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Breast cancer is second most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. In order to find the cure, it is necessary to quickly diagnose the disease accurately and treat it based on the kind of symptoms appeared. Breast cancer has several classifications, which may help to determine the best treatment. The most important of these classifications are binary classification, either benign or malignant. If the cancer is in benign stage, less invasive and risk of treatments is used than for malignant stage. The main cause of breast cancer is when a single cell or group of cells escapes from the usual controls, that regulate cellular growth and begins to multiply and spread. This activity may result in a mass, tumor or neoplasm. The present paper implies the edge detection techniques for the cancer cell detection purpose. The present paper deals with observation of breast cancer classification through Image Processing using the various filters which are mainly gradient based Roberts and Sobel. Laplacian based edge detector which is Canny edge detector. The various aspects and the implementation of above mentioned filters has been put across in the present paper. The images and data sample have been taken from the Digital Database for Screening Mammography (DDSM) and American cancer society and an effort has been made for the detection of malignant cells responsible for cancer

The National Institute of Health (NIH) held an innovative, first of its kind, bioengineering symposium in Bethesda, Maryland, USA on February 27 - 28, 1998 at the Natcher Conference Centre. The purpose of this meeting was to chart the future of bioengineering research into the 21st century.Harold E. Varmus, MD, Noble Laureate in Medicine and Director of NIH, welcomed the delegates during the opening session. According to Dr. Varmus, “Bioengineering advances the nation's health by increasing biological knowledge through the use of engineering principles and techniques and contributes methods that have facilitated the development of novel devices and drugs”.

Design of an artificial knee was developed using computer 3-D modeling, the high flexion knee was obtained by using a multi-radii design pattern, The increase of final 20 degrees in flexion was obtained by increasing the condylar radii of curvature. The model of the high flexion knee was developed and one of the models was subjected to finite element modeling and analysis. The compositions of components in the artificial knee were, femoral component and the tibial component were metal, whereas the patellar component and the meniscal insert were made using polyethylene. The metal component used for the analysis in this study was Ti6Al4V and the polyethylene used was UHMWPE. Overall biomaterials chosen were: meniscus (UHMWPE, mass = 0.0183701 kg, volume = 1.97518e-005 m3), tibial component (Ti6Al4V, mass = 0.0584655 kg, volume = 1.32013e-005 m3), femoral component (Ti6Al4V, mass = 0.153122 kg, volume = 3.45742e-005 m3), total artificial assembly (mass = 0.229958 kg, volume = 6.75e-005m3). However, in this design the load had been taken to 10 times the body weight. The weight over single knee is only half the maximum load as the load is shared between the two knee joints. Following were the loading conditions, taking average body weight to be 70Kgs and taking extreme loading conditions of up to 10 times the body weight, i.e. 700Kgs on each of the leg performed the Finite Element Analysis (FEA) over the newly designed knee. The loading was done at an increment of 100 Kgs. The loading conditions and the meshing details for the analysis of the assembly were Jacobian check: 4 points, element size: 0.40735 cm, tolerance: 0.20367 cm, quality: high, number of elements: 80909, number of nodes: 126898. A maximum load of 600 Kgs is optimum for this model. The other components observed linear elastic behavior for the applied loads. Based on these results it was determined that the load bearing capacity of the model were well within the failure levels of the materials used for the analysis. A maximum load of 600 Kgs is optimum for this model. The other components observed linear elastic behavior for the applied loads. Based on these results it was determined that the load bearing capacity of the model were well within the failure levels of the materials used for the analysis. Conclusion drawn from this is that for the first time an innovative new design of an artificial knee joint to suite a segment of some religious population has been developed. This allows them to pray, bend in different positions and squat without too much difficulty.

Intradiscal and intervertebral pressure transducers were developed. They were used to map the pressures in the nucleus and within the annulus of the human spinal segments. Their stressrelaxation were recorded over a period of time for nucleus pressure, applied load, and peripherial strain against time. The results show that for normal discs, pressures in the nucleus are viscoelastic in nature with the applied compressive load. Mechanical strains which develop around the periphery of the vertebral body are also viscoelastic with the applied compressive load. Applied compressive load against time also shows viscoelastic behavior. However, annulus does not respond viscoelastically with the applied load. It showed a linear response to compressive loading.

A set of intervertebral pressure transducer (IVPT) and an intradiscal pressure transducer (IDPT) were developed to measure the pressures in the nucleus pulposus and around the annulus. Human lumbar spinal segments were loaded up to 2.0 kN and following parameters were recorded: applied compressive load as a function of time, intradiscal pressure as a function of time, intervertebral pressure as a function of time for anterior and lateral edges of the vertebra, strain as a function of time for anterior and lateral right and left sites of the vertebra, stress-relaxation of the complete segment as a function of time. All show very similar response to loading and stress-relaxation. However, annulus pressure did not respond to stress-relaxation. This was due to functional aspect of annulus.

Lumbar vertebrae are a heavily loaded component of human body. They are subjected to repetitive loading in daily activities. However, limited information on failure mechanism of lumbar vertebrae are available to date. Thus, the need to develop an analytical model to predict stress-fracture characteristics of vertebral body. A linear elastic fracture mechanics approach has been considered and a mathematical model has been proposed so that the predictions can be made more easily related to the occurrence of injury. Study reveals that for a person weighing 1334 N and lifting a weight of 345 kg during squat exercise causes a vertebral stress-fracture at 12 repetitive standing lifting. While same load at lowest position yields a stress-fracture at less than 3 lifting. Numerical study shows that for change of position from standing to lowest position resultant compressive force acting on spine increases by two times whereas the possibility of stress-fracture increases by five times. Similarly at dead lift exercise, lifting 325 kg from standing to lowest position increases resultant compressive forces on vertebrae by 2.5 times. However, stress-fracture ratio increases by six times. Study reveals that for a person weighing 800 N (height = 1.8 m) and lifting a weight of 900 N, vertebrae can be subjected to stress-fracture by three cyclic lifting. Rate of injury is dependent on flexion angle i.e. as flexion angle increases, so does rate of injury.Copyright © 2011 by ASME

Biomedical Engineering in the Millennium is building the future of biology and medicine. New products, from biotechnology and novel devices for diagnosis and treatment, are marketed through interactions between universities, medical centers, small start-up companies, and large, more established firms. The role of biomedical engineering in the 21st century has already been highlighted by Ranu as far as research, education and space age technologies are concerned. Therefore, educating the modern biomedical engineering students in design processes is extremely important. This paper highlights how biomedical engineering design is taught for the first time to King Saud University students in Saudi Arabia. The conclusion drawn from this is that for the first time an innovative design course has been developed to teach the biomedical engineering students at King Saud University to meet the needs of tomorrow’s biomedical engineers.Copyright © 2011 by ASME

(1993). Product Liability of Medical Devices and Orthopaedic Implants: A Conference Report. Biomaterials, Artificial Cells and Immobilization Biotechnology: Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 47-52.

A 3-D Foot Print Device was developed to measure the plantar foot pressures for normal and diabetic patients with neurotrophic ulcers. The results show that patients with peripheral neuropathy develop very high forefoot pressures as compared to normal segment of the populations. Bubble technology and new memory biomaterials insoles were used to reduce these forefoot pressures combined with providing new custom made shoes.Copyright © 2010 by ASME

An intradiscal pressure transducer (IDPT) and a set of intervertebral pressure transducer (IVPT) were developed to measure the pressures in the nucleus pulposus and around the annulus. Human lumbar spinal segments were loaded up to 2.0 kN and following parameters were recorded: applied compressive load as a function of time, intradiscal pressure as a function of time, intervertebral pressure as a function of time for anterior and lateral edges of the vertebra, strain as a function of time for anterior and lateral right and left sites of the vertebra, stress-relaxation of the complete segment as a function of time. All show very similar response to loading and stress-relaxation. However, annulus pressure did not respond to stress-relaxation. This was due to functional aspect of annulus.Copyright © 2010 by ASME

Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.) Solms) is a noxious aquatic weed. In India,it has infested more than 200,000 ha of water surface. During the course of present investigation it was proposed to make an extensive, planned and systematic survey of fungal pathogens that destroy the water hyacinth from the ponds of M.P. The study was undertaken to evaluate the compatibility of two or more fungi for integrated management of water hyacinth. Results clearly indicate that except Alternaria eichhorniae all the pathogens are compati- ble to each other. In vivo the lesion diameters were greater on water hyacinth leaves when combination of pathogens were used than indi- vidual pathogens. The Alternaria alternata, Curvularia lunata and Fusarium pallidoroseum combination resulted in maximum disease devel- opment followed by A. alternata with C. lunata, A. alternata with F. pallidoroseum and C. lunata with F. pallidoroseum. Thus, it can be con- cluded that better management of the weed can be achieved by using combination of pathogens.

A linear elastic fracture mechanics approach has been considered to understand the impact behavior of ankles and knees due to jumping. By using a crack increment model and a fatigue crack propagation model, simulation of the fracture due to repetitive jumps are evaluated. To aid the numerical calculation, an experimental study on standing jump by two Indian field hockey players on a force plate under standardized conditions were also carried out. The study reveals that 19 jumps are sufficient to cause micro-fracture of bone for a net force of 2879 N. This analysis may further help in understanding of fracture fixation of bone.

Low-back pain can affect almost anyone at any time. In the United States, 8–15 percent [Ranu, 1] of back injuries involve the spinal discs, which act as a cushion between each vertebra. When a human spinal disc slips or herniates, part or all of it bulges out from its usual setting between the vertebrae (Figure 1).

To gain further insight into the biomechanics of the human intervertebral disc and to determine a potential mechanism for causation and relief of symptoms related to a herniated disc, the pressure-volume relation was determined within the nucleus pulposus. Pressure was measured continuously within the nucleus pulposus in 17 intact lumbar discs from human cadavers by means of a miniature strain gauge at the tip of a size 4 French (1.3 mm) catheter inserted into the nucleus pulposus. The volume of the nucleus pulposus was increased at the slow, continuous rate of 0.034 ml/min by the pump regulated infusion of saline coloured with methylene blue. In 12 unloaded discs, nucleus pulposus pressure rose in a linear fashion (linear r = 0.96) from an initial mean pressure of 174 (SD 81) kPa. The mean rate of pressure rise was 327 (SD 109) kPa/ml volume increase. The peak pressure measured was 550 kPa; this was slightly higher than the capability of the transducer. Similar linear relations were obtained during infusion of saline into five vertically loaded discs fixed at the deformation produced by a 9.1 kg weight. The data define the pressure-volume relation within the disc and show that the nucleus pulposus, surrounded by the relatively inelastic annulus and the solid vertebral end plates, has the properties of a tight hydraulic space in which a large pressure rise will regularly result from a small increase in volume. Presumably the opposite is also true. The data may provide a biomechanical basis for the physiological variation in symptoms related to the disc, and for any benefits obtained from interventions designed to remove disc tissue.