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This article focuses on the island-wide family planning programme in Taiwan. The present article is the author's third attempt to review the performance of island-wide family planning in Taiwan. At the end of 1963, Taiwan had a population of 119 million on a total land area of 14,000 square miles. The crude birth rate was 35'6 and the crude death rate 60, with a natural rate of increase of 29.6. The goal of the island-wide family planning programme was to reduce the rate of natural increase to 18.7 in ten years, by 1973. The Lippes loop was the major contraceptive method stressed by the official family planning programme, but in 1967, oral contraceptives were also introduced. Condoms were made available through the official programme in 1970, their impact is as yet still limited. Sterilization, particularly female sterilization, has been not uncommonly carried out by medical practitioners, but because of some legal considerations, it does not form part of the official programme. Artificial termination of pregnancy as a means of fertility control is strictly illegal.

The efficiencies of plating of 2 cultures of unicellular blue-green algae, 1 coccoid and 1 rod-shaped, were studied systematically. Reproducible colony growth and accurate viable counts are dependent on the use of a low agar concentration, and on the sterilization of the agar separately from the mineral components of the medium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents several letters to the editor. Information on the legislation for sterilization; Information on lax administration of criminal law; Information on result from the establishment of the officer public defender.

This article focuses on sterilization laws. Upon the passage of these laws, the problem and the attempt at its solution presented certain questions which gave it a legal aspect, and the methods to be employed in carrying out the intent of the laws at once brought the subject into prominence from the viewpoint of the physician and surgeon. And so one has the problem and its proposed solutions, to be viewed from the three standpoints, social, legal and medical. The social view and the medical view, closely allied as they are, have been brought to the attention of the public far more often than the legal view. In the last analysis, however, it is the view that the courts will take that must influence and control the zeal of the social welfare worker, as well as the activity of the surgeon. It is the purpose of this paper to bring more prominently before those who advocate sterilization of defectives and criminals the view that has been taken by one of the appellate courts and to direct attention to what may be reasonably expected from tribunals not yet called upon to decide the questions here involved. In several instances these acts of the state legislatures have been questioned and their constitutionality passed on by the courts.

The article presents information on a law which authorised compulsory human sterilization in Wisconsin. The law appropriated such amount not exceeding two thousand dollars annually as its execution required. The only change made in the law is that in 1931 the amount annually appropriated for its execution was increased to two thousand five hundred dollars. A few of the law incorporated into the Wisconsin Statutes 1931 as Section 46.12 are: Firstly, the state board of control is hereby authorized to appoint, from time to time, one surgeon and one alienist, of recognized ability. Secondly, said board of control shall at such time as it deems advisable submit to such experts and to the superintendent of any of said institutions the names of such inmates of said institution whose mental and physical condition they desire examined, and said experts and the superintendent of said institution shall meet, take evidence and examine into the mental and physical condition of such inmates and report said mental and physical condition to the said state board of control.

The article discusses the Indiana Sterilization law passed in 1931. The law made it possible for a sterilization hearing to be held in the committing court at the time a prospective admission to the feebleminded school was being committed. The average age at which the operation was made on 128 cases was 12 years for either sex. Family and community circumstances change after the child has been admitted and the child can leave the institution before sixteen years of age.

This article deals with the factors that led to the passage of sterilization legislation in Virginia. Public discussion of legislative issues may, for many reasons, fail to deal with the real conflicts underlying the legislation. Political scientists have been able to increase their understanding of the dimensions involved by collecting and correlating special types of data on legislative processes. MacRae found that studies of U.S. legislative decisions revealed four principles dimensions: 1. The conflict between labor and management, often broadened into a more general controversy over the use of governmental powers for general "welfare" purposes or for the underprivileged. 2. The conflict between urban and rural interests. 3. The issue of allocation of power and legitimacy between the two parties. 4. Foreign policy issues. These and other dimensions found for different situations are useful points of reference for analysis of a particular legislative issue, even though that issue may represent temporary and geographically restricted political conditions. The purpose of the present study is to illustrate in a case study the extent to which the concepts debated publicly may fail to represent the critical forces in legislative behavior. Specifically, the factors found to be associated with roll-call behavior on a sterilization bill are compared with public arguments on the bill.

During an outbreak of tinea cruris in a sanatorium caused by E. floccosum and T. rubrum investigations showed (1) The relative contagiousness of the infections. These were usually limited to the groins but eventually spread to other areas, and recovered spontaneously after several weeks. (ii) Pathogens from reservoirs (patients with active lesions and dermatophyte carriers on the feet) seemed to be indirectly transmitted by non-living vehicles (such as clothes, towels, water closets, etc.). (iii) Poor hygiene encouraged transmission. (iv) In the absence of a reliable fungicide for sterilizing reservoirs and disinfecting vehicles, the improvement of hygienic measures is fundamental in the control of this type of outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the effective duration of various agents that are used for dentin sterilization. Agents examined include silver nitrate and phenol, which are in widespread use. The author claims that many dentists do not routinely apply antiseptics to dentin prior to the insertion of filling material. Reasons to doubt the need for cavity sterilization are addressed.

The article discusses the use of guttapercha cones as bacteriostatic agents. Guttapercha cannot be heat sterilized because of its chemical and physical properties, which would require so much heat for sterilization that it would distort the shape of the cone. Experiments used to detail the use of the cones as bacteriostatic agents are examined.

A conference paper is presented on the ability of bacteria to penetrate the dental pulp canal during tooth extraction. Researchers found that varieties of streptococci bacteria are able to enter into the dental pulp through capillary attraction during extraction. Ideal and completely sterilized methods of extraction can reduce the likelihood of contamination, but cannot completely eliminate it.

The article discusses sterilization during oral surgery and describes the development of a technique which decreases the likelihood of infection following oral surgery. Details about the health risks posed by mouth operations are provided. An aseptic technique for sterilizing dental instruments used in oral surgery is presented.

The article provides insights on how the aims of science teaching have become the goals of the nutrition program of Vermont. Food preservation techniques such as sterilization and scalding are discussed. The open-kettle method of canning is recommended for certain pickles, relishes, preserves, jams and jellies. The use of flowing steam is recommended by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for the processing of packed produce. The usefulness of the scientific method in solving food spoilage problems is explained.

In a preliminary study of the ecology of a litter-soil ecosystem, we followed two lines of inquiry: 1) the recolonization of sterilized, fungal-inoculated cores of litter and soil by certain species of microarthropods (assessed by extraction in a modified Tullgren apparatus); 2) the total metabolic activity, or respiration, of the cores, as measured by a field Conway diffusion apparatus. The litter-soil cores were sterilized in two devices, a ‘cold’ 60Co source, and a fuel pond. Relative successes of sterilization are reported. Soil microarthropods recolonized gamma-irradiated, inoculated samples in some cases in patterns varying with different species of fungi. Respiration of cores after irradiation was at first lower than, and subsequently higher than, that of unirradiated control cores for a month afterward. The methods and results of this shortterm investigation are offered as tools of possible use in more detailed studies of the litter-soil ecosystem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The population growth rates implied by parental attempts to be highly certain of having a surviving son for old-age support are investigated. At life expectancies of 40 to 65 years, family-planning "strategies" using contraception are found to imply markedly lower growth rates (1.0- 1.5 percent vs. 2.5 percent) than are both commonly observed and also previously derived by Heer and Smith. In contrast to strategies relying only on sterilization, contraceptive spacing of births permits parents to buy time and information. In particular, they can postpone deciding whether to have another child until they see if their infant son will sur- vive the earliest years of childhood. These results suggest that many less developed countries might achieve a substantial reduction in birth rates, provided that family-planning programs emphasized contraception as well as sterilization and effectively communicated the idea of spacing births. Factors bearing on the range of applicability of the old-age-security hypothesis, and any results and policies derived from it, are also briefly analyzed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Segments of the same aortic cusp were processed in different ways and compared from a histological and histochemical point of view with a non-processed segment. Changes produced by certain methods of processing bear a resemblance to the changes noted in the normal ageing process of the aortic valves. These changes are commented upon; but further experimental work is necessary to determine which method of processing aortic homografts gives the best long-term results. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Mitral valve replacement using pig aortic valve heterografts has been performed in 27 dogs, siting the grafts in the `atrial position'. Buffered acid formaldehyde sterilization offered the advantages that it is simple and, by de-naturing the proteins of the graft, may minimize `rejection' phenomena. It may offer some self-sterilizing property to the graft within the host post-operatively. The question whether heterograft valves will ultimately calcify remains unanswered. The aortic valve has been shown to function satisfactorily in place of the mitral valve for up to four months, producing normal haemodynamic studies. The `atrial position' of the graft has the advantage that the left ventricular cavity becomes totally available for its pumping activities. The fate of these animals depended upon developing mitral incompetence around the grafts and thrombus, leading to mitral stenosis, rather than to rejection phenomena. The operation described requires accuracy in orientating the graft. Mounting heterografts (with almost the whole of the aortic wall cut away) in a Dacron-covered metal frame pre-operatively provided a valve in a range of sizes which can be inserted in the same manner as any prosthesis in current use. Methods of sterilization and storage and the ultimate fate of heterografts require further study. Failure such as calcification will probably not develop suddenly. Such a valve could be replaced if necessary. The continued investigation and clinical use of heterografts appears to be justified when viewed against the uncertain outcome of the other methods of valve replacement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The technique of preparing prosthetic aortic heterologous valves for clinical use is outlined in detail, and the surgical implantation of these grafts into the mitral, aortic, and tricuspid areas is described. Between February and December 1967, 42 such grafts have been inserted into 41 patients with good results up to 10 months since the operation. No systemic emboli have occurred although anticoagulants have not been used for more than four to six weeks postoperatively. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Beta-propiolactone sterilized, freeze-dried aortic valve homografts offer a dead framework which is accepted by the host and is capable of immediate and full function. The survival time of such grafts as fully functional units may be limited by physical and chemical alterations produced in the tissues by sterilization and freeze-drying. The organizing reaction of the host in covering the grafts or using them as a scaffolding may also be affected by these processes. It is possible that better long-term results may be achieved by using fresh grafts. There is no difference in host cellular response to fresh and sterilized and/or freeze-dried grafts. There is a possibility that heterogeneous reactions to polypeptides in the graft may occur in some individuals. Organization and covering of the graft by host tissue occurs from host tissues contiguous to the graft. Cells circulating in the bloodstream play no part in this by seeding on the surface. Thrombosis, in the absence of infection, is a rare complication. (Anticoagulants were not used in these patients.) Calcification occurs as only a late complication in persisting `dead' tissue. Unsuspected, and often extensive, myocardial ischaemia occurs frequently under bypass conditions with coronary artery perfusion and substantially contributes to immediate post-operative mortality and morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper provides evidence that the prevalence of female sterilization in Puerto Rica has increased substantially in recent years. It is estimated that about one-third of all Puerto Rican mothers aged 20 to 49 in 1965 were sterilized. This estimate is based on data from an island-wide survey in 1965 (Master Sample Survey of Health and Welfare). Additional data from this and other sources are analysed, leading to the conclusion that sterilization, rather than any other means of fertility control, was largely responsible for the decline in Puerto Rican fertility since 1950. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses some reflections on the attitude of married couples towards family planning in Ahmedabad, India. There are three main reasons for indifference towards the family planning clinics. Firstly, the persons who were childless or sonless did not want to restrict the size of their families. Secondly, many persons did not like to stop procreation artificially either on religious grounds or on psychic basis and finally, the public opinion has not developed sufficiently and therefore, many persons were rather shy to talk about family planning and take the aid of such clinics. Many persons were not ready to practice family planning because they did not have any son irrespective of the number of daughters they might be having. Even persons having one or two sons were not ready to practice family planning through sterilization. The reluctance of such persons to get themselves sterilized is mainly on account of the fact that sterilization is yet not a revertable process and people do not feel confident that their son or sons would survive. Absence of the knowledge of family planning and ignorance about the use of means of birth control are other' causes for not believing in family planning.

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The article throws light on sterilization and social control in Virginia. It also focuses on the Virginia legislature passed in 1924 permitting the sterilization of mental defectives under careful safeguard. The law singled out inmates in institutions supported by the state, who are afflicted with an hereditary form of insanity or imbecility. Sterilization therefore must be applied only for the purpose of safe-guarding the physical and mental characters of the race. As a corollary, it follows that sterilization should be limited in its application to those physical and mental defects which may reasonably be supposed to result from defective germ-plasm. Furthermore, social defect should not be confused with mental defect. It is further assumed in this article that in practice sterilization will be applied only to the proper type of case, we must still consider whether it is a sufficient measure of social control in itself. Thus, sterilization therefore instead of reducing the extent of the problem of institutionalization, only makes it the mote necessary to work out a proper program of the relation of the institution to the defective both within and without its walls.

The article focuses on the development of materials science in the medical, dental, and pharmaceutical fields. It states that materials used in the medical fields include plastics, ceramics, and metals, and need to have no adverse effect on tissue and likewise not be adversely effected by tissue, meet requisite mechanical properties and maintenance of those properties, sterilizability, and fabricability. It comments on the need for training in biomedical engineering.

The article reports on the effectiveness of five sterilization methods for whole saliva and the effect of sterilization and storage on salivary proteins such as amylase, catalase, and peroxidase. Freezing temperatures for storage and a sterilization treatment by ultraviolet irradiation or ethylene-oxide retard salivary denaturation.

The article discusses time-temperature relations of dental instruments heated in root-canal instrument sterilizers. A study was conducted where thermocouples were arc-welded to the dental instruments being tested before the instruments were heated with fine glass beads, table salt, and refill metal alloy. Glass beads at 424° F were found to work with root-canal instruments.

The article presents research investigating the presence of bacteria in healthy gingival sulcus of humans compared with that of domestic and wild mammals. Researchers seek to corroborate past research findings which suggest that bacterial examination will indicate if dental calculus has been completely removed from the periodontal pocket. Results reveal that healthy gingival suleus is not sterile and the sterilization of the teeth and gingivae with iodo-glycerol solution sterilizes the sulcus also.

This article describes a study concerning the effects of two soil types on the diffusion of soil sterilants. Differences in soil type and structure were analyzed (1)mechanically, (2) by moisture characteristic and (3) by measuring the rate that nitrogen diffused when artificially introduced into the soil. The sandy clay loam contained more sand than the loam soil, less silt and organic matter; and at pF 17 it had more empty pore space through which gas diffused more rapidly.

The article provides information on experiments that were done focusing on the sterilization of dental cartridge syringes via boiling water. The water was boiled for at least 10 minutes. After sterilization the needles and syringes were placed aseptically within the cover of a sterile towel, where they were allowed to dry.

The article discusses flaming as a means of sterilization in dental practice. Sterilization in dental practice is a usually effected by raising the temperature of the article to be sterilized to a point at which, after a given period of exposures bacteria, viruses and fungi can not survive. The commonest appliances used to achieve the required time and temperature cycle are the autoclave, the dry heat sterilizer, the boiling water sterilizer and the glass bead sterilizer, The first three require between five and thirty minutes for complete sterilization but the glass bead sterilizer, although it will sterilize effectively in ten seconds, may be used solely for small objects such as endodontic instruments, burs and cotton pledgets.

Focuses on the advantage of the carbon dioxide bulb sterilizer used in sterilizing small endodontic instruments in Great Britain. Capability to maintain a higher temperature; Comfortability of the device; Dependability in achieving desired temperature levels.

The article discusses the impact of the improperly supervised routine laboratory collection of bloods. It has the high risk of the occurrence of serum hepatitis. One of the measures to prevent this danger is to sterilize all the instruments, needles, lancets or equipment coming in contact with the patients.

The article discusses the use of antibiotics in operative dental procedures and endodontics. The continued usage of non-antibiotic medicaments for the sterilization of infected dentin in operative procedures and endodontics as of 1956 is noted, mentioning the need for a report on the use of antibiotics. An in vitro study on the effectiveness of several antibiotics is presented.