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Framing as a concept and theoretical perspective is well established in the modern political package to construct meanings. The messages are encoded and the essence of the angle or perspective induced into the audience for a predictable outcome is the key feature of any of the framing perspectives. Framing in conflict focuses attention on factors beyond what had actually happened. All frames that are used in conflict reporting do not carry equal weightage. This is where frames are often used as tools of political manipulations and to create social mobilisations as prime agents of control over the public. Use of media for exposure and as an agent of a leading character to divert the conflict frames always head-on to seek media as a primary tool of rein. Perceived as a working platform for information, modern media power is often controlled and manipulated by the elite with fixed and constant frames more often in conflicts. The capacities of media as an incredible strength are thus used as a weapon of destruction as the media power declines and political manipulations increase. In the language of control and conflict, media capabilities perform in different criteria. The media by far, is the most important source of information on conflict and politics, and the combined control of these two sources as an influence on ‘public opinion’ is the focus of the paper. Framing as an absolute and relative influence of control in conflict reporting is the success of political communication. Categorising conflict frame under eight major categories-Intended Frame, Routine Frame, Indicative Frame, Identity Frame, Manipulative Frame, Motivational Frame, Peace Frame and Dispute Frame-the paper exemplifies different cases that can define the concept of media’s controlled conflict framing. These frames are embedded in our personal, social and institutional lives and reinforce to exercise prevailing beliefs. The contemporary importance of media frames as a governing power and identity creators aim to exploit the media in order to nurture political goals by restructuring the perceived politics and conflicts in the minds of people. The paper is also a prefatory alternation of conflict management where media can play an integral role as a manager. The peace and routine frames that are often less identified in modern reports can serve as substitutes to manage conflict-promoting harmony. Further, the secondary discussion revolves around the control of mass media over conflict reporting that helps formulate the public perception of political reality in different types of conflict frames. It contributes a wide range of possibilities for analysing different facets of the frames as a means of control for affecting a collective conscience, thereby creating national interest.

This paper discusses the problems of conflicts that may be from time to time initiated and settled in the field tax legal relations. The emphasis is placed on the suggestion that the evolution of scientific concepts of conflict is based on the interdisciplinary approach: the paper concludes on the impossibility of separating the philosophical, social, psycholinguistic and legal aspects of the conflict. Complex and systematic analysis of the "conflict" category using the integrative approach has been performed as part of the research. Differentiated state-of-art approaches to the conflict as a subject of scientific analysis may be classified into two primary groups: 1) the approaches, where the conflict is considered in a narrow specific sense; 2) the approaches where the conflict is studied from interdisciplinary perspective. It is determined that any conflict is based on certain confrontation that plays a systemically important framework role both for individual types of conflicts, and for different level of scientific conflict studies. Nevertheless, is concluded that the presence of such confrontation only creates prerequisites for possible behaviour, while the interpersonal relations – i.e. the social category – are pivotal for individual choice of specific communicative interaction strategy. The legal nature and attributive properties of tax conflicts are also discussed from the financial law perspective. The paper distinguishes five specific groups of factors that confirm the actual presence of conflict tax legal relations. The special attention is paid to the tax dispute characterization (as one of the tax conflict development stages) and the remedies available for taxpayer rights protections. In particular, the paper discusses the issues of the taxpayer legal self-defense as the guaranty of subjective rights exercise and lawful interests protection in legal relations as a key for prevention of tax conflicts and disputes. Finally, the reasons are given to substantiate the conclusion that the tax dispute basically comes down to a mechanism of guaranteeing the interested party’s subjective rights enforcement and the balance of public and private interests in the field of taxation.

In this paper, we will discuss in detail about negotiation and conflict management and its approaches which is necessary everywhere. We will also discuss the steps and stages of negotiation and conflict management. Highlight the important features between the two relationships in almost every field and four - dimensional approach of negotiation and conflict management. We suggest adopting all stages and steps everywhere to sort out issues and problems related to negotiation and conflict management. There are various research and topics which talked about it and suggested many things to handle it, same in this paper present all important aspects of the topic and discuss it in detail and its importance in the emerging technological world. Also, areas that generally adopt negotiation and conflict management for a smooth run of business, organization,personal relationship, and bonding between people for the long term.

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is twofold: first, to analyze the phenomenon of urban tourism hypertrophy (UTH) in the context of the process of tourism-related social conflicts formation; and second, to discuss the extent to which destination management organizations (DMOs) are prepared to take responsibilities and actions undertaken in this process.Design/methodology/approachThe paper adopts conflict management (CM) theory as a framework for discussing UTH within the city context. The paper then analyzes the empirical example of social conflict in Kraków (Poland) to assess the predispositions of key institutions engaged in destination governance to lead CM process triggered by UTH. The Circle of Conflict approach proposed by C. Moore (The Mediation Process: Practical Strategies for Resolving Conflict, Jossey Bass, San Francisco, CA, 2014) is utilized as the main application method.FindingsThe study shows that DMO is the most appropriate entity to deal with UTH as a conflict manager; however, it has insufficient resources to fulfill all requirements relating to that role. Therefore, the range of responsibilities and roles of the contemporary DMOs should be completed with CM as the permanent task during UTH crisis.Research limitations/implicationsThe example study was based on interviews carried out with a limited number of informants. Also, the contextual nature of the research as well as specific destination governance structure in Kraków blurred the picture of DMOs predispositions to leading the CM process.Practical implicationsThe study supports urban DMO managers by suggesting a tool of diagnosis and intervention in UTH-induced conflicts. Thus, it makes fulfilling the mediator role a destination governance task.Social implicationsCM brings agreement among parties as to the understanding of the nature of conflict, which forms the basis for quick and mutually agreed actions, according to sustainable development principles.Originality/valueThe paper proposes an alternative approach to mitigate UTH-related problems in cities by adopting the CM framework which emphasizes the universal nature of conflict causes and proposes adequate tools for undertaking actions by DMOs.

Purpose This paper aims to explain how peace research has influenced a re-conceptualization of the international relations (IR) notion of security and conflict, the nature of the global arena, how to effectively negotiate conflict resolution and strategies for peacebuilding. The paper argues that – although peace research had contributed to reducing the threat of interstate conflict – IR scholars have failed to recognize the need for a more inclusive theoretical strategy for dealing with the new challenge imposed by intrastate conflict. Design/methodology/approach The paper uses Cyprus as a case to compare the conflict management strategies of the liberal peace agenda and the integrative, multi-level, multi-dimensional approach to peacebuilding that is proposed by peace research. The Cyprus case is also used as an example of how the alternative approach to participatory political communication has moved the Cyprus situation off deadlock and in the direction of more promising outcomes. Findings The research reveals that although the liberal peace agenda (i.e. the state-centric and established diplomatic approach to conflict management) is effective in getting the two sides of the conflict to the negotiating table, it is inadequate in addressing the underlying cause of conflict; thus, in many instances, there is a reoccurrence of conflict and violence. Research limitations/implications The paper is limited in its ability to place peace research within the context of theoretical developments in the field of IR (e.g. this is even more-so true in regard to researching international politics). Although peace research has made enormous contributions in reducing the threat of interstate conflict (e.g. it is acknowledged that peace research contributed to ending the Cold War, thus bringing about new perspectives on how the global arena is defined, the nature of conflict and the role of communicative action in global relations), there has not been a corresponding development in the theory and practice of IR. Practical implications The paper explains how recent developments in communication theory and information communication technology have altered the nature of the global arena and the factors impacting global social movements. Thus, the paper indicates factors that are vital to cross-border interactions, cross-border social movements and alternative approaches to interstate social-political activities that deserve further research. Social implications The research analyzes the contribution to participatory political communication in conflict management, reconciliation and peacebuilding processes. The paper also highlights the role of alternative media as a component of the infrastructure for peace (e.g. in the Cyprus context, it provides a forum in which agents from an otherwise divided community can participate in establishing shared values and common objectives). Originality/value Cyprus represents one of the longest running conflicts and, in addition, one of the longest running peacekeeping missions of the UN. This paper explains how unique features of the peace research approach to peacebuilding contributes to producing more positive results in what has heretofore been a deadlock in the divided community of Cyprus. Thus, this paper provides an indication of how the lessons learned by peace researchers in the Cyprus micro context contribute to addressing macro-level IR challenges (e.g. north-south and east-west challenges that occur because of outlooks in the proverbial other).

Conflict management has emerged as a major subfield of organization behavior in which researchers have presented numerous models and approaches to deal with conflicting situations. In this context, leadership has been identified as one of the promising approaches to effectively deal with conflict. Built upon the strong and constant interplay that exists between leadership and conflict management this paper presents a conceptual argument that the “phronesis centered leadership” is more likely to play an effective role in managing the conflict because phronetic leadership abilities help the leaders to make quick and righteous decisions in problematic situations. This propositional paper outlines that how a conceptual model of phronesis centered leadership can be applied to conflict management. This paper concludes with a discussion that wisdom of senior transformational leader and as well as distributed wisdom in an organization play an important role in managing conflict.

This paper presents not only a linked segment but as well explores cultural level contacts as a generation of establishing linkages and intercultural dialogue among people, countries, ethnicities, groups and individuals. The topic treats culture as a phenomenon, cultural ties and conflicts dominating human cultural integration, not only in the Balkans and Europe, but even in wider area. This is because of the fact that Balkans integration is presented as premium of European universal. Through this paper we elaborate significance of culture, intercultural communication, conflict resolution, cultural dialogue, cultural conversation and types of conflicts and relation of culture all along with conflict management. Conflicts, confrontation of civilizations; the ideology of confrontation and processes of war in terms of welfare and peace culture, human values will be processed. Furthermore, we examine the functioning of the culture of dialogue, cultural organization, finding problems all along with mediation, restoration of the practical dimension of multiculturalism.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to study the status of the individual self in the emergence of change initiatives in organizations. Design/methodology/approach This theoretical paper examines the emergence of change initiatives through the building of agents’ capacity to act, based on a theory of action inspired by Paul Ricœur. Findings This paper identifies the “course of recognition” to favor the emergence of change initiatives and the building of the capacity to act of agents, respecting the autonomy at the individual level, a sense of care at the group level and justice at the institutional level. Research limitations/implications The theoretical research can be extended with empirical studies dealing with the role of agents’ capacities in conflict management, the role of the “narrative self´” in change processes in organizations and the conjoint operationalization of autonomy care and justice to determine the agents’ capacity to act for initiatives to emerge. Practical implications It is important to develop a sense of shared leadership to nurture the capacity to act of agents to make change initiatives emerge in organizations, increasing organizational members’ feelings of being recognized. Originality/value So far, research has not provided satisfactory answers to the question about how to best initiate organizational change. The use of Ricœur’s theory of action adds value to the existing approaches as it addresses the source of the emergence of initiatives from agents’ feelings of their capacity to act, and integrates individual, group and institutional levels, which are rarely contemplated together.

This paper proposes a hybrid approach to the management of stakeholder conflicting expectations in higher education (HE) by combining Stakeholder Theory (ST) and a participatory approach. In this paper, we use an ex post facto approach to retrospectively report Sultan Qaboos University (SQU) experience in managing stakeholder conflicting expectations in developing the BA in English Language and Literature Program as a case study. We show that for an effective management of stakeholder conflicting expectations in HE, the three perspectives of ST (i.e., descriptive, instrumental and normative) have to be taken together as a unified approach with the normative perspective occupying the core. In addition, we argue that this unified approach should be complemented by a participatory approach to add an interactive dimension to stakeholder conflict management and allow stakeholders to become active conflict-solvers. The paper concludes that this hybrid approach is essential to manage stakeholder conflicting expectations in academic program development and to project academic program development in HE as a shared social responsibility.

The simultaneous local election is the new step of democratization in Indonesia. Viewing an implementation about the local election in each district which have many of potential conflict and unrest, conflict managements required to anticipate a potential conflict. This paper will suggest to describe about conflict management of the local election in Blitar City using an rational choice institutionalism approach, assuming that institutions has a capacity to solve a problem of conflict management in the local election. Blitar city been selected because it has a particular aspect that the two candidates, namely by incumbent and independent, but the contestation is pseudo-contestation. This paper is the result of exploratory qualitative research. The techniques to explore data is use focus group discussion that involved an institutions related with Blitar local election. Belong this research, the institutions that related in the local elections understand a potential conflict, but the selected conflict management is avoiding method.

This paper reviews the human resource management literature on the management of workplace conflict. It suggests that workplace conflict is commonly viewed in the literature as a symptom of management failure: the notion that conflict may be intrinsic to the nature of work because employees and managers have hard-to-reconcile competing interests is given short-shrift. At the same time, the paper identifies important differences in the literature, which the authors call ‘pathways’, about the best methods to manage problems at the workplace. It is argued that four contrasting pathways can be detected in the literature with regard to how organizations approach workplace conflict management practices. Each pathway is examined fully and their respective strengths and weaknesses are assessed.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to employ a Yin-Yang harmony perspective to propose a novel circled 5C model to understand the unique harmonizing process of how conflicts are resolved in China. Despite increasing research on labor conflicts in Chinese manufacturing, Western theories still can not explain how Chinese culture influences conflict management. Design/methodology/approach – The authors investigate a large manufacturer where a severe labor strike happened in South China. A mixed-methods research design is adopted. The scale of Chinese harmony and analysis of variance are used to identify the underlying unharmonious factors triggering the labor strike. The grounding theory approach (a case study) was adopted to further examine the proposed 5C model. Findings – “Harmony with corporate system”, “Harmony between departments” and “Harmony with firm leader” were found to arouse employee grievances the most. Differences in age, gender, marital status, educational level, tenure and position were discovered to affect workers’ perceptions of workplace harmony. The proposed 5C model was supported. Practical implications – As a lesson in handling escalating labor conflicts, this study allows foreign investors to better understand how to cope with relevant labor strife issues in China. In addition, this project integrates research with consultancy service, which can be seen as an exciting step forward in bridging academics and practitioners. Originality/value – Based on Yin-Yang harmony thinking, this study suggests an integrative, context-specific concern – concern for harmony for China to transcend the Western dual-concern model regarding the choice of coping with conflicts. The paper constructs a novel circled 5C model of the Chinese harmonizing process (conflict, clash, communication, comprise and consensus), which characterizes the dynamic, contingent and art-oriented nature of Chinese conflict management.

Online consumption communities play a significant role in the life of many consumers. These communities remove temporal and spacial boundaries, allowing consumers to convene online to connect over a shared consumption interest anytime and from anywhere. The objective of this special issue is to advance our understanding of online consumption communities and stimulate future research in this exciting research domain. Eight papers are included that present cutting-edge research exploring three issues: (1) governance and conflict management in online consumption communities, (2) implications of community membership for individual and societal well-being, and (3) drivers of community success under different ownership structures. In this introductory editorial, each of the papers and its contribution is briefly overviewed.

The aim of this paper is to examine how conflict begins, unfolds and ends in a massive, new media polylogue, specifically, a YouTube polylogue. Extant research has looked into how conflict begins, unfolds and/or ends. However, to our knowledge, the models and taxonomies developed so far have not been applied to the analysis of the mediated conflict of massive polylogues. Drawing on the difference between methods of analysis that are natively digital versus those that have been digitized, i.e., they were developed for off-line research and then migrated on-line, one of the goals of this paper is to test whether non-natively digital, extant models and taxonomies, if digitized, would be well equipped to handle massive mediated polylogues. A multilayered methodology was devised and applied to the analysis of a sizeable corpus of comments triggered by a public service announcement on teen homosexuality posted by a Spanish LGBT association. Findings reveal that extant, models and taxonomies of conflict – developed to account mostly for local, synchronic, dyadic conflict –, if solely digitized, would not be well equipped to explain societal, diachronic, massively polylogal conflict such as the one under analysis and that hybrid models that can tackle the affordances of digital technologies need to be developed.

With the development of globalization, intercultural communication has become unprecedentedly important and frequent. Yet, misunderstandings and conflict are likely to take place during the communication process because of different cultural backgrounds. Since intercultural conflicts are inevitable, how to manage them in a constructive way has become a growing concern in international business. To achieve this, one needs to understand how members of another culture behave during conflict interaction process and why they behave in such a manner. This paper investigates the differences in conflict management process between Chinese employees and American employees, emphasizing five aspects in conflict management process: conflict perception, conflict management strategy, conflict rhythm, face-concern in conflict management and conflict aftermath. The author conducted a questionnaire research and personal interviews to collect data for both quantitative and qualitative analysis on these issues. Altogether, 302 samples were collected in the research, including 122 American employees and 180 Chinese employees Based on the discussion of the results, the paper comes to a conclusion and puts forward practical suggestions to constructively manage the conflict in diverse cultural environment, particularly under Sino-American cultures.

(ProQuest: ... denotes formulae omitted.)INTRODUCTIONThe changing conjugal relationship has become a focal issue in family research in East Asia. Despite a complicated cultural and normative background, marital power as the conventional concept remains salient, and is shown to capture the core component of conjugal relations (Yi & Tsai, 1989; Chen, Yi, & Lu, 2000; Chu & Yu, 2010). Previous studies have documented the important effect of ideational shift, the enhancement of personal resources, and changing structural opportunities for women, including a decrease in co-residence with elderly parents and increase of paid employment, in the region (Xu, 2006; Lin & Yi, 2013; Xie «& Zhu, 2009; Pimentel «fe Liu, 2004). Those who exercise greater power in the conjugal relationship are regarded as having higher family status (Yi, Lu, & Pan, 2000).This paper intends to address this issue by focusing on changes in women's domestic status from a comparative perspective. Taiwan and Shanghai are chosen as the loci of the study because of their cultural homogeneity and political heterogeneity. It is expected that certain family universal may continue to dominate in the family process, while others may appear to fluctuate due to various constraints from the social system. The findings will allow us to delineate the relative impact of cultural norms and personal resources in conjugal relations.Measuring Marital PowerIt should be pointed out that the traditional measurement of the marital power structure has confronted several drawbacks, and significant bias may be caused. In brief, application of the same weight to different marital power indicators and the lack of conjugal data are two noted shortcomings. Reliance on one domain of conjugal dynamics is another clear disadvantage. This paper thus aims to provide a better measurement of marital power and to use a multilevel model to analyze dyadic couple data so that meaningful comparative findings may be achieved.Problem of One Single DimensionIt is well documented that the concept of marital power has been variously defined. The final outcome of family decision-making, patterns of tension and conflict management, or types of prevailing division of household labor are used to reflect women's family status (SaflliosRothschild, 1970; McDonald, 1980). Although there is consensus that the division of household labor and family decision-making patterns can be seen as substitute indicators of marital power, the relative importance of these two aspects of conjugal relations pertaining to the essence of marital power is seldom discussed. Take Taiwan for example. The division of household labor in Taiwan is extremely traditional: household labor is mainly performed by wives only (Lee, Yang, & Yi, 2000). In contrast, major pattem of family decision-making is somewhat more balancedboth husband and wife take part in the process (Yi & Yang, 1995). Under such circumstances, it is imperative to simultaneously consider both family decisions and household division of labor so as to attain a more comprehensive understanding ofthe marital power structure (Chen et al., 2000; Lu & Yi, 2005).Problem of Equal WeightTo further reiterate, the problem in measuring marital power arises from the fact that power is not one-dimensional. Having greater power in one area of family decision-making does not necessarily mean having the same power in another domain. In an attempt to integrate more than two indicators to carry out the analysis, most studies have been criticized for using a scoring system that lacks a theoretical basis. In other words, when multiple indicators are collected, the most common practice is to assign equal weight to each indicator, then sum up the total score as the final index of conjugal power (Blood & Wolfe, 1960; Burr, Ahem, & Knowles, 1977; Chen & Li, 2004; Lu & Yi 2005; Lee et al., 2000; Tang, 2003). …

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to present the state-of-the-art in empirical research on constructive controversy in the context of business organizations and to outline strategic implications both for research and practical application. Design/methodology/approach – Literature search on constructive controversy in relevant databases identified 33 empirical publications from 1980 to 2009. The paper analyzes and summarizes characteristics of the studies, methodological approaches, and empirical findings. Findings – The literature review reveals that most studies are conducted in the industrial and service sector. Authors mostly apply a quantitative approach using interviews, experiments, and surveys. Empirical findings show that constructive controversy supports decision making, learning, interpersonal relationships, and productivity. In most cases goal interdependence is taken as independent variable. Research limitations/implications – There is a need for further consolidating the findings either by experimental verification or by field studies. A processual and longitudinal approach should be emphasized and the methodical repertory should be expanded by applying qualitative methods like observation. There is a need for expanding the scope of constructs and analyzing post-modern collaboration forms. Linking controversy to organizational processes like organizational learning would lead to a deeper understanding of innovation processes in organizations. Practical implications – The implementation of the controversy procedure can support organizational processes like decision making, problem solving, learning, and innovation. This offers opportunities to expand the research field. Originality/value – This article provides a systematic review on constructive controversy in the business context for the first time.

Although time affects how individuals interact together in teams, we know little about how time influences the evolution of conflict interactions and their impact on important team outcomes. Conflict dynamics is likely to determine the extent to which team members create new products, perform, and stay viable over time. Our symposium brings together five papers which examine conflict dynamics using different research approaches and theoretical perspectives. The current collection of papers contribute to research on team dynamics, creativity, team composition, conflict management, and learning; and has important implications for theory, research methods advancement, and practice on how to make teams more effective. A Longitudinal Study of Antecedents and Outcomes of Team Conflict Dynamics Presenter: Nicole Larson; U. of Calgary Presenter: Thomas Alexander O'Neill; U. of Calgary Presenter: Matthew McLarnon; Oakland U. Creative Synthesis and Conflict Dynamics in Innovation teams: A Latent Growth Analysis Pre...

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to illustrate how scholars may adopt a multi‐method – not just multidisciplinary – approach on research on conflict management. Taking the Diaoyu Islands as a case, the author draws on literature from management, political sciences, war, military studies, history, etymology and culture. In the process, the author deepens, enriches and expands the Thomas‐Kilman (T‐K) model for mapping out possible solutions in resolving conflicts: not just between people at workplaces but for between states as well. For instance, the author explains why the Diaoyu Islands conflict, if not amicably resolved may well lead to obliteration (integrated as part of the model) in resolving the conflict via a nuclear outbreak. Third World War may just be sparked off with Russia aligned with China against Japan and the USA.Design/methodology/approachOf all the issues in management, conflict management is the most culturally embedded. Through a multi‐method approach, the author illuminates the complexity of the Diaoyu Islands case. Literature from past empirical war studies are reviewed to suggest the geography of the islands (proximity, borderless, richness of resources) makes war highly probable. Past Chinese‐Japanese hatred (utilizing visual imagery), antagonism and guanxi are reviewed in exploring their impacts on outcomes (see model). Etymological research is attempted using English, Japanese and Chinese words, characters and pictograms that are related to concepts within the T‐K model. To better grasp how young Chinese feel towards the Diaoyu Islands and the Japanese, the author conducted some field research in Harbin, China. The continuing Chinese angst against Japanese is explained through war imagery: there remains in young Chinese an unquenchable thirst for exacting revenge on the Japanese. In a search to uncover ways of resolving the dispute, a further, extended study is undertaken on ancient Chinese pictograms: for example, whether a 5,000 years old Chinese concept of compromise zhe zhong (Graphic 1; oracular bones) or splitting into halves may be relevant. The role of time in conflict management is discussed in relation to the Diaoyu Islands.FindingsBy providing the WWII visual imagery as a backdrop to Chinese‐Japanese antagonism, the author explains to readers why the Diaoyu Islands is such a complex case to resolve. Also in his fieldwork, he highlights that the younger Chinese are as equally indignant about Japanese unethical grabbing, “thieving” behaviour. In their minds, such behaviour harks back to the blatant seizure of Manchuria and Japanese puppetry of Manchukuo. Through the Diaoyu Islands case, the T‐K model and theory of conflict management is broadened, enriched and enhanced. The paper illustrates how in conflicts that involve cultures are very different from the West, for instance very ancient civilizations like China and India, authors should take a multi‐method approach and explore the issues and search for solutions far more deeply.Originality/valueVery few scholars seek to integrate the two streams of research in resolving conflict as illustrated through this paper: management and social sciences (e.g. political sciences, military and war studies). Conflict is about people and therefore integral use of multi‐methods needs to be used.

PurposeIn this viewpoint, the authors argue that the predominant method of analyzing conflict management focuses too heavily on the managerial interests in administrative efficiency and productivity rather than on the needs of individuals and organizations. The aim of this paper is to employ Weber's analysis of conflict systems, specifically the distinction between formal and substantive rationality, to support the authors’ view.Design/methodology/approachThis is a viewpoint, where content is dependent on the author's opinion and interpretation.FindingsConflict management based on Weber's theories of formal and substantive rationality will benefit organizations and society by promoting a more positive perception of corporate behavior.Research limitations/implicationsFuture research could examine the relationship between organizational justice and the more global concepts of formality and rationality. Similarly, future research on justice may be expanded by through the notion and perception of legitimacy by members of the organization. How employees accept a system as fair and just has potential import for future justice research.Practical implicationsThe combination of formal and substantive rationality offers a practical, and meaningful, way of dealing with conflict from a personal orientation as well as an organizational one. It orients conflict resolution toward people rather than productivity concerns. It further safeguards organizational interests by minimizing litigation, negative publicity, and other adverse effects of conflict.Originality/valueWeber theorized that formal rationality requires organizations to develop clear, objective, and universal procedures in order to carry out administrative routines. Substantive rationality, in contrast, acknowledges that specific cases may demand particularized decision‐making focusing on individual cases. The paper draws on the procedural justice literature to show how these procedures can be implemented in a fair manner.