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This paper describes an exploratory field study carried out to ascertain the pattern of assimilation among East Indian immigrants in California. It was found that the Hindustani immigrants, because of their small numbers and their pattern of living in individual isolation, are prevented from forming their own ethnic communities. In this paper, the term Hindustani refers to immigrants from India and includes Hindu, Sikh, and Moslem immigrants. They constitute one of the smallest Oriental groups in the U.S.— 2,405 in 1940— and are the least known of all ethnic groups in this country. Of the total Hindustani population in the U.S. in 1940, 61.4 percent resided in California. Many have lived there for over thirty years. The majority of California Hindustanis are emigrants from rural villages in the Punjab, with a handful from Gujarat, Bengal, Oudh, and Madras. This study focused on four aspects of Hindustani life— residential pattern, occupational interactions, community life, family and home life.

A partial explanation of high divorce rates in certain areas and states of the United States has been offered for many years by the claim of a "frontier atmosphere" in existence that is conducive towards divorce in these locations. This paper seeks to operationalize this concept and subject it to empirical testing by relating intra and in-migration rates of states to divorce rates. A resonably high positive correlation is found to exist between the two types of rates and it is suggested that an explanation of this relationship may be found in the comparatively lower social costs attached to divorce in states having high migration rates as compared to states having low migration rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An analysis of destination choices among metropolitan bound migrants in an already highly urban society is a means toward gauging trends in the urbanization process. The results of this paper indicated that destination choices were strongly influenced by SMSA size, with larger SMSAs and particularly their suburban rings attractive to migrants. This pattern suggested the further growth of the larger SMSAs, to the detriment of those smaller in size. In addition, the varied status of migrants entering the ring pointed toward its increased heterogeneity. Yet, among small SMSAs, the central city received more and higher-status migrants than the ring. Here, destination choice was also linked to similarity to the migrant's past residence. Regional differences emerged, and a closer examination of small and very large SMSAs suggested that destination choices were influenced by previous patterns of urban growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article authors comment on the views of sociologist Christen T. Jonassen on a paper on problem children by the authors. The real difficulty which the authors have encountered in responding to this criticism has been their inability to determine what Jonassen assumed the basic issues to be. His objection to the authors' explanation of the behavior of immigrant groups in terms of adjustive and distributive processes suggests that to him this is the real issue. The alternatives, however, are not clear unless one accepts the notion of the innate superiority of some people over others. It would appear, as suggested both here and in other works, that Jonassen would explain the movement and delinquency of ethnic groups in terms of their Old World culture plus some "personal" or "volitional" elements which he seems to designate as "non-cultural." Jonassen's interest in the effect of Old World culture on rates of delinquents is shared by the authors, but their data are not centered on this problem. The first reason is that most of the boys used in the calculation of rates in this study were born and reared in the U.S., and can be identified with foreign cultures only through their parents.

The article focuses on formal organization and the Americanization process, with special reference to Greeks of Boston, Massachusetts. It presents the thesis that formal organization is an important instrument in the transformation of peasants into citizens of a modern state. An earlier paper dealt with individual and family choices between possible alternatives in the Americanization process. The author states that the modification of personality structure requires less effort if large groups can be handled at the same time. The totalitarian state proceeds by creating authoritarian structures and by compelling membership in them. Conformity to patterns set at the top is enforced upon lower ranks of members. Democracies, too, make use of hierarchical organizations and bring pressure upon individuals to conform to set behavior patterns, but they do not rely exclusively upon such organizations. To make the thesis more specific, the Americanization process has been characterized by a balance between authoritarian structures to which the newly arrived immigrant and his children must adjust and autonomous structures which he creates and can modify to suit his needs and taste.

This paper describes cultural changes which have occurred since pioneer days in a rural, east Wisconsin German ethnic island. The social process is considered in terms of cultural history, geography, mobility, and enmeshment of the area in the dominant American culture. To determine the nature and degree of changes in ethnic values and attitudes, attention is focused on farming methods, family functions, and cultural conflict. The area has succeeded in making easy adjustments to the American situation and has remained a stable society largely for the following reasons: a traditional pattern of a diversified agriculture, coupled with a willingness to experiment and to conserve soil fertility, a climate and soil suited to this type of farming, acceptance of dairying to assure a cash income, a unique local outlet for excess farm produce, familism, settlement in a large compact group, and contact with an urban culture quite similar to its own. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the immigration and population trends in the U.S. during 1900-1940. The primary purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between the population trends mentioned above and the present restrictive immigration control. Another reason for making the present study is that the problem of post-war immigration is receiving the attention of the Congress. From the tenor of the bills already proposed, it would appear that future immigration may be further restricted. Population growth in the country, prior to the restrictive quota acts of 1921 and 1924, had been closely related to European emigration. During this period, 1900-1940, net immigration of aliens contributed approximately 12,000,000 or over 20 per cent of the total population increase of 56,000,000. Between July 1, 1900, and July 1, 1924, the effective date of the current quota act, net immigration amounted to 10,700,000 or 89.1 per cent of the total net immigration figure for the entire forty-year period.

The article presents a paper concerned with the cultural factors involved in the life and death struggle of the Afro-American family to maintain itself as a socio-economic unit in an urban area of economic blight. The anthropological concept of culture has provided the sociologist with valuable insights and opened up a rich field of investigation. Consequently it was decided to use the cultural approach to a deeper understanding of the social problems of the present group. It is the writer's opinion, based on field experience with both immigrant and Afro-American groups, that many of the findings on cultural disorganization of the immigrant apply as well to particular Afro-American groups in the large city, but as yet there has been little systematic application of this knowledge to the problems of these groups. Both the recent or new immigrants and the Afro-Americans migrating from the South, were for the most part rural people forced to adjust to the complex life of the modern city. Both were forced by economic pressure and ethnocentric prejudice to settle in the transitional areas of the city.

This paper examines specific cultural and social features that Samoan and American Indian migrants bring to a West Coast metropolitan area. A survey of motivations for relocation, history, demography, and social and cultural characteristics of the two groups is presented. The interrelationship of these features is considered, as welt as the ways in which they interact with the realities and demands of the receiving environment. The paper suggests that the comparison of similar as well as differing characteristics that immigrant groups bring to their urbanization experience offers an opportunity to examine the ways that specific cultural features contribute to differential adaptation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on the attitude of some American consuls toward Jewish immigrants, with the adoption of the Passport Control Act in the U.S. The act mandates that no one must leave the U.S. without a passport or a permit from the U.S. Department of State, or enter the country without a passport properly visaed by an American consul. Reuben Fink, a Jewish newspaperman, in his article in the 1921 issue of "Nation," accused the consuls of being prejudice against Jewish immigrants and stated that Jewish newspapers have been receiving reports and complaints against despotic acts of the American consuls abroad. Five hundred emigrants were help up in Prague, Czech Republic, in 1920 on account of the American consul's refusal to visa their passports.

The article presents the profiles of the differential statuses of the major ethnic and racial elements of the population of the United States with reference to a convenient norm and in comparison with each other. It also provides, a basis for conjecture about the relative salience of the different statuses for different populations, a special case of consistency analysis. The focus on racial problems has recently diverted attention from the substantial immigrant population in the U.S. In absolute terms the foreign-born population is still quite large. Admission of refugees around World War II and displaced persons under the Act of 1948 undoubtedly changed the characteristics of European migrants. These historical events are reflected in the Russian and German samples, for example, but census data do not permit us to disentangle their influence on the composition of the subsamples. In this paper, the author reports as a whole for African Americans, Mexican Americans, selected foreign born of significant numbers and for the native born of like foreign parentage.

This article focuses on Mexican immigrants in Texas. The Mexican immigrant presents many of the problems which are found among any other immigrant group. But is with the specifically Mexican aspects of this immigration insofar as it is represented in Texas, that this paper is concerned here. The unusually casual character of a good deal of this immigration strikes us at first sight. No other immigration has come to us which shifts back and forth between the U.S. and the home country as much as does the Mexican immigration. It is not at all a serious undertaking for the Mexican to come to the U.S., certainly not nearly as serious as the undertaking of any other immigrant group that has come to the U.S. heretofore. This gives the Mexican population a kaleidoscopic character which strikes one very forcefully when he visits a Mexican community in Texas at an interval of eight months or even less. Texas is the corridor and clearing house for the majority of the Mexican casuals who are disturbed over the country. In matters of health they present a serious problem. Tuberculosis, syphilis and gento-urinary diseases take an exceedingly heavy toll among them. Of course, the terrific overcrowding has something to do with it, also the exceeding sensitiveness to cold of the Mexican and his insufficient and unwise clothing.

The article presents information on the migration of southern African Americans to northern cities after World War I and World War II, which resulted in a redistribution of the African American population. In his book "Negro Intelligence and Selective Migration," Otto Klineberg has written a method in which intelligence and performance tests are given to Negro children living in New York, and then a comparison is done between the groups with different lengths of residence in New York. After comparison, it was found that the earlier migrants were superior to the later ones.

This paper compares two types of estimates of net migration for the United States, one by the forward survival ratio method derived at the Population Studies Center of the University of Pennsylvania ("CRS Estimates") and the other based on the place of residence question in the 1960 Census framed by the U.S. Bureau of Census ("Census Estimates"). Restricting the study to the white male population, and specifically to the two groups aged 20-24 and 25-29 in 1960, the author has attempted to explain the relationship between tile two types of estimate in terms of several factors, namely, the impact of multiple moves, mortality among migrants, changing probability of migration with age, military migration and economic variables such as median income, percent urban and percent unemployed. As anticipated by the author, the net migration for the 20-24 cohort was closely associated with military concentration whereas for the 25-29 cohort the association of net migration with economic factors was stronger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to analyze possible sources of mental strains and conflicts of Japanese immigrants which develop from the character of the Japanese social structure. It is assumed that the Japanese immigrants in America brought with them the traditional culture of rural Japan of half a century ago. It may be concluded that the Japanese immigrants retain Japanese culture to a considerable extent. Consequently they are presumed to undergo the mental strains to a certain extent due to conditions inherent in the structure of the Japanese society, not to mention those resulting from new environments, cultural contact, and difficult relations with their American-educated children. In the Japanese family system collectivity-orientation is represented by the emphasis on kinship tie, strong personal attachment, the family council, and patriarchalism. The basic unit of the Japanese social organization is a kinship group. The emphasis on kinship tie is indicated in the number of generations residing in a single household.

This paper reports the characteristics of the migrant population and compares them with those of non-migrants in six cities—Chicago, Philadelphia, San Francisco, Saint Paul, and New Haven. The data on migrants and non-migrants are based on a sample survey of some 4,000 to 5,000 persons 14 years and older in each of the six cities in January 1951. For the most part these persons were located in about 1,900 households in each city which were enumerated in the 1950 Census of Population and Housing. The six cities for which findings are reported differ considerably in their occupational and industrial structure. Characteristically, Chicago and Philadelphia are referred to as mature metropolitan centers with a relatively stable population and as industrial centers with a diversified economic base where employment in manufacturing is predominant, while employment in wholesale and retail trade, though second in importance, is substantially below that in manufacturing. The rapid growth of urban centers in the United States during the 19th and early 20th centuries was made possible by immigration, a high birth rate, and internal migration.

The article discusses the lack of data regarding Hispanic immigrants in the United States and presents information on sources to correct that. Up-to-date research information regarding Spanish ethnic group is a problem for social science study. Papers published by the American Ethnological Society has helped correct the lack, specially the 1968 "Proceedings" periodical that addresses Spanish speakers in the country. The drawbacks of carrying out ethnological studies without carefully taken and stratified samples are elucidated. Several examples of research regarding the subject are also presented.

The objective of this paper is to assess the current state of our knowledge about the socio-economic and motivational characteristics of Puerto Rican migrants to, and from, the United States mainland. Focusing on these characteristics of the migrants makes it possible to determine the significance of the migration for Puerto Rico, by indicating which population segments the Island is losing, and gaining. It also enables one to see the significance of the move for the migrants themselves. Perhaps a social mobility process is involved, in which the more motivated migrate to the mainland to improve their socio-economic status, and the most successful return to Puerto Rico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A list of papers on various aspects of education published in various periodicals is presented. The papers include "The Need of a National Academy and its value to the growth of art in America," by John W. Alexander published in the periodical "The Craftsman Magazine," "The library and the foreign-born citizen," by Sarka Hrbek published in the periodical "Public Libraries" and "Definite tests for the moral efficiency of state schools," by James L. Hughes published in the periodical "Religious Education."

Information about the April 13, 1927 semi-annual meeting of the American Antiquarian Society is presented. Papers imparted were: "The India Ventures of Fisher Ames, " by Samuel E. Morison; "The Boston Edition of the Baskett Bible," by Charles L. Nichols; and "A General View of the Common Origin of the Middle Colonies," by Hampton L. Carson. The meeting also discussed new members and membership in the society, and sending delegates from the society to the Bi-Centennial of the American Philosophical Society.