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The article cites several studies in which the effects of motivation on intelligence quotient (IQ) scores were studied in nursery school children of lower socio-economic backgrounds. All of the children were given the Stanford-Binet four times. Administrations one and two were given at the beginning of the school year and three and four at the end of the school year, seven months later. A comparison of second administration scores indicated that, in the condition of optimum motivation, subjects obtained significantly greater increases in IQ, than in the standard condition. The findings of another study suggests that socio-motivational factors are important determinants of IQ scores.

This article describes how one middle school guidance department organized a guidance team of teachers and counselors and used this team as a vehicle for consulting with all teachers and administrators. During the 1972-73 school year, twelve teachers and two counselors were selected by the principal to work together as a team to improve guidance services in the school. The team consisted of six male teachers and six female teachers and included different ethnic and racial groups. Each teacher on the team was required to work in the guidance department at a specified time during the school day. The time of day and the length of time each teacher worked in guidance ran the gamut from the first period to the last period and ranged from 20 minutes daily to 65 minutes daily. At first many teachers were apprehensive about working in the guidance department, and they needed to use their time each day to observe the counselors at work. Because some teachers needed much support and training in order to branch out on their own as guidance teachers, the counselors spent as much time with them initially as was needed. Each team member was encouraged to become autonomous and to create an individual guidance program.

The article presents information on a study in which psychiatric treatment and social adjustment were checked with a questionnaire. Data for this study were first obtained during the school year of 1960-61 and corresponding data have been collected each subsequent year. Since the procedures for obtaining the nominations of "highly normal" persons and for obtaining the friendship preferences were exactly the same for the two successive years for which data are now complete, some aspects of the findings will be reported together, but not combined. The most general conclusion from the study was that although there is no one conception of normality which can be universally applied, even within a particular culture, there is considerable agreement among several forms of personality assessment bearing on one major conception of normality in this instance a social definition based on judgments of college classmates.

The article focuses on the attempt to help the children understand the activities around them following their kindergarten years in the U.S. The implementation of the history subject is closely related to the social occupations of the children, cooking, gardening, and playhouse-making. Children needs to study the different building materials, look into the lumbering industry and visit a quarry for them to understand the nature of those industries. Furthermore, the children will also need to learn the handling of tools and the necessity for careful measuring and accurate work.

The article outlines the possible subjects to be considered in the learning of children in a kindergarten in the U.S. The center about which work and play of the kindergarten gather is found in the home life and in few activities most closely associated with the home. By implementing the subjects such as history, literature, and gift work in the institution, children learn to appreciate and value education. Furthermore, the arbitrary divisions connect closely the work of the kindergarten with that of the other groups of the school.

The article outlines several curricula of the course study for the fifth grade students in the U.S. The fifth year aims to present the best conditions for the school children to gain social experience, and to use those experience for the good of community. However, the children will be organized to group engaged in social activities and studying some phases of the social occupations of the environment. Furthermore, the activities which will be carried during the year are walking in the park, gardening, cooking, baking, and pottery.

The article outlines several curricula of the course study for the elementary education in the U.S. The school children will take the school garden in the nature-study and they will note the autumnal changes, ways of scattering seeds and animal shelters. They will observe the characteristic shape of common trees in landscape work. In making candy, the children will notice the dissolving sugar and hardening of the thickened liquid. On the other hand, the school children will be taught history to help them understand the activities around them.

The article focuses on the factors and conditions that led the parents in one community to oppose the rescheduling of the conventional school year. A bill was passed requiring the State Education Department to set up demonstration programs and conduct experimentation to ascertain the impact of rescheduling.

The article cites a study which found that biology in rural high schools correlated with farm, home and community. The early fall lessons should encompass a considerable range of plant life and animal life problems, before the frosts destroy the wealth of summer material. This wide range can serve as a medium to introduce pupils to new material, to provide the teacher with a basis for the estimation of previous experiences of the pupils, and more particularly, to make the use of perishable material in the best possible manner, because it might not be available again in living form during the school year. The teacher should make a canvass or a survey of the occupational experiences of his school district before making the course outlines. In the agricultural field, this will need a seasonal list of jobs in fruit growing, poultry raising, dairy farming, gardening, etc. The teacher of agriculture usually faces every day several vital biological problems which might refer to the teacher of biology, who should also have access to the agricultural course outline.

Presents update on education in U.S. central states as of November 1911. Superintendents who attended and rendered their service at the Boys' State Fair school held in Illinois; Advantage of the all-the-year-around classes in public schools to students according to Michigan state superintendent L. L. Wright; Highlights of the Southwestern Ohio Association meeting in Cincinnati.

The article presents an analysis of the performance of group activity programs in education. The specific aims of the group activity programs explained by the deans in their replies to the writer's letter were varying to a considerable degree, but the general objectives of all programs were similar. The deans and sponsors were trying to help young people make suitable adjustments to life during the critical years of adolescence. These group activity programs functioned for an entire school year. They were based upon the fundamental principles of education and each program aimed at actualizing some specific principle or principles. These programs did not have a wide sphere of magnetism or influence, but they served a definite requirement. These were formed for groups of pupils not suited to the regular group activities of the school curriculum, such as social misfits and various types of underprivileged pupils. If the guidance program is to progress further then there should be better ways and means for directing its course. An analysis of the findings showed that most of the activities programs had several desirable outcomes in common namely: cooperation and good will resulted; students learned to assume responsibility; better student and faculty understanding resulted, and students learned to be self-confident.

The article discusses the Science Teacher's Adaptable Curriculum (STAC) program in the public schools both in elementary and secondary schools in Portland, Oregon in the fall of 1962. The STAC program involves Keysort cards, with a printed marginal program and curriculum ideas. In 1962-1963 school year, most of general science teachers and applied science teachers used the STAC program through in-service courses. The program is intended to teachers who wish to stimulate the spirit of inquiry in his students.

The article presents a study of the two problems concerning the interest patterns of industrial institute students on instruments such as the Kuder Preference Record. It examines whether Kuder can differentiate among related or similar occupations or specialties and whether interest patterns of persons preparing for an occupation is the same with those individuals involved in the occupation. The Kuder Preference Record has been administered to 706 students enrolled in 1953-1954 academic year. It suggests that Kuder can be used to differentiate among occupations classified as mechanical or as skilled occupations. Moreover, the study suggest recognizing that differences among patterns may not be adequate to be of practical use in employee selection or counseling.

The author reflects on several issues on school year published in various journals in the U.S. On the previous issue of the American Teacher, published by the American Federation of Teachers, it contains ill-tempered information which stated that business boards of education have seized on the school year as a panacea for all financial and educational ills. However, another issue stated that the most important experiments in keeping schools open through the year, has been tried.

The article reports on a September 1955 conference of the German Association for Public and Private Welfare, in Frankfurt, Germany. Topics of the conference included social security, equal life chances for youth, vocational education, the addition of a ninth mandatory school year, and the well-being of older people.

This article focuses primarily on the fact-finding and appraisal aspects which underlie prevention, diagnosis, and remediation of education in the U.S. The general desirability of using tests at the beginning of the school year was described in order to understand pupils and to be able to provide appropriate educational experiences. A more exact diagnosis of education rests upon a great clarification of important intangible objectives of education by identifying and describing the types of behavior characteristics of each of the objectives.

This article presents a review on several studies related to school marks which applies both to marks given in connection with tests or examinations and to marks given at the end of school term. Studies reported in the previous chapter indicate that teachers vary greatly in their standards of assigning failures. Numerous investigators, Meyer, Dearborn, Gray, Finkelstein, Kelly, Wright and others, have shown that teachers at all levels, elementary school, high school and university, vary greatly in the relative percents of the different marks which they give to their pupils.

This article presents a review on the research regarding fiscal control and textbooks in business management of school. Fiscal independence versus fiscal dependence-Whether the board of education should entirely control the raising and disbursing of moneys for the schools, or whether a portion of this prerogative should be assigned to the mayor, council, budget commission or other agency has been a much discussed question in school administration. Whether there should be unit or multiple control of the schools has been another much debated question in school administration.

Discusses the use of the word semester to replace the word term in denoting a major division of the academic year. History of the words quarter and semester; Factor which led college and university authorities to adopt the word semester; Modification of the meaning of semester in use in the U.S. since the publication of the 1934 'Webster'; Use of the expression semester system and other words which arose from the word semester.

The article discusses the account of curricular activities and responsibility of the colonial and modern teacher in the U.S. It indicates the various tasks and duties the colonial schoolmaster does in a school term. The school master, with meager salary, often supplements himself with other trade or profession. The workload of the modern teacher shows no reduction from the load the colonial schoolmaster experiences. It gives reasons on the acceptance of responsibility in the teaching profession.

The article offers news briefs on school management in the U.S. Seventy percent of high school graduates in West Chester, Pennsylvania use their high school training as a basis for further study. The admission examinations at Princeton University in New Jersey follows the plan inaugurated at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Librarian John Cotton Dana commented on the all-the-year schools in New Jersey.

The article discusses the social problems that affect education in the U.S. One of the challenges confronting education is the protection of public schools from outside demands that call for activities. It presents the list of requests and suggestions for school participation in special activities submitted to the office of Vermont's Commissioner of Education during school year 1921-1922. In a study of the interruption of regular school work, it shows that there are frequent calls from individual on teacher and pupils that covers various activities.

The article offers significant developments related to school affairs in Montana as of December 1919. Fifteen counties in the state have made a financial provision for meeting the expenses of the trustees and clerks of all school districts. State superintendent May Thumper had published facts about schools in the state. A list of the average length of school terms in various counties in the state is presented.

The article focuses on the study concerning the relationship between academic gains and time in school within a contingency program in a correctional setting. The study cited 32 males and 5 females aged 14-18 who participated in the school program within one academic year. The Peabody Individual Achievement Test was administered to each participant. It discovered that the main effect of length of time in school and the interaction between time in school and test scores did not reach a significant mark in any subtests.

The article presents world news briefs related to education. A bill which states issues like a seven month limit of academic year, is being presented for public schools in South Carolina. The New York Association for the Blind has started spelling classes for blind girls who face difficulty in getting employed. A survey of textbooks is being conducted by the Canadian Manufacturers' Association in Ottawa, Ontario.

The article discusses the effectiveness of induction process carried out for newcomers in elementary schools. The orientation process helps a newcomer in gaining a feeling of belongingness to any institution or organization. It includes the induction of new teachers at the opening of the school year, and orientation of individual pupils who may enter at different times throughout the school year because of the change of residence.

The article reports on the guidelines for high school conferences for an entire school year in the U.S. Identify the purpose of a high school faculty meetings. Select the frequency of the faculty meetings and it is best to make the meetings regular. There should be a general consensus on the day and time of the week the meeting should be held. The place and the people who will attend the meeting should also be considered.

The article presents a 1913 study of 48 state school systems in the U.S. conducted by the Russell Sage Foundation. New Mexico has an official school year of 5 months while Rhode Islands has an average school year of nearly 10 months. The average annual wage of public school teachers in 18 states amounts to less than 1$ a day while only 5 states reported more than 2$ per day. The spending per child of school age for operation and instruction ranges from $3 in South Carolina to $324 in Washington.

The article discusses the study on the relearning effect of the use of a contingency program and an individualized programmed instruction for academic achievement in a correlational setting. The study focused on the lack of relationship between academic gains, the number of days in school and a direct test of the relearning interpretation. The 15 youths who attended the school program during 1971-1972 academic year were administered with the Peabody Individual Achievement Test before returning 1972-73 academic year. The study showed that the gains which occur during any academic year are attributable to students merely relearning familiar materials. The study provides strong support for the relearning interpretation.

The article discusses the importance of a flexible system of internal organization for special education in the U.S. Internal organization should be designed to fit the child. The local school system should be structured in a way it can nourish flexibility in student placement practices so that the full resources for special education and rehabilitation can reach maximum benefits. With a flexible system, special education program can provide a wide array of offerings to match the changing requirements of the child throughout the school year.

The article presents the views expressed by Harrie M. Selznick, president of the Council for Exceptional Children (CEC), on the issues related to education. He gives the assurance for the members of the CEC that the school year 1964-1965 will bring the Council new responsibilities and new pupils who are different from the ones with whom the Council has worked with during the recently passed school year. Selznick added that the 64-65 school year should be the time in which the competencies of the CEC members continue to contribute to an increased knowledge about the exceptional children and also to an extension of the influence of CEC's professional organizations.