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This welcome set of original and instructive papers illuminates and enriches the history of twentieth‐century ethology in multiple ways. It adds a wealth of actors, animals, methods, and places to those featured in previous treatments of ethology's development. Some of the papers extend the chronology beyond the heyday of ethology's disciplinary construction to consider exciting developments in the 1970s and beyond. Others consider animal behavior research programs pursued contemporaneously with but independently of mainline ethology's development from the 1930s through the 1960s. Another paper takes us inside an ethologist's archive of visual images to examine the importance of such images (and such a setting) for ethological practice. Collectively, the papers provide new opportunities to contemplate how research programs and disciplines evolve; the relations between concepts, practices, and places; ethology and politics, and much more. At the same time, the individuality of the papers is conspicuous. They have not been constructed on the same model. The authors have followed their own approaches, corresponding to their own, respective interests. A short commentary is not sufficient to do justice to each of them. Rather than attempt to review them one by one, I will consider a pair of themes that may help relate the papers to each other and to the history of ethology: (1) the ongoing challenge of defining ethology and identifying who the ethologists were (or are); (2) the practices and places of animal behavior study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several behavioral scientists have contributed to special issues of the "Decision Science" journal. K. MacCrimmon and J. Siu tackled the significant problem of modeling and measuring and individual decision maker's inevitable trade-offs. The authors find that the choice mode consistently exceeds the equivalence mode in its predictive accuracy. R. Duncan's paper examined possible determinants of the structure of decision units within organization. A. Delbecq studied contextual variables affecting decision making in program planning. Lastly, V. Vroom and A. Jago wrote a paper about decision making as a social process.

Can animals behave morally if they can't mindread? Does morality require mindreading capacities? Moral psychologists believe that mindreading is contingently involved in moral judgements. Moral philosophers argue that moral behaviour necessarily requires the possession of mindreading capacities. In this paper, I argue that while the former may be right, the latter are mistaken. Using the example of empathy, I show that animals with no mindreading capacities could behave on the basis of emotions that possess an identifiable moral content. Therefore, at least one type of moral motivation does not require mindreading. This means that, a priori, non-mindreading animals can be moral. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has two aims. The first is to shed light on a remarkable archival source, namely survey responses from thousands of American psychologists during the 1960s in which they described their contemporary research practices and discussed whether the practices were 'ethical.' The second aim is to examine the process through which the American Psychological Association (APA) used these survey responses to create principles on how psychologists should treat human subjects. The paper focuses on debates over whether 'deception' research was acceptable. It documents how members of the committee that wrote the principles refereed what was, in fact, a disagreement between two contemporary research orientations. The paper argues that the ethics committee ultimately built the model of 'the resilient self' into the APA's 1973 ethics code. At the broadest level, the paper explores how prevailing understandings of human nature are written into seemingly universal and timeless codes of ethics. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rise of the institutionalist school of economics, in the 1910s and 1920s, has recently been given the historical attention it deserves. However, historical studies of the school have left two questions unanswered. First, to what extent was the institutionalist's interest in academic psychology (frequently declared in their meta-economic writings) realized in their economic writings? Second, what evidence of a fruitful collaboration with institutional economics can be found in the work of psychologists? In this paper I consider the meta-economic statements of three key institutionalists, Wesley C. Mitchell, John M. Clark, and Walton H. Hamilton, and two key economic works by Mitchell and Clark. I contend that these works show little systematic engagement of academic psychology. A study of psychological literature of the period yields the same conclusion; in particular, industrial psychology did not come into fruitful contact with institutional economics, despite the parallel interests of the two fields and their parallel rise after World War I. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Can “self-respect” supplant the now much-maligned “global self-esteem” in psychological research and therapy? The aim of the present paper is to examine this suggestion and develop it further. It is argued that there are two distinct philosophical concepts of self-respect abroad in the literature, Kantian and Aristotelian, between which psychologists need to choose. The main components of Aristotelian self-respect are then worked out. The paper concludes by exploring how, in order to make those components objectively measurable, certain methodological pitfalls must be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines social pattern analysis, the yet-unarticulated research strategy that guides formal sociologists in their efforts to distill generic social patterns from their specific cultural, situational, and historical contexts. Following in the implicit methodological footsteps of Georg Simmel, social pattern analysts view specific sociohistorical configurations as mere instantiations of such patterns, thereby deliberately disregarding various idiosyncrasies of the particular communities, events, and social situations they examine. Analytically focused, they thus draw their evidence from multiple social contexts, thereby making their essentially decontextualized findings more generalizable. Furthermore, in sharp contrast to historians and ethnographers, they try to highlight universality rather than singularity, thereby focusing their attention on the common formal features of any given pattern across those contexts while deliberately ignoring differences among its various specific manifestations. The outcome of such transcultural, transsituational, and transhistorical (that is, transcontextual) mode of inquiry is an empirically grounded “social geometry.” [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural sociologists figure prominently in the move towards public sociology. The paper takes up Michael Burawoy's call for public sociology and discusses what rural sociologists have to offer to publics and how we stand to gain as a discipline in working with publics. The paper argues that rural sociologists' ability to adopt a cosmopolitan view while negotiating the complexities of global/local processes provides a useful theoretical stance for doing public sociology. Methodologically, both feminist methods and various approaches to networks can guide us as we do public sociology. Then, the paper provides two examples of recent efforts to do public sociology with a women's community group in Sri Lanka in response to the tsunami and with the Pennsylvania Women's Agricultural Network to illustrate the possibilities and limitations of working with networks. In conclusion, the paper addresses opportunities for doing public sociology, the challenges we face as we go public, and future work that is needed to develop theoretically and methodologically strong public rural sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the evaluation component of Partnerships for Success (PfS), a comprehensive community effort designed to address youth development issues. The evaluation component is referred to as “theory of change-based evaluation.” The author considers the implications of applying community practice tools such as theory of change-based evaluation to the current conceptualization of community science. More specifically, the author argues that the current conceptualization of community science pays scant attention to community practice. This paper concludes by suggesting that the current conceptualization of community science be modified to recognize the importance of community practice as an equal aspiration for community psychologists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper early work of the American rehabilitation psychologist Tamara Dembo (1902–1993) is brought to light. She was highly influenced by the concepts of Kurt Lewin's topological psychology, and she used the framework of topological psychology to analyze her investigations on animal behavior carried out with the Dutch zoopsychologist Frederik J. J. Buytendijk. These investigations have so far been ignored and are being described for the first time making use of archival materials. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Starting out as a newsletter for radical psychologists, the Dutch journal Psychologie & Maatschappij (Psychology & Society) moved in the past decade toward the theoretical mainstream within psychology. In this paper, the major changes in the journal are described and analyzed, as well as the features that did not change: an emphasis on theory and history, an interdisciplinary approach, and an emphasis on discussion. The main transformations were from psychology as instrumental toward the goals of the progressive movement in the Netherlands, then to extreme criticism of all scientific and professional psychological activities, and finally to adherence to the most advanced approaches within academic psychology. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article the authors response to the comments made by various sociologists about a meta-analysis in which the authors noted that the percent of variance in validity coefficients accounted for by sampling error was much smaller than that typically reported in other validity generalization work. According to the authors the reanalysis of their data resulted in the finding that about 65% of the variance in validity coefficients was explained, as opposed to the much lower figures they reported when only sampling error was considered. According to the authors their use of percent of variance accounted for was consistent with the criterion used in most other published validity generalization research.

This paper examines similarities in the works of Epicurus, an ancient Greek philosopher, and B. F. Skinner, a behavioral psychologist. They both were empiricists who argued in favor of the lawfulness of behavior while maintaining that random events were included within those laws. They both devoted much effort to describing how individuals could live effective, rewarding and pleasurable lives. They both emphasized simple and natural pleasures (or reinforcers) and the importance of combining personal pleasures with actions that benefit friends and community. They both opposed punishment and all aversive measures used by governments and religions to control behaviors. And both created utopias: a real community, The Garden, where Epicurus lived with his followers, and a fictional one, Walden Two, by Skinner. We consider how a combination of the ideas of Epicurus and Skinner can contribute to their common goal of helping people to live better lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Basic principles of applied behavior analysis and social marketing are reviewed with reference to the development of action plans to protect the environment. Behavior-change procedures that have targeted environmental preservation are categorized as antecedent interventions (including education, prompting, modeling, goal setting and commitment, and engineering and design strategies) or consequence procedures (i.e., reinforcement and punishment). Although past behavior analysis research has demonstrated environmental benefits from applying certain behavior-change interventions, those studies were small-scale and short-lived. This paper offers an integrative model of applied behavior analysis and social marketing as a potential approach to large-scale and long-term intervention for environmental protection. The market analysis and segmentation phases of social marketing, for example, allow for the specialization of behavior-change strategies for particular target groups. This integration requires increased collaboration between behavior analysts and environmental psychologists who study the correlation of individuals' environmental concern and action with their attitudinal, demographic, and personality characteristics. A plea is made to replace armchair theorizing with interdisciplinary and intervention-focused environmental research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A theoretical model for the distribution of authorships is developed. This model, the shifted Waring distribution, and 15 other discrete probability models are tested for goodness-of-fit against 94 data sets collected from six fields (engineering sciences, medical sciences, physical sciences, mathematical sciences, social sciences, and humanities). The shifted inverse Gaussian-Poisson is found to provide the best fitting. It is suggested that the latter model can be used in the estimation of the number of entries in an author Index and in determining the maximum number of authors per paper to be included in an author index. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Widely used rodent anxiety assays like the elevated plus maze (EPM) and the open field test (OFT) are conflated with rodents' natural preference for dark over light environments or protected over open spaces. The EPM and OFT have been used for decades but are often criticized by behavioral scientists. Years ago, two revised anxiety assays were designed to improve upon the "classic" tests by excluding the possibility to avoid or escape aversion. The 3‐D radial arm maze (3DR) and the 3‐D open field test (3Doft) utilize continual motivational conflict to better model anxiety; each consist of an open space connected to ambiguous paths toward uncertain escape. Despite their utility, the revised assays have not caught on. This could be because no study yet has directly compared classic and revised assays in the same animals. To remedy this, we contrasted behavior from a battery of assays (EPM, OFT, 3DR, 3Doft and a sociability test) in mice defined genetically by isogenic strain, or environmentally by postnatal experience. One major motivation for this work is to inform future studies by offering a transparent look at individual outcomes on these assays, as there is no one‐size‐fits‐all test to assess rodent anxiety‐like behavior. Findings suggest that classic assays may sufficiently characterize differences across genetically defined groups, but the revised 3DR may be advantageous for investigating more nuanced behavioral differences such as those stemming from environmental factors. Finally, exposure to multiple assays significantly affected sociability, highlighting concerns for designing and interpreting batteries of rodent behavioral tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been a substantial increase in research on product line pricing. Modelers in multiple disciplines have offered methods for the optimal design/selection and pricing of the products in new or modified product lines. Behavioral scientists have contributed insights on how consumers' perceptions of product line prices, attributes, and quality levels influence their evaluation of the alternative choices. Significantly, the work of both modelers and behavioral scientists is distributed across three types of product line contexts: price-quality product lines, multi-attribute product lines, and product lines that include a core product plus options. This paper reviews this literature, and assesses its usefulness for managers. One observation is that, while scholars have developed approaches to optimization that offer increased scope and tractability, the applicability of these models is constrained by the narrow specification of profit functions, and the limited consideration of competitive and other dynamic forces. A second conclusion is that the managerial usefulness of the behavioral science research on perceptions and product-line choice has been limited by a dependence on attribute-based estimation of utilities, uncertainty about possible interaction effects, and an excessive focus on the cannibalization aspects of product line pricing. Based on the review, a research agenda is identified for enhancing the applicability of research on consumer perceptions and choice to product line pricing decisions, and for building more complete product line price optimization models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A court's order begins and directs the process of a court-appointed parenting evaluation. If the order is ill-defined, the evaluation, its conclusions, and the resulting expert opinion may be compromised. To draft a clear order, lawyers should understand the nature of a psychological evaluation, identify the legal bases and the authority in psychological literature and ethics for conducting a parenting evaluation, and establish the specific purposes for the court-ordered evaluation. Likewise, psychologists should understand these drafting issues to guard against role and ethical pitfalls in their court-appointed tasks. This paper will explore these issues. In addition, suggestions for drafting a motion petitioning the court for an evaluation are offered, and a model court order for parenting evaluations is presented. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Late nineteenth-century psychologists and aestheticians were fascinated by the study of psychological and physiological aspects of aesthetic response, and the British intellectual and aesthete Vernon Lee was a major participant in this venture. Working outside the academy, Lee conducted informal experiments with Clementina Anstruther-Thomson, recording changes in respiration, balance, emotion, and body movements in response to aesthetic form. In fashioning her aesthetics of empathy, she mined a wealth of psychological theories of the period including motor theories of mind, physiological theories of emotion, evolutionary models of the usefulness of art, and, most prominently, the empathic projection of feeling and movement into form. Lee distributed questionnaires, contributed to scientific journals, carried out her own introspective studies, and debated aesthetics with leading psychologists. This paper critiques the prevailing view of Lee's aesthetics as a displaced sign of her gender or sexuality, and questions her status as simply an amateur in the field of psychology. Instead, I argue that Lee's empirically based empathy theory of art was a significant contribution to debates on psychological aesthetics at the outset of the twentieth century, offering a synthesis of Lipps's mentalistic Einfühlung and sensation-based imitation theories of aesthetic response. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The latter decades of the 20th century saw C.G. Jung doubly marginalized, both by Psychology's academic establishment, for whom he was beyond the scientific pale, and by critical psychologists for whom he was, to simplify, beyond the ideological one. In this paper, I will suggest that there are two respects in which Social Psychology should reconsider his position. Firstly his own, albeit largely covert, Social Psychology, has affinities with critical Social Psychology; secondly, in the subject matter sense, Jung's own social psychological significance in the mid-20th century and beyond itself requires attention in its own right. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treatment for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is a standard activity of psychologists, particularly those in Community Mental Health Teams (CMHT). In 2005, NICE published guidelines recommending Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) with Exposure and Response Prevention (ER-P) as the evidence-based psychological treatments of choice. In recent years there have been significant developments within cognitive behavioural theory, including what has been referred to as the ‘Third Wave’. This paper explores the contribution of mindfulness; a practice that has previously been integrated into other CBT models of treatment, to cognitive interventions in OCD, suggesting that in complements both CBT and ER—However it had previously been suggested by Freeston that mindfulness may prevent successful ER-P by becoming a neutralising technique. Examples of the application of a mindfulness-based approach are explored (MOCD), including reference to an OCD group run by the author, and areas of potential overlap are identified, in particular thought-action Fusion. It is concluded that if applied properly, mindfulness not only complements traditional CBT interventions, but could also increase their efficacy and perhaps prevent relapse. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conceptual atomism is the view according to which most lexical concepts lack 'internal' or constituent structure. To date, it has not received much attention from philosophers and psychologists. A central reason is that it is thought to be an implausible theory of concepts, resulting in untenable implications. The main objective of this paper is to present conceptual atomism as a viable alternative, with a view to achieving two aims: the first, to characterize and to elucidate conceptual atomism; and the second, to dispel some misconceptions associated with it. My aim is to show that the prospect of conceptual atomism is a promising one. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents an introduction to the rest of the issue by the editor. He suggests the themes of the issue are the culture and global warming, and how contemporary concerns are reflected in sociology and society. The articles highlight the tension between the ongoing sociological debate between emphasizing cultural or material influences. The author believes that too often that scholars resolve that dichotomy by relying on their personal preferences rather than intellectual rigor or professional objectivity.

The article presents information about Focus Group Discussion International Congress on Licensure, Certification and Credentialing of Psychologists, Montreal, Quebec. It focuses on the feasibility of a universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists. In July 2002, Janel Gauthier presented a paper at a symposium on professional codes of ethics across national boundaries at the International Congress of Applied Psychology in Singapore. During the Congress in Montreal, Janel made a presentation during which he described a proposed framework for the development of a universal declaration of ethical principles for psychologists. It discusses the declarations of ethical principles for psychologists feasible on a world-wide basis. Janel has identified five principles that appear to be common in codes of ethics across four continents. To achieve a high level of consensus, it will be essential to take into account the huge diversity in the world and differences in worldview. It was suggested that the preamble indicate that these principles could be interpreted in different ways in different cultures.

This paper examines the role of trust and the concept of access as they affect the relational context in which community research, and research with refugee communities in particular, is conducted. Sociologist Irving Goffman's metaphor of frontstage and backstage behavior is used to illustrate the complexity and importance of developing of relations of trust, and thereby gaining "backstage" access, in communities that are generally closed to outsiders. It is argued that gaining authentic ("backstage") access to refugee communities, as well as other communities that have developed a self-protective insularity, is essential if we are to gather data that accurately reflect the actual beliefs, feelings, and experiences of community members. The paper then examines the puzzling lack of discussion regarding issues of trust, access, and the relational context in the literature on refugee mental health. Explanations for this apparent inattention are sought in the influence of the prevailing scientific paradigm that guides most research with refugees, and that shapes the values of the field's "gatekeepers," the editors and reviewers of scholarly journals. Throughout the paper, key points are illustrated with examples drawn from the author's research with refugees from Guatemala, Bosnia, and Afghanistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The intellectual relationship between Erving Goffman and Everett C. Hughes is explored in the context of an apprenticeship model derived from correspondence between the two sociologists. Goffman is identified as a "reluctant apprentice " because his work and his letters to Hughes display a tension between a striking originality and a fidelity to his "master." Three phases of their ambivalent relationship are described and an explanation for Goffman's reluctant acknowledgment of Hughes's influence is briefly explored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper defends metasociology against the attacks of a particular brand of metasociological critique done in the name of scientific progress. The proponents of scientific progress often argue that metasociology does not contribute anything of substantial value to the progress of sociology as a science. In contrast, we argue that this view of metasociology is not terribly well informed. We suggest that metasociology should be thought of as a dialogue with other nearby disciplines and with contemporary political and moral conversations about the social world. One job of metasociology is to expose the assumptions of sociologists so as to make them more aware of where they stand in relation to other contemporary dialogues. We also argue that for metasociology to be taken seriously as dialogue, we must give up certain pretensions. The social grounds for meta sociology as dialogue rest , on epistemic relativism and, more importantly, on judgmental relativism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article evaluates the productivity of sociologists in extension, teaching, and research. Prior to the evaluation, data were gathered from 111 individuals who work in or with the Extension Service throughout the U.S. and have at least a master's degree in sociology or rural sociology. In measuring the productivity of sociologists in teaching and research positions, American Sociological Review was used as the point of reference. The respondents of the study were then asked to indicate the number of each type of output, which they had produced from 1973 to 1975. Basing on these processes, the author of this article assumed that extension sociologists with the doctoral degrees would have greater exposure to traditional productivity scales than those with terminal master's degrees, due to the length of their academic training. The author concludes that the proposed productivity rating scale cannot be taken or used literally, however, the scales can be used as an evaluation measure for productivity output.

A growing body of research conducted by cognitive psychologists and behavioral economists finds that some features of human decision making are not adequately described by standard rational choice models of human behavior. In this paper, we offer experimental evidence suggesting that one of these features -- framing effects -- also arises in religious choices. When faced with a hypothetical choice between two religious options, respondents' choices were strongly influenced by the reference point from which they evaluated the options. Such results are difficult to reconcile with standard rational choice models, and they suggest alternatives to extant rational choice explanations of religious behavior. We discuss one such specific alternative: framing effects suggest that a "status quo bias" rather than "religious capital" may be responsible for relatively low levels of intergenerational mobility among religious denominations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Psychologists and economists have built elaborate models for predicting choice behavior based on the assumption that risk preference is a joint function of the expectation of getting something and its value to the person taking the risk. Utility theory assumes that the rational man will always take into account how much he wants something and his chances of getting it in deciding what goal to pursue or what risk to prefer. J.W. Atkinson has formulated a well known model of risk behavior which states that the tendency to make a response is a function of motivation (M), expectancy of attaining an incentive through the response (E) and the value of the incentive to the individual (I), that is, M x E x I. In another paper it was pointed out that the empirical evidence backing up this equation in its general form is not very strong. It seems to work at least reasonably well for predicting choices of individuals high in n Achievement for achievement-related tasks varying in difficulty. However, it did not work well at all for predicting the risks subjects high in n Achievement or n Power will take in a gambling game.

In many programs, the introduction of students to the community is relegated to a single practicum experience. This paper reviews one program's attempt to integrate field training more thoroughly into the curriculum. This is done by building the program around the setting features of a particular community. We describe how the basic training goals that have often been advocated but rarely achieved by community psychologists might be more broadly implemented. We outline the underlying training model, describe critical setting features, and show how the program has emphasized the features of history, empowerment, and size in the development of the curriculum. The discussion considers the assets and liabilities of programs focusing on a particular community and setting in order to illustrate the importance and difficulty of implementing field training models of this kind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article scrutinizes the 28-year development of growth groups for those factors that have made the guidelines for psychologists conducting growth groups. Carl Rogers, the well-known proponent of client-centered therapy, first coined the term "basic encounter groups." Encounter groups tend to emphasize personal growth and the development and improvement of interpersonal communication and relationships through an experiential process. It is difficult to determine the extent of the growth group movement in the U.S. One estimate claimed that over five million people have been involved.

Six professional actors, trained by psychologists and acting coaches to feign PTSD, were covertly enrolled into a treatment outcome study for PTSD with the aim of investigating malingering. During pretreatment assessment, individuals completed an emotional Stroop task. Vocal response latencies to different classes of stimuli were examined for sensitivity to malingering. Actor response latencies were compared to those of 6 nonlitigant PTSD patients and 6 nonanxiety controls. The actor/dissimulation group was able to feign an overall slowing of response latency across stimulus types, similar to the PTSD group. However, they were unable to modulate response latency as a function of stimulus content, a pattern that characterized the PTSD group. The use of information-processing paradigms to detect dissimulation is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Emile (1762), Rousseau advocated a kind of ‘negative’ education, free from books, abstract concepts, and the tyranny of human wills, so that the child learned in accordance with his own nature and the ‘heavy yoke of necessity’ imposed by the dependence on real, concrete things. In Les Règles de la méthode sociologique (1895), Durkheim insisted that sociological method rests entirely on one principle—i.e., ‘que les faits sociaux doivent êrre étudiés comme des choses.’ This paper explores the historical relationship between the educational realism epitomized in the first book and the social realism epitomized in the second. Focusing on Durkheim's lecture notes on both the Contrat social (1918) and Émile (1919), as well as L'Éducation morale (1925) and L'Évolution pédagogique en France (1938). I lend empirical support to Sheldon Wolin's claim that Durheim has been the medium by which Rousseau has left his mark on modern social science. I also place Durkheim's realism—both social and educational—within the larger context of his political commitment to the Third French Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ways in which behavioral scientists can combine their professional interests with work concerning civil liberties are explored along with a brief statement about each article included in the issue. The overview highlights certain themes that recur in the separate articles: (a) the absence of a solid consensus in the United States to support specific applications of the Bill of Rights despite increased willingness to support the liberties of some dissenters, (b) the relation of education to civil liberties attitudes, (c) the interrelationships of personality and political attitudes, (d) child and adult (work) socialization influences, and (e) the influence of face-to-face social interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of the human development liaison specialist is explained from a threefold perspective: the ecological systems theory which is its underlying philosophy, the qualities and skills required for liaison professionals, and the six-stage process followed in a typical liaison intervention. The liaison specialist role is recommended as a means of improving the delivery of human services and thereby contributing to the prevention of more serious difficulties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the role of community psychology in the community. According to researchers, community psychology bloomed into a separate and distinct area within psychology. Journals devoted to community psychological issues were founded, community psychology associations were formed, and books were written on the topic of community psychology. In the twenty-odd years that have passed since the beginnings of community psychology, much has been accomplished. Community psychology has staked out ground in a territory already populated by sociologists, social workers, urban anthropologists, politicians, economists, engineers, architects, public health workers, community psychiatrists, and various activists.

This article focuses on Prescott Lecky, an academic psychologist and his concept of resistance. The essence of Lecky's theory is the holistic approach expressed in his prosposal, "to apprehend all psychological phenomena as illustrations of the single principle of unity or self-consistency. A great factor in Lecky's development was Alfred Adler. Lecky studied with him in Vienna in 1927-1928 and, in fact, the first of only two or three psychological publications by Lecky (1928) during his lifetime, a modest book review, appeared in Adler's journal.

Recent policy changes highlight the need for citizens to take adaptive actions to reduce flood‐related impacts. Here, we argue that these changes represent a wider behavioral turn in flood risk management (FRM). The behavioral turn is based on three fundamental assumptions: first, that the motivations of citizens to take adaptive actions can be well understood so that these motivations can be targeted in the practice of FRM; second, that private adaptive measures and actions are effective in reducing flood risk; and third, that individuals have the capacities to implement such measures. We assess the extent to which the assumptions can be supported by empirical evidence. We do this by engaging with three intellectual catchments. We turn to research by psychologists and other behavioral scientists which focus on the sociopsychological factors which influence individual motivations (Assumption 1). We engage with economists, engineers, and quantitative risk analysts who explore the extent to which individuals can reduce flood related impacts by quantifying the effectiveness and efficiency of household‐level adaptive measures (Assumption 2). We converse with human geographers and sociologists who explore the types of capacities households require to adapt to and cope with threatening events (Assumption 3). We believe that an investigation of the behavioral turn is important because if the outlined assumptions do not hold, there is a risk of creating and strengthening inequalities in FRM. Therefore, we outline the current intellectual and empirical knowledge as well as future research needs. Generally, we argue that more collaboration across intellectual catchments is needed, that future research should be more theoretically grounded and become methodologically more rigorous and at the same time focus more explicitly on the normative underpinnings of the behavioral turn. This article is categorized under: Engineering Water > Planning Water Human Water > Water Governance Science of Water > Water Extremes [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents comments of various sociologist on issues related to sociology, presented in the American Sociological Association (ASA) roundtable conference. On the question of general agreement of sociologists on what and how to study, Stanford M. Lyman commented that much of conventional sociology has abandoned the discipline's original interest in providing an empirically-tested theory of social reality in the name of a reified conception of methodology. On another question related to conception of order, Herbert Blumer said that, from the standpoint of symbolic interactionism, human group life is a process in which objects are being created, affirmed, transformed and cast aside. Guy Oakes, commented on Weberian rule.

The article presents a report on demography as the discipline. As a field with its own body of interrelated, concepts, techniques, journals, and professional associations, demography is clearly a discipline. But by the nature of its subject matter and methods demography is just as clearly an “interdiscipline,” drawing heavily on biology and sociology for the study of fertility; oil, economics and geography for studies of migration;, and on the health sciences for analyses of mortality. Despite the fact that population theory flourished in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, demographers in the earlier part of the twentieth century tended to eschew theory, which they left to economists and sociologists. Assessing the state of the field almost three decades ago, Philip Hauser and Otis Dudley Duncan noted a number of problems, among which were "the marginal role of the demographer in his discipline of origin." In part this has been due to the demographer's high degree of specialization, which has stimulated an affinity toward disciplines less familiar to sociologists. Within the academe it has led to a number of natural organizational experiments wherein demography has been variously located in departments ranging from public health to rural sociology; even on occasion constituting quasi departments.

The article presents information on the condition of sociology in the Federal Republic of Germany. The seventeenth Congress of the German Sociologists, organized by the German Society for Sociology, was held in Kassel from October 31 to November 2, 1974. The interest it attracted was enormous: about 800 participants had been expected. It is probable that all the others were laymen interested in sociology. These proportions were in themselves in a certain respect typical of the present state of sociology in the Federal Republic of Germany, as is also the fact that this congress was not related to one particular scientific topic, as is usually the case, but was intended to arrive at a provisional balance-sheet of sociology in Germany in the mid-seventies. Naturally, this over-all view had itself to be divided into sectors corresponding to specific topics, so that two days were first devoted to the comparison of theories in sociology. This was followed by an exhaustive discussion of methods, in which all possible analytical procedures and related problems were gone into. Listed in this way and considered as a whole, this certainly presents an impressive picture of sociological activities in the Federal Republic and it is to be stressed that the papers presented to the congress included some notable pieces of work.

Despite the widespread belief among the public and an increasing number of law enforcement personnel that individuals who harm animals often harm other people, the subject of animal maltreatment has received little attention from behavioral scientists. Advances in comparative neuroanatomy have highlighted the ability of animals to feel physical and emotional pain, including complex psychological reactions to traumatic events. These advances, and recent studies (however sparse) that support the notion that perpetrators of crimes against animals often commit other crimes, have arguably created an ethical and practical imperative for behavioral scientists to undertake a serious examination of animal maltreatment and potential mechanisms for responding to it. In addition, the close and complex relationships many Americans have with animals and the advancements in animal protection law in the past two decades necessitate expertise on the part of forensic psychologists and psychiatrists, who will increasingly be called upon to evaluate animal maltreatment offenders and consult on related policy and legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a question of firing the personnel department of the organization depicting four common models of personnel work. Each model led to the conclusion that the personnel department might be profitably eliminated. It is believed, however, that the personnel function has much to contribute to the organization. The model called for is an "applications engineering" model. The personnel administrator of the future can best satisfy the organization's developmental needs by becoming an intermediary between the behavioral scientists of universities and laboratories where insights are developed and the organizations where they might be applied. One major task of the personnel administrator should be the maintenance of ongoing familiarity with the literature of the behavioral sciences. He would then be able to use behavioral science frameworks to evaluate needs of his organization, and to seek out effective solutions to organizational problems. The dominant behavior pattern will be that of negotiation, as personnel attempts to implement new insights and help organization and environment to adjust to one another.

A reprint of the article "The Role of the Behavioral Scientist in the Civil Rights Movement" by Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., is presented. He talks about efforts to enact social change in both northern and southern U.S. states. He mentions how the effectiveness of mass nonviolent protests in the South did not result in charges in the North and the role of urban riots as a social phenomena. He comments on the Civil Rights movement and the role of civil disobedience in restoring black-white unity.

Communicators of climate science seek ways to better educate and motivate individuals to personally commit to sustainable, energy-saving activities. However, critical psychological and social barriers to conservation make this task challenging. Behavioural scientists are well aware of the difficulties that individuals and groups have in responding effectively to information surrounding climate change and have used these insights to develop a number of techniques to aid in persuading people of the importance of the issue and motivating adaptive behavioural responses. This article consolidates research findings from behavioural economics, decision science, and social psychology to explore key insights and evidence around effective climate change education strategies aimed at enhancing conservation behaviours, including analyses of cognitive bias, social influences, values, and communication strategies. In addition, we note international, academic-private partnerships that have used interventions suggested by behavioural science to dramatic effects. We conclude by addressing implications for policymakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective Several competency models for training and practice in professional psychology have been proposed in the United States and Canada. Typically, the procedures used in developing and finalizing these models have involved both expert working groups and opportunities for input from interested parties. What has been missing, however, are empirical data to determine the degree to which the model reflects the views of members of the profession as a whole. Method Using survey data from 466 licensed or registered psychologists (approximately half of whom completed one of two versions of the survey), we examined the degree to which psychologists, both those engaged primarily in practice and those involved in doctoral training, agreed with the competency framework developed by the Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards' Practice Analysis Task Force (Rodolfa et al., 2013). Results When distinct time points in training and licensure or registration were considered (i.e., entry-level supervised practice in practicum settings, advanced-level supervised practice during internship, entry level independent practice, and advanced practice), there was limited agreement by survey respondents with the competency framework's proposal about when specific competencies should be attained. In contrast, greater agreement was evident by respondents with the competency framework when the reference point was focused on entry to independent practice (i.e., the competencies necessary for licensure or registration). Conclusion We discuss the implications of these findings for the development of competency models, as well as for the implementation of competency requirements in both licensure or registration and training contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on the comments by the author concerning the status of research activities of clinical psychologists in the veterans administration (VA). According to the author, in comparison to their colleagues in the medical specialties, clinical psychologists in VA medical centers conduct relatively little research. The Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health Merit Review Board (Medical Research Service, VA Central Office, U.S.) receives and approves few research grants from clinical psychologists assigned to Psychology Services.

In March of 1982, I interviewed Blumer about doing field research with Symbolic Interactionist ideas. I was teaching a course on that topic at UC Santa Cruz. After Herb discussed the field work issues, he turned to his biography and early life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many high-priority and high-interest species are challenging to study due to the difficulty in accessing animals and/or obtaining sufficient sample sizes. The recent explosion in technology, particularly social media and live webcams available on the Internet, provides new opportunities for behavioral scientists to collect data not just on our own species, as well as new resources for teaching and outreach. We discuss here the possibility of exploiting online media as a new source of behavioral data, which we termed 'video mining'. This article proposes epidemiological and ethological field techniques to gather and screen online media as a data source on diverse taxa. This novel method provides access to a rich source of untapped knowledge, particularly to study the behavior of understudied species or sporadic behaviors, but also for teaching or monitoring animals in challenging settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]