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В статье описывается методы получения информации о деятельности биологических объектов. Наиболее универсальное отражение состояния биологического объекта показывает температура, так как является характеристикой мощности инфракрасного излучения. В работе отмечается, что при анализе результатов исследования используются методы визуального отображения информации, позволяющие не только отображать информацию о температуре в точках измерения, но и на основе данных измерений строить двумерные карты распределения температур. Также рассматривается возможность использования вычислительных систем в диагностических комплексах.

В работе рассматривается регламент холодовой цепи логистики и контроль качества термолабильных лекарственных средств. Способы хранения термолабильных лекарственных средств влияют на его качества. Для контроля температурного режима в системе «холодовой цепи» используются средства измерения температуры и средства выявления нарушений температурного режима. Актуальность работы: доктриной лекарственной безопасности РФ предусматривается существенный прирост отечественной продукции. Однако эти условия могут не принести ожидаемых результатов, если не будет построена надежная система хранения и транспортирования продукции на всех этапах ее продвижения от производства до потребителя. Целью настоящей работы является разработка научно-практических основ формирования холодильно-технологических систем, обработки и хранения биологических объектов, клеточных культур и биомассы в элементах холодовой цепи. Методы исследования экспериментальное исследование на модельном веществе (H2O) были определены основные параметры и закономерности криогранулирования. На втором этапе экспериментально определялась криорезистентность отдельных клеточных культур и биомассы. Результаты исследования: определены параметры криогранулирования и даны рекомендации по размерам гранул для различных клеточных структур и биомассы., The paper considers the regulations of the cold chain of logistics and quality control of thermolabile drugs. Methods of storage of thermolabile drugs affect its quality. To control the temperature regime in the «cold chain» system, temperature measurement tools and means for detecting violations of the temperature regime are used. Relevance of the work: the drug safety doctrine of the Russian Federation provides for a significant increase in domestic products. However, these conditions may not bring the expected results if a reliable system of storage and transportation of products is not built at all stages of its progress from production to consumer. The purpose of this work is to develop scientific and practical foundations for the formation of refrigeration technological systems, processing and storage of biological objects, cell cultures and biomass in the elements of the cold chain. Research methods An experimental study on a model substance (H2O) determined the main parameters and regularities of cryogranulation. At the second stage, the cryoresistance of individual cell cultures and biomass was experimentally determined. Results of the study: the parameters of cryogranulation were determined and recommendations were given on the size of granules for various cellular structures and biomass., Грозненский естественнонаучный бюллетень, Выпуск 1 (31) 2023, Pages 75-79

Therapeutic significance in the studies of HIFU-induced effects of is attached to the local heating of tissues, but the role of the mechanical component caused by non-stationary cavitation is practically not taken into account. Calculations show that the temperature inside cavitation bubbles can differ significantly from the temperature in the thermal ablation zone, and the developing temperature gradient can change the formation of the thermal field. Collapsing bubbles can cause mechanical destruction of tissues.

There is growing interest in developing methods to 'wrap' nano- and micron-sized biological objects within films that may offer protection, enhance their stability or improve performance. We describe the successful 'wrapping' of lectin-decorated microspheres, which serve as appealing model micron-sized objects, within cross-linked polymer film. This approach utilizes polymer chains able to undergo a structural metamorphosis, from being intramolecularly cross-linked to intermolecularly cross-linked, a process that is triggered by polymer concentration upon the particle surface. Experiments demonstrate that both complementary molecular recognition and the dynamic covalent nature of the crosslinker are required for successful 'wrapping' to occur. This work is significant as it suggests that nano- and micron-sized biological objects such as virus-like particles, bacteria or mammalian cells-all of which may benefit from additional environmental protection or stabilization in emerging applications-may also be 'wrapped' by this approach.

Data describing the effects of ultrasound upon biological objects of blood serum is analyzed in the paper. Biophysical as well as medical aspects of tissue reactions caused by ultrasound are considered in fine detail including the immune complexes’ dissociation processes accompanied by releasing of antibodies and antigens that used to be present in bound form and have been inaccessible for revelation by means of laboratory tests. The prospects of using ultrasonic techniques in laboratory diagnostics are presented using HIV-infection as an example.

Results are presented from research to determine dependences of characteristics of dose distributions in biological objects on their thickness and density, and the energy of electron beams used in the radiation processing of food products.

Problem statement. The work was carried out on the identification and distribution by groups of various types of emergency situations that are possible in laboratories when performing procedures with various biological agents. The need to observe clearly regulated rules for safe work with various biological objects in laboratory institutions is proved. The purpose of the article. Determine the rules for safe work with various biological agents in laboratory conditions of different security levels. Method. Analytical methods, generalizing approaches to information presented in regulatory documents, literary and other information sources. Results. Existing and previously developed rules for safe work and techniques for appropriate laboratory work with biological objects are studied. The main signs of work risks according to the international classification of microorganisms are investigated. The characteristics of each hazard group are studied and examples of microbial species assigned to a particular risk group are given. The classification characteristics for four types of microbiological laboratories according to a number of features are given. It was established that the level of laboratories’ biological safety depends on the risk group of microorganisms. It is recognized that compliance with the rules of safe work with various biological agents in laboratory conditions is ensured by the use of necessary and mandatory equipment for a certain level of the laboratory. It is argued that the possibility of implementing biological safety rules in laboratories of different levels is based on the assessment of biological risks in certain conditions of a given laboratory institution. A step-by-step procedure for assessing biological risks in a certain laboratory has been developed, which is also presented in the form of a block diagram. Scientific novelty. Scientific and normative information on the rules of safe work with biological agents in laboratory conditions is analyzed and summarized. A defined sequence of actions for biological risk assessment in certain laboratory settings is proposed. Practical value. The practical possibility and necessity of managing biological risks in laboratory conditions of different biological safety levels is substantiated., Постановка проблеми. Проведено роботу з виявлення і розподілення по групах різних видів аварійних ситуацій, які можливі в лабораторіях під час виконання процедур із різними біологічними агентами. Доведено необхідність дотримання чітко регламентованих правил безпечної роботи з різними біологічними об’єктами в лабораторних установах. Мета – визначити правила безпечної роботи з різними біологічними агентами в умовах лабораторій різного рівня безпеки. Методика. Аналітичні методи, узагальнювальні підходи до інформації, представленої в нормативних документах, літературних та інших інформаційних джерелах. Результати. Вивчено правила безпечної роботи і техніки проведення відповідних лабораторних робіт із біологічними об’єктами. Досліджено основні ознаки ризиків роботи за міжнародною класифікацією мікроорганізмів. Вивчено характеристики кожної групи небезпек, а також наведено приклади видів мікроорганізмів, віднесених до певної групи ризиків. Наведено класифікаційну характеристику чотирьох типів мікробіологічних лабораторій за рядом ознак. Установлено, що рівень біологічної безпеки лабораторій залежить від групи ризику мікроорганізмів. Визнано, що виконання правил безпечної роботи з різними біологічними агентами в лабораторних умовах забезпечується використанням необхідного і обов’язкового, для певного рівня лабораторії, обладнання. Аргументовано, що можливість виконання правил біологічної безпеки в лабораторіях різних рівнів ґрунтується на оцінюванні біологічних ризиків у певних умовах даної лабораторної установи. Розроблено покрокову процедуру оцінювання біологічних ризиків у певній лабораторії, яку представлено у вигляді блок-схеми. Наукова новизна. Проаналізовано та узагальнено наукову і нормативну інформацію щодо правил безпечної роботи з біологічними агентами в лабораторних умовах. Запропоновано певну послідовність дій для оцінювання біологічних ризиків у певних лабораторних установах. Практична значимість. Обґрунтовано практичну можливість і необхідність керування біологічними ризиками в лабораторних умовах різних рівнів біологічної безпеки.

Medicine pays great attention to the study of microbial organizations on surfaces and in body cavities. In dentistry, it is scientifically proven that plaque microorganisms are the cause of the appearance and development of dental caries. Representatives of the microflora that causes dental caries belong to the normal flora of the oral cavity. Regarding the microbial beginning, a paradigm is currently being developed that this pathology arises due to a violation of the dynamic balance between the forces of opposing, opposing biological objects macroand microorganisms. Recently, studies have begun to address the problem of the symbiosis of microorganisms on biological objects in the form of biofilms. Depending on the tasks that researchers in this field set themselves, the attitude towards microorganisms changes from negative to exactly opposite. This situation makes it relevant to consider the relationship between representatives of the oral microflora. Understanding the interactions between them can help in choosing a therapeutic effect with optimal parameters (type, method, strength, duration). The purpose of this article is to consider the possibility of representing the relationship between the associates of an oral biotope using mathematical analysis. n general, when processing dynamic statistics use similar mathematical formulas. The formula of adhesion index Lactobacillus paracasei 1 is most adapted to the purposes of our research. We will replace in it PA on antagonistic activity, DK1 on number of microorganisms at lower KPU, DK2 on number of microorganisms at higher KPU, Dop on number of microorganisms at the minimum KPU possible for acceptance for the norm. In this case, we get an expression by which we can assess with a certain degree of accuracy the antagonistic activity of the microorganisms-associates of the oral habitat studied by the staff of UMSA. The calculation of the formula can be done using mathematical online calculators. The authors, on the basis of studies carried out at the bases of the departments of therapeutic dentistry, microbiology, virology and immunology (UMSA, Poltava), as well as the methods of mathematical accounting used in medicine in such studies, put forward their own approach to accounting for the relationship between the associates of oral biocenosis. One type of symbiotic relationship is antagonism. The antagonistic activity of representatives of the oral biotope was taken as the basis for determining intermicrobial interactions: corynebacteria (Corinebacterium), Candida fungi, hemolytic streptococci (S. γ-haemolyticus, to which S. Mutans belongs). The determination of the antagonistic activity of the representatives of the oral biotope was carried out at different intensities of the carious process. It showed that in most cases this is possible. Symbiotic relationships within the oral biocenosis can manifest as antagonism, as indicated by the antagonistic activity index, which in most cases can be calculated. Antagonistic activity can be determined more precisely, for which it is necessary to choose the most suitable methods. Populations of bacteria, plants, animals any living species, getting into favorable conditions, increase their numbers exponentially. After some time, due to the excessive size of the population, the habitat is depleted and destroyed. There is an ecological crisis, during which the population is rapidly declining to a level lower than the degraded capacity of the environment. There is a collapse. If during the collapse of the environment is gradually restored, then the population increases. It is in the stabilization phase, and its number will fluctuate at a level set by the capacity of the environment. If not, the population is extinct. The antagonistic activity of the biocenosis associates can serve as an indicator of their transition to the “conditionally pathogenic pathogenic” line. An insignificant increase in S. γ-haemolyticus colonies with an increase in the intensity of caries forces us to pay more attention to the study of the cariogenic representative of this group of microorganisms. The data on antagonistic activity can be used in carrying out hygienic measures and in the use of methods of influencing the oral microbiocenosis in the treatment of caries. These data on antagonistic activity may have predictive value.

Publications showing the prospects of combining computer simulation with atomic force microscopy in the study of polymer biological objects and materials for various purposes are analyzed. The problems that arise when these methods are used together are described. Three main directions are presented in which atomic force microscopy is used in conjunction with computer simulation: study of the surface topography of polymer materials; measurement of the force curve of the interaction of the atomic force probe with polymer structures; and determination of the energy of intermolecular interactions.

Analysis of bioinformatics data is an actual problem in modern computational biology and applied mathematics. With the development of biotechnology and tools for obtaining and processing such information, unresolved issues of the development and application of new algorithms and software have emerged.Authors propose practical algorithms and methods for processing transcriptomic data for efficient results of annotation, visualization and interpretation of bioinformatics data.

Popularisation of the key scientific problems occupied a significant place in D. I. Trubetskov’s work. In memory of this fact, the problem of electromagnetic field affecting biological objects is discussed in a popular manner in this article. This problem has more than a century in it’s history, but still being far from the final solution. Objectives. Analyze the problem of the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological objects and social structures as complex multielement systems, and assess the possibility of identifying new effects in their behavior. Methods. As a result of many studies in different countries, by the mid-60s of the twentieth century, an idea was formed about the complex and systemic nature of the influence of electromagnetic fields on biological objects. Therefore, the interaction of electromagnetic fields with biological objects and social environments is considered in the work as a problem of external influence on complex multielement interconnected systems, using conceptual approaches of nonlinear dynamics. Results. It is shown that along with the effects of EMF on individual biological objects, there are effects of the influence of the information component of EMF on social systems, the elements of which are people considering as biological objects. The threshold power flux density where the influence effects on the social systems begin to manifest is significantly lower than the one for biological objects. Conclusion. Effective approaches aimed to reduce the negative impact of microwave radiation on humans can be implemented using personal means for monitoring the level and the received dose of radiation – electromagnetic radiation dosimeters, which are actually analogous to thermometers for measuring body temperature.

The micromechanical methods, among which optical trapping and atomic force microscopy have a special place, are widespread currently in biology to study molecular interactions between different biological objects. Optical trapping is reported to be quite applicable to study the mechanical properties of surface structures onto bacterial (pili and flagella) and eukaryotic (filopodia) cells. The review briefly summarizes the physical basis of optical trapping, as well as the principles of calculating the van der Waals, electrostatic, and donor-acceptor forces when two microparticles or a microparticle and a flat surface are used. Three main types of model systems (abiotic, biotic, and mixed) used in trapping experiments are described, and the peculiarities of manipulation with living (bacteria, fungal spores, etc.) and non-spherical objects (e.g., rod-shaped bacteria) are summarized.

This review is devoted to the analysis of the impact of electromagnetic radiation on biological objects, primarily on humans. The work of domestic and foreign scientists on the study of the dangers of electromagnetic radiation to humans, especially the work of American scientists and the data of official reports of the US government.

The paper considers the possibilities of using in medical practice various cryomethods and techniques of cryopreservation of biological objects to treat the patients with purulent chronic wounds (PCW). The variety of methods and approaches to apply cold in medical practice: general and local cryotherapy, cryosurgery etc. has been emphasized. As a result of using each of these methods, regenerative processes begin, which promote the healing of PCW. Particular attention is paid to cryotechniques, ensuring the preservation of cord blood at low temperatures. Cord blood cells and serum have been shown to have immune modulatory and trophic-stimulating therapeutic effects, that is extremely important when treating the patients with PCW. The issue of combined use of cord blood serum and innovative vacuum therapy for the patients with PCW has been considered. Probl Cryobiol Cryomed 2021; 31(2): 109–115

Using carbon nanotubes for sensing the mass in a biosensor is recently proven as an emerging technology in healthcare industry. This study investigates relative frequency shifts and sensitivity studies of various biological objects such as insulin hormone, immunoglobulin G (IgG), the most abundant type of antibody, and low-density lipoproteins (LDL) masses using the single-wall carbon nanotubes as a biomass sensor via continuum mechanics. Uniform distributed mass is applied to the single-wall carbon nanotube mass sensor. In this study, fixed-free and fixed-fixed type single-wall carbon nanotubes with various lengths of relative frequency shifts are studied. Additionally, the sensitivity analysis of fixed-free and fixed-fixed type CNT biological mass sensors is carried out. Moreover, mode shapes studies are performed. The sensitivity results show better, if the length of the single-wall carbon nanotube is reduced.

Modifying pair-specific Lennard-Jones parameters through the nonbonded FIX (NBFIX) feature of the CHARMM36 force field has proven cost-effective for improving the description of cation-π interactions in biological objects by means of pairwise additive potential energy functions. Here, two sets of newly optimized CHARMM36 force-field parameters including NBFIX corrections, coined CHARMM36m-NBF and CHARMM36-WYF, and the original force fields, namely CHARMM36m and Amber ff14SB, are used to determine the standard binding free energies of seven protein-ligand complexes containing cation-π interactions. Compared with precise experimental measurements, our results indicate that the uncorrected, original force fields significantly underestimate the binding free energies, with a mean error of 5.3 kcal/mol, while the mean errors of CHARMM36m-NBF and CHARMM36-WYF amount to 0.8 and 2.1 kcal/mol, respectively. The present study cogently demonstrates that the use of modified parameters jointly with NBFIX corrections dramatically increases the accuracy of the standard binding free energy of protein-ligand complexes dominated by cation-π interactions, most notably with CHARMM36m-NBF.

A specific aspect af the methodology of teaching biology requires students to develop the competence to recognize biological objects to understand and interpret the proceses that take place them. A study of the effect of perception on memory on performance has been describul.

Introduction. Deicing materials (DIM) have technical recommendations for the application to ensure road safety. However, they do not have shared values governing their permissible levels for environmental objects and public health. There are no guidelines for assessing their toxic properties either. The research shows that to solve practical goals, it is necessary to scientifically substantiate the methodology of hygienic assessment of DIMs as a separate group of substances, taking into account their effective concentrations bio testing methods. DIM are saline solutions, and therefore it is worth considering a cell or a unicellular organism as a model to predict their effect on biological objects. However, the methodology for assessing environmental objects’ toxicity using Tetrahymena pyriformis ciliates has been approved only for domestic water supply. The purpose of this study is to update the methodology for determining the toxicity of DIM solutions by the generative function of Tetrahymena pyriformis ciliates. It considers the high salt content appropriate within the framework of a comprehensive hygienic assessment of reagents. Materials and methods. The research made an ecotoxicological assessment of 2 deicing materials with different ratios оf chlorides of alkali and alkaline-earth metals and evaluating the same reagents’ actual chemical composition using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography. Results. The obtained data indicated less pronounced toxicity of DIM with increased content of calcium ions. The permissible levels of DIM influence on the studied test object have been determined. A control comparison sample is provided. Conclusion. The obtained results specify the need to expand the list of controlled indices in the existing methodology. To assess the toxicity of saline solutions using ciliates, the substantial additions must include studying the morphology of cells in the acute experiment (6 hours), in case of their death within the first hour; it is necessary to control their secondary appearance.

SEFER hA MINAGIM, p. 574 (photo 1), on behalf of an older book, writes that according to Jewish tradition, the navel does not close completely after childbirth, but remains partially open to extract various infections from the body. "From the "greenness" called "gable- zaht" (דזשאָנדַאַס איז קרענק די – disease jaundice), he will take a male pigeon for a man, and a dove for a woman; and put it on the navel, and the pigeon (dove), having drained all the infection from it (the patient), will die. Well-known veterinarian, Dr. Yekutiel Sharabi, owner of an elite veterinary clinic in Northern Tel Aviv, studied the causes of pigeon death after such a session. He found that immediately after treatment with pigeons, the patient's blood bilirubin level decreases by 25%, and recovery lasts an average of 3 days (as opposed to 28 days with conventional treatment). Autopsies of pigeons that died after the session showed liver enlargement and dysfunction. If the session was applied to a healthy person, not a single pigeon died. [1] In this paper, we consider a heuristic method for using quantum teleportation protocols in convergent dualuse biotechnologies based on new physical principles of operation [1-80]. The features of these biotechnologies will be considered within the framework of the possibilities of convalescence of pathological conditions (for example, nosological form: liver damage (lat. jecur, jecor, hepar, etc. - Greek ἧπαρ) by the hepatitis "C" virus (non-A, non-B hepatitis, or NANBH, or HCV infection). A hypothetical convalescence technology can be implemented by preparing cascades of entangled states of biological objects. In fact, this paper implies a certain information exchange in the planet's biogeosphere, hypotheses, protocols, and schemes for implementing these mechanisms based on new physical principles of action (NFP) [1-80].

Питання біологічної безпеки та біозахисту мають важливе значення для репутації та відповідальності кожної наукової установи, будь то дослідницька, наукова чи виробнича. Кожен ризик – яким би малим він не був – повинен бути врахований, оцінений та належним чином пом’якшений. У цій статті ми проводимо огляд основних патогенних біологічних об’єктів, надаємо статистику співвідношення виявлених випадків захворювання та смертності серед основних лабораторно-набутих інфекції (Laboratory-acquired infections) (LAI) та співвідношення виявлених випадків захворювання та смертності серед основних умовно-патогенних біологічних агентів. Розглядаємо підбір заходів, що керують впровадженням біобезпеки та біозахисту в обмежених середовищах, і те, як вони застосовуються в Україні, серед чого визначаємо, які заходи проводять у лабораторії кожного рівня біологічної безпеки (Biological safety levels) (BSL). Коротко характеризуємо особливості контролю за мікробіологічним забрудненням біотехнологічної та фармацевтичної продукції. В результаті проведеного аналізу можемо зробити висновок, що хоча біобезпека та біозахист направлені на здійснення різних цілей, вони часто вирішуються разом, особливо в умовах обмеженого використання, призначені для забезпечення безпеки працівників лабораторій, включають використання різних первинних та вторинних бар’єрів, багато з яких зумовлені появою нових технологій у галузі матеріалознавства та техніки. Biosafety and biosecurity issues are important to the reputation and responsibility of every institution, whether it is research, scientific or industrial. Every risk, no matter how small, must be considered, assessed, and mitigated properly. In this article, we review the main pathogenic biological objects, provide statistics on the ratio of detected cases of disease and mortality among the main laboratory-acquired infections (LAI) and the ratio of detected cases of disease and mortality among the main opportunistic biological agents. We consider the selection of measures that manage the implementation of biosafety and biosecurity in limited environments, and how they are applied in Ukraine, among which we determine what measures are carried out in the laboratory of each biological safety levels BSL level. Briefly describe the features of control over microbiological contamination of biotechnological and pharmaceutical products. As a result of the analysis, we could conclude that although biosafety and biosecurity are aimed at achieving different goals, they are often used together, especially in conditions of limited use. Designed to ensure the safety of laboratory staff, including the use of various primary and secondary barriers, many of which are due to the emergence of new technologies in the field of materials science and technology. Вопросы биологической безопасности и биозащиты имеют важное значение для репутации и ответственности каждого научного учреждения, будь то исследовательское, научное или производственное. Каждый риск – каким бы малым он ни был – должен быть учтен, оценен и должным образом смягчен. В этой статье мы проводим обзор основных патогенных биологических объектов, предоставляем статистику соотношения выявленных случаев заболевания и смертности среди основных лабораторно-приобретенных инфекций (Laboratory-acquired infections) (LAI) и соотношение выявленных случаев заболевания и смертности среди основных условно-патогенных биологических агентов. Рассматриваем подбор мероприятий, управляющих внедрением биобезопасности и биозащиты в ограниченных средах, и то, как они применяются в Украине, среди чего определяем, какие мероприятия проводятся в лаборатории каждого уровня биологической безопасности BSL. Коротко характеризуем особенности контроля за микробиологическим загрязнением биотехнологической и фармацевтической продукции. В результате проведенного анализа можно сделать вывод, что хотя биобезопасность и биозащита направлены на осуществление различных целей, они часто решаются вместе, особенно в условиях ограниченного использования. Предназначены для обеспечения безопасности работников лабораторий, включают использование различных первичных и вторичных барьеров, многие из которых обусловлены появлением новых технологий в области материаловедения и техники.

The combination of 3D printing and synthetic biology is a sustainable strategy to fabricate biological objects and systems that behave in a preprogrammed manner. Many microorganisms have been genetically engineered as cell factories for the biosynthesis of chemicals using fermentation, and 3D printing of living materials using these cells could lead to a new paradigm for biomanufacturing.

In this work, for the first time, ecological invariants for the dry polydominant cereal-forb meadow of theKarelian Isthmus of the Leningrad region and taxonomic invariants of three species of Heracleum L. are determined. It isproposed to use the developed statistical methods for evaluating invariants to differentiate biological objects at all levels ofbiota: molecular, subcellular, cellular, organismic, population, coenotic and ecological.

The integrated assessment of introduced strawberry varieties was held in order to identify the gene sources with high level economically important characters for their use in breeding. The biological objects of research were 69 strawberry accessions. As a result of a long-term comprehensive assessment of the genetic collection of introduced strawberry varieties according to the main economically valuable traits in various weather conditions, a source with the highest and stable level of a complex of priority traits was identified. This is the variety Maya with a large-fruited (>25 g) and high productivity (>500 g/plant). Sources of very early (+5 days, Flair variety) and late (-16 days, Malwina variety) ripening periods introduced from the Netherlands have been revealed. The study of everbearing varieties made it possible to identify the variety San Andreas (USA) as source with the most stable level of the multiple fruiting trait regardless of the duration of the photoperiod. All of the above sources are characterized by a number of valuable features that meet the requirements of the consumer market: pulp density, gloss on the surface, high marketability during transportation and dessert taste. The response of identified varieties to low temperature stressors in prewinter and winter periods showed a wide reaction rate and a high regeneration ability to plant biomass.

This work presents a review of the available experimental and theoretical data on the effects of electromagnetic radiation from the global mobile communications system (GSM) on a living organism. Radiation exposure has long been a problem for the public, health policymakers, and researchers. Recently, the effect of radiofrequency radiation on biological objects has increased significantly. In 2011, the International Agency for Research on Cancer reviewed the published literature and classified this type of radiation as a potent (group 2B) carcinogen for humans. To date, research results indicate a wide range of adverse effects on human health associated with radiation in the radio range. Of particular concern is the effects of this factor on reproductive function and the nervous system, particularly in children’s developing brains. Radiation from a cell phone, leaning against the head of a child, has a more detrimental effect on brain structures than in the case of an adult. Experimental studies also show men wearing cell phones in their trouser pockets lead to a significant decrease in sperm cells and the deterioration of mobility and morphology. Based on the accumulated evidence, we suggest Federal Service on Customers’ Rights Protection and Human Well-being Surveillance (Rospotrebnadzor) and Federal Agency for the Supervision in Education and Science (Rosobrnadzor) introduce control over the use of cell phones by children under 16 years of age and pregnant women and review the place of radiofrequency radiation in the systematics of hazardous environmental factors.

The paper presents the results of calculating the angular spectra of light reflection under the condition of excitation of surface plasmons in the Kretschman scheme. The silver layer in this scheme plays the role of a reference material, the minimum in the angular spectrum of which serves as a reference point for the shift of the minimum of the angular spectrum when a layer of the studied biological material is added to the considered layered system, which were melanin and biological tissue. As a result of the work, specific pronounced minima in the angular spectra were obtained, which make it possible to identify these materials with a high degree of accuracy due to the narrow resonance peaks in the angular reflection spectra, which are spaced from the peak in the reflection from the silver film by certain angles. The method contains all the characteristic features of the resonance spectroscopy method; the conditions for the excitation of a surface plasmon at the metal boundary act as resonance conditions.

Methods of electrochemical analysis of biological objects based on the reaction of electro-oxidation/electro-reduction of molecules are presented. Polymer nanocomposite materials that modify electrodes to increase sensitivity of electrochemical events on the surface of electrodes are described. Examples of applications electrochemical biosensors constructed with nanocomposite material for detection of biological molecules are presented, advantages and drawbacks of different applications are discussed.

The article is devoted to optical microlens microscopy, which, in combination with scanning probe microscopy, can significantly improve the process of measuring biological objects in a natural environment.