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A major limitation in modeling global ozone (O3) vegetation damage has long been the reliance on empirical O3 sensitivity parameters derived from a limited number of species and applied at the level of plant functional types (PFTs), which ignore the large interspecific variations within the same PFT. Here, we present a major advance in large-scale assessments of O3 plant injury by linking the trait leaf mass per area (LMA) and plant O3 sensitivity in a broad and global perspective. Application of the new approach and a global LMA map in a dynamic global vegetation model reasonably represents the observed interspecific responses to O3 with a unified sensitivity parameter for all plant species. Simulations suggest a contemporary global mean reduction of 4.8 % in gross primary productivity by O3, with a range of 1.1 %–12.6 % for varied PFTs. Hotspots with damage >10 % are found in agricultural areas in the eastern US, western Europe, eastern China, and India, accompanied by moderate to high levels of surface O3. Furthermore, we simulate the distribution of plant sensitivity to O3, which is highly linked with the inherent leaf trait trade-off strategies of plants, revealing high risks for fast-growing species with low LMA, such as crops, grasses, and deciduous trees.

As a natural aerosol with the largest emissions on land, dust has important impacts on atmospheric environment and climate systems. Both the emissions and transport of dust aerosols are tightly connected to meteorological conditions and as a result are confronted with strong modulations by the changing climate. Here, we project the changes of global dust emissions and loading by the end of the 21st century using an ensemble of model outputs from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 6 (CMIP6) under four Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs). Based on the validations against site-level observations, we select 5 out of 10 models and estimate an ensemble global dust emission of 3311 Tg a−1 (1 Tg = 1012 g) at present day, in which 75 % is dry deposited and 25 % is wet deposited. Compared to 2005–2014, global dust emissions show varied responses with a reduction of 15.8 Tg a−1 under the SSP3-7.0 scenario but increased emissions up to 53.4 Tg a−1 under the SSP5-8.5 scenario at 2090–2099. For all scenarios, the most significant increase of dust emissions appears in North Africa (0.4 %–4.7 %) due to the combined effects of reduced relative humidity and precipitation but strengthened surface wind. In contrast, all scenarios show decreased emissions in central Asia (−0.6 % to −20 %) and Middle East (0 to −2.8 %) because of the increased precipitation but decreased wind speed regionally. The dust loading shows uniform increases over North Africa (1 %−12.5 %) and the downwind Atlantic following the increased emissions, but decreases over East Asia (−3.4 % to −15.2 %) and the downwind Pacific due to enhanced local precipitation that promotes wet deposition. As a result, global dust loading will increase by 2.1 %–9.3 % at the end of the 21st century under different climate scenarios, suggesting a likely strengthened radiative and climatic perturbations by dust aerosols in a warmer climate.

Cloud computing is a disruptive technology that has transformed the way people access and utilize computing resources. Due to the diversity of services and complexity of environments, there is widespread interest in how to securely and efficiently authenticate users under the same domain. However, many traditional authentication methods involve untrusted third parties or overly centralized central authorities, which can compromise the security of the system. Therefore, it is crucial to establish secure authentication channels within trusted domains. In this context, we propose a secure and efficient authentication protocol, HIDA (Hyperledger Fabric Identity Authentication), for the cloud computing environment. Specifically, by introducing federated chain technology to securely isolate entities in the trust domain, and combining it with zero-knowledge proof technology, users’ data are further secured. In addition, Subsequent Access Management allows users to prove their identity by revealing only brief credentials, greatly improving the efficiency of access. To ensure the security of the protocol, we performed a formal semantic analysis and proved that it can effectively protect against various attacks. At the same time, we conducted ten simulations to prove that the protocol is efficient and reliable in practical applications. The research results in this paper can provide new ideas and technical support for identity authentication in a cloud environment and provide a useful reference for realizing the authentication problem in cloud computing application scenarios.

Fire emissions influence radiation, climate, and ecosystems through aerosol radiative effects. Meanwhile, these environmental perturbations can feed back to affect fire emissions. However, the magnitude of such fire-climate interactions remains unclear on the global scale. Here, we quantify the impacts of fire aerosols on climate through direct, indirect, and albedo effects based on the two-way simulations using a well-established chemistry-climate-vegetation model. Globally, fire emissions cause a reduction of -0.57 W m-2 in net radiation at the top of atmosphere with dominant contributions by aerosol indirect effect (AIE). Consequently, surface air temperature decreases by 0.06 °C with coolings of > 0.25 °C over eastern Amazon, western U.S., and boreal Asia. Both aerosol direct effect (ADE) and AIE contribute to such cooling while the aerosol albedo effect (AAE) exerts an offset warming especially at high latitudes. Land precipitation decreases by 0.018 mm month-1 mainly due to the inhibition in central Africa by AIE. Such rainfall deficit further reduces regional leaf area index (LAI) and lightning ignitions, leading to changes in fire emissions. Globally, fire emissions reduce by 2 %–3 % because of the fire-induced changes in humidity, lightning, and LAI. The fire-climate interactions may cause larger perturbations to climate systems with likely more fires under global warming.

Ozone (O3) pollution threatens global public health and damages ecosystem productivity. Droughts modulate surface O3 through meteorological processes and vegetation feedbacks. Unraveling these influences is difficult with traditional chemical transport models. Here, using an atmospheric chemistry-vegetation coupled model in combination with a suite of existing measurements, we investigate the drought impacts on global surface O3 and explore the main driving processes. Relative to the mean state, accelerated photochemical rates dominate the surface O3 enhancement during droughts except for eastern U.S. and western Europe, where reduced stomatal uptakes make comparable contributions. During 1990-2012, the simulated frequency of O3 pollution episodes in western Europe decreases greatly with a negative trend of -5.5 ± 6.6 days per decade following the reductions in anthropogenic emissions if meteorology is fixed. However, such decreased trend is weakened to -2.1 ± 3.8 days per decade, which is closer to the observed trend of -2.9 ± 1.1 days per decade when year-to-year meteorology is applied because increased droughts alone offset 43% of the effects from air pollution control. Our results highlight that more stringent controls of O3 precursors are necessary to mitigate the higher risks of O3 pollution episodes by more droughts in a warming world., This work was jointly supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 41975155) and Jiangsu Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (grant no. BK20200040). R.S. acknowledges grants RYC2020-029216-I and CEX2018-000794-S funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by “ESF Investing in your future”. We would like to thank the editor and four anonymous reviewers for their constructive comments which helped improve the quality of the paper.

Surface ozone (O3) and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) are dominant air pollutants in China. Concentrations of these pollutants can show significant differences between urban and nonurban areas. However, such contrast has never been explored on the country level. This study investigates the spatiotemporal characteristics of urban-to-suburban and urban-to-background difference for O3 (Δ[O3]) and PM2.5 (Δ[PM2.5]) concentrations in China using monitoring data from 1171 urban, 110 suburban, and 15 background sites built by the China National Environmental Monitoring Center (CNEMC). On the annual mean basis, the urban-to-suburban Δ[O3] is −3.7 ppbv in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei, 1.0 ppbv in the Yangtze River Delta, −3.5 ppbv in the Pearl River Delta, and −3.8 ppbv in the Sichuan Basin. On the contrary, the urban-to-suburban Δ[PM2.5] is 15.8, −0.3, 3.5 and 2.4 µg m−3 in those areas, respectively. The urban-to-suburban contrast is more significant in winter for both Δ[O3] and Δ[PM2.5]. In eastern China, urban-to-background differences are also moderate during summer, with −5.1 to 6.8 ppbv for Δ[O3] and −0.1 to 22.5 µg m−3 for Δ[PM2.5]. However, such contrasts are much larger in winter, with −22.2 to 5.5 ppbv for Δ[O3] and 3.1 to 82.3 µg m−3 for Δ[PM2.5]. Since the urban region accounts for only 2% of the whole country’s area, the urban-dominant air quality data from the CNEMC network may overestimate winter [PM2.5] but underestimate winter [O3] over the vast domain of China. The study suggests that the CNEMC monitoring data should be used with caution for evaluating chemical models and assessing ecosystem health, which require more data outside urban areas.

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to determine the association between white matter lesions (WML) and diabetes-associated cognitive decline (DACD) in rat models of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixty Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into 4 groups: control, control+metformin, T2DM, and T2DM+metformin groups. The T2DM groups were fed a diet high in fat and glucose to induce impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and then were injected with streptozotocin to induce T2DM. The Morris water maze test was used to evaluate cognitive function. Brain diffusion tensor imaging scans were performed for WML. The expression of myelin basic protein (MBP), oligodendrocyte transcription factor 1 (OLIG1), and OLIG2 (markers of brain damage and repair) was determined using immunofluorescence. After IGT, the fractional anisotropy (FA) values of the right thalamus area were significantly lower in both T2DM groups compared with controls. RESULTS Eight weeks after streptozotocin injection, the FA values of the thalamus were lower in the T2DM (bilateral thalamus) group and T2DM+metformin (left thalamus) group than in controls, while the FA values in the left thalamus area were lower in the T2DM+metformin group than in the control and control+metformin groups. The maze escape latency was longer and the number of rats passing through the platform was smaller in the T2DM and T2DM+metformin groups than in the control group. MBP levels were lower and OLIG1 and OLIG2 levels were higher in both T2DM groups than in controls. CONCLUSIONS WML is associated with DACD and appears before the onset of T2DM and signs of DACD and plays a role in diabetes-associated cognitive decline. Metformin reduces WMLs but does not rescue cognitive dysfunction.

ModelE2-YIBs OUTPUT of TIAN's Paper

Accurate simulation of gross primary productivity (GPP) is essential for estimating the global carbon budget. However, GPP modeling is subject to various sources of uncertainties, among which the impacts of biases in climate forcing data have not been well quantified. Here, using a well-validated vegetation model, we compare site-level simulations using either ground-based meteorology or assimilated reanalyses to identify climate-driven uncertainties in the predicted GPP at 91 FLUXNET sites. Simulations yield the lowest root mean square errors (RMSE) in GPP relative to observations when all site-level meteorology and CO2 concentrations are used. Sensitivity tests conducted with Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis (MERRA) reanalyses increase GPP RMSE by 30%. Replacement of site-level CO2 with global annual average values provides limited contributions to these changes. In contrast, GPP uncertainties increase almost linearly with the biases in meteorology. Among all factors, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), especially diffuse PAR, plays dominant roles in modulating GPP uncertainties. Simulations using all MERRA forcings but with site-level diffuse PAR help reduce over 50% of the climate-driven biases in GPP. Our study reveals that biases in meteorological forcings, especially the variabilities at diurnal to seasonal time scales, can induce significant uncertainties in the simulated GPP at FLUXET sites. We suggest cautions in simulating global GPP using climate reanalyses for dynamic global vegetation models and urgent improvements in climatic variability in reanalyses data, especially for diffuse radiation.

A thermal-mechanical model based on welding experiment and finite element (FE) method was developed for welding deformation analysis and welding sequence optimization of arc welding process used in hull steel structure forming process. By means of digital image correlation (DIC) and electrical measurement method, the deformation of T-beam was measured, and the equivalent heat source parameter (EHSP) was inversed by an optimization algorithm. The purpose of the inversion is to match the numerical results with the experiment results, so the EHSP has taken account into the influence of various factors on the welding deformation and residual stress. Thus, the developed method can avoid using the highly physical nonlinearity algorithm when considering the complex material constitutive and phase transformation process, which greatly improves the efficiency of calculation. Finally, the EHSP obtained from the hybrid inversion is applied to investigate the influence of welding sequence on welding deformation and residual stress in I-beam. This method can be applied to other metal materials and weld form.

Fire is an important source of surface ozone (O3), which causes damage to vegetation and reduces stomatal conductance. Such processes can feed back to inhibit dry deposition and indirectly enhance surface O3. Here, we apply a fully coupled chemistry-vegetation model to estimate the indirect contributions of global fires to surface O3 through O3-vegetation feedback during 2005–2012. Fire emissions directly increase the global mean annual O3 by 1.2 ppbv (5.0 %) with a maximum of 5.9 ppbv (24.4 %) averaged over central Africa by emitting substantial number of precursors. Considering O3-vegetation feedback, fires additionally increase surface O3 by 0.5 ppbv averaged over the Amazon in October, 0.3 ppbv averaged over southern Asia in April, and 0.2 ppbv averaged over central Africa in April. During extreme O3-vegetation interactions, such feedback can rise to > 0.6 ppbv in these fire-prone areas. Moreover, large ratios of indirect-to-direct fire O3 are found in eastern China (3.7 %) and the eastern U.S. (2.0 %), where the high ambient O3 causes strong O3-vegetation interactions. With likelihood of increasing fire risks in a warming climate, fires may promote surface O3 through both direct emissions and indirect chemistry-vegetation feedbacks. Such indirect enhancement will cause additional threats to public health and ecosystem productivity.

With the rapid development of Internet technology, the spread of information and the arrival of the big data era, data security is becoming more and more important, in the process of data transmission is to solve the first problem of identification and data privacy of both sides, these problems have to rely on cryptography to solve, but with the explosive growth of Internet users in recent years, the traditional PKI/CA public key password system due to the management of certificates cumbersome and complex use, gradually exposed its shortcomings. In a password system that uses an identity password algorithm, the consumer has a meaningful and unique identity, which is itself the public key of the entity. Without the need to pre-negotiate keys or exchange certificates, the time it takes to apply and validate in a traditional certificate system can be significantly reduced and easy to use. This paper is mainly based on the Description of the SM9 digital signature algorithm based on the sM9 logo password national standard “GM/T 0044 SM9 logo password algorithm”, and uses C language programming to realize the complete process of SM9 digital signature algorithm. The implementation process is divided into parameter settings, key generation, digital signature generation, signature verification four core steps. This design mainly provides the function of selecting its own identity key generation, digital signing of message, signature verification, and has the advantages of simple operation and high efficiency.

Isoprene is a key biogenic volatile organic compound of vital importance for global climate change and air quality. Previous studies projecting future changes of isoprene emissions showed a wide range of uncertainties due to the discrepancies in emission schemes, climate models, and future scenarios. Here, we use an ensemble of models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project version 6 (CMIP6) to explore the spatiotemporal variations of global isoprene emissions at present day and their changes by the end of 21st century. At present day, most models predict similar emission rates of 400 Tg C yr−1 but with large differences in the long-term trends. For models using the scheme of Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature, isoprene emissions show limited changes during historical period but significant enhancements after the year 2000. However, for models using another scheme with strong CO2 inhibition effects, isoprene emissions show decreasing trends during historical period and moderate increasing trends after the year 2000. By the end of 21st century, the ensemble projection shows increases of 21–57% in isoprene emissions with the largest enhancement for the strongest warming scenario. Attribution shows that temperature is the dominant driver for the increase of isoprene emissions, no matter whether the CO2 inhibition effects are considered or not. The enhanced isoprene emissions increase the risks of ozone pollution in a warmer climate.

A thermo-elastic-plastic numerical method based on the hybrid inversion combing experiment results and numerical results was developed. The influence of various factors in the welding process on the welding deformation and residual stress was taken into account through the equivalent heat source parameter (EHSP). The out-of-plane displacement and residual stress of the butt-welded plate were measured firstly with electrical measurement method and hole-drilling method respectively. Then, a function was established to evaluate the standard error (SE) employing different heat source parameters between numerical and experimental results, and the EHSP corresponding to SEmin for the current material and welding conditions was inversed. At last, the EHSP was applied to the investigation of welding sequence. This method is also suitable for other welding methods and weld types.

The ecosystem plays an important role in mitigating global warming through carbon assimilation. In addition, climate change has both positive and negative impacts on ecosystem productivity. To combat climate change, the Paris Agreement has set the goal of limiting global warming well below 2 °C with an ultimate target of 1.5 °C above preindustrial levels. It remains unclear how ecosystem productivity will respond to these warming targets. Here, we project global changes in gross (GPP) and net (NPP) primary productivity under 1.5 °C/2 °C warming using a dynamic vegetation model coupled with a state-of-art climate model. We use site-level observations to validate the present-day simulations and the multimodel ensemble to validate the future projections. We identify the main drivers of ecosystem changes by distinguishing between the impacts of CO2 fertilization, fast climatic responses to CO2 radiative perturbation, and slow climatic feedbacks to ocean warming due to the large heat capacity. Compared with the present day, global GPP increases by 11.5% (20.9%) and NPP increases by 14.8% (27.1%) under the 1.5 °C (2 °C) warming scenario with similar magnitudes of change in the tropics and subtropics. Changes in the leaf area index mainly follow those of GPP/NPP but with more significant enhancement in boreal regions. CO2 fertilization causes the dominant contributions to GPP changes over 83% of land areas. The slow responses to ocean warming cause negative changes in GPP/NPP and partly offset regional CO2 fertilization over the tropics, where the climate is projected to be drier due to atmosphere-ocean feedback. The fast climatic responses to CO2 radiative perturbation further decrease GPP/NPP but with a moderate magnitude. The projection suggests that ecosystem productivity will increase in a warmer climate but with large spatial heterogeneity.

Aerosols affect ecosystem photosynthesis and evapotranspiration through the perturbations in Earth's energy balance and changes in climatic conditions. Aerosols enhance plant photosynthesis by increasing diffuse radiation, but meanwhile the reductions in direct radiation may dampen or even overweigh the diffuse fertilization effects, especially at the high loading of aerosols and cloud. Aerosol-induced cooling has positive (negative) impacts on photosynthesis at low (high) latitudes. The enhanced drought by aerosols may decrease both photosynthesis and evapotranspiration. On the global scale, the net effects of aerosols on ecosystems are limited due to the offset of radiative and climatic effects. Our review highlights the importance of understanding the interactions among aerosols, climate, and vegetation.

C1qTNF-related protein 1 (CTRP1) is independently associated with type 2 diabetes. However, the relationship between CTRP1 and insulin resistance is still not established. This study aimed to explore the role of CTRP1 under the situation of insulin resistance in adipose tissue. Plasma CTRP1 level was investigated in type 2 diabetic subjects (n = 35) and non-diabetic subjects (n = 35). The relationship between CTRP1 and phosphorylation of multi insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) serine (Ser) sites was further explored. Our data showed that Plasma CTRP1 was higher and negative correlation with insulin resistance in diabetic subjects (r = -0.283, p = 0.018). Glucose utilisation test revealed that the glucose utilisation rate of mature adipocytes was improved by CTRP1 in the presence of insulin. CTRP1 was not only related to IRS-1 protein, but also negatively correlated with IRS-1 Ser1101 phosphorylation (r = -0.398, p = 0.031). Furthermore, Phosphorylation levels of IRS-1 Ser1101 were significantly lower after incubation with 40 ng/mL CTRP1 in mature adipocytes than those with no intervention (p < 0.05). There was no significant correlation between CTRP1 and other IRS-1 serine sites (Ser302, Ser307, Ser612, Ser636/639, and Ser789). Collectively, our results suggested that CTRP1 might improve insulin resistance by reducing the phosphorylation of IRS-1 Ser1101, induced in the situation of insulin resistance as a feedback adipokine.

Diffuse radiation can promote ecosystem gross primary productivity (GPP) and strengthen land carbon sink. However, measurements of diffuse radiation at carbon flux sites are rare, limiting the explorations of diffuse fertilization efficiency (DFE), the percentage changes of GPP per unit diffuse photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). Here, we derive diffuse radiative fraction (Kd) at >200 FLUXNET sites based on an artificial neural network (ANN) and estimate DFE at individual sites around the world. Evaluations show that the ANN on average increases modeling-to-observation correlation coefficients and the Willmott index of Kd by 8% and reduces root-mean-square error by 14.7% compared to 11 empirical models. High Kd of 0.6–0.82 is located at mid-high latitudes and relatively low Kd of 0.46–0.58 is found at subtropical regions. The optimal Kd leading to maximum GPP is estimated to be 0.46 averaged for all FLUXNET sites. In response to 1 W m−2 enhancement of diffuse PAR, daytime GPP increases by 0.44–1.01% for tree species and 0.16–0.94% for non-tree species. Such GPP enhancement by diffuse radiation is on average 2.5 times of that by the same amount of direct radiation.

A novel kind of bend resistant large mode area fiber is proposed. With the introduce of a multi-layer core, this kind of fiber breaks the mode field area limitation for multi-trench fiber, and achieves a mode filed area of 1300 μm2 at a bend radius of 15cm.

The present study aimed to investigate the association between insulin resistance (IR), nitric oxide (NO) production and myocardial apoptosis in a background of coexisting hypertension in a rodent animal model. A hypertensive rat model was established by feeding Wistar and spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) with a high sucrose/fat (HSF) diet for 12 weeks, in conjunction with isosorbide mononitrate (ISMN). Increased IR, NO content, apoptotic gene and protein expression, and morphological alterations within rat myocardium were evaluated. Following a total of 12 weeks of feeding with HSF and ISMN resulted in increased IR and NO content within the myocardial tissue of Wistar and SHR rats. HSF and ISMN activated myocardial apoptosis by downregulating the gene transcription and protein expression levels of the anti‑apoptotic B‑cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl‑2), and increasing the pro‑apoptotic Bcl‑2 associated X protein. Apoptosis was demonstrated by DNA fragmentation in terminal deoxynucleotidyl‑transferase‑mediated dUTP nick end labelling assay. In all experiments, the combination of HSF and ISMN was associated with more pronounced effects, indicating the possible synergistic effects. In addition, the correlation analysis in the Wistar rats fed with HSF only, revealed a positive association between NO production and IR. The results of the present study indicated that HSF and ISMN simultaneously increased IR, NO production and myocardial apoptosis in the hypertensive rat model, and may therefore contribute to investigations into the long‑term clinical use of ISMN in hypertensive patients.

Single-phase bulk Ti 2 AlN was prepared by spark plasma sintering (SPS) at 1200 °C of Ti/Al/TiN powders in stoichiometric proportion. Investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) of samples and the sintering process parameter, the reaction procedure could be analyzed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe micro-analysis (EPMA) coupled with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) were utilized to investigate the morphology characteristics. When sintered at 1200 °C, Ti 2 AlN phase was well developed with a close and lamellated structure. The distribution of Ti 2 AlN grains was homogeneous.

Complement C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 1 (CTRP1), an adipose tissue-derived adipokine has been shown to decrease blood glucose levels and to improve metabolism of glucose in mice. In addition, CTRP1 has exhibited significant association with BMI, adiponectin and TNF-α in diabetic animal models. However, there are no published studies addressing CTRP1 levels in type 2 diabetic patients. Therefore, it was of interest to evaluate plasma CTRP1 levels and associated clinical parameters and biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes. 135 subjects were recruited to this study, including 62 type 2 diabetic patients (DM group) and 73 healthy subjects (control group). We measured biochemical parameters, CTRP1, TNF-α and adiponectin using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Plasma CTRP1 levels showed a significant difference between the DM group and the control group (646.3 ± 154.4 ng/mL vs. 442.6 ± 165.4 ng/mL, p < 0.01). In addition, CTRP1 was strongly positively associated with BMI, glucose levels, HbA1c, HOMA-IR and TNF-α in diabetic patients. CTRP1 showed negative correlation with adiponectin. In Multivariate regression analysis, CTRP1 was strongly independently associated with diabetes when CTRP1 levels were analyzed by both as a continuous variable and quartile (OR: 1.009, 95% CI: 1.004-1.015, p < 0.05; OR: 2.443, 95% CI: 1.379-4.182, p < 0.01, respectively). Increased plasma CTRP1 was independently associated with type 2 diabetes. Profiling of plasma adipokines such as CTRP1 is particularly important to obtain a greater understanding of their contribution to the type 2 diabetic state.

The super-light LA141 (Mg-14%Li-1%Al) alloy was produced and processed by high-pressure torsion (HPT) under the imposed pressure of 3 GPa and different shear strains γ through 3, 6, 9 and 12 turns at room temperature (RT). The microstructure evolution of the alloy during the HPT treatment was investigated by transmission electron microscope (TEM) and optical microscope (OM). It turned out that the grains were substantially refined, and the optical microscope revealed that the grains of HPT processed samples at the edge of the disc were finer by comparison with the ones near the center of the disc. Later, Vickers indentation analysis was used to evaluate the micro-hardness of deformed samples, and tension test was employed to obtain the strength and elongation at room temperature. The results indicated that the micro-hardness and tensile strength had increased to a certain extent, and the elongation had been significantly improved.