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The article focuses on the initiative of scientist Leo Szilard to encourage physicists in America, England, France and Denmark to deter publication of papers related to atomic energy. It is indicated that his paper on the possibility of keeping a chain reaction in a system consisted of graphite and uranium was the first one withheld, as requested by the government. After the war, he was the one of the people who interfered with the publication of the Symth Report, since he felt that it will risk national security.

The article focuses on the reorganization of the U.S. National Security Council (NSC) under the presidency of Dwight David Eisenhower. The author provides an analysis on the performance of NSC under the administration of former president Harry S. Truman and identifies its weakness. Some of which is the informal nature of NSC proceedings during that time and that NSC had been always late in the policy-making process in matters concerning national security. But with the powerful tandem of Robert Cutler and Eisenhower, several significant changes occurred in the NSC. The NSC structure was strengthened and the Council mechanism was implemented for all major foreign and military policy-making.

The article offers information about the proposal intended for national security in the U.S. The proposal is the outgrowth of a series of informal, entirely unofficial meetings between Herman Kahn of Princeton University, James E. King, Jr. of Washington Center of Foreign Policy Research, Evron Kirkpatrick of the American Political Science Association and others. The author stresses the paper is his interpretation and explanation of the discussion, rather than being a formal report approved by all participants.

The article presents a discussion of the importance of world security in response to the threat of nuclear destruction, adapted from a conference paper at the World Brotherhood Conference held in New York City on January 10, 1957.

The article offers news briefs concerning the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in the U.S. AEC Commissioner John von Neumann was given a Medal of Freedom for his exceptionally meritorious service in the furtherance of the nations security. The AEC has appointed a special team of 35 experts to evaluate classified papers in order to hasten the flow of information to the industry. One hundred and twenty-nine tons of heavy water has been sold to six countries for research and power reactors use.

The article discusses the nature of the U.S. security officers and their duties and responsibilities. The author states that some of the U.S. security officers are lawyers who have experience with military intelligence service, with the Federal Bureau of Investigation, or with other law enforcement agencies. He asserts that there are second-rate security officers who use their position for their own advantage. He explains that the security officer is the one responsible for safeguarding the government's military, technical, and other secrets. He stresses that the security officer does not have the power to investigate.

The article reports that the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission has denied security clearance for nuclear physicists J. Robert Oppenheimer. It is reported that Oppenheimer has full access including some vital secrets in the possession of the U.S. However, the Personnel Security Board has denied any clearance to the nuclear physicist on the grounds of the Atomic Act of 1946. Some pertinent papers and records from the board, military intelligence and the Federal Bureau of Investigation presented to the Commission have suggested that Oppenheimer should not be reinstated for the concern of national security.

The article provides information related to international defense and strategy. A written agreement on missile bases was signed by the U.S. and Great Britain in Washington on February 22, 1958. The British government has issued an annual White Paper on Defense on February 13, 1958, which states that Great Britain would use nuclear weapons if any attack occurs in the country. John A. Wheeler, professor of physics, urged the Advanced Projects of the Defense Department to form a national defense research center which would pool the best talent working on the service's missile programs, nuclear weapons, and electronic programs.

The article presents the statement of Secretary of Defense James Forrestal on the potentialities of biological warfare in the U.S. According to Forrestal, the Armed Forces of a democratic nation is responsible to inform the public of their activities related to the national security. With the responsibility in view, the War Department released a report by George W. Merck to the Secretary of War on January 3, 1946. The release informed the public of the combined efforts of American scientists and industry working with the Armed Forces to develop means for defense against possible enemy attacks using biological warfare.

The article reports on policies and programs concerning the national security in the U.S. An independent high-level commission has introduced a resolution calling for a twelve-member bipartisan commission comprised partially of members of Congress to study not only the Federal employee clearance program but also security procedures in defense plants. However, President Dwight D. Eisenhower continued to defend his administration's security program and said he saw no need for a special commission.

The article reports on issues and topics related to the armed forces and defense industry in the U.S. The Defense Department announced a new draft and reserve plan designed to overcome inequalities in the method of recruiting men. The Office of Defense Mobilization plans to have trained skeleton staffs in some secret headquarters outside Washington. A Defense Department directive was issued to procurement officials to avoid concentrating orders in the plants of a few suppliers in order to insure a sound mobilization base by a broad geographical spread.

The article focuses on the civil defense proposals in the U.S. Accordingly, it should prove useful to discuss here the wide range of questions civil defense raises concerning our national strategy and the arms interaction process. Perhaps the most far-reaching consequence of a civil defense program might be to pile a civil defense race upon the arms interaction process and thus open up, as it were a new cold war front in an area in which there has been something approaching tacit agreement. There would be an increased risk inherent in adding this new dimension to the arms race. A substantial civil defense program would be inordinately tension heightening because it would involve large scale community action.

The article criticizes the role of International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in achieving international cooperation in the field of atomic energy. Technical assistance to third world countries has become an increasingly important function of IAEA for its four years of existence. Often, the agency is criticized because of the following factors including the inability to perform its role efficiently, its swelling administration, and its connection with money-wasting Board of Governors. In this regard, the author proposes key operating factors for agency to extend its role, as well as to officially establish an international technical assistance agency.

The article presents a report that explores the significant issues in economic aid in developing countries. It aims to select important policy problems and issues confronting decision makers in economic aid programs and to arrive at suggestions that could assist in reasonable solutions. It reviews some of the important techniques of economic development which have been devised and applied. Development planning leading to a long-term country program with certain targets for growth in various sectors of the economy has proved valuable in stimulating development.

The article presents the perspective of the U.S. on the Western Alliance nuclear deterrent power. The explosion of a nuclear device by Frances had generated debate on the British capability to counter nuclear strike. Regarding the future of nuclear deterrence, the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) has planned to integrate Western deterrent power and disperse the power among members of the coalition. It can be seen that the difference of international perspectives and interests between the U.S. and European counties is an underlying factor which tend to weaken NATO. The author explains the different proposals for the solution of the problem encountered by NATO. He suggests that an allied deterrence would be the perfect solution to the dilemma that now confronts NATO.

The article presents the report of the Committee on Science and Technology of the Democratic Advisory Council about nuclear deterrence policy and national security in the U.S. It looks at the need of the U.S. for weapon development and the need of the Soviet Union for nuclear tests. It discusses how arms control agreement can be achieved effectively through the establishment of nuclear tests inspection system. It addresses the question regarding the kind of test control agreement to be implemented and suggests some changes in the inspection system that was agreed at the Geneva convention in 1958.

The article discusses the integration of national policy alternatives for the national security and for the betterment of international relations. Accordingly, the availability of nuclear weapons with awesome capacities for destruction may not alter the nature of international conflict or its goals, but it certainly must change radically the weights that were usually used in evaluating alternative strategies. Several discussions of policy in a nuclear age has been framed in technological terms and carried on more by physicists and engineers than by social scientists, but nuclear technology merely exaggerates the problem, and it neither explains difficulties nor offers any real solutions.

The article discusses some aspects of averting surprise attacks and disarmament. An anti-surprise-attack scheme aims to reduce or eliminate the advantage of striking first. The special significance of surprise attack lies in the possibility of a vulnerable retaliatory forces. Arrangements to discourage attack have an objective to put the safety of nuclear weapons rather than the safety of people. Once the surprise-attack problem with the vulnerability of retaliatory forces are identified, it is important to evaluate military strength, defensive measures, and proposals for the inspection or limitation of armament.

The article presents a debate concerning disarmament policies in Great Britain. The debaters in the opposition side include Philip Noel-Baker, Arthur Henderson, and Aneurin Bevan while in the affirmative side includes the Foreign Secretary Selwyn Lloyd, Minister of Defense Duncan Sandys, and others. The opposition debate was opened by Noel-Baker with criticism on the works of the Disarmament Subcommittee of the United Nations, added with a statement of his party's position on the main issues. On the other hand, Dulles as a member of the affirmative side, welcomes the development of tactical nuclear weapons and believes a strategy built on them will solve some of the recent problems.

The article discusses the possible consequences on the continuance of inventing nuclear weapons by the superpower nations. Each of this nation's aim focuses on national security. The system of thinking based on security through military dominance has been their core strategy in achieving world peace. However, this mode of analysis is becoming obsolete and is far more positively dangerous in that it will bring about catastrophic damages to the humanity. At a certain point, where tests of thermonuclear weapons in the Pacific and Siberia dramatized this transition. Understandably, accidents and misunderstandings are always a possibility should this misadventure continues, thus, the term stalemate.

The article offers a critical analysis of the security regulations in the U.S., as applied to the Department of State. It has four sections which contain answers to the questions used by the author in this analysis. The first question asks what is to be secured, the second question asks against whom is it to be secured, the third question asks by what means it is being secured, and the last question asks about the cost of security in terms of other objectives to which the nation is equally committed.

The article cites a study on the loyalty and security programs and its effect to employment in the U.S. The author offers estimates of the extent of exposure of major employment groups to employment tests and the intensity of that exposure. He discusses several loyalty and security programs, including the security and the loyalty programs of the federal government, the state and local programs, and the private loyalty programs. He explains the impact of these programs to various field of occupations such as the professions, the managerial group, the civil servants, and the other occupations in various industries.

The article presents the letter of Lloyd K. Garrison address to General Kenneth Nichols and the security findings of General Nichols that was presented to the Atomic Energy Commission. Garrison, the counsel of J. Robert Oppenheimer claims that they do not agree to some of the findings, and some points in the testimony limitations have been mistaken for dishonesty. The letter deals with procedural questions and reconsideration for oral hearing. Nichol reinstates that security clearance of Oppenheimer is inconsistent with the interest of national security and would endanger the common defense.

The article presents the opinions of several commissioners of the Atomic Energy Commission relative to its judgment on the case of J. Robert Oppenheimer in the U.S. Majority of the opinions claim that the Atomic Energy Act of 1946 speaks in terms of character, associations and loyalty, and each of the factors is sufficient for disqualification. They find that defects of character and improper associations, Oppenheimer is a risk to national security, and disavow the relevance of hydrogen bomb controversy. Thus, they do not hold Oppenheimer loyal nor disloyal to the commission.

A list of articles related to national security that were published in several journals is presented including "The Dispersal of Cities as a Defense Measure," by Tracy B. Augur, and "The Price of Power," by Hanson W. Baldwin.

The article discusses the objectives of the Atomic Energy Act in the United States. The law aims to strengthen national security in all ways and assure civilian control of the security program. It seeks to discover and exploit economic and other peaceful values, and to promote contributions to world peace. It is also intended for fitting the enterprise into the American way. The law creates four agencies including the Atomic Energy Commission, the Military Liaison Committee, the General Advisory Committee and the Joint Congressional Committee.

The article presents a reprint of the article "The Effects of the Atomic Bomb on National Security," by Bernard Brodie, which appeared in the October issue of "Foreign Affairs." The effect of the atomic bomb on United States policy been evidenced in the effort to secure the adoption of a system of international control of atomic energy.

The article presents a reprint of the document "The Effects of the Atomic Bomb on National Security (An Expression of War Department Thinking)," which appeared in the April 12, 1947 issue of the "Army Navy Journal." It focuses on the limitations and capabilities of the atomic bomb, the requirements of satisfactory international control and the effect of the bomb on political requirements.

The article discusses the development of political, military, and economic programs to improve the national security in Europe. The said programs are expected to make a significant change in the standards of living and to achieve a significant reduction in strategic and conventional armaments. The proposed measures should be properly balanced in each stage so that at no point could any state or group of states gain an important military and political advantage over the participants. In particular, the figures for arms reductions, reparations, and commercial credits are contributors in the military, political, and economic fields.

The article reports on the Pentagon Office of Civil Defense, which will shoulder the primary civil defense responsibility in the U.S. under the leadership of department head, Steuart L. Pittman. The office will train 1,400 government and private personnel to conduct a survey of existing shelters. It will also issue an updated everyman's guide to civil defense, to be sent to every mailing address in the country. It claims that its $93 million existing shelter survey will turn up shelter for 50 million people by December 1962. The interest of the government has been reflected in public concern, particularly on private shelters. The civil defense hearing before the House Military Applications Subcommittee is discussed.

The author presents an analysis of the unsuccessful strategy of the U.S. on their practice of technological secrecy, consequent clearance and security practices, compartmentalization of science and technology, and restrictive practices employed over science and scientists. It is in this strategy, that the U.S. is slowing down their own technological achievement while giving faster progress to other nations. It has been noted that the dooming of the country's technological supremacy in 1945 has begun. Meanwhile, the intervention of the Congress is essential in addressing the issue as these poses a threat to its national security.

The article focuses on the system of information security in the U.S. The author suggests that for the country to achieve long-range strength in scientific and technical productivity, the flow of information must go two ways, both into and out of government agencies. He notes that classification of information should be well-examined, if it is still inclined to the security measures set by the country or if it needs reorganization in relation to the importance of new ideas and new concepts. The need for maximum utilization of brain power specifically abroad and a system which promotes originality and invention is the key to unveiling a more sound information security. Moreover, progress in science depends on the number and quality of trained minds, and on free flow of information.

The article focuses on the issue concerning the disarmament and nuclear energy control modification in the U.S. It elaborates the two major decision made by the U.S. government, relative to the nuclear disarmament including the stockpiling prohibition of atomic and hydrogen bombs since foolproof control of nuclear disarmament is no longer technically possible, and that the U.S. should not reduce its present level of armaments in either the atomic or the conventional field until satisfactory political settlements can be reached in Europe and the Far East. It is then mentioned that the disarmament issue is an inappropriate issue to be discussed in the United Nation when one of the members has no intention of disarming.

The article focuses on various axioms and the crusade of the disarmament of nuclear weapons in the U.S. It is stated that national security must come before disarmament and that overall control of established and nuclear weapons should be considered. The most crucial axiom is on the modern war between great powers wherein it is speculated to start with a monolithic attack. The Eisenhower Plan of President Dwight D. Eisenhower called for the prevention of nuclear attacks which includes conducting an investigation of air commands of naval task forces.

The article discusses the efforts taken by the Dispersion Committee of the Mohawk Association of Scientists and Engineers concerning civil defense activities in New York. The removal of the targets by urban dispersion has been cited as an alternative defense against enemy aircraft carrying hydrogen bomb. The first action taken by the Committee was to obtain more information. They wrote to the U.S. Department of Commerce for information, but in reply received encouragement to initiate a local dispersion survey. A detailed map of the area with the target zone was prepared by one of the Committee using U.S. Geodetic Survey maps and data from the Industrial Directory of New York.

The article discusses the reasons why Great Britain is affected by the American loyalty-security policy. The author states that the loyalty-security program of the U.S. resulted in action within Great Britain. He uses as an example the use of British police officers to seek evidence to support the indictment of Owen Lattimore. He asserts that the loyalty-security program has limited British access to Americans and to the U.S. He also argues that the loyalty-security program affects the climate of the Atlantic alliance and the quality of American foreign policy.

The article discusses the developments on the security investigation at Fort Monmouth in New Jersey and reviews the facts and significance of the investigation. The author reports that the security investigation of the Army's Signal Corps Engineering Laboratories (SCEL) was exposed to the public in October 1953. He states that this investigation was brought about by the charges of espionage by U.S. Senator Joseph R. McCarthy. He asserts that no evidence of espionage at SCEL was shown during the subcommittee investigation. Moreover, he contemplates on the damage of the investigation to the work of the laboratories and to its employees.

The article focuses on the report of the American Institute of Physics submitted to the Manpower Office of the National Security Resources Board proposing recommendations for mobilization. Henry L. Barton, director of the American Institute of Physics, suggested that appropriate regulations be mandated to expand the scope of Selective Service to include Scientific and Technological Service as well as Military Service. The report also includes a proposal to create a National Board of Scientific and Technological Personnel to insure proper utilization of resources.

The article presents a slightly condensed version of the report submitted by Gideon Seymour as chairman of the Special Committee of the American Society of Newspaper Editors on Atomic Information Problems. The special committee held its first meeting in Washington on January 12, 13 and 14, 1948. The two kinds of national security are differentiated. The committee recommends that daily newspapers recognize the need for better reporting and interpretation of atomic information. The committee believe in the American system as a product of free institutions and that a free press is one institution which has made that system great.

The article presents a speech by Robert M. Hutchins, Chancellor of the University of Chicago, delivered before the Emergency Committee of Atomic Scientists on April 12, 1948 in New York City. He discusses the need to preserve freedom of thought in the midst of onslaughts in the name of national security, freedoms of expression and association, and power of the citizenry to chart their course.

The article comments on the "Effective Use of the Sea" report of the Panel on Oceanography in the U.S. The report focuses on issues concerning the U.S. Federal involvement in ocean science and technology research. According to the author, Federal involvement in the research relates to national security in military sense. An example of which is the U.S. Navy, which is responsible for all defense efforts involving the ocean environment, and thus, requires specialized oceanographic data for specific devices being developed and a better understanding of characteristics of the ocean environment in which it operates.

The article provides information on the test-ban treaty imposed in the countries of Soviet Union, the U.S., France, Great Britain, Germany, China, India, Africa, Brazil and Chile. It has been noted that the test-ban agreement is a victory for the concept of arms control in these countries. The treaty suggests that in an instance where political differences may arise, an overall settlement is vitally needed in nonviolent terms. That is to say, without the use of their nuclear weaponry. Meanwhile, the test treaty confers another meaning, in that it has arisen the evolution of an entirely new system of international relations. Decentralization of international relations has emerged, this time on countries thought to have inferior capabilities in terms of their atomic weapons.

The article offers news briefs related to security. The U.S. Court of Appeals ruled that the State Department must note what part secret information plays in the denial of a passport of physicist Weldon B. Dayton. A year-long study by a House Committee concluded that over a 30 year period an attitude had developed that officials will determine what the people are to be told about their government. The Scientists' Committee on Security, Inc. was formally organized on January 1, 1956.

The article reports on issues and topics concernng the national security in the U.S. The twelve members of the commission created by Congress to investigate the government's security and loyalty program were named on November 10, 1955. The Department of Justice said it would recommend to Congress the abolition of the present requirement that an employee must be suspended before a hearing on security charges. The Army announced two modifications in security procedures, including the examination of Ground Infiltrators entering the service before rather than after induction and the separation of information in intelligence files pertaining to general unsuitability and unrelated to loyalty or subversion during evaluation.

The article reports on issues and topics related to the national security in the U.S. The directors of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, in a formal policy statement, called for radical change in the Eisenhower Administration’s basic concept of security. The Bar Association of New York, under a grant of $100,000 by the Ford Foundation's Fund for the Republic, will make a thorough inquiry into the Federal loyalty and security program. The Supreme Court has agreed to review the dismissal of Dr. John P. Peters, senior Professor of Medicine at Yale University, from government service because of reasonable doubt as to his loyalty.

The article focuses on the activities of the National Security Resources Board (NSRB) Civilian Defense Office. Before June 1951, the office will issue about thirty basic information manuals. A federal civil defense college is planned for the near future for further studies and trainings of the agency's human resources. The agency has also issued the NSRB Document 128/1 to the nation’s governors and mayors discussing the patterns of civil defense activity in typical American cities. In addition, it has created a general committee and five task groups to conduct an air transport mobilization survey.

The article focuses on the summary report of the Atomic Energy Commission to the National Security Resources Board regarding civil defense planning after the atomic explosion in Russia. The explosion should influence the decision on major issues of civilian defense including the matter of dispersal out from congested urban facilities like those of government in Washington, D.C. The National Security Resources has the responsibility for civil defense planning. The effects of the explosion of atomic bomb in a metropolitan area and problems in civil defense differ in quantity and quality. While the bombed cities of England and Germany may be used as lesson in fighting fires, rescue of trapped personnel and large-scale care for wounded and homeless must be prioritized.

The article reports on policies and programs concerning the national security in the U.S. The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) has reviewed the Classification of Nuclear Weapons. In a report prepared by the AEC, a complete review was being made in classifying the weapons field with the aim of the revising the basic policy. There are several factors prompting the review, including the widespread knowledge today of weapons technology, the information exchange with Britain approved by Congress, and the distribution of atomic weapons within the military forces with the consequent increase in the numbers of persons familiar with them.

The article presents a testimony on thermonuclear research given by writer James G. Beckerley before the Joint Committee on Atomic Energy on March 5, 1956 in the U.S. It stresses the importance of federal government's support on basic research and have noted that the monopoly of an entirely new area of basic study by an agency of the government and the effective denial to scientists and engineers of the right to work in such field is not a proper function of the government except during the extreme situation of war or imminent war. Furthermore, it suggests that government's control on basic research should not be extended to much more than a single, isolated area of science.

The article offers news briefs related to the national security developments in the U.S. It has been announced by the State Department on January 12, 1956 that any American who have been denied a passport will be granted a hearing . The information policy of the Civil Service Commission has been revised, as a result of the hearings by a House Government Operations Subcommittee.