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The effects of austenitizing conditions on the kinetics at the start of martensite formation in Fe-31Ni and Fe-31 Ni-0.28C alloys have been studied using electrical-resistance measurements during cooling of the specimens to follow the course of the transformation. The primary object of the study was to decide whether or not a change in austenitizing temperature, in the absence of a change in austenite grain size, has any effect on the Ms temperature or the burst characteristics of athermal martensite. It is concluded that it does not, suggesting that the potential nuclei (embryos) of martensite are mechanically stable crystal defects. Another interesting observation is that when the austenite grain size is small, the Mb temperature increases with increasing grain size and the burst is always small. When the austenite grains are coarse, the Mb temperature is independent of the grain size and the burst is large. It is suggested that this phenomenon is a result of the elastic shear stress concentration being related to the size of the first martensite plate and, in turn, to the size of the austenite grain.

The polarographic behavior of the hexaamminecobalt(III) ion was studied in solutions of polyphosphate with different numbers of chains. The decrease in the diffusion current, id with an increase in the phosphate (Cp)-to-hexaamminecobalt(III) (CCo) mole ratio was found to be proportional to 1/4 the power of the molecular weight, M, of the Co(NH3)63+-polyphosphate. This fact shows the associated ions between Co(NH3)63+ ions and polyphosphate anions are transported to the electrode by diffusion at a rate depending on the square root of the molecular weight of the diffusion depolarizer. From the shift of the half-wave potential in the presence of excess polyphosphate, the chemical compositions of the associated ion-pairs were determined as a function of log Cp/CCo.

The relative standard potentials of alkali metals, silver, and thallium metal/ion couples in N,N′-dimethylforrnamide(DMF), dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO), and propylene carbonate (PC) were measured against an aqueous saturated calomel electrode(SGE). These standard potentials of lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, caesium, thallium, and silver are −3.237, −2.898, −3.116, −3.079, −3.079, −0.643, and +0.372 V vs. SGE respectively in DMSO, and −3.163, −2.830, −3.067, −3.040, −3.048, −0.559, and +0.538 V vs. SGE respectively in DMF, and −2.9064, −2.691, −3.002, −2.980, −2.986, −0.402, and +0.813 V vs. SGE respectively in PC. The thallium electrode was found to be stable enough to be used as a reference electrode in these solvents. For the purpose of examining the Debye-Huckel equation for estimating the activity coefficient, the formal potentials of the thallium electrode were measured at various ionic strengths. The Debye-Huckel equation was confirmed to be applicable in these solvents, provided a proper value w...

The polarographic behavior of alkali metal ions were studied in propylene carbonate (PC), ethylene carbonate (EC), water, N,N′-dimethylformamide(DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide(DMSO). The polarographic half-wave potentials measured in these solvents against an aqueous saturated calomel electrode(SCE) were normalized to the potential of SCE in aqueous system by making corrections of potential required for transfer of rubidium ion from water to these solvents. The free energies of transfer of rubidium ion from water to other solvents were calculated by the application of the modified Born equation. The potential series on the normalized potential scale were given in the order DMSO

The solubility products of thallium halides were measured in dimethyl sulfoxide, N,N′-Dimethylformamide, and propylene carbonate for the purpose of obtaining the values of the medium effect for these electrolytes on transfer from water to these solvents. The medium effects for cations were estimated from the standard potentials of metal/ion couples obtained by the method of the corrected rubidium scale. The medium effects for halide ions were calculated from the medium effects for thallium halides and the thallium ion. A comparison of extrathermodynamic assumptions was made for the values of the medium effect for the silver ion as estimated by various methods ; the method of the corrected rubidium scale was found to give a reasonable result.

Various colormetric methods for determining magnesium in natural waters have been studied, and the methods using 8-oxyquinolin, ammonium molybdate and titan yellow were studied most frequently(1)), following the studies on the interfering ions(2)). Brilliant yellow(3)), l-amino-2-naphthol-6-sulfonic acid(4)) and other new reagents were also used. E. D. T. A. was used, but the determination by using this reagent is not exact. Present reagent already reported by T. Ashizawa(5)), magneson II, is insoluble in water, soluble in alkali and hardly soluble in ethanol. In the existence of magnesium ion, the color of solution varies from pink-violet (in alkali) and orange (in ethanol) to blue-violet. This variation of color was evaluated photometrically by Shimadzu photoelectric spectrophotometer, and moreover the grades of interference by interfering ions were clarified.

湯はぎ鶏皮を原料として,その組成分析,それより製造したゼラチンおよび油の性質,それより製造したクロム革の抗張力などを,家兎皮の場合と比較した.そして鶏皮は,皮革資源とするよりも,ゼラチンおよび食用油の資源とするほうが有用であることを,分析値および試験結果に基ずいて論じた.

Three specimens of medicinal flowers, namely,Humulus lupulus Linn.,Carthamus tinctorius Linn., andCrocus sativus Linn., were calcinated in a low-temperature oxygen plasma excited by a high-frequency electric field under low pressure. The resultant calcination images of the specimens revealed characteristic existences of seemingly calcium oxalate crystals which had not been reported in any literature. The calcination images of flowers have provided the means of identification of different plants and their classification.

In this study the writer has determined the association values of 1016 Japanese two syllable nonsense words. These syllables were divided into four groups, and each group was read to two classes of Ss in reversed order. Ss were 404 high school students. After giving sufficient information on the nature of the association performance, the E reads the syllables at the rate of one syllable per five seconds. Ss were instructed to write down any associated word, while attending to the experimenter's reading. When there was no time to write down any, Ss had to mark a circle on the syllable. When they found the word impressive, though not meaningful, Ss had to mark a triangle. The association values ranged from 82% (o-pe) to 3% (pu-nu), the average was 26.02%. The reliability was tested by caliculating the coefficients of correlation between the results of two classes of Ss, performed on the same list, and between boys and girls in the same class. These values were r=0.49 and r=0.76 respectively.

A consideration of the observed results obtained at Misasa Hot Springs, Japan, has led to the following conclusions: when a factor acts continuously on the hot spring, the frequency distribution of the observed values for each constituent is normal, but the combined effect of several factors may cause the frequency distributions to be non-normal. Then, the extent of the effect caused by a given factor might be determined by the test for non-normality of the frequency distribution of observed values with respect to that factor.

The possible dencity of acetic acids solution of pickle are 3% at fresh meat, and 1% at fish cakes. The fresh meat pickle became softend and soluble gradually, therefore we must prevent the autolytic enzyme action for long storage. High temperature makes it possible, but the meat coagulate. We failed preliminary salting before pickling, and succeeded after all to soak the meat (more than 1 hour) in alkaline solution (the solution as 1% of ammonia solution) at first, and then to pickle in acetic acid solution.

目視滴定によりカルシウムおよびマグネシウムを同時微量定量する方法を試みた.MTBおよびBNPを指示薬として,GEDTAおよびCyDTAを用いる錯滴定を採用し,カルシウムおよびマグネシウムの同時定量に必要な滴定最適条件について検討した.すなわち滴定はアセトン溶媒中で実施し,まずカルシウムを定量するには,被滴定溶液に一定過剰量のGEDTA標準溶液を添加し,pH13においてBNPを指示薬としてカルシウム標準溶液で逆滴定する.引き続き同溶液に陰ぺい剤としてGEDTA1~2滴を加え,液性をpH10~11に調整したのちMTBを指示薬としてCyDTA標準溶液で逆滴定すれば,マグネシウムを定量することができる.フラスコ燃焼の併用により,本法を有機化合物中のカルシウムおよびマグネシウムに応用し,数種の試料について分析したところ,分析誤差の標準偏差としてカルシウムおよびマグネシウムはともに0.2(%)以下を得た.

家庭用VTRを利用して, 収容コマ数2,000コマ, 最大アクセス時間20secの性能を持つランダムアクセス静止画像ファイルを試作した.試作装置は単独で教育・訓練装置として使用可能な新機能をあわせ持っている.本装置は手軽な記録の可能なカラー画像ファイルとして使用できる.

クマリン誘導体および関連化合物の光退色挙動がポリアミドあるいはポリエステルフィルム上において調べられた。そしてこの光退色における濃度依存性が退色特性曲線を用いて検討された。3-フェニル-4-メチルクマリンと2,6-ビスベンゾオキサゾリルナフタレン誘導体の日光堅ろう度はその染着濃度の増加とともに向上する。しかしながら, 4-メチル-7-メトキシクマリン, 4-メチル-7-ジエチルアミノクマリン, 3-フェニルクマリン, 3-フェニル-7-(3'-メチルピラゾリル)クマリンおよびベンゾオキサゾリルエチレン誘導体の場合には, 異常退色 (負勾配をもつ退色特性曲線), つまり染着濃度の増加とともに日光堅ろう度の低下がみられる。これらの知見と溶液状態におけるクマリンおよび関連化合物の光化学反応の結果から, 退色特性曲線が負の勾配をもつ現象と二量化反応の関係について考察した。

The new technique involving the sealed tube combustion and the measurement of nitrogen collected over 50% KOH solution under reduced pressure has been extended to the centimilligram determination of organic nitrogen. The volume of water delivered from a piston buret to replace the volume of nitrogen was corrected by measuring the difference of the two volumes which had been functional to the inside diameter of the combustion tube. The natural capillary rise of the KOH solution in the combustion tube and the volume adhering to the inside wall of the same tube were also precisely estimated to have better approach to the actual volume of nitrogen. A standard deviation of 0.17% was obtained with different types of organic samples ranging from 30–80 μg.

Thermal decarbonylation reactions of some 5(4H)-thiazolones were studied. In the case of 4,4-di(n-alkyl)-substituted 5(4H)-thiazolones, the novel formation of cyclobutene derivatives was found and attributed to the high reactivity of enamine intermediates.

Bleaching treatment of fish jelly products with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) has been widely practiced after heat processing of these products. And, in addition, excessive uses of H2O2 by the industry frequently draws the attention of public health authorities and consequently raises an urgent need for survey of residual amounts of H2O2 in the products to control whether the treatments are adequately performed in the commercial preparations.A modification of H2O2 determination method was firstly proposed in this paper, since a simple iodometry using sodium thiosulfate (Na2S2O3) titration is apt to give some erroneous results in these particular products to which potassium hypobromide (KBrO3) may have been added as a jelly texture improver.Repeated experiments indicated that an use of catalase preparation to the aqueous extract of “Kamaboko” products before iodometric titration was found feasible to eliminate the effect of KBrO3, where the titers of Na3S2O3 represented only the concentration of hypobromide. Therefore, the difference in the titers between nontreated extract and catalasetreated one can be used as the basis of true H2O2 determination.Most samples of “Kamaboko” and “Chikuwa” (baked bamboo-shaped products) purchased from Tokyo Central Fish Wholesale Market showed a small or negligible quantity of H2O2, except the samples manufactured in particular regions which contained considerable amounts of the chemical. “Hanpen” and “Naruto-maki” products examined revealed comparatively higher content of H2O2 and taste panels noted some off-flavour possibly due to the use of H2O2.A sharp decrease of residual H2O2 was observed in the experimentally prepared “Kamaboko” during a storage period of several days after the bleaching treatment. The disappearance rate of H2O2 slackened thereafter for about ten days, when certain amounts of H2O2 still remained in the “Kamaboko”. And, higher residual content was noticed when either high H2O2 concentration or long time dipping in the bleaching solution was employed.It was concluded from these examinations that a large amount of residual H2O2 in commercial fish jelly products should be attributed to the over-use of H2O2 and a reduced cocentration of H2O2 or shortened time of immersion in the bleaching solution was suggested.

電極反応の初期過程を明らかにする目的をもって,ジメチルホルムアミドのような親プロトン性溶媒中における各種化合物の挙動をポ一ラログラフィー,クロノポテンシオメトリー,および定電位電解法によって検討した。また同条件下の電解によって生成するフリーラジカルを電子スピン共鳴吸収法(ESR)によって動的に追跡し,その結果をポーラログラフ法における速度論的な取り扱いと比較することによって電極反応機構をさらに明確にすることができた。またESRの観測に基づいて,ラジカルの電子構造を明らかにするとともに分子軌道法による計算結果と比較した。ラジカルの追跡には吸収スペクトル測定も併用した。また本研究に関連して非水溶媒中における研究の一般的な方法論を確立するために,溶媒や支持電解質の合成や精製法のみならず,ESRや吸収スぺクトル測定用の内部電解セル,外部電解セル,カラム電極など,定性,定量的研究に必要な装置の開発,とくに水溶液飽和甘コウ電極(SCE)を参照電極とするための塩橋などについて詳細な基礎的検討を行なった。また親プロトン性溶媒中におけるポーラログラフィー,ESR観測結果におよぼすプロトン供与体,すなわち,水,フェノール,酢酸,過塩素酸など,またプロトン受容体,たとえばテトラエチルアンモニウム・ヒドロオキシドなどの添加の影響を調べて,電極反応への溶媒効果,とくに水溶液中における電解にいたるまでの連続的な機構を考察した。なお,クロロホルムのような非プロトン性溶媒を含む三元混合溶媒中の電極反応機構の研究も行なったが,本報には加えなかった。

It was previously reported that the turbid protein extracts from fish muscle contained a gel fraction. In order to investigate the relationship between the gel fraction and myofibrillar protein, some properties of the former were examined. The gel fraction was prepared from frozen- or ice-stored muscles of both the flatfish, Kareius bicoloratus, and Alaska pollack, Theragra charcogramma, by extraction using KCl-phosphate buffer (I=0.5, pH 7.2) and cen-trifugal sedimentation at 30, 000-40, 000×g. The absorption curve of the gel fraction was similar to that of actomyosin. The gel fraction did not show streaming birefringence by OKADA's apparatus. On addition of ATP to the gel fraction at low ionic strength, superprecipitation occurred forming a loose slurry-like precipitate. The viscosity of the redispersed solution (I=0.5) of the gel fraction fell sharply on addition of ATP, but the ATP sensitivity values were not very high. The gel fraction had Mg-ATPase activity at low ionic strength (0.03 M KCl). These properties of the gel fraction are similar to that of actomyosin with the exception of streaming birefringence. As a result, the author considers that the gel fraction may contain an aggregated protein which involves myofibrillar protein and that the shape of the aggregate may not be so thread-like.

Making use of extremely high quality factor of Fabry-Perot resonator is proposed to stabilize millimeter-wave avalanche diode oscillator mounted in a waveguide. The usefulness is examined by a simulation experiment which is carried out in X-band. When an adequate coupling between the waveguide and the Fabry-Perot resonator is achieved without serious increase of scattering loss, an avalanche oscillator having an extremely low FM noise character is found to be realized. Discussions are made on applying the simulated results to millimeter­ wave circuits.

The equilibrium relation among D-glucosaccharic acid and its lactones (nemely 1, 4-and 6, 3-monolactones and 1, 4 : 6, 3-dilactone) in aqueous solution was investigated. It was found that the dilactone was detectable only at elevated temperature, and that the amount of the 1, 4-lactone in equilibrium was almost indifferent to temperature.