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The article presents titles and abstracts of papers published in the January 1920 issue of the journal "Annals of the Association of American Geographers." The 'Southern Indiana,' includes the unglaciated portion of the state, the areas of Pre-wisconsin drift on each side of the unglaciated tract, and the margin of the area of Wisconsin drift border has been largely determined by geologic structure. In the title 'The Geographic Factors in the Distribution of Animals, with particular reference to the distribution of the land Reptiles of the Davis Mountains Region, Texas,' the distribution of the land reptiles of the Davis Mountains Region, Texas, shows that the zonal distribution is less than would be expected on the life-zone theory and that there is evidence that other geographic factors than climate are to be recognized.

Presents abstracts of geography-related papers, as of March 1926. "The Status of Zoogeography in North America," by Chas. C. Adams; "Settlement and Economic Development of the San Juan Region of Colorado," by Wallace W. Atwood; "Culture and Landscape at Madison, Wisconsin," by V.C. Finch.

This article presents the research papers published in this issue of the journal "Rural Sociology." The first paper by James H. Copp represents a stage in the maturation of research on farm practice acceptance. It is one of the first attempts to compare the results of studies conducted in different agricultural regions. Using data from Wilkening's study in Wisconsin and from his own study in Kansas, he developed comparable measures of certain personal, social, and economic variables. Another paper by Copp and colleagues deals with the informational aspect of the acceptance of new farm practices. They attempt essentially to specify the function of information sources in the adoption process. By asking a series of questions about the sources of information at various times, from the awareness of a new practice until its adoption, they find that institutionalized sources tend to perform a function separate from that of noninstitutionalized sources. The study by Charles R. Hoffer and Dale Stangland is a worthy attempt to take into account the farmer's value orientations as they affect his adoption of practices.

The article provides information about the evolution of the "American Journal of Public Health." It is stated that the establishment of the journal has been decided by the American Public Health Association at their meeting in Milwaukee, Wisconsin in 1910. It has been emphasized that the journal is not the first journal in the country that is dedicated to public health because, before its publication, there has been already an existing public health journal tilted "The Sanitarian." Making "The Sanitarian" as the basis for the organization's publication, they have started publishing their proceedings including papers and reports presented at their meetings. Other information regarding the journal's development is discussed.

In this article the author comments on a paper by economic theorist Alex Maurizi, previously published in the journal Industrial and Labor Relations Reviews, where he argues that shortening the length of apprenticeship training may be a far more successful means for achieving an increased participation of non-whites in the construction trades than the current antidiscrimination efforts in the U.S. Maurizi also states that nepotism is widespread in the construction trades, over half of construction tradesmen typically have fathers in some of the skilled trades. Many theorists argue that long training periods discourage employer training of apprentices and discourage continuation of apprenticeship to completion. In the first place, many apprentices complete their programs in less time than formally scheduled. In addition, men who do well in related instruction are fairly often allowed to graduate early. Second, the cost of the last year of apprenticeship to the apprentice may be fairly low. The author argues that shortening the length of apprenticeship will increase the supply of those who enter apprenticeship but reduce the demand for apprentices by employers.

The article discusses Mexican American, Negro, and Anglo improvement in labor force status between 1960 and 1970 in Racine, Wisconsin. This paper is concerned with the level of economic absorption of immigrants (compared to the Anglo population in Racine) as measured by changes in their occupation, income, and employment status between 1960 and 1970-71. The paper utilized U.S. Census data for 1960 and 1970 in order to compare Mexican Americans and Anglos in Texas and Negroes and Whites in Mississippi with their counterparts in Racine. Statistics generated from the Texas, Mississippi, and Racine Census data were in turn compared with statistics based on the authors' survey research data. The latter were taken from a longitudinal study of the processes of economic absorption and cultural integration among samples of predominantly immigrant Mexican Americans and Negroes, whose 1960 and 1971 interview data were compared with that of a control group of Anglos, half of whom were themselves immigrants.

This paper probes the motivation behind the conversion of small property-liability insurance companies from the reciprocal or mutual form of organization to the stock form. Results of a questionnaire sent to persons familiar with reorganization indicate that financial distress resulting from increasing economic pressures has been the basic reason for conversion. Becoming a stock company enables a firm to expand into multi-line business, form a holding company, or be more actively competitive. Results of reorganization have, on the whole, been sufficiently satisfactory to overshadow what respondents termed "minor inconveniences." Because Wisconsin has been a leader in enacting effective statutory reforms regarding conversion during the past decade, four Wisconsin examples are discussed. It is also suggested that it should be the legal responsibility of the State Insurance Commissioner to insist that policyholders receive full financial disclosure and equitable compensation In the reorganization process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper looks into the change in retail and service activities in a sample of Wisconsin villages. A documentation of recent trends in trade activities by village and a review of the patterns of change by individual functions are likewise presented. The findings are intended to update previous research and to provide a more detailed description of trends in individual activities. Retail activities were plotted according to their frequency of occurrence in the sample at each time to depict which activities were increasing or decreasing in importance. Village population was then compared with the functional offering at each time and population change was compared with change in the number of functions.

This paper compares the perceptions of county agricultural committee members with those of county extension agents as to general objectives and specific roles of county extension workers in thirty Wisconsin counties. County committee members tend to view the agents more as "generalists" and as persons performing services for groups and associations in the county than do the agents themselves. The ordering of types of activities on the basis of importance in "getting the job done" by committee members tends to agree more with the ordering by agricultural agents than by home agents or 4-H Club agents. County agricultural committee members tend to define the roles of county extension workers in terms of local needs and interests rather than in terms of sectional, state, or national problems. There is general consensus between agents and committee members with respect to their relationships in program planning but not in administrative matters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present study was to test two hypotheses concerning relationships between farm income and the adoption of farm practices. The first hypothesis is that there is no association between adoption of new farm practices and net farm incomes. The second hypothesis is that farm operators will designate as "best farmers" other operators who are like themselves in net farm income. Viewed in terms of the conceptual framework previously stated, the second hypothesis implies an assumption that the "best farmers" serve as models of behavior in the adoption of farm practices as well as in a general sense, that they rank high in adoption of practices, and that, at least by example, they serve to promote the acceptance of new farm practices. Data on the adoption of 20 extension-recommended farm practices were obtained from a random sample of 200 Rock County, Wisconsin, farm owner-operators. Each respondent was given an adoption score representing that proportion of the practices applicable to his own farm which he was following in 1951, the year preceding the survey.

This paper presents the results of a field investigation concerning the social behavior of rural-neighborhood members. From a study of 713 rural families in Dane County, Wisconsin, the conclusion was reached that families who live in rural neighborhoods engage more often in certain proximal, primary, rural-located interactions than do other families. This finding generally supports current theoretical formulations. A research instrument was devised to determine neighborhood membership, on the basis of behavior, and to aid in trend analyses of interactions characteristic of neighborhood members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The farm transmission or succession practices employed by 636 Wisconsin ‘century farm’ families are analyzed in this paper. Ownership of each farm has been handed down to descendants of the first owner for a period of at least a century—1848 to 1948. These 636 farms have been transferred a total of 1,458 times, or an average of 2.3 transfers per farm. Sons became subsequent owners more often than daughters or collateral descendants. Out of 1,458 transfers, 74.6 per cent were to sons, 3.6 per cent were to sons and daughters jointly, 14.5 per cent were to daughters, and 7.3 per cent were to relatives other than children. Statistical tests of significance revealed that the sibling order of sons who succeeded their fathers was not important in determining which one acquired ownership, except in the case of five-son families. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research in ‘indigenous fertility’ of farm families has been very limited because of the difficulty of obtaining a sample of farm couples who were reared on the farm and who, subsequently, spent their married life on the farm, and the difficulty of securing such a continuing sample of farm families throughout several generations. This paper presents an analysis of indigenous fertility of a sample of 305 farm families and their survivors through ensuing generations, including the present farm owners. Out of a total of 910 Wisconsin century farms, 305 have been handed down to a direct lineal descendant (a son or daughter) in each generation from 1848 to 1948. The size of the farm family has declined each succeeding generation. The data suggest that the decline in fertility began to slow down after 1900 and that the size of farm families is becoming somewhat stabilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes cultural changes which have occurred since pioneer days in a rural, east Wisconsin German ethnic island. The social process is considered in terms of cultural history, geography, mobility, and enmeshment of the area in the dominant American culture. To determine the nature and degree of changes in ethnic values and attitudes, attention is focused on farming methods, family functions, and cultural conflict. The area has succeeded in making easy adjustments to the American situation and has remained a stable society largely for the following reasons: a traditional pattern of a diversified agriculture, coupled with a willingness to experiment and to conserve soil fertility, a climate and soil suited to this type of farming, acceptance of dairying to assure a cash income, a unique local outlet for excess farm produce, familism, settlement in a large compact group, and contact with an urban culture quite similar to its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper is one chapter from a larger study called "Success and Failure of Adult Probationers in Wisconsin." The problem is to compare the behavior of rural-farm probationers, rural-nonfarm probationers, and urban-nonfarm probationers with respect to certain traits in their history. These traits were age of conviction, factors in the family background, factors associated with the circumstances and conditions of the crime and of the trial, crime for which convicted, length of sentence, and period on probation. Rural- farm and urban-nonfarm differ most strikingly in their behavior on probation. The critical ratio of the standard error of difference to the actual difference between their mean violation rates was 6.8. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The statistics of the federal income tax is reaching directly less than one half of one percent of the population. It further appears, from the published statistics, that 1598 persons with incomes exceeding $100,000 paid approximately $11,600,000, or over 40 percent of the aggregate tax collected. In Wisconsin 60,860 persons were assessed in this year, representing about 2.6 percent of the population. Of these, 667 persons having taxable incomes of over $10,000 were assessed for 48 per cent of the total tax. The income tax is still, therefore a rich man's tax. It is drawn predominantly from the rich and in that sense it plainly equalizes the distribution of wealth. Though no similar statistics have been seen relating to inheritance taxes, it is almost certain that the inheritance tax works in the same general way. Both taxes draw far more from the rich than from the poor and plainly operate to equalize wealth in the first instance. The paper addresses the questions of whether the rich should continue to be expected to equalize wealth in the long run, and are their direct effects counterbalanced by indirect and less obvious consequences.

Measures of political involvement, perceptions of political cleavages, and political beliefs are developed from interviews conducted in 1962 with formal leaders and voters in four middle-sized Wisconsin cities. Leaders and voters are divided into those with some college education and those with less than college. The relative effect of holding a leadership position versus having some college education upon political attitudes and behavior is the key problem of the paper. Both leadership and education are found to be independently related to all attitudes and behavior analyzed. Leadership is more important than education with regard to the "quantity" of political involvement; education is more important than leadership with regard to the "quality" or "direction" of political beliefs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is the analysis of the interactional patterns of Wisconsin farm couples with their parents. Step-wise multiple regression analysis provides a technique to solve a sequence of one or more multiple linear models by step-wise application of the least sum-of-squares method. The predictor variables used in this analysis include: distance, husband's age, stage in the family life-cycle, husband's education, wife's education, gross farm income, agricultural training of the husband, productive-man-work-units, and level of living. The results showed that distance is an important factor in the interaction between generations in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the acetylene reduction in relaxation to levels of phosphate and fixed nitrogen in Green Bay. This paper reports data collected during the summer of 1971 in the southern part of Green Bay of Lake Michigan. This study undertook to characterize acetylene reduction and nutrient levels throughout the summer. Water samples were collected. Phytoplankton characteristically increase rapidly in the spring. A high soluble phosphate concentration in the water preceded all major increases in the population of heterocystous, nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae.

The article presents a study of the relationships of formal and informal leaders of the voters in Madison, Wisconsin. The purpose of this paper are to compare some of the characteristics of the informal political leaders with those of the respondents, to measure and compare the influence of formal and informal leaders, and to find what kinds of respondents were more influenced by each type of leader. To obtain needed information about the informal leaders named by the respondents, it was necessary to interview a sample of these leaders. To make the data for formal and informal leaders more comparable, the frequency distributions of the first three issues were put into two multiple contingency tables, one for respondents who voted Democratic, another for respondents who voted Republican, in the 1950 elections in Madison. Opinions of respondents and leaders were quantified by the discriminant function technique. Correlation ratios between the initial opinions of respondents and the opinions they ascribed to their leaders were then of the order .7, positive and statistically significant, for both formal and informal leaders. These results imply a considerable amount of agreement between the respondents and their leaders, whether the latter were the most respected persons among themselves or prominent political figures.

This longitudinal study of the consistency of occupational choices of 321 Wisconsin high-school graduates indicated that there was no over-all significant difference between intensively counseled (experimental) and nonintensively counseled (control) students from the lime they were in their senior year of high school to their ten-year future choices given ten years after high-school graduation. The consistency figures in the professional category were greater for the experimental subjects at each check point, but none of the differences reached the required level of significance. Significant differences were found in the managerial category at the five-year "future" choice given two-and-one-half years after high-school graduation and 10 years after that date. The number of subjects in the managerial category was small, however, and the results must be interpreted with caution. The percentages of persistence between the two groups in the agriculture, skilled, semiskilled, and unskilled categories revealed no significant differences. Generally speaking, the percentages of persistence were largest in the professional and agriculture categories and smallest in the semiskilled and unskilled categories. The reason may he found in the greater investment in time and money required for entry into the former categories. The results generally suggest that many factors are operating when occupational preferences are named and actual choices made. The counselors in this study attempted to provide what school counselors are encouraged to offer students in terms of self-analysis, provision of vocational information, and encouragement to make the most of personal and occupational opportunities. Despite what often appeared to be a good "fit on paper," external and internal influences operating over a period of time seemed to negate the "fit," and changes occurred. And, as one reads the records, one must see that chance operates more frequently than the guidance literature suggests. The longitudinal data presented here suggest that there is no ordered set of influences on vocational preferences, but that the order varies as the individual develops and circumstances change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the author's perspective as a student attendee at the 20th Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs which was held in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. She emphasizes that the most apparent difference between the older and younger participants was the acceptance of the elders to the state of the world. She notes that there is a need for a younger generation on idealism and commitment to change concerning science. She adds that the majority points for the alternative selection for the participants might be based on their expertise, reputation and professional qualifications.

The article focuses on the research projects of the faculty at the Industrial Relations Research Institute in the University of Wisconsin. Glen Cain is conducting a study on the effects of income-maintenance programs on family size and composition. Gerald Nadler is conducting several research projects involving measurement techniques and the application of the Ideal Design of Effective and Logical Systems concept. The history of industrial relations in the Wisconsin pulp and paper industry is the focus of the research by Robert Ozanne.

The article presents the author's reply on a comment by George Strauss, on one of his papers focusing on the period of apprenticeship programs. Strauss argues that the extent of minority participation in construction apprenticeship programs is far more significantly influenced by factors other than the length of the training period. The author says that "Strauss identifies the principal factor left out of my previous analysis as status." According to him Strauss offers no definition of "status," except to say that the low-status trades are the mud trades. Strauss' division of the trades into high, medium, and low status categories indicates that status is positively correlated with educational level, ability, and annual and hourly earnings. Strauss also points out that the author's statement concerning nepotism is misleading in that it does not distinguish, between the sons of carpenters who are carpenters and the sons of carpenters who are electricians or bricklayers. The point is that those who have no relatives in any of these trades will have less chance of becoming an apprentice in any of these trades than those who have a relative in at least one of the trades.