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Uvod: Kalcijum silikatne paste za punjenje kanala u kontaktu sa dentinskom tečnošću dovode do oslobađanja Ca(OH)2 koji dovodi do porasta alkalne vrednosti sredine i osobađanja Ca2+ jona koji se smatraju zaslužnim za antimikrobna svojsta ovih materijala. Cilj rada: Ispitati antimikrobna svojstva kalcijum silikatnih pasta u in vitro uslovima. Materijal i metode: Antimikrobna svojstva ispitivana su na tri kalcijum silikatne paste: Bio C® , EndoSequence BC® , BioRoot® i kontrolnoj pasti AH Plus®. Ispitivanje antimikrobnih svojstava je rađeno disk difuzionom metodom na tri referentna soja (Candida albicans ATCC 10231; Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212; Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923) i direktnim kontakt testom na dva referentna soja (E. faecalis i S. aureus). Rezultati disk difuzione metode predstavljeni su zonom inhibicije rasta (ZIR) i izraženi u milimetrima, dok su rezultati direktne metode predstavljeni brojem kolonija po mililitru (CFUs/ml). Dobijeni rezultati su obrađeni SPSS statističkim paketom. Rezultati: Disk difuziona metoda je pokazala sledeće rezultate: ZIR od 12mm očitava se oko sve tri silikatne paste prema C. albicans. ZIR od 5 mm prema S. aureus uočavala se samo kod AH Plus. Nije uočena ZIR ni oko jedne isptiivane paste za E. faecalis. Direknti test pokazao je značajno smanjenje broja kolonija S. aureus za Bio C (p=0,037) i BC Sealer (p=0,037). Sve tri kalcijum silikatne paste su pokazale smanjenje broja kolonija E. faecalis (p<0,05 za sve tri paste). Zaključak: Sposobnost antimikrobnih supstanci da iz kalcijum silikatnih pasti difunduju i zaustavljaju rast mikroorganizama je pokazana samo prema C. albicans. Sa druge strane, pri direktnom kontaktu bakterija sa ovim pastama, pokazano je njihovo baktericidno dejstvo koje je bitno pri samom kontaktu paste za punjenje kanala korena sa mikroorganizmima zaostalim u kanalnom sistemu.

Background/Aim. There is no standard protocol for cleaning and disinfection of used endodontic instruments before their sterilization and reuse. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of the different methods of removing biological debris from different types of used hand stainless steel endodontic instruments. Methods. A total of 120 hand stainless steel endodontic instruments: KerrTM reamers, KerrTM files, and HedströmTM files, each forty ISO 25, used for root canal treatment on extracted teeth, were analyzed. The used instruments were divided into four groups based on different decontamination protocols. The evaluation of the efficiency of the cleaning methods was based on the evaluation of the amount of stained organic residues on the instruments (Van Gieson staining). Samples were analyzed by stereomicroscopy (x40). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney U test for the KerrTM reamers and HedströmTM files, while the One-Way ANOVA/Bonferroni test was used for the KerrTM files, at a significance level of 5% (a = 0.05). Results. Residual biological debris was observed on 93.3% of all the samples taken. The thermal disinfectant cleaning method showed the lowest contamination values for all types of instruments. The method of mechanical cleaning showed that the mean value of maximum biologic contamination (MBC) was 58.5% for the KerrTM reamers and 56.2% for KerrTM files, while for HedströmTM files, the highest MBC (50.2%) was shown by the ultrasonic method of cleaning. Conclusion. The use of a thermal disinfectant was the most efficient cleaning method for all three types of hand endodontic instruments., Uvod/Cilj. Ne postoji standard za čišćenje i dezinfekciju upotrebljenih endodontskih instrumenata pre njihove sterilizacije i ponovnog korišćenja. Cilj rada bio je da se ustanovi efikasnost različitih metoda uklanjanja ostataka biološkog materijala sa radnih površina upotrebljenih ručnih endodontskih instrumenata od nerđajućeg čelika. Metode. Analizirano je ukupno 120 ručnih endodontskih instrumenata od nerđajućeg čelika: po četrdeset KerrTM proširivača, KerrTM turpija i HedströmTM turpija ISO 25, upotrebljenih za obradu kanala korena na ekstrahovanim zubima. Na osnovu protokola koji je korišćen za dekontaminaciju instrumenata, upotrebljeni instrumenti su podeljeni u četiri grupe. Procena efikasnosti korišćenih metoda čišćenja zasnovana je na proceni količine prebojenih organskih ostataka na instrumentima (bojenje po Van Gieson-u). Uzorci su analizirani stereomikroskopijom (x40). Statistička analiza dobijenih rezultata izvršena je MannWhitney U testom za KerrTM proširivače i HedströmTM turpije dok je za KerrTM turpije korišćen One-Way ANOVA/Bonferoni test, na nivou pouzdanosti od 5% (a = 0,05). Rezultati. Prisustvo rezidualnih ostataka biološkog materijala uočeno je na 93,3% svih analiziranih instrumenata. Metoda čišćenja toplotnim dezinfikatorom pokazala je najniže vrednosti kontaminacije za sve tipove instrumenata. Metoda mehaničkog čišćenja pokazala je da je srednja vrednost parametra maksimum biološke kontaminacije (MBK) bila 58,5% za KerrTM proširivače i 56,2% za KerrTM turpije, dok je za HedströmTM turpije najviša vrednost MBK (50,2%) bila posle ultrazvučne metode čišćenja instrumenata. Zaključak. Primena toplotnog dezinfikatora je najefikasnija metoda čišćenja za sva tri tipa ručnih endodontskih instrumenata.

The aim of the study was to investigate the potency of Cinnamomum camphora cineoliferum and Melaleuca ericifolia essential oils (EOs) against facultative and obligate anaerobes isolated from teeth’ infected root canals. Biocompatibility of the EOs was also in the study focus. Chemical composition of the EOs was determined by GC/MS analysis. Their antibacterial potential and cytotoxicity were evaluated by microdilution and MTT assays, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed by Student’s t-test and one way ANOVA. Two the most abundant constituents of C. camphora cineoliferum EO were 1,8-cineole and sabinene, while in M. ericifolia EO the dominant were linalool and 1,8-cineole. MICs achieved against all tested strains were in the ranges 0.95±0.50 - 22.50±0.00 mg/mL and 0.65±0.00 - 23.35±7.80 mg/mL for the C. camphora cioneoliferum and M. ericifolia EOs, respectively. Statistical analysis showed that response to both oils has not differed between facultative and obligate anaerobes. Sensitivity pattern of the tested strains was different for the EOs and the positive control triple antibiotic paste (TAP): while E. faecalis and certain strains of S. salivarius were among the most sensitive to the oils, they were the least susceptible to the conventional antimicrobial TAP. Although the observed cytotoxicity of the EOs after 30 min of cell exposition was high (50.78-66.35% and up to 70% for C. camphora cioneoliferum and M. ericifolia EOs, respectively) it was lower than that of positive control (1.5% NaOCl, p<0.05). To conclude, both EOs showed promising antibacterial potential and achieved at least the same or even better biocompatibility than the conventional intracanal antimicrobials. Obtained results strongly encourage future research with an aim to formulate C. camphora cioneoliferum and M. ericifolia EO- based irrigants and medicaments, that could be used in endodontic practice.

Periodontal pockets harbor more than 400 different bacterial species. The aims of this study were to establish new links between periodontitis and atherosclerosis by quantitative and qualitative assessment of periodontal pathogens Аggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Tannerella forsythi (Tf) and Treponema denticola (Td) in patient’s mouth and blood vessel. Material and Methods: 100 patients with periodontitis and atherosclerosis were included in the study, divided into 6 groups according to the localization of atheromas and into 2 groups in relation to their age (below and over 60). 13 thrombi from patients with myocardial infarction were analyzed for the presence of oral bacteria and CMV. Pathogen presence and their total load were determined by PCR and real-time quantitative PCR, respectively, and statistically analyzed. Results: 91% of oral samples and 65% of samples of atherosclerotic plaques were positive for at least one of the tested microorganism. Decreasing frequencies of bacteria in oral vs. artery specimens were: Tf (76%:53%), Pi (71%:31%), Pg (60%:38%), Aa (39%:14%) and Td (21%:6%). and their ratio was as follows: Tf 1.4, Pg 1.6, Pi 2.3, Aa 2.8 and Td 3.5. Oral bacteria were the most frequent in coronary arteries. There was no statistical difference in the load of microorganisms between younger and older patients, but Pi and Aa were less frequent in older patients. CMV was more frequent in thrombi than in atheromas. Conclusion: Oral pathogens were found at high frequency in atheroma plaques and thrombi, with a slightly changed bacterial composition compared to oral biofilm. Patient’s age and the distance of a given blood vessel from the mouth influenced microbiological findings., Parodontalni džepovi sadrže više od 400 različitih bakterijskih vrsta i sa ovom studijom se želela ustanoviti nova veza između parodontopatije i ateroskleroze koristeći kvalitativno i kvantitativno određivanje prisustva parodontopatogena Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Tannerella forsythi (Tf) i Trepondema denticola (Td) u usnoj duplji i krvnim sudovima pacijenata. Materijal i metode: U ispitivanje je bilo uključeno 100 pacijenata sa parodontopatijom i aterosklerozom, podeljenih u 6 grupa u skladu sa lokalizacijom ateroma i u 2 grupe u odnosu na starost pacijenata (ispod i iznad 60 godina). Analizirano je i 13 trombova od pacijenata sa infarktom miokarda na prisustvo oralnih bakterija i CMV. Detekcija patogena i ukupno opterećenje mikroorganizmima određeni su PCR-om (običnim, odnosno kvantitativnim) a dobijeni podaci su statistički obrađeni. Rezultati: Ispitani mikroorganizmi su bili visoko zastupljeni kako u gingivalnom tako i u aterosklerotskom plaku. Redosled opadajućih učestalosti bakterija u oralnim uzorcima nasuprot ateromima bio je: Tf (76%: 53%), Pi (71%: 31%), Pg (60%: 38%), Aa (39%: 14%) i Td (21%: 6%), a njihov odnos je bio sledeći: Tf 1,4, Pg 1,6, Pi 2,3, Aa 2,8 i Td 3,5. Oralni patogeni bili su najčešći u koronarnim arterijama. Nije bilo značajne razlike u ukupnom sadržaju mikroorganizama između mlađih i starijih pacijenata, ali Pi i Aa su bili češći kod mlađih pacijenata. CMV je bio češći u trombovima nego u ateromima. Zaključak: Oralni patogeni su bili učestali i u ateromima i u trombovima, sa blago izmenjenim sastavom bakterijske zajednice u odnosu na zajednicu u oralnom biofilmu. Mikrobiološki nalaz zavisio je od starosti pacijenta i udaljenosti krvnog suda od usne duplje.

Objectives The aim of this cross-sectional observational study was to compare the prevalence of different oral Candida spp. in patients with Type 2 Diabetes and chronic periodontitis in two oral sites: dorsal surface of the tongue and subgingival area. In order to determine subgingival areas as potential reservoirs of yeasts, this study aimed to find differences in the yeasts' detection between the dorsum of the tongue, as the oral site most commonly inhabited with microorganisms, and subgingival samples. Additionally, potential predictors for the yeasts prevalence were determined. Material and methods Subjects (N = 146) were divided into four groups: group A-healthy individuals without periodontitis, group B-healthy individuals with chronic periodontitis, group C-Type 2 Diabetes patients with good glycoregulation and Chronic periodontitis and group D-Type 2 Diabetes patients with poor glycoregulation and Chronic periodontitis. Samples were obtained from the tongue by swabbing. Subgingival plaque samples were taken by paper points and periodontal curette. Isolation and identification of different Candida spp. was done using ChromAgar medium. In addition, germ-tube production and carbohydrate assimilation tests were performed. Results The prevalence of Candida spp. was higher in diabetics with poor glycoregulation. The most frequently isolated species was Candida albicans followed by Candida glabrata and Candida tropicalis. In 15.6% of cases, Candida spp. was present in the subgingival area while absent on the tongue. Multivariate regression model showed that HbA1c was Candida spp. predictor for both locations. Conclusions Our results confirmed that there are Candida spp. carriers among subjects with clinically healthy oral mucosa. Also, this study identified subgingival areas as potential reservoirs of these pathogenic species. Glycoregulation has been recognized as a positive predictor factor of Candida spp.

Virusna hepatitis B infekcija je jedan od najozbiljnijih problema sa kojim se savremena medicina suočava. HBV je sferična partikula koja se sastoji od ikozaedarnog nukleokapsida i spoljašnjeg omotača. Replikuje se u jedru hepatocita. Izvor HBV infekcije je osoba sa klinički manifestnom ili asimptomatskom infekcijom. Virus se nalazi u krvi inficiranih kao i u salivi i drugim telesnim tečnostima. Prenosi se parenteralnim putem. HBV nije citocidan virus, a oštećenje hepatocita nastaje kao posledica imunskog odgovora domaćina. Za dijagnozu HBV infekcije koriste se brojne laboratorijske tehnike kojima se dokazuje prisustvo virusa, virusne DNK i virusnih antigena i antitela u bolesničkom materijalu. Inkubacioni period akutnog hepatitisa B iznosi 30+/-10 dana. Klinički tok i oblik akutnog hepatitisa B zavisi od inteziteta imunskog odgovora domaćina. Procenjuje se da je globalna prevalencija HBs antigena u 2016. iznosila 3–9% odnosno 292 miliona inficiranih osoba. Akutni virusni hepatitis se klinički može ispoljiti u tipičnom ikteričnom ili u atipičnom obliku. Nespecifične mere prevencije hepatitis B infekcije obuhvataju sve postupke kojima se sprečava unošenje virusa u organizam. Specifične mere prevencije obuhvataju pasivnu i aktivnu imunizaciju. Zbog povećanog rizika od infekcije lekara i osoblja stomatološke ordinacije, neophodno je preduzeti sve korake kako bi se identifikovali pacijenti ili aktivni nosioci infekcije hepatitisa i preduzele mere zaštite. Stomatološki plan terapije za pacijente obolele od hepatitisa nije potrebno modifikovati, ali se tokom rada treba striktno pridržavati principa aseptičkog rada, kao i mera lične zaštite (rukavice, maska, naočare).

Background/Aim: Geographic tongue (GT), a benign self-limiting condition (inflammation) is commonly seen in practice. Although quite easy for clinical diagnosis, in clinical practice it is commonly misdiagnosed and treated as Candida infection. The main aim of this study was to compare the prevalence of Candida spp. on tongue in patients with GT and subjects with clinically healthy oral mucosa. Additional aims were to evaluate subjective symptoms, uncontrolled usage of prescribed or non-prescribed antifungal topical medications and the presence of the cancerophobia or other health concerns in patients with GT. Material and Methods: A total of 70 subjects were divided into two groups: Group B - patients with diagnosed Geographic tongue and group A - aged and gender matched controls with clinically health oral mucosa. Anamnestic charts designed for this study included information about symptoms (measured by Visual Analogue Scale), previous knowledge or fear about presence of GT and received therapy for this condition. Detection of Candida spp. from tongue was done using sterile cotton swab and Sabouraud dextrose agar. Results: At the time of this study, 18 (52.94%) of subjects with GT were aware of having this condition and even 12 of them (66.7%) used topical antifungal drugs prescribed by physician. Also, 66.7% of them experienced fear about the presence of GT at some moment. Detection of Candida spp. was similarly distributed in both groups (22.2% in group A and 17.6% in group B). Conclusions: Geographic tongue has frequently been treated by topical antifungal drugs. In this study, GT was not associated with presence of Candida spp.

Značaj multidimenzionalnog uticaja maksilofacijalnih tumora je doveo do povećanog interesovanja za kvalitet života pacijenata. Studije QOL(Quality of Life) daju kliničke informacije o efektima bolesti, terapiji i neželjenim efektima. Prednosti za pacijenta u ovim studijama su te da mogu da izraze svoje mišljenje o negativnim aspektima bolesti i doprinesu u donošenju terapijskih odluka jer vreme preživljavanja nije direktno povezano sa poboljšanjem „kvaliteta života“. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita efekat različitih terapijskih modaliteta na radijacioni mukozitis u pacijenata sa postresekcionim defektima orofacijalne regije. Metodologija: U ovom istraživanju, je uključeno 30 pacijenata sa tumorima orofacijalne regije koji su posle hirurške terapije protetski rehabilitovani i podvrgnuti zračnoj terapiji.Pacijenti su podeljeni u tri grupe po deset ispitanika. Metodom slučajnog izbora, jednoj grupi ispitanika je dat standarni protokol u terapiji radijacionih mukozitisa, koja će predstavljati kontrolnu grupu. Drugoj i trećoj grupi ispitanika su pored standardne terapije uključeni preparati „Stomatovis“ i „Gelclair“ i predstavljaju eksperimentane grupe. BMS upitnici (0. i kontrolni ) su korišćeni u vizuelnoj kvalifikaciji simptomatologije pacijenta. Procena podataka kvaliteta života je obrađena u upitniku EORTC-QLQ-C30 verzija 3.0 i njegovom dodatku H&N35, na srpskom jeziku. Upitnik OHIP-20 (The Oral Health Impact Profile) je korišćen u proceni kvaliteta protetske terapije pacijenata. Mikrobiološka obrada uzoraka materijala, kao i identifikacija izolovanih vrsta mikroorganizama, vršeni su u laboratoriji predmeta Mikrobiologija i imunologija stomatološkog fakulteta u Beogradu. Postupak je podrazumevao standardnu mikroskopsku, kulturalnu i biohemijsku identifikaciju. Identifikacija je predstavljala standardne bakteriološke metode, a kvantifikacija je obavljana brojanjem izniklih kolonija na zasejanim hranljivim podlogama. Pri tome su rezultati izraženi kao ukupa, Introduction: The significance of multi-dimensional influence of maxillofacial tumors brought about an increased interest in patients "Quality of Life". The studies of Quality of Life give clinical information about the disease effects, therapy and undesired effects. The advantages for the patients in these studies are such that they can express their opinion on the negative aspects of the disease and contribute in making therapeutic decisions since the period of outliving is not directly connected with the improvement of QOL. The aim of this study was to research the effects of various therapeutic modalities on radiation mucositis in patients with postresectional defects of orofacial region. Methodology: This study includes 30 patients with orofacial region cancer who were consecutively prosthetically rehabilitated after the surgical threatment and subjected to radiotherapy. The patients were divided into three groups of respondents. By random selection method, one group of respondents had a standard protocol in radiation mucositis therapy representing control group. The second and the third group had preparations Stomatovis and Gelclair along with standard therapy representing experimental groups. BMS questionnaires (0., and control) were used in visual qualification of the patients symptomatology. Evaluation of quality of life data was done by the questionnaire EORTC QLQ C-30 in version 3.0 and its addition QLQ H&N35, in the Serbian language. The questionnaire OHIP20 (The Oral Health Impact Profile) was used in evaluation the Quality of the prosthetic therapy in patients. Both microbiological work of material patterns and identification of isolated kinds of microorganisms were done in the laboratory - department Microbiology and Immunology of the Dentistry School in Belgrade. The treatment meant standard microscopic, cultural and biochemical identification. The identification meant standard bacteriological methods and quantification was done counting sprouted col

Introduction: The significance of multi-dimensional influence of maxillofacial tumors brought about an increased interest in patients "Quality of Life". The studies of Quality of Life give clinical information about the disease effects, therapy and undesired effects. The advantages for the patients in these studies are such that they can express their opinion on the negative aspects of the disease and contribute in making therapeutic decisions since the period of outliving is not directly connected with the improvement of QOL. The aim of this study was to research the effects of various therapeutic modalities on radiation mucositis in patients with postresectional defects of orofacial region. Methodology: This study includes 30 patients with orofacial region cancer who were consecutively prosthetically rehabilitated after the surgical threatment and subjected to radiotherapy. The patients were divided into three groups of respondents. By random selection method, one group of respondents had a standard protocol in radiation mucositis therapy representing control group. The second and the third group had preparations Stomatovis and Gelclair along with standard therapy representing experimental groups. BMS questionnaires (0., and control) were used in visual qualification of the patients symptomatology. Evaluation of quality of life data was done by the questionnaire EORTC QLQ C-30 in version 3.0 and its addition QLQ H&N35, in the Serbian language. The questionnaire OHIP20 (The Oral Health Impact Profile) was used in evaluation the Quality of the prosthetic therapy in patients. Both microbiological work of material patterns and identification of isolated kinds of microorganisms were done in the laboratory - department Microbiology and Immunology of the Dentistry School in Belgrade. The treatment meant standard microscopic, cultural and biochemical identification. The identification meant standard bacteriological methods and quantification was done counting sprouted col, Značaj multidimenzionalnog uticaja maksilofacijalnih tumora je doveo do povećanog interesovanja za kvalitet života pacijenata. Studije QOL(Quality of Life) daju kliničke informacije o efektima bolesti, terapiji i neželjenim efektima. Prednosti za pacijenta u ovim studijama su te da mogu da izraze svoje mišljenje o negativnim aspektima bolesti i doprinesu u donošenju terapijskih odluka jer vreme preživljavanja nije direktno povezano sa poboljšanjem „kvaliteta života“. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je da se ispita efekat različitih terapijskih modaliteta na radijacioni mukozitis u pacijenata sa postresekcionim defektima orofacijalne regije. Metodologija: U ovom istraživanju, je uključeno 30 pacijenata sa tumorima orofacijalne regije koji su posle hirurške terapije protetski rehabilitovani i podvrgnuti zračnoj terapiji.Pacijenti su podeljeni u tri grupe po deset ispitanika. Metodom slučajnog izbora, jednoj grupi ispitanika je dat standarni protokol u terapiji radijacionih mukozitisa, koja će predstavljati kontrolnu grupu. Drugoj i trećoj grupi ispitanika su pored standardne terapije uključeni preparati „Stomatovis“ i „Gelclair“ i predstavljaju eksperimentane grupe. BMS upitnici (0. i kontrolni ) su korišćeni u vizuelnoj kvalifikaciji simptomatologije pacijenta. Procena podataka kvaliteta života je obrađena u upitniku EORTC-QLQ-C30 verzija 3.0 i njegovom dodatku H&N35, na srpskom jeziku. Upitnik OHIP-20 (The Oral Health Impact Profile) je korišćen u proceni kvaliteta protetske terapije pacijenata. Mikrobiološka obrada uzoraka materijala, kao i identifikacija izolovanih vrsta mikroorganizama, vršeni su u laboratoriji predmeta Mikrobiologija i imunologija stomatološkog fakulteta u Beogradu. Postupak je podrazumevao standardnu mikroskopsku, kulturalnu i biohemijsku identifikaciju. Identifikacija je predstavljala standardne bakteriološke metode, a kvantifikacija je obavljana brojanjem izniklih kolonija na zasejanim hranljivim podlogama. Pri tome su rezultati izraženi kao ukupa

In this study we investigated the possibility of saliva use instead of sera for detecting anti HSV IgM antibodies. Three groups of patients were included in this study. The first two consisted of immunocompetent persons with clinically and virologicaly approved primary and reccurent herpetic infection. The third group was comprised of AIDS patients with recurrent infection. Anti HSV-1 IgM antibodies were detected by immunofluorescence assay. In saliva and sera samples obtained from persons with primary and recurrent HSV infection, findings of specific IgM antibodies correlated with the dynamic of their synthesis in infection generally. But in the third group, which consisted of AIDS patients, in a few cases there were positive anti HSV IgM concentration, both in sera and saliva samples., U radu je ispitivana mogućnost upotrebe salive kao materijala alternativnog serumu za dokazivanje anti HSV-1 IgM antitela. U studiju su uključene tri grupe pacijenata od kojih su prve dve činili imunokompetentne osobe sa klinički i virusološki potvrđenom HSV infekcijom, a u treću grupu su bili uključeni pacijenti oboleli od AIDS-a koji su pored mnogobrojnih oportunstičkih infekcija imali i herpetičnu infekciju u formi labijalnog herpesa. Prisustvo anti HSV-1 IgM antitela dokazivano je pomoću testa indirektne imuno fluorescencije u uzorcima seruma i salive svih pacijenata. Nalaz anti IISV-I IgM antitela u obe vrste uzoraka u imunikompetentnih osoba sa primarnom i sekundarnom herpetičnom infekcijom bio je u skladu sa dinamikom njihove sinteze tokom infekcije uopšte. Međutim u grupi pacijenata sa AIDS-om, bez obzira što je kod njih bila prisutna rekurentna herpetična infekcija, u određenom broju slučajeva dokazan je pozitivan nalaz anti HSV-1 IgM antitela u serumu odnosno, salivi.

Denture stomatitis is a common disease in patients with dentures. Generally, denture stomatitis is not followed by any symptoms and patients are usually not aware of the disease. Etiology of denture stotmatitis is multifactorial. As a dominant factor is the fungal infection by Candida spp. Complete dentures are susceptible to colonization and biofilm formation of Candida spp. Denture plaque (biofilm) is similar to a dental plaque and it is a reservoir of potential infective microorganisms. Microorganisms in denture plaque, (mostly Candida spp.) are responsible for the emergence of denture stomatitis. A continual swallowing of microorganism from denture plaque exposes patients to a risk of unexpected infection. The most common isolated species of fungus on dentures is C. albicans. There are some general and local contributory factors. The local factors are: trauma of oral mucosa caused by inadequate dentures, continuous dentures wearing, reduced saliva flow, bad dentures hygiene, type of the material dentures are made of, detures’age, poor dentures retention, unbalanced occlusion. The general factors are: diabetes mellitus, smoking, long antibiotics and corticosteroids application and radio or chemotherapy, diet factors, - lack of vitamin B12, foliates and iron, psychotropic medications and hyposalivators. The aim of this research has been to diagnose and designate a frequency of denture stomatitis of fungal etiology and examine antifungal activities of essential oils. For the needs of this research there has been designed a special questionnaire which contains .personal data, medical and stomatological history and data obtained by clinical examination. Clinical examination consisted of inspection of oral cavity on the basis of which a soft tissue inflammation has been diagnosed as well as a degree and location of the inflammation. Analysing the present state of complete dentures in patients’ mouth there has been established a degree of denture retention, preservatio, Protezni stomatitis je često oboljenje kod pacijenata koji koriste totalne zubne proteze. Uglavnom protezni stomatitis nije praćen simptomima i pacijenti nisu svesni prisutnog oboljenja. Etiologija proteznog stomatitisa je multifaktorijalna. Kao dominantan faktor ističe se infekcija gljivama roda Candida. Totalne zubne proteze podležu kolonizaciji i formiranju biofilma Candida spp. Protezni plak (biofilm) je sličan dentalnom plaku i služi kao rezervoar potencijalno infektivnih mikroorganizama. Mikroorganizmi iz proteznog plaka, (najviše Candida spp.) su odgovorni za nastanak proteznog stomatitisa. Kontinuirano gutanje mikroorganizama iz proteznog plaka izlaže pacijente riziku od neočekivane infekcije. ajčešća izolovana vrsta gljive na protezama je C. albicans. Prisutni su opšti i lokalni kontributivni faktori. Lokalni faktori su: lezije oralne sluzokože uzrokovane neadekvatnim protezama, neprekidno nošenje zubne proteze, smanjen protok pljuvačke, loša higijena zubne proteze, vrsta materijala od koga je izrađena proteza, starost proteze, slaba retencija proteze, neizbalansirana okluzija. Opšti faktori su: diabetes mellitus, pušenje, dugotrajna primena antibiotika i kortikosteroida, radio i hemoterapija, faktori ishrane – nedostatak vitamina B12, folata i gvožđa, psihotropni lekovi, hiposalivatori. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se pouzdano dijagnostikuje i odredi učestalost proteznog stomatitisa gljivične etiologije i ispita antifungalna aktivnost etarskih ulja. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja dizajniran je poseban upitnik, koji sadrži generalije, medicinsku i stomatološku istoriju i podatke dobijene kliničkim pregledom. Klinički pregled se sastojao od inspekcije usne duplje, na osnovu koga se dijagnostikovala inflamacija mekih tkiva, kao i stepen i lokacija inflamacije. Analizom postojećeg stanja totalne zubne proteze u ustima pacijenta utvrđivan je stepen retencije zubne proteze, očuvanost vertikalne dimenzije okluzije i okluzalni odnosi sa antagonistima. Deo istraž

Protezni stomatitis je često oboljenje kod pacijenata koji koriste totalne zubne proteze. Uglavnom protezni stomatitis nije praćen simptomima i pacijenti nisu svesni prisutnog oboljenja. Etiologija proteznog stomatitisa je multifaktorijalna. Kao dominantan faktor ističe se infekcija gljivama roda Candida. Totalne zubne proteze podležu kolonizaciji i formiranju biofilma Candida spp. Protezni plak (biofilm) je sličan dentalnom plaku i služi kao rezervoar potencijalno infektivnih mikroorganizama. Mikroorganizmi iz proteznog plaka, (najviše Candida spp.) su odgovorni za nastanak proteznog stomatitisa. Kontinuirano gutanje mikroorganizama iz proteznog plaka izlaže pacijente riziku od neočekivane infekcije. ajčešća izolovana vrsta gljive na protezama je C. albicans. Prisutni su opšti i lokalni kontributivni faktori. Lokalni faktori su: lezije oralne sluzokože uzrokovane neadekvatnim protezama, neprekidno nošenje zubne proteze, smanjen protok pljuvačke, loša higijena zubne proteze, vrsta materijala od koga je izrađena proteza, starost proteze, slaba retencija proteze, neizbalansirana okluzija. Opšti faktori su: diabetes mellitus, pušenje, dugotrajna primena antibiotika i kortikosteroida, radio i hemoterapija, faktori ishrane – nedostatak vitamina B12, folata i gvožđa, psihotropni lekovi, hiposalivatori. Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se pouzdano dijagnostikuje i odredi učestalost proteznog stomatitisa gljivične etiologije i ispita antifungalna aktivnost etarskih ulja. Za potrebe ovog istraživanja dizajniran je poseban upitnik, koji sadrži generalije, medicinsku i stomatološku istoriju i podatke dobijene kliničkim pregledom. Klinički pregled se sastojao od inspekcije usne duplje, na osnovu koga se dijagnostikovala inflamacija mekih tkiva, kao i stepen i lokacija inflamacije. Analizom postojećeg stanja totalne zubne proteze u ustima pacijenta utvrđivan je stepen retencije zubne proteze, očuvanost vertikalne dimenzije okluzije i okluzalni odnosi sa antagonistima. Deo istraž, Denture stomatitis is a common disease in patients with dentures. Generally, denture stomatitis is not followed by any symptoms and patients are usually not aware of the disease. Etiology of denture stotmatitis is multifactorial. As a dominant factor is the fungal infection by Candida spp. Complete dentures are susceptible to colonization and biofilm formation of Candida spp. Denture plaque (biofilm) is similar to a dental plaque and it is a reservoir of potential infective microorganisms. Microorganisms in denture plaque, (mostly Candida spp.) are responsible for the emergence of denture stomatitis. A continual swallowing of microorganism from denture plaque exposes patients to a risk of unexpected infection. The most common isolated species of fungus on dentures is C. albicans. There are some general and local contributory factors. The local factors are: trauma of oral mucosa caused by inadequate dentures, continuous dentures wearing, reduced saliva flow, bad dentures hygiene, type of the material dentures are made of, detures’age, poor dentures retention, unbalanced occlusion. The general factors are: diabetes mellitus, smoking, long antibiotics and corticosteroids application and radio or chemotherapy, diet factors, - lack of vitamin B12, foliates and iron, psychotropic medications and hyposalivators. The aim of this research has been to diagnose and designate a frequency of denture stomatitis of fungal etiology and examine antifungal activities of essential oils. For the needs of this research there has been designed a special questionnaire which contains .personal data, medical and stomatological history and data obtained by clinical examination. Clinical examination consisted of inspection of oral cavity on the basis of which a soft tissue inflammation has been diagnosed as well as a degree and location of the inflammation. Analysing the present state of complete dentures in patients’ mouth there has been established a degree of denture retention, preservatio

Background/Aim. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues with consequential is bone loss as a result of host immunological reactions caused by periopathogens. The aim of the study was to investigate if there is a correlation between clinical parameters and the presence of two most aggressive periopathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans - Aa and Porphyromonas gingivalis - Pg) in patients with progressive periodontal lesions. Methods. A total of 34 systemic healthy people, 23 to 70 years old, were included in the study. The patients were clinically and radiologically examined, and after that, the representative pocket with greatest pocket depth was chosen and the sample was collected from that place. The measured clinic parameters were: gingival index, index of gingival bleeding, pocket depth and plaque indices. The multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method was used for detection of periopathogens. After obtaining results, appropriate statistical tests were used to correlate the clinical and microbiological results. Results. Aa and Pg were detected in the same percentage of samples. Aa and Pg were detected in 35.29% samples alone, and in 29.41% both were detected. The values of measured clinical parameters did not show a statistical significance between the groups. In analysis of correlations among clinical parameters inside the groups, a statistical significance was found only between gingival and plaque index in the group with Aa. Conclusion. Clinical course of periodontitis in the developed stage does not differ in relation to the presence of different periopathogens as the major inductors of immunologically guided destructive processes., Uvod/Cilj. Parodontopatija je hronično inflamatorno oboljenje parodontalnih tkiva koje za krajnji ishod ima gubitak potpornog koštanog tkiva zuba usled imunoloških reakcija izazvanih parodontopatogenim bakterijama. Cilj studije bio je korelisanje kliničkih parametara i prisustva dve najagresivnije parodontopatogene bakterije (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans - A.a. i Porphyromonas gingivalis - P.g.) kod bolesnika sa progresivnim parodontalnim lezijama. Metode. U studiju su bila uključena 34 sistemski zdrava ispitanika, starost 23-70 godina. Ispitanici su klinički i radiološki pregledani i uzorak je uziman iz reprezentativnog parodontalnog džepa sa najvećom dubinom sondiranja. Od kliničkih parametara mereni su gingivalni indeks, indeks krvarenja gingive, dubina parodontalnog džepa i indeks plaka. Prisustvo parodontopatogena dokazivano je multipleks metodom PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), a rezultati su korelisani sa kliničkim parametrima primenom odgovarajućih statističkih testova. Rezultati. Ista procentualna zastupljenost oba mikroorganizma dokazana je u uzorcima, naime i A.a. i P.g. bili su prisutni u po 35,39% uzoraka, a u 29,41% dokazana su oba mikroorganizma. Rezultati su korelisani po grupama formiranim u odnosu na prisustvo bakterija. Vrednosti merenih kliničkih parametara nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale u zavisnosti od prisustva parodontopatogena. Međusobne korelacije kliničkih parametara unutar grupe nisu pokazale statističku značajnost, osim korelacije gingivalnog i plak indeksa u grupi sa A.a. Zaključak. Klinički tok uznapredovale faze parodontopatije ne razlikuje se u odnosu na vrstu parodontalnih bakterija kao induktora imunološki posredovanih destruktivnih procesa.

In this paper, we study the application of a plasma needle to induce necrosis in planktonic samples containing a single breed of bacteria. Two different types of bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922), were covered in this study. In all experiments with bacteria, the samples were liquid suspensions of several different concentrations of bacteria prepared according to the McFarland standard. The second system studied in this paper was human peripheral blood mesenchymal stem cells (hPB-MSC). In the case of hPB-MSC, two sets of experiments were performed: when cells were covered with a certain amount of liquid (indirect) and when the cell sample was in direct contact with the plasma. Most importantly, the study is made with the aim to see the effects when the living cells are in a liquid medium, which normally acts as protection against the many agents that may be released by plasmas. It was found that a good effect may be expected for a wide range of initial cell densities and operating conditions causing destruction of several orders of magnitude even under the protection of a liquid. It was established independently that a temperature increase could not affect the cells under the conditions of our experiment, so the effect could those hPB-MSC that were not protected by a liquid, gas flow proved to produce a considerable effect, presumably due to poor adhesion of the cells, but in a liquid the effect was only due to the plasma. Further optimization of the operation may be attempted, opening up the possibility of localized in vivo sterilization.

Uvod/Cilj. Parodontopatija je hronično inflamatorno oboljenje parodontalnih tkiva koje za krajnji ishod ima gubitak potpornog koštanog tkiva zuba usled imunoloških reakcija izazvanih parodontopatogenim bakterijama. Cilj studije bio je korelisanje kliničkih parametara i prisustva dve najagresivnije parodontopatogene bakterije (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans - A.a. i Porphyromonas gingivalis - P.g.) kod bolesnika sa progresivnim parodontalnim lezijama. Metode. U studiju su bila uključena 34 sistemski zdrava ispitanika, starost 23-70 godina. Ispitanici su klinički i radiološki pregledani i uzorak je uziman iz reprezentativnog parodontalnog džepa sa najvećom dubinom sondiranja. Od kliničkih parametara mereni su gingivalni indeks, indeks krvarenja gingive, dubina parodontalnog džepa i indeks plaka. Prisustvo parodontopatogena dokazivano je multipleks metodom PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction), a rezultati su korelisani sa kliničkim parametrima primenom odgovarajućih statističkih testova. Rezultati. Ista procentualna zastupljenost oba mikroorganizma dokazana je u uzorcima, naime i A.a. i P.g. bili su prisutni u po 35,39% uzoraka, a u 29,41% dokazana su oba mikroorganizma. Rezultati su korelisani po grupama formiranim u odnosu na prisustvo bakterija. Vrednosti merenih kliničkih parametara nisu se statistički značajno razlikovale u zavisnosti od prisustva parodontopatogena. Međusobne korelacije kliničkih parametara unutar grupe nisu pokazale statističku značajnost, osim korelacije gingivalnog i plak indeksa u grupi sa A.a. Zaključak. Klinički tok uznapredovale faze parodontopatije ne razlikuje se u odnosu na vrstu parodontalnih bakterija kao induktora imunološki posredovanih destruktivnih procesa., Background/Aim. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease of periodontal tissues with consequential is bone loss as a result of host immunological reactions caused by periopathogens. The aim of the study was to investigate if there is a correlation between clinical parameters and the presence of two most aggressive periopathogens (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans - Aa and Porphyromonas gingivalis - Pg) in patients with progressive periodontal lesions. Methods. A total of 34 systemic healthy people, 23 to 70 years old, were included in the study. The patients were clinically and radiologically examined, and after that, the representative pocket with greatest pocket depth was chosen and the sample was collected from that place. The measured clinic parameters were: gingival index, index of gingival bleeding, pocket depth and plaque indices. The multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method was used for detection of periopathogens. After obtaining results, appropriate statistical tests were used to correlate the clinical and microbiological results. Results. Aa and Pg were detected in the same percentage of samples. Aa and Pg were detected in 35.29% samples alone, and in 29.41% both were detected. The values of measured clinical parameters did not show a statistical significance between the groups. In analysis of correlations among clinical parameters inside the groups, a statistical significance was found only between gingival and plaque index in the group with Aa. Conclusion. Clinical course of periodontitis in the developed stage does not differ in relation to the presence of different periopathogens as the major inductors of immunologically guided destructive processes.

INTRODUCTION Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the supporting tissues of teeth and is a major cause of tooth loss in adults. The onset and progression of periodontal disease is attributed to the presence of elevated levels of a consortium of pathogenic bacteria. Gram negative bacteria, mainly strict anaerobes, play the major role. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to assess the presence of the main types of microorganisms involved in the aetiopathogenesis of periodontal disease: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, Treponema denticola, Tanerella forsythia and Prevotella intermedia in different samples collected from the oral cavity of 90 patients diagnosed with periodontitis. METHOD Bacterial DNA detection was performed in diverse biological materials, namely in dental plaque, gingival tissue and saliva, by means of multiplex PCR, a technique that allows simultaneous identification of two different bacterial genomes. RESULTS In the dental plaque of the periodontitis patients, Treponema denticola dominated. In the gingival tissue, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola were the microbiota most frequently detected, whilst in saliva Treponema denticola and Eikenella corrodens were found with the highest percentage. CONCLUSION The identification of microorganisms by multiplex PCR is specific and sensitive. Rapid and precise assessment of different types of periodontopathogens is extremely important for early detection of the infection and consequently for the prevention and treatment of periodontal disease. In everyday clinical practice, for routine bacterial evaluation in patients with periodontal disease, the dental plaque is the most suitable biological material, because it is the richest in periodontal bacteria., Uvod Epidemiološki podaci iz čitavog sveta ukazuju na veliku rasprostranjenost gingivitisa i parodontopatije, oboljenja potpornog aparata zuba. U etiopatogenezi oboljenja parodoncijuma ključnu ulogu igraju različiti rodovi Gram-negativnih bakterija, ponajviše striktnih anaeroba. Cilj rada Cilj rada je bio da se ispita postojanje genoma glavnih parodontopatogenih mikroorganizama Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Eikenella corrodens, Treponema denticola, Tanerella forsythia i Prevotella intermedia u različitim uzorcima poreklom iz usne duplje pacijenata s klinički dijagnostikovanom parodontopatijom. Metod rada Kao biološki materijal u kojem je dokazivano postojanje DNK mikroorganizama korišćeni su zubni plak, tkivo zapaljene gingive i pljuvačka. Za otkrivanje bakterijskog genoma primenjena je multipleks tehnika reakcije lančanog umnožavanja (engl. polymerase chain reaction PCR), odnosno simultana amplifikacija gena dve različite bakterije. Rezultati S manjom ili većom učestalošću, u svim ispitanim uzorcima utvrđeno je postojanje parodontopatogenih mikroorganizama. U zubnom plaku osoba obolelih od parodontopatije najčešći je bio genom vrste Treponema denticola. U tkivu parodoncijuma otkriveno je u najvećem procentu postojanje genoma vrsta Tannerella forsythia i Treponema denticola, što je odlika hroničnog oblika parodontopatije, a u pljuvački ispitanika dominirale su Treponema denticola i Eikinella corrodens. Najmanje ukupno postojanje bakterija je zapaženo u pljuvački. Zaključak Primenjeni metod PCR ima veliku osetljivost i specifičnost. Brzo i precizno otkrivanje mikroorganizama je veoma važno za pravovremeno dijagnostikovanje infekcije, a samim tim i za prevenciju i lečenje parodontopatija. U svakodnevnoj kliničkoj praksi optimalan biološki materijal za dokazivanje parodontopatogena kod osoba obolelih od parodontopatije je zubni plak, koji se smatra pouzdanim pokazateljem zastupljenosti pojedinih bakterija u obolelom parodoncijumu.

Background The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of herpes simplex virus type 1 and 2 on the oral mucosa, in patients undergoing chemotherapy, by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Methods The research was carried out on 40 patients receiving chemotherapy as treatment for different malignancies. The status of oral mucosa and viral presence were assessed in all patients at the initial examination (prior to chemotherapy), and at the control examination (two weeks after the initiation of the chemotherapeutic cycle). Results The presence of HSV-1 was detected in 28 patients (70%) prior to chemotherapy, of whom 7 (25%) manifested oral complications. The control examination showed the presence of HSV-1 in 35 patients (87.5%), of whom 23 (65.7%) presented oral mucosa changes. HSV-2 has not been detected in any of the patients.

Introduction: The objective of this study was to characterize the lactobacilli from the human oral cavity as a potential source of probiotic strains. Methods: Samples were collected from four different locations within the oral cavity: surface of healthy tooth, oral mucous membrane, surface of tooth decay and deep tooth decay. On the basis of morphological and biochemical properties eight categories were formed and 26 isolates were selected for further characterization. The isolates were determined as Lactobacillus sp. using primers specific for 16S rDNA. Sequencing of 16S rDNA genes and repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reactions were used for determination to species and subspecies levels. Results: Predominant species were Lactobacillus fermentum, Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus salivarius and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei, while Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus cellobiosus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis and Lactobacillus gasseri were also present. The isolates Lactobacillus salivarius BGHO1, Lactobacillus fermentum BGHO36 and BGHO64, Lactobacillus gasseri BGHO89 and Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis BGHO99 exhibited antagonistic action on the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Micrococcus flavus, Salmonella enteritidis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Streptococcus mutans, but not on growth of Candida albicans. Moreover, the isolates L. salivarius BGHO1 and L. gasseri BGHO89 were tolerant to low pH and high concentration of bile salts. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings imply that L. salivarius BGHO1 and L. gasseri BGHO89 might be subjects for additional investigation as potential probiotic strains.

Saliva is a secretion of the salivary and mucous glands and is of major importance in the maintainance of oral health. Over the last few decades, saliva has been evaluated as a diagnostic fluid in medicine for determining systemic disease markers as well as for monitoring numerous drugs, narcotics, and hormones. The biochemical analysis of saliva is particularly important in dentistry. The estimation of the risk of appearance and diagnosis of disease, monitoring of disease progression, evaluation of therapy efficacy for caries, periodontitis, premalignant and malignant oral lesions, as well as infectious diseases of the oral cavity, can be assessed by analyzing different constituent: of saliva, individuals at risk of caries can be identified using test: that determine saliva flow rate, saliva buffer capacity, and colonization of the oral cavity by cariogenic bacteria. Today, these rapid and simple diagnostic tests are used routinely in caries risk determination. The study and use of saliva-based diagnostics have increased over the last few decades. Clinical testing of saliva shows much promise. However, there is a need for much additional research in this area, before the true clinical value of saliva as a diagnostic fluid in dentistry can be determined., Pljuvačka je sekret pljuvačnih i mukoznih žlezda koji je značajan za održavanje oralnog zdravlja. Poslednjih decenija sve više se razmatra mogućnost njene primene kao zamena krvi, odnosno krvnom serumu i plazme, radi dokazivanja pokazatelja sistemskih oboljenja, kao i za nadgledanje primene lekova, droga i hormona. Analiziranje biohemijskog sastava pljuvačke posebno je značajno u stomatologiji za procenu rizika nastanka, praćenja toka bolesti i kontrole rezultata primenjenog lečenja zubnog karijesa, parodontopatije, oralnih karcinoma i infektivnih oboljenja usne duplje. U proceni rizika nastanka karijesa na zubima rutinski se izvode ispitivanja kojima se određuju količina izlučene pljuvačke, njen puferski kapacitet i stepen kolonizacije usne duplje kariogenim vrstama bakterija. Jednostavnost izvođenja ovih ispitivanja omogućava da ih u stomatološkoj ordinaciji primenjuje lekar praktičar, što predstavlja veliku pomoć u proceni rizika za nastanak zubnog karijesa. Zbog bliskog kontakta s oralnim tkivima, pljuvačka sadrži brojne biohemijske pokazatelje patoloških procesa lokalizovanih u ovim tkivima (enzimi, imunoglobulini, ostali proteini, fenotipski pokazatelji). Ispitivanje pomenutih pokazatelja je značajno kao dopuna kliničkom dijagnostikovanju ukoliko ono ne pruža dovoljno informacija.

The aim of the study was to assess the efficacy of the chemo-mechani- cal method for caries removal based on microbiological analyses of dentine samples. Sixty freshly extracted teeth with coronaly caries were analysed. In the experimental group (30 teeth) chemo-mechanical caries removal was performed, and in the control group (30 teeth) rotary instruments were used. Before the caries treatment and at the completion of cavity preparation dentine samples were taken by sterile round ISO 012 bur for microbiological analyses. Results of the study showed significant differences between initial and final dentine samples, while differences between the experimental and control group were not significant. The microbiological analyses in the present study imply that the chemo-mechanical method for caries removal is as efficient as the conventional technique., Cilj rada je bio da se mikrobiološkom analizom uzoraka dentina sa dna preparisanog kaviteta proceni kvalitet i efikasnost hemijsko-mehaničke metode u uklanjanju karijesa. Istraživanje je obavljeno na 60 sveže ekstrahovanih zuba na kojima je dijagnostikovan koronarni karijes. Nakon ekstrakcije, zubi su podeljeni u dve grupe: u eksperimentalnoj grupi (30 zuba) primenjena je hemijsko-mehanička metoda uklanjanja karijesa, dok je u kontrolnoj grupi (30 zuba) karijes uklanjan mašinskim rotirajućim instrumentima. Neposredno pre i nakon terapijske procedure, sterilnim okruglim ISO 012 borerom uzimani su uzorci dentinskog detritusa za mikrobiološku analizu. Dobijeni rezultati ukazuju na značajnu razliku u broju bakterija između početnih i finalnih uzoraka dentina, ali bez značajnih razlika u eksperimentalnoj i kontrolnoj grupi. Rezultati istraživanja ukazuju na efikasnost hemijsko-mehaničke metode u uklanjanju karijesom oštećenih zubnih tkiva.