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Traces the evolution of paper money in England. Circulation of fiduciary orders; Carolean paper orders; Promissory notes; Bills of exchange; Emergence of assignability; Earliest checks; Printing of money by the Bank of England.

This study of the 1973 Local Government Election in England and Wales shows that the position of a canal/date's name on the ballot paper can have an important effect in terms of the number of votes which he receives. In particular the lower-placed members of each party are quite seriously disadvantaged. Investigation into the relationship between this positional effect and other aspects of the election show that it occurs quite generally. A simple model is formulated which attempts to explain the phenomenon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on various publications of research institutes and educational societies in Durham and Newcastle in England. The publication of educational writing at all levels is regarded by the Durham Institute of Education as an important aspect of its work. Three periodicals are edited by members of the Institute staff. Research Review, an annual publication started in 1950, is the only one that aspires to be a national journal. It is intended to supplement the inadequate number devoted to educational research. From the Education Society of King's College, Newcastle, came the "Education Papers," an annual miscellany of mature reflection on educational topics, statements on method of teaching subjects or age groups by the Institute staff and descriptive articles by local teachers giving a picture of some facet of their work. The standard of most of these contributions is high enough to make them generally relevant although their setting is mainly regional. The Journal of the Institute of Education is a domestic affair. Appearing five times a year, it clearly provides a point of exchange for all concerned with local education. Here Institute staff teachers, examiners, administrators and youth workers exchange views in the vernacular as it were.

This article presents abstracts of papers presented at the Thirteenth Annual Meeting of the British Division of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) held in Leeds, England from April 8-9 1965, including "Observations on the Spread of the Carious Lesion in Enamel with Special Reference to the 'Dark Zone,'" "The Early Carious Lesions in Dentin," and "Immunofluorescent Studies on the Autoimmune Etiology of Pemphigus Vulgaris."

Focuses on the historical significance of the "Sunday Advertiser" in London, England. Entrance of the newspaper into the weekend market of journalism; The role of Elizabeth Johnson in the pioneering of English Sunday papers; The activities of the Friendly Society of Licensed Victuallers in opening a school and funding it with a newspaper; Discussion of content and circulation of the "Sunday Advertiser" in the early 19th century; Management of operating costs and profits; The committee system of management; Sale of the newspaper to William J. Clement.

Focuses on topics of discussions on John Saville's paper 'The Background to the Revival of Socialism in England,' published in the September 1965 issue of the 'Bulletin for the Society of the Study of Labour History.' Evidence in the bookbinders' records of a prosecution in Scotland under the Criminal Law Amendment Act of 1871; Promotion of independent working class political action.

The article offers information about the School of European Studies, considered as one of the first three schools established at the new University of Sussex in Brighton, England. The School of European Studies has been instituted to help the University realize its aim of combining the benefits of specialist and general education for its undergraduates. In this school, all students are tasked to work the papers "The Foundations of Europe," where they will exposit the origins and unity of the European intellectual inheritance, and "The Modern European Mind," which will pertain on the history of Europe during the 20th century. Other than these, they will also do special works in history, economics, politics and sociology, French, German, and Russian.

The article discusses the highlights of the 50th Annual General Meeting of the British Ecological Society held at the Botany Lecture Room at the University of London in England on January 3, 1969. The minutes of the 49th Annual General Meeting were taken as read, approved and signed. The report of the Honorary Secretaries was presented for discussion of the members present.

The article discusses the highlights of the 37th Annual General Meeting of the British Ecological Society held in the University of Oxford in Oxford, England on January 5 to 7, 1956. A soirée was held at the university's Department of Botany at which exhibits illustrating the ecological work in progress at Oxford were shown. A series of coloured slides of New Zealand vegetation were shown by professor Gordon of New Zealand. Some of the topics of the papers read at the meeting, include field populations of Calliphorine flies.

Information about the autumn meeting of the British Ecological Society is presented. The meeting was held at the Department of Botany of the University of Manchester in England from September 28-29, 1951. Papers discussed at the meeting include problems in the ecology of the lejeuneaceae, geographical affinities of the bryophytes and habitat preferences of mosses.

Information about several papers discussed in the 9th and 10th of the Pugwash Conferences in Science and World Affairs which were held in Cambridge on August 25-30, and in London, England on September 3-7, 1962. The conference gathered 60 scientists from 18 countries. The papers presented by Western scientists and the statements emanating from the conferences have shown no evidence of partisan inspiration.

The article focuses on the initiative of scientist Leo Szilard to encourage physicists in America, England, France and Denmark to deter publication of papers related to atomic energy. It is indicated that his paper on the possibility of keeping a chain reaction in a system consisted of graphite and uranium was the first one withheld, as requested by the government. After the war, he was the one of the people who interfered with the publication of the Symth Report, since he felt that it will risk national security.

Investigations were undertaken to discover the effect and importance of technical factors in the Guthrie test and to determine the most satisfactory materials available. These findings were used in setting up the screening service for phenylketonuria for the South West Metropolitan Region.

Highlights the Joint Meeting of the Dowling Club and the Skin Microbiology Club in Middlesex, England. Participants; Sponsors of the meeting; Venue.

Focuses on topics of discussions on J.P.D. Dunbabin's paper 'Labourers and Farmers in the Late Nineteenth Century--Some Changes,' published in the September 1965 issue of the 'Bulletin for the Society of the Study of Labour History.' Associations between railwaymen and agricultural laborers; Political attitudes of laborers; Advantage derived by Liberals from their educative political work among the laborers.

This article focuses on a study designed to determine effects of television on the reading of newspapers and magazines in London, England. According to the author, the methodological problem involved in this and similar studies of the effects of mass communication is that there was no available alternative to an ex post facto "experimental" design in which respondents themselves selected whether they were to be viewers or non-viewers. Moreover, since respondents could not be randomly assigned to the two conditions by the investigator, differences between the two groups on the dependent variable, frequency of newspaper reading, could be attributed either to the effects of television or to initial differences between the two groups. With regard to all these observations, it can be concluded that television may have had the effect of increasing the reading and buying of papers of popular press with their lighter, shorter material and of decreasing the reading and buying of the more serious papers.

This article presents the author's reply to Edwin B. Parker on his observations regarding the study conducted by the author towards the effects of television on magazine and newspaper reading in London, England. According to the author, while the process of matching in terms of the correlates of both dependent and independent variables has been used before, Parker has suggested, under the term "covariance procedure," a more formal and systematic use of the technique, a distinct contribution, practical development of which is more than likely. In addition to this, Parker is quite right in reminding a basic weakness in the use of matching as a means of isolating effects. One can and must build checks into the matching process but in the end some degree of doubt must remain about the efficiency of the matching achieved. If Parker had argued from this position in presenting his covariance method as a means of reducing uncertainty, there would have been no point of difference between him and the author.

Information about several papers discussed at the Easter meeting of the British Ecological Society held in London, England from April 3-4, 1951 is presented. Topics include the ecology of Hydropsychideae, or Tricoptera, the localization of Cladocera in lakes and ponds and the relationship between the natural habitat preferences of a particular animal and the choice of alternative ones' in towns. A topic on nature conservation was also discussed.