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We applied supercooled storage (− 5 °C) for 12 d on fresh-cut cabbages with a mesophilic aerobic bacteria load of 5.8 ± 0.1 log10 CFU/g which was packaged in oriented polypropylene (OPP) film. Electrical impedance analysis, microscopic observation, and quality evaluations such as microbial count, color, and L-ascorbic acid content were made during storage. The results of simultaneous storage tests of fresh-cut cabbages at 0 and 5 °C were compared for quality evaluations. Electrical impedance analysis and microscopic observation indicated that fresh-cut cabbage samples could be kept in the supercooled state for 12d. During the storage period, the mesophilic aerobic bacteria counts decreased by 1.0 log10 CFU/g from the initial counts in supercooled samples, whereas they increased by 0.26 and 1.39 log10 CFU/g in samples stored at 0 and 5 °C, respectively. Supercooled storage effectively suppressed the browning of the cut cross sections of cabbage compared with storage at 0 and 5 °C. The changes in L-ascorbic acid content of the supercooled samples were less than those stored at 5 °C. Our findings suggest that supercooled storage has the potential to extend shelf-life, thereby reducing the loss of fresh-cut vegetables through spoilage caused by high microbial loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cabbage is a widely consumed vegetable in the human diet because of its low cost, broad availability and high nutritional value. The rising use of pesticides in food production creates a need to assess vegetable toxicity, which primarily results from residues in food products and environmental exposure. The study aims to offer exploration of vegetable toxicity in cabbage with the help of reliable QSTR and q-RASTR models. All the developed models were robust and predictive enough (Q2LOO = 0.7491–0.8164, Q2F1 = 0.5243–0.6253, Q2F2 = 0.513–0.617, MAEext = 0.495–0.690). Furthermore, the reliability and predictability of models were assessed and confirmed by applicability domain and prediction reliability indicator analysis. Additionally, different machine learning models were developed to making effective predictions and multiple linear regression (MLR) comparison. Consensus approach was advocated data gap filling for USEPA ECOTOX database compounds. The most and least toxic compounds from both MLR model predictions were prioritized and analyzed. Mechanistic interpretation highlighted the structural features or fragments responsible for the agrochemical toxicity and a safe approach for designing green chemicals minimizing the toxicity. This first reported study can be useful for toxicity profiling, data gap filling and designing safer and green agrochemical for minimizing vegetable toxicity, healthy human life and environmental safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context Increased adherence to a traditional Chinese diet (TCD) could reduce the increasing prevalence of noncommunicable diseases. Currently, there is no consistent definition of the TCD in the literature, and its associations with health outcomes have not yet been identified. Objective This systematic review aimed to assess the definition of the TCD, in the literature, and to evaluate whether the TCD, as described, is associated with health outcomes. Data sources Fourteen databases were searched up to April 25, 2022. Data extraction Three reviewers (in pairs) independently screened and extracted data. A modified risk-of-bias tool was used to assess the quality of the studies assessing the TCD definition; the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale and the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool were used to assess the quality of the observational studies and randomized controlled trials assessing associations between the TCD and health outcomes. Data analysis Ninety-nine studies were identified that assessed the TCD definition. In at least 75% of the studies, rice and leafy vegetables were consistently reported as food groups that characterize the TCD; the most frequently cited food items were white rice, spinach, bokchoy, and cabbage. Fish and seafood, pork, and pork products were consistently reported in studies exclusively referring to the TCD consumed in southern China (n = 21 studies), whereas wheat and wheat products were commonly reported in studies focusing on northern China (n = 14 studies). Fifteen studies reported on the quantities of food groups that are characteristic of the TCD, but their findings were inconsistent. Of the 99 studies, 54 assessed associations with health outcomes. The TCD was overall inversely associated with obesity risk and weight gain, while relationships between the TCD and other health outcomes were inconsistent. Conclusion Further studies are needed to determine the quantities of foods consumed in the TCD and to establish a consistent definition for further exploration of the TCD's potential role in preventing non-communicable diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS) and dominant genic male sterility (DGMS) both result in the inability to produce or release functional pollen, making them pivotal systems in the hybridization breeding programs of Brassica crops such as cabbage (B. oleracea var. capitata). However, the underling molecular mechanisms are still largely unexplored. This study integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses of cabbage DGMS line, Ogura CMS line, and the maintainer line to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying these sterility types. The joint analysis predominantly identified significantly enriched pathways, including carbohydrate metabolism, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylpropanoid pathways between the MS lines and the maintainer. Especially, the CMS line exhibited a broader range of metabolic perturbations, with a total of 3556 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 439 differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) detected, particularly in the vitamin B6 metabolism pathway, which showed significant alterations. Given the differences in the inactivation period of microspores in CMS and DGMS lines, we found that DEGs unique to DGMS and maintainer line, such as BoGRPs and BoLTPs, primarily regulate fertility development before the unicellular stage. The DEGs shared between CMS_vs_maintainer and DGMS_vs_maintainer mainly govern microspore development after release from the tetrad, such as BoHXK1 and BoIDH. Additionally, the DEGs unique to CMS_vs_maintainer may contribute to other damage in floral organs beyond male fertility, potentially leading to severe bud abortion, such as BoPNPO. These findings provide a comprehensive framework for understanding the molecular mechanisms of male sterility and offer valuable insights into future breeding strategies in cruciferous vegetables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to investigate the application of red cabbage extract in biodegradable composite-based edible film and evaluate its physicochemical characteristics and ability to be used in steamed chicken packaging. Design/methodology/approach: Cassava starch, gelatin and glycerol were used as basic materials for edible film. Red cabbage extract was infused, and eggshell powder was also incorporated. The smart edible film formulation consists of six treatments which are C (control: cassava starch + gelatin + glycerol), CE (control + 0.1% eggshell powder), CRA (control + red cabbage A ratio), CERA (control + 0.1% eggshell powder + red cabbage A ratio), CERB (control + 0.1% eggshell powder + red cabbage B ratio) and CERC (control + 0.1% eggshell powder + red cabbage C ratio). Findings: The different ratios of red cabbage extract in the formulation of the edible film affected its physicochemical properties (p < 0.05). The range of anthocyanin content were 0.39–11.53 mg cy-3-glu-eq/100 g and phenolic content were 19.87–369.68 mg GAE/100 g. Meanwhile, the antioxidant activity was 12.35%–51.09%. The tensile strength in all treatments was lower than control and adding red cabbage extract decreased the tensile strength. On the other hand, the elongation increased. The water vapor transmission rate was ranged from 158.09 to 191.19 g/m2/24 h. Morphological changes can be observed from scanning electron microscopy and optical data. Furthermore, using steamed chicken as a model, the edible film can show a response through the changes in edible film color, as confirmed by the pH value, total plate count and sensory quality of the stored steamed chicken. Originality/value: There is no report available on the infusion of red cabbage extract on the bio composite edible film materials. The result shows a promising packaging material that can be used as an alternative to plastic packaging. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this work is to explore the addition of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) waste interspersed with cattle dung into a continuous anaerobic digester that normally uses cattle dung as a substrate. In this work, a 200-L continuous anaerobic digester was operated to conduct the research. The digester was filled fully with a mixture of cattle dung and water (50%:50%). The digester was then operated by continuously adding a 5-L mixture of cattle dung and water (50%:50%) every day for 1 month. Subsequently, the digester was operated for 1 month with an additional 5-L mixture of cabbage waste and water (50%:50%) for odd-numbered days and a mixture of cattle dung and water (50%:50%) for even-numbered days. The methane composition was higher (in the range of 41–78%) with only the cattle dung in the system. With the addition of cabbage waste, the methane composition became lower (in the range of 20–60%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anaerobically digested digestate is mostly used as organic fertilizer, but there is still a potential risk of heavy metal pollution. Biochar and bio-organic fertilizer through passivation can effectively reduce the mobility of heavy metal ions in soil, with the strong adsorption capacity of heavy metals, and are widely used in soil remediation. In this study, digestate as raw material supplemented with biochar was applied to simulated heavy metal-contaminated soil, and its effects on heavy metal content and the transformation of forms in soil and crop systems were systematically investigated. The application of biochar-based organic fertilizer to simulated heavy metal-contaminated soils resulted in large differences in the morphological distribution of heavy metals, which was reflected in a significant decrease in the content of heavy metals in the weakly acid-extractable state and an increase in the content of heavy metals in the residue state, and promoted the transformation of soil heavy metals from the weakly acid-extractable state to the residue state. There were differences in the accumulation of heavy metals in the above ground and below ground parts of cabbage, and Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were mainly accumulated in the below ground parts of the plants. The present study offers an effective methodology for the remediation of soil and plant contamination by a range of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb), from the weak acid extraction stage to the residue stage. This approach is of particular significance for the advancement of sustainable agriculture and environmental remediation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Shipin Kexue/ Food Science is the property of Food Science Editorial Department and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of China Plastics / Zhongguo Suliao is the property of Journal Office of CHINA PLASTICS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

AbstractSeed drying is a common step during the processing of seeds. This paper presents a systematic study on the effect of drying on cabbage seed quality for which amongst others a new dryer system and a new quality indicator were developed. The new dryer system allows drying of seeds under highly controlled air conditions and automatically monitors mass and temperature change of seeds. Germination quality (GQ) and speed were determined via germination tests after drying and storage. Little or no effect of drying temperature on overall GQ (minimum 90%) was detected up to 55 °C. High-quality (i.e. 95% germination) was mostly reached with drying below 40 °C. For 70 °C, GQ decreased drastically. Relative humidity (RH) and time did not significantly influence GQ. To achieve high GQ after drying as well as after storage, the most optimal protocols were around 40 °C and 30% RH or 25 °C and 5% RH, with the latter protocol drying faster. In addition, the ethanol index (EI) was proposed as a faster and less laborious indicator for GQ by adapting a known ethanol method measuring ethanol headspace of cabbage seeds incubated with an ethanol solution. It correlated well with GQ (R2 = 0.93), thus being a promising quality indicator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To replace the traditional manual cabbage harvesting method commonly practiced by Indian farmers, a self-propelled walk-behind electric cabbage harvester was developed at the Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, IIT Kharagpur. The key concept was to cut the cabbage head from its stem and push the cut cabbage head to a storage unit with the help of a real-time vision-based precise cabbage pushing mechanism. Two counter-rotating disk cutters were used as cutting tools. The performance of the developed harvester was evaluated in a field (20 × 12 m) with three Indian cabbage varieties i.e., Pusa Mukta, Pusa Drumhead and September Early. The developed harvester had a working width of 0.6 m and when operated at a forward speed of 0.25 m/s, the actual field capacity and field efficiency were found to be 0.029 ha/h and 54.86%, respectively. The maximum value of cutting efficiency was found to be 80% for Pusa Mukta variety. The maximum instantaneous power consumption for cutting, pushing, conveying and propelling was found to be 948.53 W. Economic analysis of the developed harvester was carried out and it was found that operational cost was 26.85% lower than traditional harvesting method. The break-even point of the developed cabbage harvester was calculated as 6.43 ha/year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leafy vegetables may contain heavy metals that possess negative impacts on human health. However, no structured monitoring has been available so far in terms of the heavy metal content of vegetables sold in markets across the country. Thus, the present study aimed to investigate heavy metals concentration [aluminium (Al), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe) and lead (Pb)] in selected leafy vegetables (Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata L., Brassica juncea Czern., Spinacia oleracea L., and Brassica rapa var. chinensis) from Selangor wholesale wet markets using inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometry. Potential health risks linked to their consumption were assessed by estimating daily intake of toxic metals (EDI) and calculating both cancer and non-cancer risks, including hazard index and target hazard quotient (THQ). Results showed that the average concentrations of Al and Fe in vegetable samples were within the permissible limits, with the greatest amount of Al found in spinach (41.37 mg/kg). The mean levels of Fe in cabbage, mustard, spinach, and pak choi were 6.30 ± 5.78, 4.12 ± 1.84, 13.59 ± 4.73, and 4.14 ± 0.31 mg/kg, respectively. However, Cd, Cr, Cu, and Pb were undetected in all samples. THQ values derived from the EDI of heavy metals were discovered to be less than one, suggesting a low likelihood of adverse health effects. In conclusion, although leafy vegetables present negligible health risks, consumers should vary their vegetable intake to prevent long-term health effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to reuse discarded coir substrates and optimize irrigation as a low-cost solution for addressing waterlogging in paddy-converted farmland. We employed a 2 × 4 factorial design, with two cultivation methods consisting of paddy soil (PS) and coir substrates (CS), and four irrigation levels (IL) set as 140% crop evapotranspiration (ETc140), 100% ETc (ETc100), 60% ETc (ETc60), and non-irrigated control (ETc0). We evaluated the growth and physiological characteristics of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. Capitata), including the outer leaf growth, yield components, water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, proline content, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and glucosinolates (GLs) content. The results indicated that the interaction between the CS and IL significantly improved cabbage growth, photosynthetic activity, and stress resistance compared with PS. Notably, when CS was combined with ETc100 and ETc60 irrigation levels, cabbage exhibited optimal growth parameters, and CS-ETc60 achieved the highest WUE. This study indicated that using discarded coir substrates combined with appropriate irrigation levels offers an effective and low-cost solution for mitigating waterlogging problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black rot of Brassica vegetables is primarily attributed to the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc). Given its global significance, there is a pressing need for rapid, efficient and specific methods to identify specific Xcc races instead of using differential cultivars, which is time-consuming and labor-intensive. Molecular markers have been developed to specifically detect Xcc races 1–7 and 9, but not for other races. In this study, we developed a molecular marker for Xcc race 8 by sequencing race 8 and aligning the sequence with available genomic sequences of Xcc from the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) database. The PCR primer set that we designed was validated using a PCR with genomic DNA for Xcc races, Xc pathovars, Xanthomonas species, and other bacteria to differentiate race 8, yielding an amplicon of 352 bp for race 8 and 1405 bp for races 1–7 and 9 and two other Xc pathovars, but none for the other samples. Cloning and sequencing of specific DNA fragments from race 8 provided additional proof of the marker's specificity. The race-8-specific primer set provides a quick, simple inexpensive and highly reliable tool to identify Xcc race 8 and differentiate it from other Xcc races. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives Cabbage aphid, Brevicoryne brassicae L. is one of the important pests of brassicaceous plants worldwide, causing considerable damage to them. It not only damages host plants by directly sucking the tissue sap and excreting honeydew, but also transmits some plant pathogenic viruses and further weakens the host crops. In one hand, due to the adverse effects of irregular chemical pesticide use on vegetables such as cabbage, and indecisive effects of biocontrol agents in pest control, exploring alternative methods for cabbage aphid management such as botanical pesticide application sounds appropriate and necessary. Therefore, in the present study, acute toxicity of the botanical insecticide, BotanAphid was studied against cabbage aphid on white and red cabbages by determining their corresponding LC50 values. Moreover, their sublethal (corresponding LC25 values) effect was assessed on the fertility life table parameters of the pest in both white and red cabbages. Materials and Methods After preliminary bioassays based on recommended concentration (2 % for cotton aphid) in both plant cultivars, five concentrations were estimated by logarithmic intervals in white (0.45, 0.81, 1.48, 2.69 and 4.9 percent) and red (0.5, 0.89, 1.58, 2.82 and 5.01 percent) cabbages. Control aphids were treated with distilled water containing 0.05% citowett as surfactant. Thirty newly emerged adult aphids were randomly selected for each treatment. Ten insects were placed on each leaf disc and treated uniformly by a hand sprayer. After drying, insects were placed within Petri dish with ventilation. The number of dead insects were counted after 24 h. Bioassay data were analyzed by probit analysis using SAS 24.0. To study the sublethal effects of BotanAphid on fertility life table parameters of B. brassicae, the calculated LC25 values (0.675 and 0.765 percents respectively for white and red cabbage cultivars) of BotanAphid were used. For each treatment and control, 50 adult aphids were treated similar to bioassays. All treated insects were removed after 24 h and the number of 50 newly emerged first instar nymphs from treated adults were randomly selected and kept individually. The number of dead insects and produced nymphs were recorded daily and removed from experimental units. Life table data were analyzed using Twosex-MsChart program and the means and standard errors of parameters were calculated by bootstrap method using 100000 replicates. Results According to the bioassays, the mean lethal concentrations (LC50 values) of this pesticide on cabbage aphid were 1.552 and 1.704 percents respectively in white and red cabbages. In life table study with LC25 values of aphicide, the lowest fertility and reproduction period of B. brassicae were remarkably decreased on BotanAphid treatment in both white and red cabbages compared to corresponding control (insecticide-free) units. Furthermore, pre-adult duration was prolonged and survival of treated aphids was decreased considerably when compared to control. In addition, insecticide treatment caused intrinsic rate of increase (r), as the most important population growth parameter, of the cabbage aphids to be lowered significantly compared to corresponding control insects. Also, BotanAphid sublethal concentration resulted in considerable decrease in other life table parameters when compared to appropriate control insects in both cabbage cultivars. Reproduction values and life expectancies were the highest in control aphids and the lowest in LC25-treated insects. Discussion Our results revealed that B. brassicae suffered considerable mortality from BotanAphid, as a botanical insecticide in nearly recommended concentrations (2 %). Comparison of LC50 confidence intervals (95%) showed that susceptibility of the pest was not statistically different in treated aphids on white and red cultivars. This showed that the plant cultivar did not impose significant impact on aphid mortality. Given that the chemical content of sap and nutritional quality of two cultivars are varying in different cultivars, these did not affect adult aphids’ mortality encountering BotanAphid. Using LC25 value in each cultivar for analyzing life table parameters demonstrated the its negative influence on all parameters compared to control insects in both cultivars. Besides these results, due to botanical nature of BotanAphid and its low risk for non-target organisms especially human, this pesticide application is recommendable on fresh-consuming vegetables such as different cabbage cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Field evaluation data from Kharif season of 2022-23 revealed that Beauveria bassiana UHSB EPI-1 at a concentration of 5.0 grams per litre demonstrated the highest efficacy in controlling aphids. This isolate achieved significantly higher aphid mortality rates during the first, second, and third sprays compared to other fungal isolates highlighting its effectiveness. The performance of this treatment was statistically comparable to the standard check, cyantraniliprole, indicating its potential as a viable alternative for aphid management. These findings establish the superiority of B. bassiana UHSB EPI-1 over other tested fungal isolates, offering a sustainable and effective solution for pest control in cabbage crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The survey was undertaken in seven districts of Karnataka for the collection of soil and insect samples to isolate the entomopathogenic fungi. A total of 16 cadavers were collected from the fields during the survey across different districts of Karnataka. Among them, 15 cadavers were covered with mycelia of pale green colour, whereas, one cadaver was covered with white mycelia. Among all the isolates collected, one isolate was collected from soil sample. Three isolates which caused maximum mortality of Spodoptera litura Fab. during the bioassay studies were selected and coded as UHSB EPI-1 for BGK isolate, UHSB EPI-2 for CKB isolate and UHSB EPI-3 for BNG isolate. Further, the isolate UHSB EPI-1 was confirmed as Beauveria bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin and the isolate UHSB EPI-2 was morphologically identified as Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresenius) de Vries and confirmed as C. tenuissimum. Similarly, the isolate UHSB EPI-3, which was morphologically identified as Cladosporium sp. aff. C. sperospurmum was confirmed as C. cladosporioides in the molecular analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Wildlife & Biodiversity (JWB) is the property of Arak University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Brassica oleracea is a complex species incorporating a great variety of vegetable types, including cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, kale, and others. Southern Italy, and especially the Puglia region, is rich in B. oleracea landraces. In this study, genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) was applied to a germplasm panel of 82 samples, mostly landraces and some commercial varieties, belonging to various morphotypes of B. oleracea. Population structure (K = 2), principal component (PCA), and phylogenetic analyses resulted in a general subdivision of our samples into two large lineages: the types used for their leaves (LHL) and those consumed for their flower heads (AIL). Going deeper inside, the different morphotypes were mostly grouped into specific clusters, and a clear separation of particular landraces, such as the Mugnoli and Cima nera broccoli, was observed in the structure analysis (K = 7), as well as in the PCA and in the Neighbor-Joining tree. The calculation of the pairwise fixation index (FST, threshold > 0.50) between LHL and AIL types (based on population structure analysis at K = 2) provided 456 outlier single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Among the corresponding orthologs annotated in Arabidopsis, we identified several genes involved in flower/inflorescence development, cellular proliferation, etc. Overall, our investigation provides useful information on the knowledge of early domesticated landraces of B. oleracea and allows for the attribution of unknown material to the appropriate taxonomical ranking. The analysis of outlier SNPs has highlighted signatures of molecular divergence between LHL and AIL lineages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the differences in conventional quality and volatile components of different varieties of cabbage, the appearance quality, physical and chemical quality and volatile components of 8 varieties of cabbage were detected by physiological and biochemical methods and gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (GCIMS), and their quality was comprehensively evaluated. The results showed that 'Nissen' had the largest leaf head weight. The vertical diameter and respiratory intensity of 'Tanchun' were higher than those of other varieties. The highest transverse diameter and vitamin C content were 'Wanfeng'; the contents of total soluble solids, titratable acidity and soluble sugar in 'Chenggong 65' were the highest. A total of 99 volatile substances were identified in 8 varieties of cabbage, among which aldehydes, alcohols and heterocyclic substances were the main components of the characteristic aroma of cabbage. The key volatile substances of cabbage mainly included anethole, 2-isobutyl-3-methyl pyrazine, 5-methyl-2-furanmethanol, linalool, 3-methylbutyl acetate, benzene acetaldehyde, 2-decenal and so on. The comprehensive evaluation model was constructed, and the highest comprehensive score was 'Zhonggan 107', which could be considered as an excellent variety for new variety breeding and directional breeding. Above results provided a direction for the subsequent development and utilization of 8 varieties of cabbage, and provided a theoretical basis for the quality evaluation, directional breeding and production and processing of cabbage in the mountainous area of southern Ningxia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Northwest A & F University - Natural Science Edition is the property of Editorial Department of Journal of Northwest A&F University (Natural Science Edition) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The manual method of harvesting cabbages creates a lot of biomechanical problems among farmers. The existing commercial cabbage harvesters reliant on conventional fuel create a lot of emissions and being bigger in size are not suitable for small landholdings. To address this, a three-wheeled walk-behind type electric cabbage harvester with a precise cabbage pushing mechanism was developed. It comprised a cutting unit, pushing unit, conveying unit, propelling unit, storage bin, and handle. Based on the results obtained from laboratory tests, the cutting speed, forward speed, and cutting position of cabbage stem from cabbage head weres chosen as 590 rpm, 0.25 m/s, and 0.1 cm. For pushing cabbages precisely, a YOLOv8 (You Only Look Once-version 8) custom cabbage detection model (mean average precision of 0.938) was developed and deployed in Nvidia Jetson Nano that could detect the cabbages and actuated a pusher via Arduino Uno microcontroller and motor driver to push the cut cabbages to the conveyor belt. In the power supply unit of the harvester, 48 V 12 Ah, 12 V 7 Ah, and 24 V 18 Ah batteries were used for powering the motors for cutting, pushing, and propelling and conveying, respectively. The harvester was tested in a polyhouse (12×4 m) for three Indian cabbage varieties. The maximum instantaneous power consumption was measured as 948.53 W. During polyhouse testing, the harvester achieved cutting efficiency between 67.5 and 77.5% and harvesting loss between 7.5 and 17.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excessive use of chemical fertilizers and extensive farming can degrade soil properties so that leading to decline in crop yields. Combining plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) with biochar (BC) may be an alternative way to mitigate this situation. However, the proportion of PGPR and BC at which crop yield can be improved, as well as the improvement effect extent on different eco-geographic region and crops, remain unclear. This research used cabbage [ Brassica pekinensis (Lour.) Rupr.] as the target crop and established as treatment conventional fertilization as a control and a 50% reduction in nitrogen fertilizer at the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau of China, adding BC or PGPR to evaluate the effects of different treatments on cabbage yield and the soil physicochemical properties. Specifically, high-throughput sequencing probed beneficial soil microbial communities and investigated the impact of BC and PGPR on cabbage yield and soil properties. The results revealed that the soil alkaline hydrolyzable nitrogen (AH-N), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) contents were higher in the BC application than in control. The BC application or mixed with PGPR significantly increased the soil organic matter (OM) content (P<0.05), with a maximum of 42.59 g/kg. Further, applying BC or PGPR significantly increased the abundance of beneficial soil microorganisms in the whole growth period of cabbage (P<0.05), such as Streptomyces , Lysobacter , and Bacillus. Meanwhile, the co-application of BC and PGPR increased the abundance of Pseudomonas , and also significantly enhanced the Shannon index and Simpson index of bacterial community (P<0.05). Combined or not with PGPR, the BC application significantly enhanced cabbage yield (P<0.05), with the highest yield reached 1.41 fold of the control. Our research indicated that BC is an suitable and promising carrier of PGPR for soil improvement, combining BC and PGPR can effectively ameliorate the diversity of bacterial community even in acid red soil rhizosphere, and the most direct reflection is to improve soil fertility and cabbage yield. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The document "Influence of Irrigation and Water Use on the Agronomic Traits of Crops" explores the impact of irrigation on crop yield and efficiency in arid regions. It discusses how crops adapt to varying soil moisture levels and the importance of understanding the relationship between agronomic traits and water use efficiency. The document includes research on integrating irrigation strategies with nutrient management, benefits of deficit irrigation, water-saving strategies in arid regions, and insights on saline and seasonally changing environments. Overall, the research findings provide valuable strategies for enhancing agricultural productivity in the face of water scarcity, global population growth, and climate change. [Extracted from the article]

Anaerobically digested digestate is mostly used as organic fertilizer, but there is still a potential risk of heavy metal pollution. Biochar and bio-organic fertilizer through passivation can effectively reduce the mobility of heavy metal ions in soil, with the strong adsorption capacity of heavy metals, and are widely used in soil remediation. In this study, digestate as raw material supplemented with biochar was applied to simulated heavy metal-contaminated soil, and its effects on heavy metal content and the transformation of forms in soil and crop systems were systematically investigated. The application of biochar-based organic fertilizer to simulated heavy metal-contaminated soils resulted in large differences in the morphological distribution of heavy metals, which was reflected in a significant decrease in the content of heavy metals in the weakly acid-extractable state and an increase in the content of heavy metals in the residue state, and promoted the transformation of soil heavy metals from the weakly acid-extractable state to the residue state. There were differences in the accumulation of heavy metals in the above ground and below ground parts of cabbage, and Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb were mainly accumulated in the below ground parts of the plants. The present study offers an effective methodology for the remediation of soil and plant contamination by a range of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb), from the weak acid extraction stage to the residue stage. This approach is of particular significance for the advancement of sustainable agriculture and environmental remediation.

The purpose of this work is to explore the addition of cabbage (Brassica oleracea) waste interspersed with cattle dung into a continuous anaerobic digester that normally uses cattle dung as a substrate. In this work, a 200-L continuous anaerobic digester was operated to conduct the research. The digester was filled fully with a mixture of cattle dung and water (50%:50%). The digester was then operated by continuously adding a 5-L mixture of cattle dung and water (50%:50%) every day for 1 month. Subsequently, the digester was operated for 1 month with an additional 5-L mixture of cabbage waste and water (50%:50%) for odd-numbered days and a mixture of cattle dung and water (50%:50%) for even-numbered days. The methane composition was higher (in the range of 41–78%) with only the cattle dung in the system. With the addition of cabbage waste, the methane composition became lower (in the range of 20–60%).

The article discusses the impact of extreme weather events on Indian port activities, highlighting disruptions caused by factors like relative humidity and precipitation. It also delves into the conflicts between humans and lions in Saurashtra, India, due to the increasing lion population. Additionally, the document explores the potential of nutrient-rich brassicas, such as mustard and cabbage, to address India's health crisis by providing vital nutrients. [Extracted from the article]

Brassica vegetables contain glucosinolates and S -methyl- l -cysteine sulfoxide, which can be enzymatically hydrolyzed to form bioactive compounds. Glucosinolate hydrolysis can result in formation of health-promoting isothiocyanates, however, often less desirable nitriles and epithionitriles are formed due to presence of specifier proteins. Also, S -methyl- l -cysteine sulfoxide yields beneficial volatile organosulfur compounds (VOSC), such as S -methyl methanethiosulfinate. To optimize the nutritional value of Brassica oleracea vegetables, the outcome of these hydrolysis pathways was monitored over the harvest seasons of different cultivars in three consecutive years. Strong seasonal shifts in glucosinolate hydrolysis were observed only in red cabbages. They formed up to 40-fold more isothiocyanates in summer than in autumn, when nitriles and epithionitriles increased due to the induction of epithiospecifier proteins. Further, higher VOSC levels were found in autumn red cabbage. By elucidating the impact of abiotic growth factors on the regulation of the hydrolyses, the health value of Brassica vegetables can be improved. • Growth season affected glucosinolate hydrolysis in Brassica oleracea. • Formation of health-promoting isothiocyanates is enhanced in summer red cabbage. • Increased epithiospecifier protein abundance is linked to reduced isothiocyanates. • S -Methyl-L-cysteine sulfoxide hydrolysis is affected by growth season. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inappropriate use of fertilizers in cabbage (Brassica oleracea L.) production is widespread worldwide; however, there are few easily implementable methods of fertilizer application rates suitable for smallholders. We established a nutrient expert system for cabbage (NEc) using data collected in China's cabbage-growing regions from 2000 to 2023. The NEc addressed issues related to nutrient-application imbalances and excessive fertilization by optimizing N, P 2 O 5 , and K 2 O usage based on yield responses, agronomic efficiency, and nutrient uptake. Additionally, field experiments were conducted to assess the utility of NEc in terms of yields, economic benefits, and nutrient-recovery efficiency compared to farmers' practices (FP). The resulting database revealed a significant quadratic relationship (P < 0.05) between the yield response and agronomic efficiency. Quantitative evaluation of the fertility of tropical soils model, used to simulate optimal nutrient demands, reveals that the simulated nutrient requirements for N, P, and K increase linearly as the yield increases when the target yield is within 70 % of potential yield. In other words, to produce 1 Mg of cabbage, it requires 2.46 kg of N, 0.33 kg of P and 2.26 kg of K. The statistical results of collected data showed that optimal fertilization significantly (P < 0.05) enhanced cabbage yield, nutrient utilization efficiency, and net benefit. It was observed that fertilizer application rate exerted a direct and positive impact on these parameters. Field verification experiment demonstrated that NEc led to co-benefits, including a 7 % increase in yield, a 15.2 % increase in net profit, and improved agronomic efficiency (14.7 %∼101.2 %) compared to FP. The NEc approach enabled optimization of fertilizer applications based on specific production conditions, thereby enhancing cabbage yield, economic benefits, and nutrient-recovery efficiency. Thus, the NEc approach developed in this study was superior over traditional fertilization methods and is highly suitable for small-scale cabbage farming. • We established a nutrient expert fertilizer-recommendation system for cabbage. • Optimized fertilizer management increased yields by 8.8 % over farmer's practices. • NEc achieved simultaneous increase of yield, income and fertilizer use efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The progeny plants AR(2n=19) harboring the genomes of radish (Raphanus sativus, RR, 2n=18) and cabbage (Brassica pekinensis, AA, 2n=20) were identified by fluorescence in situ hybridization. • The gene expression bias of AR leaf and flower tissues was in favor of A genome, and the proportion was 26.03 % and 32.74 %. ELD results showed that all of them were favorable to R genome, and the proportion was 15.41 % and 18.61 %. • Gene silencing and expression of new genes in the two tissues were observed in the progeny AR. Polyploidization is an evolutionarily and mechanistically intriguing process, that requires harmonization of genomic and regulatory interactions among divergent genome groups. Here, we examined gene expression pattern changes in the leaves and petals of Raphanobrassica, a new synthetic amphidiploid generated by a distant cross between radish (RR, 2n = 18) and purple cabbage (AA, 2n = 20). The degree and direction of expression level dominance (ELD), defined as the total expression level of two homoeologous genes, was assessed, and homoeologous expression bias (HEB) analyzed, to assess the relative contributions of homoeologous genes to the transcriptome. Comparative analysis between Raphanobrassica and its parental species revealed that most differentially expressed genes were additive (leaves, 81.63 %; flowers, 82.71 %). ELD favors the R genome in both Raphanobrassica tissues, primarily driven by up- or down-regulation of non-dominant parent genes, with radish (RR) as the dominant parent in ELD-R and cabbage (AA) in ELD-A HEB indicated a preference for the A genome in both tissues (leaves, 26.03 %; flowers, 32.74 %). To further elucidate the ELD phenomenon, we compared expression levels of individual homoeologous genes with those in the diploid parents. ELD toward genes expressed at higher levels in parents was mediated either by down-regulation of genes from the dominant parent or up-regulation of those from the non-dominant parent, whereas ELD toward genes expressed at lower levels in parents was attributable solely to down-regulation of non-dominant parent homoeologous genes. Our findings provide novel insights into gene expression changes in heterodiploids generated by hybridization prior to polyploidization, laying a foundation for understanding genome-wide expression pattern alterations during polyploid formation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (PCC) is a notorious plant pathogen responsible for severe soft rot in kimchi cabbage, which results in significant economic losses. To detect PCC rapidly and accurately in kimchi cabbage, we developed a surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate on which silver nanospheres (AgNSs), nanowires (AgNWs), and nanoseeds are combined on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) platform. The incorporation of Ag nanoseeds creates a higher density of hotspots, which ensures a low detection limit of 1.001 CFU/mL. Electron microscopy and spectroscopic analyses confirmed the successful fabrication of the substrate and its enhanced sensitivity. The SERS substrate exhibits excellent selectivity by effectively distinguishing PCC from other bacteria commonly found in kimchi cabbage. The substrate gives rise to strong Raman signals across PCC concentrations ranging from 101 to 106 CFU/mL. Additionally, a predictive model was developed for accurately detecting PCC in real kimchi cabbage samples, and the results were validated by polymerase chain reaction measurements. A sensitive, selective, and rapid approach for PCC detection in kimchi cabbage that offers a promising improvement over existing methodologies is presented. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spicy cabbage is a well-known traditional fermented vegetable widely consumed worldwide. However, the differences in characteristics of three representative spicy cabbage, Japanese style spicy cabbage (JSC), Korean style spicy cabbage (KSC), and Chinese style spicy cabbage (CSC), as well as the microbial effects on them remain to be explored. Metabolome analysis revealed that JSC had higher free sugars content (17.57 ± 0.84 g/L) and acetic acid content (6.00 ± 0.43 g/L), KSC had higher total titratable acidity (TTA) (9.64 ± 0.28 g/L), and free amino acids (FAAs) content (564.81 ± 17.18 mg/100 mg), moreover CSC had lower salinity (0.97% ± 0.09%) and glucose content (3.63 ± 0.18 g/L). Volatile flavor compounds (VFCs) analysis revealed that JSC, KSC, and CSC had higher levels of terpenes, sulfides, and esters respectively. Relative odor activity value (ROAV) analysis highlighted that 11, 4, and 10 key flavor substances were screened in JSC, KSC, and CSC, respectively. High-throughput sequencing indicated that there were significant differences in bacteria and fungi of spicy cabbage in three crafts. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong correlations between 30 bacteria, 12 fungi, and 73 flavor compounds. This is the first study to compare JSC, KSC, and CSC based on ingredients, microorganisms, flavor metabolites, and aroma characteristics, contributing to further study into manufacturing and improving the quality of spicy cabbage. • The characteristics of three crafts of spicy cabbage were significant different. • The crafts affected the flavor profiles by changing the microbial community. • Four shared key flavor substances were identified in three crafts spicy cabbage. • The microbial diversity of spicy cabbage in three crafts showed distinct differences. • A total of 73 flavor compounds were correlated with 30 bacteria and 12 fungi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Black rot caused by hemibiotrophic Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is a great problem in crucifer crop production. Various host responses are activated upon Xcc attack; however, their roles in black rot resistance remain ambiguous. In this study, a highly black rot resistance of host plants was achieved by applying a field-screened systemic resistance-eliciting Bacillus velezensis strain 37-1. The contributions of strain 37-1-altered host responses to Xcc resistance were then investigated in Arabidopsis. Hypersensitive response and hydrogen peroxide accumulation were demonstrated beneficial for Xcc infection by using nrg1 and rbohd mutants, histochemical staining against host cell death and reactive oxygen species, detection of antioxidant enzyme activity and RT-qPCR assay. By contrast, salicylic acid was proven essential for black rot suppression by using NahG transformant, mutants impaired in defence hormone synthesis and signalling pathway, and RT-qPCR assay. Additionally, both isochorismate synthase and phenylalanine ammonia-lyase pathways for salicylic acid biosynthesis were found to be involved in resistance to Xcc. These findings improve the knowledge of host defence responses crucial for fighting off hemibiotrophic Xcc., (© 2025 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)