysis of transcriptome sequencing and methylation data showed that the expression levels of most differentially expressed genes were positively correlated to the methylation level. Our research provides references for an in-depth understanding of plant oxidative stress response mechanisms, as well as new insights into the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in the occurrence and restoration of hyperhydricity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To compare the accuracy and primary stability of tapered and straight implants undergoing immediate implant placement with dynamic navigation. Materials and methods: Patients with compromised anterior teeth in maxilla were recruited and allocated randomly into (1) tapered implant group (TI group) and (2) straight implant group (SI group). Implants were inserted into fresh sockets with dynamic navigation. Three-dimensional platform deviation, apex deviation, angular deviation, insertion torque value (ITV) and implant stability quotient (ISQ) were recorded. Results: Twenty patients with 20 implants were included. The overall platform, apex, and angular deviation were 0.87 ± 0.35 mm, 0.81 ± 0.34 mm, and 2.40 ± 1.31°, respectively. The accuracy was 0.86 ± 0.26 mm, 0.76 ± 0.33 mm, and 2.49 ± 1.54° for TI, and 0.89 ± 0.44 mm, 0.88 ± 0.36 mm, and 2.31 ± 1.01° for SI, with no significant difference (p = 0.85, 0.45, 0.76). Sagittal root position classification (SRP) class I may obtain greater error in numerical values in straight implants (0.97 ± 0.47 mm vs. 0.6 ± 0.16 mm, 0.92 ± 0.36 mm vs. 0.73 ± 0.36 mm, 2.48 ± 1.19° vs. 1.71 ± 0.14°). The overall ISQ was 60.74. ISQ was 60.48 for TI and 60.96 for SI, with no significant difference. Acceptable ITV (> 15 Ncm) was achieved in most of the included patients (SI 7/10, TI 9/10). Conclusions: High accuracy and primary stability of immediate implant placement could be achieved both in tapered and straight implants with dynamic navigation systems. Clinical relevance: Tapered and straight implants did not reach a consensus on which was better in immediate implant regarding to accuracy and primary stability. Our study demonstrated implant macrodesign did not affect accuracy and primary stability in immediate implant using dynamic navigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate the molecular characteristics in tumor immune microenvironment that affect long-term survival of patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PAAD). Methods: The tumor related genetic features of a female PAAD patient (over 13-year survival) who suffered from multiple recurrences and metastases, and six operations over one decade were investigated deeply. Genomic features and immune microenvironment signatures of her primary lesion as well as six metastatic tumors at different time-points were characterized. Results: High-frequency clonal neoantigenic mutations identified in these specimens revealed the significant associations between clonal neoantigens with her prognosis after each surgery. Meanwhile, the TCGA and ICGC databases were employed to analyse the function of KRAS G12V in pancreatic cancer. Conclusions: The genomic analysis of clonal neoantigens combined with tumor immune microenvironment could promote the understandings of personalized prognostic evaluation and the stratification of resected PAAD individuals with better outcome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel molecularly imprinted sensor was developed for the voltammetric determination of adrenaline (AD). MXene/carbon nanohorn (MXene/CNH) composite with good electric conductivity and enormous accessible active sites was firstly introduced as catalytic substrate. Subsequently, molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) film was fabricated in mixed solutions containing hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (functional monomer) and AD (template) through electro-polymerization process. A molecularly imprinted sensor was formed after removing the template. The morphology and elemental composition of the prepared composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to investigate the electrochemical performance of the molecularly imprinted sensors. Under optimized conditions, the designed sensor displays a wide linear range from 1.0 nM to 60.0 μM and a low limit of detection of 0.3 nM. The developed sensor also presents good selectivity, reproducibility and long-term stability, and satisfactory feasibility in practical sample analysis. MXene/carbon nanohorns decorated with conductive molecularly imprinted poly(hydroxymethyl-3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) was proposed for highly sensitive and selective detection of adrenaline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The endosomal-lysosomal system mediates the process of protein degradation through endocytic pathway. This system consists of early endosomes, late endosomes, recycling endosomes and lysosomes. Each component in the endosomal-lysosomal system plays individual crucial role and they work concordantly to ensure protein degradation can be carried out functionally. Dysregulation in the endosomal-lysosomal system can contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). In AD endosomal-lysosomal abnormalities are the earliest pathological features to note and hence it is important to understand the involvement of endosomal-lysosomal dysfunction in the pathogenesis of AD. In-depth understanding of this dysfunction can allow development of new therapeutic intervention to prevent and treat AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Data on the long-term oncological outcomes of patients who undergo conversion surgery (CS) in gastric cancer (GC) patients with peritoneal metastasis (PM) are limited. Methods: GC patients with PM who received intraperitoneal (ip) and systemic chemotherapy between April 2015 and January 2021 were enrolled. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with survival. Clinicopathological and survival outcomes were compared between those with CS and those without CS (NCS). The paclitaxel (PTX) plus tegafur–gimeracil–oteracil potassium capsules (S-1) (PS) + ip PTX and oxaliplatin plus S-1 (SOX) + ip PTX groups were matched in a 1:1 ratio using propensity score matching. Oncological and survival data were collected and analyzed. Results: A total of 540 patients who received ip chemotherapy via subcutaneous port and systemic chemotherapy were analyzed and 268 patients were enrolled, including 113 who underwent CS and 155 who did not. Overall survival (OS) were 27.0 months and 11.8 months in the CS and NCS groups (P < 0.0001), respectively. R0 resection was an independent prognostic factor for patients who underwent CS. The OS of patients with or without ovariectomy was 21.3 or 12.0 months (P < 0.0001). No difference of clinicopathological and survival outcomes was found between the PS + ip PTX and SOX + ip PTX groups. Conclusion: Conversion therapy is safe and adverse events were manageable. CS improves the survival of GC patients with PM after ip and systemic chemotherapy. R0 is an important prognostic factor. Furthermore, outcomes are comparable between the PS + ip PTX and SOX + ip PTX groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baccaurea ramiflora Lour., an evergreen tree of the Baccaurea genus of the Phyllanthaceae family, is primarily distributed in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and southern China, including southern Yunnan Province. It is a wild or semi-cultivated tree species with ornamental, edible, and medicinal value, exhibiting significant development potential. In this study, we present the whole-genome sequencing of B. ramiflora, employing a combination of PacBio SMRT and Illumina HiSeq 2500 sequencing techniques. The assembled genome size was 975.8 Mb, with a contig N50 of 509.33 kb and the longest contig measuring 7.74 Mb. The genome comprises approximately 73.47% highly repetitive sequences, of which 52.1% are long terminal repeat–retrotransposon sequences. A total of 29,172 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 25,980 (89.06%) have been annotated, Additionally, 3452 non-coding RNAs were identified. Comparative genomic analysis revealed a close relationship between B. ramiflora and the Euphorbiaceae family, with both being sister groups that diverged approximately 59.9 million years ago. During the evolutionary process, B. ramiflora exhibited positive selection in 278 candidate genes. Synonymous substitution rate and collinearity analysis demonstrated that B. ramiflora underwent a single ancient genome-wide triploidization event, without recent genome-wide duplication events. This high-quality B. ramiflora genome provides a valuable resource for basic research and tree improvement programs focusing on the Phyllanthaceae family. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The silence of lncRNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 16 (SNHG16) suppressed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) cell proliferation and migration, whereas its role in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) still lacks clarity. This study showed that SNHG16 was upregulated in AML patients and cells. And SNHG16 overexpression remarkably enhanced the proliferation and migration capacities of HL60 and AML-193 cells, while SNHG16 knockdown acted the opposite way. Subsequently, we revealed that SNHG16 directly bound to CELF2 (CUGBP Elav-like family member 2) protein, and caused CELF2 mRNA unstably and proteins reducing. CELF2 was decreased both in AML patients and cells. CELF2 overexpression or interference weakened the effect of overexpressing or silencing SNHG16 on proliferation and migration. Moreover, the transfection of pcDNA-CELF2 elevated PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog) activity and hindered the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT signaling. And SNHG16 reduced PTEN activity and promoted the PI3K/AKT pathway activation by restraining CELF2. Furthermore, GDC-0941 (a specific inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT pathway) impeded the effect of SNHG16 increase, and bpV(pic) (a specific PTEN inhibitor) declined the effect of SNHG16 decrease on cell proliferation and migration. Taken together, the present study indicated that SNHG16 promoted proliferation and migration of AML cells via PTEN/PI3K/AKT axis through suppressing CELF2 protein. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the idea of transition from classical optics to quantum optics we deduce the natural expressions of optical beam splitter (BS) and 2-cascaded BS operators in coherent state representation and also obtain their normally ordered forms. Moreover, we theoretically prepare some desired quantum entangled states and investigate several carried experiments. Finally, our work shall be focused on the following two aspects: the quantum-optical catalysis of the BS and quantum state truncation of the 2-cascaded BS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We find that the quadrature measurement theory through symmetric beamsplitter can be elaborated more precisely and more directly by virtue of the IWOP technique. Both the normally ordered and anti-normally ordered generating photocurrent operator for mements of photocurrent probability distribution are derived, and their applications are respectively presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the exponential stability for a class of delayed competitive neural networks is studied. By applying the inequality technique and non-reduced-order approach, some novel and useful criteria of global exponential stability for the addressed network model are established. Moreover, a numerical example is presented to show the feasibility and effectiveness of the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Operators' ordering is often employed in almost all calculations of quantum optics. In this paper by virtue of differentiation within ordered product of operators we put forward general differential formalism of normally and anti-normally ordering Bose operators, which seems neat and concise [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fetal arrhythmias are a common phenomenon of pregnancies. However, debates remain with regard to the etiologies and early treatment of choices for severe fetal arrhythmias. The gene regulatory networks govern cardiac conduction system development to produce distinct nodal and fast conduction phenotypes. The slow conduction properties of nodes that display automaticity are determined by the cardiac ion channel genes, whereas the fast conduction properties are regulated by the transcription factors. Mutations of genes specific for the developmental processes and/or functional status of cardiac conduction system including ion channel promoter (minK-lacZ), GATA family of zinc finger proteins (GATA4), the homeodomain transcription factor (Nkx2.5), the homeodomain-only protein (Hop) and the T-box transcription factors (Tbx2, Tbx3 and Tbx5), hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated channel 4 (HCN4) and connexins, may cause fetal arrhythmias. It is expected that development of investigational antiarrhythmic agents based on genetic researches on cardiac conduction system, and clinical application of percutaneously implantable fetal pacemaker for the treatment of fetal arrhythmias would come to true. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Regarding trochanteric hip fractures, one type of posterior coronal fragments was described as the "banana-shaped fragment", while the impact of the banana-shaped fragment on mechanical stability has not been further studied. The current study investigated the association between the banana-shaped fragment and mechanical complications after surgery. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 273 patients treated by proximal femoral nail antirotation (PFNA) in the full analysis. The age, the sex, the fracture side, the follow-up time, the American Society of Anesthesiologists classification, the operators, the fracture classification, the tip-apex distance, the blade positions, the reduction quality and the bone mineral density were analyzed in relation to mechanical complications, through univariate and multivariate approaches. Results: Mechanical complications happened in 33 patients. The banana-shaped fragment (adjusted odds ratio 5.240, 95% CI 2.172 to 12.641; p < 0.001), the tip-apex distance and the reduction quality showed significant association with mechanical complications in both univariate and multivariate analysis. Moreover, for 118 patients with the banana-shaped fragment, we found that the use of wire cerclage couldn't significantly lower the rates of mechanical complications (p = 0.648). Conclusions: The banana-shaped fragment had a negative impact on mechanical stability of trochanteric hip fractures treated by PFNA. In the perioperative period, the BSF should be carefully evaluated, and its specific handling deserves further study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immunity-related GTPase family M (IRGM), located on human chromosome 5q33.1, encodes a protein that promotes autophagy and suppresses the innate immune response. The minor allele of rs13361189 (−4299T>C), a single nucleotide polymorphism in the IRGM promoter, has been associated with several diseases, including Crohn's disease and tuberculosis. Although patterns of linkage disequilibrium and minor allele frequency for this polymorphism differ dramatically between subjects of European and African descent, studies of rs13361189 have predominantly been conducted in Europeans and the mechanism of association is poorly understood. We recruited a cohort of 68 individuals (30 White, 34 African American, 4 other race) with varying rs13361189 genotypes and assessed a panel of immune response measures including whole blood cytokine induction following ex vivo stimulation with Toll-like Receptor ligands. Minor allele carriers were found to have increased serum immunoglobulin M, C-reactive protein, and circulating CD8+ T cells. No differences in whole blood cytokines were observed between minor allele carriers and non-carriers in the overall study population; however, minor allele status was associated with increased induction of a subset of cytokines among African American subjects, and decreased induction among White subjects. These findings underline the importance of broad racial inclusion in genetic studies of immunity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The skin friction degradation was analyzed by using a softening model, and the relationship between unit end resistance and pile end displacement was simulated using a hyperbolic model. Determinations of the parameters related to the softening model of skin friction were presented. As to the bearing behavior of an axially loaded pile, an iterative computer program was developed by using the proposed softening model of skin friction and hyperbolic model of end resistance. Comparisons of the response of an axially loaded pile demonstrate that the proposed method is generally in good agreement with the field-observed behavior, and can assess the failure characteristic of skin friction. For practical purposes, different load transfer functions can be selected in the proposed method to capture the response of an axially loaded pile. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Anteromedial cortical support reduction is favourable for secondary stability after limited sliding in unstable pertrochanteric fractures. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy and agreement between intra-operative fluoroscopy and post-operative 3D reconstruction.Materials and Methods: A retrospective analysis of 28 patients (mean 81.6 years) treated with short cephalomedullary nails was performed. All patients had full sets of intra-operative fluoroscopy and post-operative 3D CT images. Observation was focused on the position of the anteromedial cortices of the inferior corner between the head-neck fragment and femoral shaft, and their relationship was categorised into three types: positive, neutral and negative. The percentage of subsequent changes in cortical reduction quality between fluoroscopy and 3D CT was calculated and compared.Results: There were 24 positive (85.7%), four neutral and no negative positions in the anteroposterior (AP) view and one positive, 20 neutral (71.4%) and seven negative positions in the lateral view from fluoroscopy. On post-operative 3D CT images with a full range of rotation, definitive anteromedial cortical contact (positive and neutral support) was observed in 18 cases (64.3%). Ten cases lost the anteromedial cortical buttress. With the posteromedial region of the lesser trochanter detached, a positive AP cortical position combined with a positive/neutral lateral position on fluoroscopy (17 cases) was highly predictive of reliable, definitive cortical support (15 cases, 88.2%) on 3D CT. A negative lateral position on fluoroscopy (seven cases), regardless of the combination in the AP view, was likely to predict the final loss of cortical support (six cases, 85.7%) on 3D CT; a positive/neutral lateral position (21 cases) was only associated with loss of support in four cases (19.1%) (p < 0.05).Conclusions: A lateral negative position of the anterior cortex on fluoroscopy for unstable pertrochanteric fractures may be highly predictive of post-operative final loss of the anteromedial cortical buttress, which should be avoided during operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The influences of tool setting errors on skiving accuracy are discussed in this paper. Firstly, a method for the calculation of error-free cutting edge of skiving cutter is proposed. Based on the theories of cutter enveloping gear, the gear profile deviations, which are affected by the tool position and orientation errors in skiving, are analyzed. Results show that the profile deviations are insensitive to this kind of setting error of the cutter. Then, the effects of tool eccentricity error on skiving accuracy are analyzed. Results show that the waves on the tooth flanks, which are caused by the tool eccentricity error, have obvious influences on the helix deviations and the profile deviations of the workpiece. The waves on the tooth flanks are periodic ones and can be obviously affected by the number of teeth of the cutter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Focal Underdetermined System Solver (FOCUSS) is a powerful method for sparse representation, in which the Lp-norm like cost function is very often used. However, this cost function is not only nondifferentiable but also can be very ill-conditioned in some situations. The local minima problem of FOCUSS is discussed in this paper. Moreover, to solve this problem, we first extend the Lp-norm like cost function to its corresponding Lp-approximation. After this, we analyze the nonconvexity of the new cost function, which results in that FOCUSS algorithm gets stuck in the local minima in many situations, especially when the hidden sources are not very sparse. To reduce the number of the local minima, a multilayer FOCUSS is developed in this paper. Comparing with the conventional FOCUSS, the experiments inclusing MRI reconstruction demonstrate that multilayer FOCUSS can significantly improve the performance. Even for some very challenging cases, where the conventional FOCUSS fails, multilayer FOCUSS still works well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have extended the complex scaled Green's function method to the relativistic framework describing deformed nuclei with the theoretical formalism presented in detail. We have checked the applicability and validity of the present formalism for exploration of the resonances in deformed nuclei. Furthermore, we have studied the dependences of resonances on nuclear deformations and the shape of potential, which are helpful to recognize the evolution of resonant levels from stable nuclei to exotic nuclei with axially quadruple deformations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

By virtue of integration technique within ordered product of operators and Dirac's representation theory we find a new general formula for normally ordering coordinate-momentum operator functions, that is $f(g\hat {{Q}}+h\hat {P})= :\exp [\textstyle {g^{2}+h^{2} \over 4}\textstyle {{\partial ^{2}} \over {\partial (g\hat {{Q}}+h\hat {P})^{2}}}]f(g\hat {{Q}}+h\hat {P})$ :, where $\hat {Q}$ and $\hat {P}$ are the coordinate operator and momentum operator respectively, the symbol :: denotes normal ordering. Using this formula we can derive a series of new relations about Hermite polynomial and Laguerre polynomial, as well as some new differential relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The treatment of proximal femoral fractures in geriatric osteoporotic patients continues to be a challenge in orthopaedic trauma. Various kinds of cephalomedullary nails, such as gamma nail, InterTan and PFNA were used clinically. The latest generation PFNA II, specially designed for Asian population, is commonly used for geriatric per-/intertrochanteric fractures. The aim of this study was to determine whether the current PFNA-II proximal segment length is suitable for the greater trochanter height, as assessed by postoperative radiograph measurements. Materials and Methods: 51 consecutive patients with per-/intertrochanteric fractures treated with the PFNA-II between July 2012 and December 2012 were enrolled in this study. There were 19 males and 32 females, with an average age of 78.6 years (range 66-92 years). According to AO/OTA classification system, there were 4 cases of 31A1 fractures, 35 cases of 31A2 fractures, and 12 cases of 31A3 fractures. The nail protrusion height over the lateral greater trochanter and the Parker ratio of the helical blade tip in the femoral head were measured and compared using pelvic digital anteroposterior radiographs taken within 2 weeks postoperatively. Patients were followed up for a minimum period of 1 year to check whether they had lateral trochanter pain. Results: Postoperative digital anteroposterior (AP) films were used for assessment and any prominence was recorded as positive. Overall, nail protrusion over the greater trochanter occurred in 87.8% of cases. In 60.8% of the cases, protrusion height was >5 mm. The average protrusion height was 6.25 ± 4.27 mm (male average 4.84 ± 4.38 mm, and female average 7.09 ± 4.70 mm). The average Parker ratio of all cases was 51.0 ± 6.9% (male average 49.8 ± 7.5% and female average 51.7 ± 6.5%). Protrusion height was positively correlated (r = 0.394, P = 0.004) with the helical blade position in the femoral head (Parker ratio). Clinically, a total of 42 patients were followed up at an average of 15.0 ± 2.6 months (range 12--24 months) they were able to walk independently or with a stick. There were 13 patients with lateral trochanter pain on the injured side. Protrusion height of these patients was 11.13 ± 3.75 mm, whereas the protrusion height of the remaining 29 patients was 3.87 ± 3.39 mm. Conclusions: There was a morphologic mismatch between the proximal segment length of the PFNA-II and the greater trochanter in the Asian population, which may be the cause of postoperative lateral trochanter pain. A modification to shorten the proximal part of the nail is proposed to avoid protrusion over the greater trochanter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we examine the water wave radiation by arrays of truncated circular cylinders. Each cylinder can oscillate independently in any rigid oscillation mode with a prescribed amplitude, including translational and rotational modes such as surge, sway, heave, pitch, roll, and their combinations. Based on the eigenfunction expansion and Graf's addition theorem for Bessel functions, we developed an analytical method that includes the effects of evanescent modes in order to analyze such arrays of cylinders. To investigate the effects of several influential factors on convergence, our objective is to dramatically reduce the number of tests required and determine the influencing relationships between truncation number and convergence behavior for different factor combinations. We use the orthogonal test method to fulfill the objective. Lastly, we present our results regarding the effects of evanescent modes on hydrodynamic coefficients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study of a 62-year-old woman with bilateral lower extremity sensory neuropathy and mild progressive fatigue. Electromyography of the patient revealed a mild axonal polyneuropathy, and complete blood count inferred leukocytosis. Immunohistochemistry stains and in situ hybridization revealed presence of CD5/dim CD20/variable CD23/dim kappa protein, and CD5â/CD19+ monoclonal B cells were observed in flow cytometry analysis and finally the MYD88 mutation was found.

We present a new approach for studying theoretical model of a parametric amplifier. We show that time-evolution of parametric amplifier can be treated as formalism of angular momentum system by using the newly found bosonic operator realization of three generators ( J, J, J). The entangled state representation is essential in this approach. The transition probability from vacuum state to two-mode squeezed state in a parametric amplifier can be directly evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To introduce the concept of fracture reduction with positive medial cortical support and its clinical and radiological correlation in geriatric unstable pertrochanteric fractures. Methods: A retrospective analysis of 127 patients (32 men and 95 women, with mean age 78.7 years) with AO/OTA 31A2.2 and 2.3 hip fractures treated with cephalomedullary nail (PFNA-II or Gamma-3) between July 2010 and June 2013 was performed. They were classified into three groups according the grade of medial cortical support in postoperative fracture reduction (positive, neutral, and negative). The positive cortex support was defined that the medial cortex of the head-neck fragment displaced and located a little bit superomedially to the medial cortex of the shaft. If the neck cortex is located laterally to the shaft, it is negative with no cortical buttress, and if the two cortices contact smoothly, it is in neutral position. The demographic baseline, postoperative radiographic femoral neck-shaft angle and neck length, rehabilitation progress and functional recovery scores of each group were recorded and compared. Results: There were 89 cases (70 %) in positive, 26 in neutral, and 12 in negative support. No statistical differences were found between the three groups among patient age, sex ratio, prefracture score of activity of daily living, walking ability score, ASA physical risk score, number of medical comorbidities, osteoporosis Singh index, fracture reduction quality (Garden alignments), and the position of lag screw or helical blade in femoral head (TAD). In follow-up, patients in positive medial cortical support reduction group had the least loss in neck-shaft angle and neck length, and got ground-walking much earlier than negative reduction group, with good functional outcomes and less hip-thigh pain presence. Conclusion: Fracture reduction with nonanatomic positive medial cortical support allows limited sliding of the head-neck fragment to contact with the femur shaft and achieve secondary stability, providing a good mechanical environment for fracture healing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For entangled systems since wave function for single particle is not physical, marginal distributions of the Wigner function for entangled states are only meaningful in the entangled state representation, we propose generalized Weyl quantization scheme which relies on the generalized entangled Wigner operator ${\Omega }_{k}\left (\sigma ,\gamma \right ) $ with a real k-parameter and which can unify $\mathfrak {P}-$ordering, $\mathfrak {X}-$ ordering and Weyl ordering of operators in k = 1, −1, 0 respectively, we also find the mutual transformations among the integration kernel of $ \mathfrak {P}-$ordering, $\mathfrak {X}-$ ordering and generalized Weyl quantization schemes. The mutual transformations provides us with a new approach for deriving Wigner function of entangled quantum states. The $ \mathfrak {P}-$ordered and $\mathfrak {X}-$ordered form of ${\Omega }_{k}\left (\sigma ,\gamma \right ) $ are also derived which helps to put operators into their $\mathfrak {P}-$ordering and $\mathfrak {X}-$ordering respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Bicondylar tibial plateau fractures involving four articular quadrants are severe and complex injuries, and they remain a challenging problem in orthopaedic trauma. The aim of this study was to introduce a new treatment protocol with dual-incision and multi-plate fixation in the floating supine patient position as well as to report the preliminary clinical results. Methods: From January 2006 to December 2011, 16 consecutive patients with closed bicondylar four-quadrant tibial plateau fractures (Schatzker type VI, OTA/AO 41C2/3) were treated with posteromedial inverted L-shaped and anterolateral incisions. With the posteromedial approach, three quadrants (posteromedial, anteromedial and posterolateral) can be exposed, reduced and fixed with multiple small antiglide plates and short screws in an enclosure pattern. With the anterolateral approach, after articular elevation and bone substitute grafting, a strong locking plate with long screws to the medial cortex is used to raft-buttress the reduced lateral plateau fracture, hold the entire reconstructed tibial condyles together, and contact the condyles with the tibial shaft. All patients were encouraged to exercise knee motion at an early stage. The outcome was evaluated clinically and radiologically after a minimum two-year follow-up. Results: The average operation time was 98 ± 26 minutes (range 70-128) and the average duration of hospitalization was 29 ± 8.6 days (range 20-41). Three cases used five plates, nine cases used four plates, and four cases used three plates. All patients were followed for a mean of 28.7 ± 6.1 months (range 26-38). Fifteen incisions healed initially, while one patient developed a medial wound dehiscence and was successfully managed by debridement. All patients achieved radiological fracture union after an average of 20.2 weeks. At the two-year follow up, the average knee range of motion (ROM) was 98° ± 13.7 (range 88-125°), with a Hospital for Special Surgery (HSS) knee score of 87.7 ± 10.3 (range 75-95), and SMFA score of 21.3 ± 8.6 (range 12-33). Conclusion: For bicondylar four-quadrant tibial plateau fractures, the treatment protocol of multiple medial-posterior small plates combined with a lateral strong locking plate through dual incisions can provide stable fracture fixation to allow for early stage rehabilitation. Good clinical outcomes can be anticipated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extracellular α-synuclein is important in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD) and also as a potential biomarker when tested in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The performance of blood plasma or serum α-synuclein as a biomarker has been found to be inconsistent and generally ineffective, largely due to the contribution of peripherally derived α-synuclein. In this study, we discovered, via an intracerebroventricular injection of radiolabeled α-synuclein into mouse brain, that CSF α-synuclein was readily transported to blood, with a small portion being contained in exosomes that are relatively specific to the central nervous system (CNS). Consequently, we developed a technique to evaluate the levels of α-synuclein in these exosomes in individual plasma samples. When applied to a large cohort of clinical samples (267 PD, 215 controls), we found that in contrast to CSF α-synuclein concentrations, which are consistently reported to be lower in PD patients compared to controls, the levels of plasma exosomal α-synuclein were substantially higher in PD patients, suggesting an increased efflux of the protein to the peripheral blood of these patients. Furthermore, although no association was observed between plasma exosomal and CSF α-synuclein, a significant correlation between plasma exosomal α-synuclein and disease severity ( r = 0.176, p = 0.004) was observed, and the diagnostic sensitivity and specificity achieved by plasma exosomal α-synuclein were comparable to those determined by CSF α-synuclein. Further studies are clearly needed to elucidate the mechanism involved in the transport of CNS α-synuclein to the periphery, which may lead to a more convenient and robust assessment of PD clinically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tanshinone is widely used for treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular diseases with increasing demand. Herein, key enzyme genes SmHMGR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl CoA reductase) and SmDXR (1-deoxy- d-xylulose 5-phosphate reductoisomerase) involved in the tanshinone biosynthetic pathway were introduced into Salvia miltiorrhiza ( Sm) hairy roots to enhance tanshinone production. Over-expression of SmHMGR or SmDXR in hairy root lines can significantly enhance the yield of tanshinone. Transgenic hairy root lines co-expressing HMGR and DXR (HD lines) produced evidently higher levels of total tanshinone (TT) compared with the control and single gene transformed lines. The highest tanshinone production was observed in HD42 with the concentration of 3.25 mg g DW. Furthermore, the transgenic hairy roots showed higher antioxidant activity than control. In addition, transgenic hairy root harboring HMGR and DXR (HD42) exhibited higher tanshinone content after elicitation by yeast extract and/or Ag than before. Tanshinone can be significantly enhanced to 5.858, 6.716, and 4.426 mg g DW by YE, Ag, and YE-Ag treatment compared with non-induced HD42, respectively. The content of cryptotanshinone and dihydrotanshinone was effectively elevated upon elicitor treatments, whereas there was no obvious promotion effect for the other two compounds tanshinone I and tanshinone IIA. Our results provide a useful strategy to improve tanshinone content as well as other natural active products by combination of genetic engineering with elicitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Yanshan Basin, located in northern North China, underwent three primary stages in the Mesoproterozoic, and corresponding biotas have been summarized for each stage in the present study. The three stages are stage A (the lower part of the Changcheng Group which dominated by clastic sediments), stage B (the upper part of the Changcheng Group to the Jixian Group which characterized by carbonate sediments), and stage C (the upper part of the Jixian Group which dominated by clastic sediments). This paper will focus on the evolution of biota during stage B. Microbiota of the stage B exhibits a high level of diversity and abundance. Planktonic microfossils have various forms and complex decorations. Most microfossils are generally small. In stage B, there was great variation in the biotic abundance and diversity, the average diameter of spherical benthic microfossils, and the maximum diameter of the spherical microfossils. We analyzed these parameters and identified two typical biotic events, and both biotic events were corresponded with geological events. The first event occurred in the third member of the Dahongyu Formation. In this era, the maximum diameter of the silicified microfossils significantly increased, and large, spherical planktonic specimens are abundant. The flourishing of large organisms in the strata is presumably related to volcanic activity. The second event occurred in the third member of the Gaoyuzhuang Formation. During this era, the microfossil assemblage changed significantly. The changes correspond with a decline in stromatolites as well as the transformations of the carbon isotope ratios and the elemental geochemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We applied the complex scaling method to study the resonances of a Dirac particle in the Yukawa potential, and obtained the corresponding energies and widths. In the non-relativistic limit, our results are in excellent agreement with those by non-relativistic calculations with J-matrix approach. Furthermore, we found that the energies and widths of spin doublets are approximately degenerate, and preserve a good spin symmetry. The quality of spin symmetry is correlated with the parameters of the Yukawa potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of fullerene [60] (C 60) as carbon support material for the dispersion of catalysts, which provides new ways to develop the advanced electrocatalyst materials for its distorted structure. In this article, polyaniline (PANI)-modified C 60 (abbreviated as PANI-C 60) is introduced, and the platinum–ruthenium alloy nanoparticles are successfully supported on PANI-C 60. According to the transmission electron microscopy measurements, the average particle size of the as-prepared nanoparticles dispersed on PANI-C 60 is 2.4 nm. Electrochemical studies reveal that the Pt-Ru/PANI-C 60 nanocomposites show excellent electrocatalytic activity toward methanol oxidation, showing that the PANI-C 60 may be a better potential candidate to be used as the supports of catalyst for electrochemical oxidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aimed to explore the prognostic value of thyroid invasion of parathyroid carcinoma without lymph node or distant metastasis. Methods: Two hundred and nine cases of parathyroid carcinoma from the SEER (1989–2014) were eligible for this study. A Chi-squared test, t test, X-tile, Kaplan–Meier curves, and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression were used for analysis. Results: Thyroid invasion, sex, race, age, radiation, and surgery were not significantly associated with cancer-specific survival by multivariate analysis. However, tumor size ≥ 4 cm was significantly associated with worse cancer-specific survival (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Thyroid invasion, which was the criterion for T1 and T2 staging criteria of parathyroid carcinoma according to the AJCC, did not affect the prognosis of patients with parathyroid carcinoma without local lymph node or distant metastasis. Our study indicates that a tumor size ≥ 4 cm may be an appropriate indicator of T1 and T2 cancer staging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of fermentation conditions on the production of polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum using soybean curd residue (SCR) as a substrate were investigated. Based on the optimum conditions of solid-state fermentation, the fermentation time, the inoculum size, and the C/N ratio were optimized by response surface methodology. The optimal fermentation conditions for G. lucidum polysaccharide were determined to be the following: 14.53 % of the inoculum size, 10.49 of the C/N ratio, and 21.18 days incubation. The maximum polysaccharide yield of 48.14 ± 1.47 mg/g was obtained in the verification experiment. Furthermore, treatment with 20 μg/mL of G. lucidum polysaccharide from fermented SCR showed significant stimulation for the macrophage proliferation and higher nitric oxide production. Compared with the unfermented soybean curd residue, the total phenolic compounds increased fourfold, and various amino acids were increased significantly in the fermented soybean curd residue. Therefore, a nutritious functional food or food additives could be produced using fermented soybean curd residue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]