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The study relates to synthesis and characterization of biosensor fish freshness from dragon fruit peel extract (Hylocereus Undatus) for detecting the fish quality. This work proposes the need of detection devices that use materials from nature or known as biosensors to detect ammonia gas as a simulation to the quality detection of fish as food. The detection tool is an indicator label made of Whatman paper that has been dipped in dragon fruit peel extract (Hylocereus Undatus) used as a color in the biosensor. The extract used was made with three variations of dragon fruit peel concentration (namely 80, 100 and 120 grams) and three variations of pH (pH 2, pH 7 and pH 11). Biosensor testing was carried out for 48 hours of storage with variations in storage temperatures of 40 °C, 28 °C and 9 °C. The color changes experienced by the biosensor were analyzed using Image-J software to determine the Red Green Blue (RGB) value. A biosensor with a concentration of 100 grams of dragon fruit peel extract at pH 2 is the best biosensor for detecting the freshness of fish because it has the most optimum contrast in the color change of the biosensor. In addition, the biosensor test at the storage temperature showed that the lower the storage temperature of the fish, the more durable it would be and the slower it would decay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diabetic wound infection on the feet is one of the problems suffered by most people with diabetes mellitus. Bacteria that can cause infection in diabetic wounds are Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The use of antibiotics derived from nature can be an alternative to overcome the problem of antibiotic resistance. One of the plants that have been widely cultivated in Indonesia is the fig plant (Ficus carica L.). This study was conducted to determine the antibacterial potential of ethanol extract of figs domesticated in Indonesia against bacteria that cause diabetic wounds (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) by agar diffusion method and to determine the class of compounds contained in the ethanol extract figs. The ethanol extract of fig fruit has activity against the two test bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The ethanol extract of figs contains a class of alkaloid compounds, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinones, polyphenols, steroids as well as monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Extraction is a method of extracting active compounds from a natural product. The extraction method commonly used is the maceration method, but currently, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) method is also being developed. This study was conducted to determine the extraction method that can produce the maximum antioxidant activity and the highest total phenol content from dragon fruit peel extract. The antioxidant activity test was carried out using the FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) method. In contrast, the measurement of phenolic content was carried out using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. The extraction solvent used was a mixture of ethanol-citric acid at pH 4.5. The results showed that the antioxidant activity of the maceration method and ultrasound-assisted extraction was 27.93 and 23.67mg Trolox/g extract, while the total phenolic content was 16.71 and 14.73 mg GAE/g extract, respectively. This result indicates that the maceration extraction method is more effective in extracting phenolic compounds and provides better antioxidant activity than the ultrasound-assisted extraction method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple, convenient and ecofriendly method for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles has been reported in this paperwork. The aqueous solution of metal ion was treated with aqueous fruit extract from medicinal plant Artemisia maritima, stirred for few minutes and left overnight at room temperature. The nanoparticles thus formed were filtered and dried in an oven. Characterization of silver nanoparticles involved UV-Visible, IR, XRD and Scanning Electron Microscopic analysis. The XRD, SEM, UV and FTIR results were found to be promising. This green approach can be used for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles by retaining their biomedical utility. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles further evaluated for their anticancer, antibacterial and antioxidant activity. This green method is very handy for the synthesis of metal nanoparticles and devoid of toxic chemicals and by-products, offers numerous advantages including notable compatibility with pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fruit and vegetable cultivation on a large scale requires proper care and protection. During forming, crop yield can be improved if proper care is taken. The chief aspect of improving cultivation is detecting diseases affecting the crops. Besides disease detection, vitamin identification can also increase the type of edible fruits and vegetables cultivated. A new approach has been proposed to detect the diseases affecting the fruits and the vitamins of the fruits based on the comparisons of their images. Transfer learning algorithms can extract various fruit parameters and analyze them for specific requirements. CNN-based CONVNET and ALEXNET algorithms were used to analyze and discriminate based on numerous characteristics and parameters extracted from them. The Algorithm was implemented in MATLAB, and the diseases were detected with 99.6% for ALEXNET and an accuracy of 77.5% for CONVNET. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mild steel is one of the most widely utilized alloys in engineering practice. It has good mechanical properties that endear it to many engineering applications. However, its high susceptibility to corrosion is one of the biggest concerns and threats to its engineering usage. This present work attempted to study the corrosion resistance of a nail made from mild steel in an aggressive medium like sulphuric acid. The study explores the possibility of using Orange Peel Extract (OPE) as an inhibitor in the corrosion solution. The results obtained from the elemental composition analysis of the OPE revealed some metals which could have formed protective oxide layers to slow down corrosion in any environment. However, the addition of the OPE to the corrosive solution in concentrations of 1g/mol and 2g/mol could not mitigate the corrosion attack on the mild steel as expected. The potentiodynamic polarization data and the Open Circuit Potential (OCP) analysis show that the performance of the OPE in the corrosive solution is a function of its concentrations in the solution. These findings formed the basis for the optimization of the OPE concentrations as an inhibitor in a corrosive solution. The images obtained from the scanning electron microscope analysis show severe damage to the surface exposed to the solution. These further depict the high susceptibility characteristics of mild steel to corrosion when exposed to a highly corrosive environment. This study shows that the orange peel extract is a potential as a corrosion inhibitor to mild steel material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Endometriosis is a chronic gynecological disease affecting about 10% of women worldwide. Pain and infertility are the two main complaints requiring a long time to diagnose and provide therapy. Chemical therapy is at risk of side effects for patients. Gods' Crown fruit/Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa), made from native Papua Indonesian herbs, can potentially have a therapeutic effect in treating infertility with indications of endometriosis. God's Crown fruit/Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) contains flavonoids and phenolics, powerful antioxidants. The administration of the extract of the God's Crown Fruit/Mahkota Dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa) with the antioxidant content showed an increase in superoxide dismutase (SOD) levels, which would catalyze SOD into oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which would act as antioxidants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papasan fruit is a plant from the Cucurbitaceae family which was proven to have antibacterial activity. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of papasan fruit ethanol extract on the growth of L. bulgaricus and the antibacterial activity of the combination of ethanol extract with L. bulgaricus metabolites. The method used for the growth of L. bulgaricus using the TPC (Total Plate Count) method and the calculation of the number of bacterial colonies using the SNI 2332.3:2015 standard formula. Specific and non-specific standardization tests using the Indonesian Ministry of Health standards (2008). Antibacterial activity test using paper disc diffusion method. Phytochemical screening results obtained positive containing alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins. The water-soluble extract content (46.66 ± 5.77%), ethanol soluble extract content (83.33 ± 5.77%), water content (7 ± 1%), total ash content (2.16 ± 0, 28%), acid insoluble ash content (0.68 ± 0.28%), specific gravity (1,19 ± 0.003 g/mL), heavy metal contamination Pb (0.0628 mg/L), Cd (0.0076 mg/L), total plate count (3,492 x 103 CFU/mL) and yeast mold rate (60 CFU/mL). The results of antibacterial testing at a concentration of 50% extract with metabolites against E. coli resulted in an inhibitory response with a susceptible criterion of 21 mm and the resulting antibacterial effectiveness of 91.30% with a strong category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) leaves and empty fruit bunches (OPLEFB) extracts have secondary metabolites that have the potential for green synthesis of Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs). The inquiry about strategy starts with the extraction of OPLEFB, synthesis of Fe3O4 NPs with a various calcination temperatures of 300, 400, and 500 °C, conjugation of Fe3O4 NPs with Human Serum Albumin (HSA) ratio (1:1, 1:2, 1:3), and labeling of HSA-Fe3O4 NPs with Technetium-99m (99mTc). The characterizations carried out for Fe3O4 NPs were FT-IR, VSM, and XRD. Conjugate characterization of HSA-Fe3O4 NPs was seen utilizing FT-IR and [99mTc]Tc-HSA-Fe3O4 NPs was measured for radiochemical purity employing a TLC scanner. The result of the FT-IR of OPLEFB extract showed the presence of O-H, C=O, and N-H, which were related to alkaloids, flavonoids, and cellulose. The optimum variation was Fe3O4 NPs with 400 °C calcination, FT-IRFT-IR confirmed that confirmed that showed Fe-O vibrations at a peak of 549 cm−1. XRD information affirmed the precious crystal structure of Fe3O4 NPs with JCPDS No. 03-0863. The VSM values for Fe3O4 NPs were 29.0, 63.9, and 74.0 emu/g for the Fe3O4 NPs 300, 400, and 500. The FT-IR of the HSA-Fe3O4 NPs conjugate showed additional peaks of C=O and N-H at 1644 and 1534 cm−1 in ratios 1:1 and 1:2. The [99mTc]Tc-HSA-Fe3O4 NPs radiochemical chromatogram showed radioconjugated 99mTc at Rf 0.0 and bulk 99mTc at Rf 1.0. The conclusion is that [99mTc]Tc-HSA-Fe3O4 NPs has been effectively synthesized with calcination temperature of 400 °C, the concentration of Fe3O4 NPs with HSA is 1:1, and the results of labeling with99mTc is 99.24±0.18 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesian biodiversity is enriched by the numerous medicinal plants, including those growing on the island of Papua. We review the pharmacological potency of several medicinal plants from Papua by determining the total phenolic and flavonoid content from ethanol extracts. Several parts were used from Sphaerostephanos sp (leaves), Albizia procera (Roxb) Benth (leaves, stem, and roots), Carica papaya L (leaves), Bideris pilosa L (leaves), Cymbopogonicitratus (DC) (leaves), Annona muricata L (leaves (Anne)), Macaranga tanarius Muell Arg (leaves), and Premna sp (eaves). Total phenolic content was estimated using the Folin-Ciocalteu method, while the flavonoid content was measured using the common colorimetric method. The current study indicates that Sphaerostephanos sp. has the highest flavonoid content (26.118 ± 0.160 mg quercetin equivalents/g dried extract). At the same time, the leaves of Carica papaya L and stem of Albizia procera (Roxb) Benth contain the highest phenolic content (15.410 ± 9.269 and 15.410 ± 0.978 gallic acid equivalents/ g dried extract, respectively). The results presented here indicate that plants from Papua have pharmacological properties, and may be related to the flavonoid and phenolic content. The potency of Albizia procera L., Annona muricata L., Bidens pilosa L., Carica papaya L., Macaranga tanarius L., Sphaerostephanos unitus (L). Holttum, Premna integrifolia L., Premna fulva Craib, and Premna integrifolia as complementary medicines derived from ethnopharmacology and scientific literature requires further studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relevance of using plant extracts of milk thistle and peppermint based on whey as natural sources of biologically active substances is proved. pH values and freezing point of milk thistle and peppermint extracts were determined, a Spectrophotometric method using Folin-Denis phosphor-molybdenum reagent was applied to determine the content of total phenols in plant extracts. The content of phenolic compounds in extracts of milk thistle and peppermint was analyzed. The dynamics of the total phenol yield was calculated, and graph dependencies were obtained. the highest yield values of phenolic compounds is achieved with a ratio of raw materials to extractant 1:8. According to the results of the experiments, it is optimal to extract dry milk thistle fruits and crushed peppermint leaves for 1 hour at a temperature of 55-60 °C. It was found that the extracts obtained based on cheese whey contain more phenols, which is due to the chemical composition of the extractant and the presence of polyphenolic compounds-flavonoids in the raw materials used for extracts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Longan (Dimocarpus longan L.) is a famous Asian fruit with several health advantages. Longan fruit has recently become popular all over the world due to its unique flavor that has captivated the global market. The fruit contains a high content of calories, water, protein, fat, carbohydrate, fiber and vitamins (e.g. vitamin C, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and vitamin B3), all of which are essential for human health promotion and illness prevention. The amino acids in longan fruit play a role in building proteins, participating in processes such as neurotransmitter transport and biosynthesis. Polyphenols, flavonoids, and alkaloids are among the physiochemical components in longan that contribute to various fruit's biological activity. The pericarp, pulp, and seed of the longan fruit are high in phenolic compounds, which exhibit potential antioxidant properties. Other activities such as anticancer, anti-tyrosinase, anti-glycated, immunomodulatory, anti-osteoporotic, and prebiotic activity have been shown to benefit humans, suggesting extensive cunsumption of longan throughout the world. The biological activities need to be studied in depth to assess the impact on health. The protective effect of plant-based diets on cardiovascular disease and cancer is the driving force behind studies on the health utility of bioactives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Jujube or bir or bidara (Ziziphusmauritiana L.) is a arid and semi-arid plants of Asia and other countries which is natively grown in several areas of West Nusa Tenggara, including Dompu Regency. In Dompu, its found natively in various ecology, from unutilized lowland near the beach, in the savanna, near the forest, near cultivation land and in the backyard of urban and rural dwellings. This research was conducted to examine differential morphology and secondary metabolites of Jujube fruits from Dompu Regency. Jujube fruits were collected from 12 locations, and characterized based on quantitative and qualitative characters and secondary metabolite contents. There were distinct morphology between the Jujube fruits collected from the savanna and backyard of communal areas. Jujube fruits obtained from savanna of Dompu has different morphology and phytochemical contents. The wild Jujube in savanna has a small fruit with thin flash, and contain alkaloid, flavonoid, saponin dan phenol. The fruit obtained from Dompu city is larger with thicker flesh and did not contain alkaloid. These variations may reveals a degree of genetic variation in Jujube plants in Dompu, and this possibility needs to be explored further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum) is a native plant to Southeast Asia. Rambutan has been used from generation to generation, for food and for medicinal purposes. Rambutan fruit peels also had many functions in traditional medicine, Rambutan fruit peel has several compounds such as geraniin, corilagin, routine, ellagic acid and quercetin. Geraniin is reported to reduce viral infectivity and inhibit DENV-2 from adhering to cells and most likely attaching to protein E (envelope). Some of the pharmacological activities of rambutan fruit peel that had been reported were antioxidant, cytotoxic, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hyperuricemia, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anticancer, and antiviral activity against the dengue virus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mariposa Christia vespertilionis (MCV) is also known as butterfly wing plant, or commonly known as 'pokok rerama' in Malaysia. This plant belongs to the Fabaceae family. Its bioactive compounds including triterpenes, alkaloids, fatty acids, phenol, alkanes and alcohol have shown antioxidant activity. The objective of this study is to synthesis silver nanoparticles together with MCV leaves extract using ultrasonic-assisted extraction (UAE) as an extraction method and to evaluate its antioxidative activity. The best conditions (concentration of silver nitrate and incubation temperature) for formation of AgNPs were visualised by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The absorbance peaks for both conditions were 450 nm and 430 nm respectively. Both MCV extract and synthesized nanoparticles have been characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to determine the functional group that responsible in reduction of silver ions. The AgNPs was also characterized by using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) to determine the morphology and size of the synthesised silver nanoparticles (30 to 50 nm). Total phenolic content and total flavonoids content were also conducted for MCV extracts thus the value achieved was 0.429 ± 0.046 mg GAE/g and 0.033 ± 0.033 mg QU/g. Antioxidant activity was done by using DPPH solution. The scavenging activity for MCV extract was higher compared to the synthesised AgNPs. As conclusion, MCV leaves has potential as antioxidant agent which may be beneficial in preventing degenerative diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Euphorbia hirta L. was identified as containing secondary metabolite compounds like terpenoid, coumarin, lignin, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds. The plant also has pharmacological activity as an antioxidant, antiinflammatory, and antibacterial. In this study, extraction is using natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES). NADES can be tailored concerning polarity, so this solvent is selective to extract secondary metabolite compounds. Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is often combined with extraction using NADES. This study aims to obtain the best NADES composition to extracting flavonoid and phenolic compounds as well as those with the strongest antioxidant activity and found out the correlation between TFC and TPC values with IC50 in extracts. The NADES was prepared with heating and stirring methods. The NADES was used is choline chloride : citric acid (ChCa), choline chloride: maleic acid (ChMla), choline chloride : malic acid (ChMa), choline chloride : lactic acid (ChLa), and choline chloride : oxalic acid (ChOa). NADES ChMla is the best composition for extracting flavonoid and phenolic compounds. The TFC and TPC values of ChMla extract were 9.613±0.0258 mg QE/g DW and 125.105±0.9674 mg GAE/g DW. Extracts from NADES ChMla also have the strongest antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 30,438 mL/L. There is a strong correlation between the total flavonoid content with IC50 values, as well as a very strong correlation between the total phenolic content and the IC50 value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method was developed for quantifying hesperidin from various orange peel extracts. The development of the HPLC method was carried out to obtain optimal conditions for determining Hesperidin to obtain a single specific chromatogram peak from the standard hesperidin. Identification of various orange peel extracts requires a specific and single chromatogram peak, so that it will easier and obtained more accurate data in determining hesperidin contents. We vary the solvent of hesperidin, eluent composition and flow rate. The solvent variations used were a mixture of water: methanol, a mixture of methanol: DMSO and DMSO. DMSO solvent produces the most homogeneous solution than other solvents. DMSO solvent also produces the least number of chromatogram peaks from the hesperidin standard. The best condition for determining Hesperidin contents, which produces a single chromatogram peak chromatogram, was achieved with the specific condition: the detection wavelength was set at 280 nm and analysis was run at a 35°C with a flow rate 1 mL/min for 10 minutes running time. The eluent composition used as a mobile phase is methanol: acetonitrile: acetic acid (0,1%) (89.3: 10: 0.7), while C-18 column as a stationary phase. The retention time of standard hesperidin was obtained at 2.138 min. With that HPLC condition, the amount of hesperidin content in siam jember (C. Nobilis), bali (C. Maxima), baby java (C. S. Linn Osbeck) and peras (C. Sinensis) oranges peel extract were respectively 6.49%, 22.91%, 8.37%, 7.09%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of bimetallic oxide compounds as cathode materials for potassium ion batteries was studied. In this study, the bimetallic oxide compound Mn/Cr was synthesized using the sol-gel method with precursors CrCl3.6H2O, Mn(NO3)2.4H2O, KOH, and orange peel extract as templates. The result was analyzed using SEM, XRD, and IR. XRD data showed that MnCr2O4 compound formed from synthesis without adding orange peel extract, while the addition of 5 mL and 10 mL orange peel extract form a composite of K2CrO4/MnO2. Cyclic voltammetry data shows that MnCr2O4 material has the potential as a KIB cathode material with an oxidation-reduction potential value of 0.24/0.50 V (vs Ag/AgCl). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This activity aims to utilize natural dyes from areca nut in the dyeing process of weaving yarn. The increasing demand for Bima woven cloth is not only used as a commodity for traditional clothing but also as a fashion commodity and arts and crafts that have economic value. However, the current Bima woven fabric uses threads with synthetic dyes as the raw material for weaving. To maintain the authenticity and cultural heritage of Bima woven fabrics, it is necessary to carry out efforts to preserve the culture of Bima woven fabrics where the dyeing process for making Bima woven fabrics uses natural dyes made from local raw materials. The coloring activity of woven yarn using betel nut can improve the quality of woven fabrics. Natural dye woven yarn products from betel nut extract have a bright red color on alum fixation, black color on copper sulfat fixation, and pale red color on lime fixation. There has been a change in the behavior of partner groups in the use of science and technology to produce woven fabrics based on natural dyes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Photoaging is an aging process that causes the reduction of collagen and elastin fibers in the skin due to exposure to UV rays, which causes premature aging. Cabbage contains vitamin A, vitamin B1, and vitamin C. Vitamin C, flavonoid, and glutamine may act as antioxidants to neutralize free radicals and to improve the regeneration of damaged skin cells. This study aimed to evaluate the antioxidant potential of cabbage ethanolic extract using DPPH method, total flavonoids, total phenol and the anti-aging activity of gel formulations with a concentration of 2%; 4%; 6%. Skin analysis was observed such as moisture content, oil content, texture, collagen, wrinkles, pigment, sensitivity, and pores. The antioxidant activity of cabbage EtOH extract showed IC50 of 176.558 µg/mL, total phenolic content of 45.090 mg GAE/g extract and total flavonoids of 1.6834 mg QE/g extract. The best anti-aging activity was obtained in the F3 formulation compared to the F1 and F2 formulation. The percentage of water content recovery was 40.68%; oil content of 37.24%; texture by 80%; collagen 19.05%; wrinkles of 70.93%; 50.88% stains; sensitivity of 47.51%; pores of 44.18%. The ethanolic extract of cabbage displayed potential antioxidant and anti-aging activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Eggs are livestock products that contain complete nutrition but are easily damaged and have a short shelf-life. One way to anticipate the decrease in egg quality was the preservation technology. Preservation is carried out by using natural maceration materials in the form of tannins which can be obtained from mangrove (Rhizophora mucronata) fruits. The purpose of this study was to determine the interior quality of eggs that had undergone a maceration process by using mangrove fruit extracts with different storage times. The study was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) with four treatments and three replications each. The tested treatment was the maceration process with an extract of mangrove fruit level by 30#x0025; with storage time treatments of 7, 14, 21, and 28 days. The study parameters to determine the quality of the egg interior were by measuring the index value of yolk, albumen index, yolk pH value, and albumen pH value. The results showed that the storage time treatment had a very significant effect (P#x003C;0.01) on the yolk index and albumen index, but the storage time treatment had no significant effect (P#x003E;0.05) on the pH value of albumen and yolk pH. The use of mangrove fruit extract levels of as much as 30#x0025; could still maintain the quality of chicken eggs consumed during 28 days of storage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cassia siamea Lamk., (Johar) is a plant that is well known in various South and Southeast Asian countries. Johar leaves have been used in Indonesia as a traditional medicine for various diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, malaria, arthritis, and nephrolithiasis. Johar leaves contain compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, isoflavonoids, quercetin, and phenolic acids, so it is important to assess the hypothesis that there is anti-diabetic and anti-hypertensive activity. In addition, there are flavonoids that have the potential to treat kidney stones. This is strongly supported by the theory that flavonoid compounds are high in antioxidants, can reduce oxidative damage to kidney tubules, and kidney tissue, and increase xanthine oxidase inhibitors. The hypothesis is formed that these materials can destroy kidney stones. This study was conducted to find out more about the potential of the johar leaf as a traditional medicine for diabetes, hypertension, and kidney stones based on correlational research and literature studies. From the research that has been done, 70% ethanol extract from johar leaves has an antidiabetic and antihypertensive activity which shows that johar leaf extraction has the potential as herbal medicine that can be developed in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The improvement of Information Communication and Technology (ICT) affects the demand for electricity. Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSC) is an alternative for electricity supply. Research on organic dyes and capacitive touchscreen layers has been interesting recently. In conventional, Capacitive touchscreen layers use an Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) as a channel. Replacing the ITO substrate with an organic material for capacitive touchscreen coating is a promising approach. In addition to low cost, organic dyes have an efficiency of up to 0.86%. Compared to the efficiency of conventional DSSC (2-3%), this value is not bad. Research on organic dye is also in line with the concept of sustainability and environment friendly. In this work, organic dyes were extracted from red dragon fruit (Hylocereus costaricensis). Extraction of red dragon fruit was carried out by maceration method with distilled water and the addition of citric acid. The TiO2 layer was deposition by slip casting method. The results showed that red dragon fruit extract contained anthocyanins from phytochemical screening tests and UV-Vis spectrophotometers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of pineapple fruit extract volume and ripening time on the free fatty acid (FFA) content of coconut oil. Coconut oil extraction is carried out by an enzymatic process using a protease enzyme. Experiments were carried out in the laboratory, where variations in the addition of pineapple fruit extract volume were 0, 2, 4, 6 ml and variations in ripening time (2, 3, 4, and 5 hours). Analysis of fat content was carried out based on the results of tests in the laboratory, then the evaluation of the effect on the variables studied was analyzed using two-way ANOVA at a significance level of 5%. The results showed that for each volume of pineapple extract with a ripening time of 2–5 hours, it was found that the free fatty acid levels of coconut oil increased, the highest was at 5 hours (about 0.0917%). The highest free fatty acid content for each ripening time was shown in the volume of pineapple extract 6 ml (0.097%). From the statistical analysis for the interline test of pineapple fruit extract volume, F-count > F-table, it means that there is an effect of pineapple fruit extract volume and ripening time on free fatty acid levels in coconut oil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pangi (Pangium edule Reinw) fruit is one of the biological ingredients that can be used as a traditional medicine to treat wounds on the outside of the body as a wound medicine and also functions as an anti-cancer. The aims of this study were to extract and fractionate the flesh of Pangi fruit, screen its secondary metabolites, determine the total phenolic content, and determine its antioxidant and antibacterial activity. Pangi flesh samples were extracted with ethanol and then fractionated with several types of solvents. The secondary metabolite compounds were observed by phytochemical screening, the total phenolic was determined by using Folin-ciocalteu, the antioxidant activity was determined by using the DPPH method, and the antibacterial activity was determined by using the disc diffusion method (Kirby-Bauer). Phytochemical screening of Pangi fruit flesh obtained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, steroids, and triterpenoids. The highest total phenolic content was in ethyl acetate fraction with a value of 31.86 mg/g, followed by ethanol extract with 8.19 mg/g, hexane fraction with 3.61 mg/g, and water fraction is 1.82 mg/g. Meanwhile, the highest antioxidant activity (IC50) was obtained in ethyl acetate fraction with the value of 14.7 mg/mL which is classified as very strong activity, followed by ethanolic extract, hexane fraction, and water fraction, respectively. Furthermore, all extracts showed weak antibacterial activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Garcinia cowa Roxb., commonly known as asam kandis, is a medicinal plant that is rich in secondary metabolites with various pharmacological activities. The rind of G.cowa fruit has an antioxidant activity that can be used further for anti-aging skin treatments. However, the bioactive compounds of asam kandis that potentially acts as an anti-aging property have not been studied. This study aims to analyze flavonoid, vitamin C, and HCA (Hydroxy Citrate Acid) of G. cowa fruit peel extract. These compounds are active ingredients often used in anti-aging cosmeceuticals that act as antioxidants, whitening agents, and anti-wrinkle agents. This research is experimental research with a quantitative descriptive method. Preparation of G. cowa fruit peel was conducted by maceration with 96% ethanol. The total flavonoid content of G. cowa fruit peel extract was determined by UV-VIS spectrophotometry at a wavelength of 429 nm. Vitamin C levels were calculated using the HPLC method and HCA levels were calculated by using the acid-base titration method. The results showed that the total flavonoid content was 138 mg QE/100g extract, the vitamin C content was 132 mg/100 g extract, and the total acid HCA content was 4.26%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indonesia has a lot of potential natural source that can be used as a medicine, including limes fruit (Citrus aurantifolia (Christm.) Swingle) and honey. Lime fruit was a popular fruit consumed by public, but a bunch of peel waste leaves. Basically, fruit peeling waste of lime fruit has a big potential to be antibacterial agents, because it contains essential oils. On the other hand, the honey has been popular as a medicine, because of the presence of hydrogen peroxide, flavonoids, carotenoids, and phenol. This study aims to determine the antibacterial activity of fruit peel lime extract and some types of honey as well as a combination of both against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This study tried to formulate lime fruit peel extract using n-hexane with some types of honey. There are 13 kinds of antibacterial samples that will be tested on two types of bacteria, 1 single bark extract lime fruit, 6 single honey (KL21 honey, KP21 honey, R21 honey, Kelengkeng honey, Rambutan honey, and Trigona honey) and 6 combinations (KL21 honey-lime fruit extract, KP21 honey-lime fruit extract, R21 honey-lime fruit extract, Kelengkeng honey-lime fruit extract, Rambutan honey-lime fruit extract, and Trigona honey-lime fruit extract). The results showed that the samples of honey and n-hexane extract of lime peel have potential as a specific antibacterial. KP21 honey (25.20 ± 0.62) produces the greatest inhibition zone againts E. coli, whereas lime fruit extract (17.70 ± 0.98) produces the greatest inhibition zone againts S. aureus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthocyanins are water-soluble color pigments found in plants which are derivatives of anthocyanidins. Anthocyanins are widely used as natural colorants in various foods. However, natural colorants are less stable, therefore it is necessary to test the stability of the anthocyanin pigmentscolor. The color pigments contained in ripe harendong (Melastoma malabathricum L.) fruit extract was carried out by color testing using HCl and NaOH reagents, the extract (+) contains anthocyanins. The total anthocyanin monomer and antioxidant content were determined by a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The effect of variations in pH, heating temperature and storage conditions on the stability of the anthocyaninpigments color contained in the extract of harendong fruit has been studied. The results obtained total anthocyanin monomer 21 mg cyanidin-3-glucoside/100 g Fresh Weight sample and total antioxidant as Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE) 0.5 ± 0.02 mM GAE/g FW. Color pigments were stable at acidic pH 2 and pH 3. The stability of anthocyanin pigments color was influenced by temperature and storage conditions. The increasing heating temperature, the intensity of the anthocyanin pigments color decreases. Anthocyanin color pigments were more stable when stored at 4°C than at 28°C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Red dragon fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) is becoming popular among Malaysian's communities and has been planted commercially in Malaysia. The fruit contains high nutritional value and can promote health. However, there is a little information regarding the lipid lowering effect of red dragon fruit extract on Sprague-Dawley rats. The anti-hypercholesterolemic activity of H. polyrhizus fruit extract was investigated using poloxamer 407 (P-407) and high cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesterolemia in rats. Moreover, antioxidant properties using tests involving, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) were assessed. Standard testing protocols reveals the presence of phytochemicals such as polysaccharide, flavonoid, and phenolic compounds. The effect of the extract on the lipid profile was assessed by measuring total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C), High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol HDL-C and coronary risk index (CRI) in the serum of the rats. Treatment with H. polyrhizus fruit extract did not significantly lower the lipid profile of the rats in P-407-induced models. However, H. polyrhizus fruit extract significantly reduced the serum TC and LDL-C levels in the high cholesterol diet-induced hypercholesteremic rat model. The fruit extracts show antioxidant activity. The phenolic, flavonoid, and polysaccharide contents of H. polyrhizus fruit extract were 6.22 ± 0.46 mg GAE/g, 0.28±0.02 mg QE/g, and 25.4±3.2 mg/g, respectively. In conclusion, H. polyrhizus fruit extract exhibited considerable anti-hypercholesterolemic and antioxidant activity. However, further studies are needed to confirm the contribution of phenolic and flavonoid groups to the anti-hypercholesterolemic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the effect of the wavelength on light intensity in the lemon and banana extract given a magnetic field. This research was carried out by measuring the light intensity of the laser light released into the fruit extract sample. The extract from the fruit had been given an external magnetic field to determine its effect on light intensity. The same was carried out for light sources with different wavelengths. Samples were taken from lemon and banana fruit extracts made by the maceration (immersion) method. Based on the data obtained, the magnetic field affects the intensity of the light transmitted to the two samples. The results for the lemon fruit extract show that only the green laser presents significant change under the influence of a magnetic field. The green laser for both extracts show proportional light intensity to the external magnetic field applied to the fruit extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Papua's candy is one of Indonesia's indigenous consumption consisting of areca nut (Areca catechu), forest betel fruit (Piper aduncum), and lime betel made of pulverization of blood clam's burnt shell. This research aims to determine the interactions between tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, and CaCO3 compounds, understand their effects on health, and find solutions in preserving the tradition if potential free radical compounds are found through formulating recommendations for consumption with forecasting approach. The research methods were pre-treatment, extraction, alkaloid test, tannin test, flavonoid test, and DPPH assay which resulted in IC50 values. Data analysis used mathematical linear regression for each experiment. The concentrated extract obtained was 6.4 grams of areca nut in ethanol, 4.6 grams of areca nut in aquadestt, and 4.8 grams of forest betel fruit. The test results on areca nut extract were positive for alkaloids with a Rf value of 0.773 and a tannin concentration of 0.603 mgGAE/g, while the concentration of flavonoids in forest betel fruit extract was 125.402 gQE/g. The final DPPH assay resulted an IC50 value of 3.0403, showing high antioxidant activity in the mixture of papua's candy. Therefore, papua's candy doesn't cause radicality if consumed in the recommended doses, approximately maximum of 4 areca nuts, 5 forest betels, and 1 gram of lime betel. This recommendation was obtained from the calculation of weight of each components, resulting extract, and extract being used in DPPH assay. Further innovation is needed by transforming it into formulated hard candy and commercializing it with packaging and attractive design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.), known as pitanga, belongs to the Myrtaceae family, is found growing in Latin America, such as Argentina, Brazil, and Paraguay. Dewandaru fruit is not widely known in Indonesia, and limited studies are related to the pharmacological properties of fruit extracts. This study evaluates the chemical composition and bioactivities of the ethanol extract from fresh and dried pulp and seeds of the Dewandaru fruit. Phytochemical contents of the samples were determined based on the qualitative assay and total phenolic and flavonoid content. Bioactivities of the samples were evaluated on DPPH free radical scavenging effect, a-glucosidase inhibitory activity, lipase inhibitory activity, and antibacterial assays. The qualitative results of the phytochemical tests showed that the fresh pulp extract (FPE) was only positive for flavonoids, while dried pulp extract (DPE) showed positive for saponins. In addition, fresh and dried seed extracts were also positive for flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The seed extract had higher TPC and TFC values than the pulp extract, which caused the antioxidant activity of the seed extract to be much more potent with an IC50 value of 53.19 and 20.53 ug/mL for FSE and DSE, respectively. The FPE and DPE showed weak activity in enzyme inhibition with 29.75, 11.82, 32.86, and 33.39% inhibition, respectively, at concentration 200 µg/mL. Furthermore, in the disc diffusion test, the dried seed extract (DSE) showed antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. The formation of inhibition halos of 10, 20, 13 mm, respectively, at a concentration of 10%. The present study indicates that the pulp and seed of dewandaru fruit have promising bioactivities for the food industry to develop as a functional food or supplement; however, further investigation is needed related to their bioactive compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dewandaru (Eugenia uniflora L.) is a plant that contains flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, and essential oils and used as traditional medicine. This study aimed to determine the activity of 70% ethanol extract of dewandaru fruit and nanoparticle form of dewandaru fruit extract (NP) to reduce total cholesterol levels in hyperlipidemic mice. DDY mice were divided into 8 treatment groups, each consisting of 4 mice: group I (Normal); group II (negative control); group III (positive control); group IV (dose 100 mg/kg bw); group V (dose 200 mg/kg bw); group VI (dose 400 mg/kg bw); group VII (NP dose 200 mg/kg bw) and group VIII (NP dose 400 mg/kg bw). Data of reducing cholesterol potential were analyzed using One way-Anova with the significant difference limit between the treatment group, and negative control is P<0,05. The experiment results showed dewandaru fruits extract and NP dewandaru potential as a herbal for hyperlipidemia treatment, and the highest decrease showed by NP dewandaru fruit extract dose 200 mg/kg bw. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The medicinal plant Morinda citrifolia has been widely used in traditional medicine in Asian countries, including Indonesia. This medicinal plant has a wide therapeutic effect. Many studies have been carried out to verify the efficacy of the medicinal plant M. citrifolia. The study aims to investigate the chemical compounds of M. citrifolia fruit extracts and evaluate osteoporosis activity. This study discusses the molecular docking approach to identify the effect of active compounds of M. citrifolia fruit extracts against osteoporosis. The results showed that the active compounds quercetin, asperuloside tetraacetate, isoscopoletin and scopoletin have strong binding efficiency against osteoporosis protein 1TU6 compared to the positive control risedronate. Overall, this research study can be a predictive reference for further experimental research in vitro, in vivo and clinical applications for the mechanism of the active compound M. citrifolia against osteoporosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional drink is currently an interesting study, especially if they are non-alcoholic based as one of the cornerstones of consumer acceptance in several countries. Roses, which are usually only used as decoration, can actually be processed into functional drink with high antioxidant activity. This study uses the basic ingredients of roses and apples with the addition of fish collagen hydrolysate as a non-alcoholic and halal functional drink. Factorial Randomized Design Group 2 factors were used in this study. The first factor was the Rose-Apple ratio variation consisted of 60:40, 50:50, and 40:60 %v/v. The second factor was Fish Hydrolysate Collagen concentration variation consisted of 0, 0.3, 0.5, and 0.7 %w/v. The data then analyzed with ANOVA at α=5% and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. This study result that rose-apple extract 50 (%v/v) with fish hydrolysate collagen 0.7 (%w/v) is the best formulation. The characteristic of the best formulation is pH 2.88 (match with SNI standard about fruit extract which pH maximal 4), total dissolved solids is 29.75oBrix (suitable with SNI standard which minimal 10.5oBrix), vitamin C is 5.18%, and antioxidant activity is 91.26%. Comparison result with commercial collagen drink appeared that the best formulation (89.9%) has higher antioxidant activity than commercial product (19.53%). This study aims that rose-apple drink with fish hydrolysate collagen is a non-alcoholic functional drink that is good for health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formulation of antioxidant soap based on nyamplung seed oil has been carried out using ethyl acetate extract of ketapang fruit flesh as an antioxidant and foaming from methanol extract of bidara leaves. The method was saponification in variations of the concentration of additives. The results obtained that the soap with the best characteristics according to SNI 06-4085-1996 was soap with the addition of 0.5% ketapang fruit extract and 0.3% bidara leaves extract which the number of fatty acids was 25.5033%, free fatty acids was 1.2462 %, the amount of neutral fat was 2.5233%, the density was 1.0192 g/mL, the pH value was 9.8, and the foam stability was 83.95%. This antioxidant soap has a strong antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 76.52 ppm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concentrated products feature a longer shelf life, easier transportation because of lower weight, and a shorter recovery time. Many food products, in particular beverages, are thermolabile. When they are exposed to high temperatures, their native properties are lost, the chemical composition changes and the quality may deteriorate. Therefore, concentrates of such products benefit from low temperatures treatment. Lyophilization, or vacuum freeze-drying, allows to effectively preserve physico-chemical properties of raw materials in food concentrates and avoid high temperatures treatment. Nowadays, plant extracts are used as important additives in the food industry due to their content in biologically active substances such as polyphenolic compounds, which have antioxidant activity and play an important role in the fight against free radicals. A plant that possesses polyphenols in its chemical composition is rosehip. The article describes experiments conducted to study the effect of lyophilization on the change in physico-chemical properties of rosehip fruit extract. An analysis was carried out to evaluate the dry matter concentration, total content of polyphenolic compounds, chromaticity, turbidity and pH losses of the extract under the developed mode of lyophilization. Based on the research results, lyophilization allows to obtain the concentrated rosehip extract with a high level of preservation of the dry matter concentration, total content of polyphenols, chromaticity, turbidity and pH. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terong para fruit (para eggplant), a wild plant that is rarely explored scientifically, was extracted by a simple extraction method to analyze its proteolytic activity at several incubation temperature variations, pH, drying temperature, ripeness, and fruit parts. Sumbawa people use para eggplant fruit to make a traditional dessert named palopo. We also analyzed the milk-clotting activity of para eggplant crude extract to explore its potential as a rennet substitute. The recent study found that the highest activity in fresh fruit crude extracts was in ripe fruit seeds incubated at 60 °C pH 7 (2.607 U/mL). After going through the drying process at 50 °C, para eggplant crude extract's proteolytic activity increased to 22.547 U/mL. The milk-clotting activity of para eggplant crude extract was 1.322 U/mL, but it could not coagulate horse milk in the given time of analysis. Further purification and characterization are necessary for this potential protease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Balongga fruit (Cucumis melo L. forma agrestis) is a group of plants that is used as a source of food and medicine for the Tolaki people. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the extract of Balongga fruit (Cucumis melo L. forma agrestis) against Escherichia coli bacteria. The research was conducted by phytochemical testing with test parameters including saponins, tannins, alkaloids, and flavonoids. Furthermore, testing the effectiveness of the extract using the agar well method. The test extract samples in this study were made with concentrations of 30%, 60%, and 90%. The results of the phytochemical test showed that the Balongga fruit contained saponins, tannins, and flavonoids. The results of testing the effectiveness of the extract of balongga fruit against Escherichia coli ATCC 35218 at a concentration of 30% of 6.76 mm, at a concentration of 60% of 6.35, and a concentration of 90% of 7.86 mm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydatid cystic disease a major disease common to humans and animals, which is widespread in the countries of the Middle East. This disease poses an economic dilemma in Iraq as it affects the productivity of sheep, cows, goats, and camels because their affected organs become unfit for human consumption and causing weight loss and poor health status of the affected animals. Different types of medication have been used to reduce or prevent the occurrence of this disease at all its developmental stages, whether, by final or intermediate hosts, including albendazole, ivermectin, and another drug, surgical removal is one of the best methods of treating this disease, Therefore, the interest in finding alternative means such as using plants to provide an effective medicinal material. Objectives: To pharmacologically evaluate the effectiveness and application of the in vitro anti-protoscolice treatment model of the boiled water extract of Helicteres isora L.in contrast with the use of albendazole Methods: Samples of hydatid humans or animals were collected from the hospital and external laboratories in Babil Governorate and preserved in the private media until use, and the powder of dried H.isora fruits was extracted comprehensively by dissolving in boiling water, and the required concentrations were prepared which are 100, 200 and 300 mg/ml, as well as Different concentrations of Albendazole were prepared for compared. The control group was treated with one milliliter of distilled water and all concentration that mention above for extract and drugs with five replications. Then the viability rate of the protoscolices were calculated over a period of (0, 3, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144, 168, 192, 216) hours. The results were based on penetration of the eosin dye and the staining of the dead protoscolices in red and the living protoscolices a bright green color. The data were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results: The outcomes revealed the percentage of viability with the protoscolices had been 94% at zero time then be (0%) after nine days following the start of experiment whenever utilizing culture media of Kreb ringers additionally cyst fluid (4:1) respectively as being a control group for comparison. the boiled water extract for the H.isora fruits with a concentration of 300 mg/ml revealed most reliable in eliminating the viability of protoscolices after 192 hours at a percentage of 23%, compared with the albendazole drug at a percentage of 0% after 120 hours. Conclusion: Results of this study show that protoscolices' viability had been effective in the findings of a boiling water extract from H. isora fruit. H. isora boiled water extract can be used in replacement chemotherapy to treat cyst hydatide infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomato is a fruit that a lot of spread in almost every region in the archipelago and has a high nutritional value. The process of isolation and identification of tomato extracts has been done. The fermentation process from tomato fruit for each fermentation time is 36 hours and 48 hours and obtained a pH range of 5.0 and 4.0. The identification morphology of bacteria for each T36 and T48 samples were shaped bacil and positive Gram, don't have spores and colonize and then, the sample is done to acid resistance test at pH 2.0 until pH 6.0 and obtained for each T36 and T48 samples having resistance at pH 4.0 and 3.0. So that, the samples still able to survive in an acid condition. After that, all of the samples is done to antibacterial activity test with using Mueller Hinton and Agar nutrient medium into petridish. The process of activity test that carried out for 3 days using antibiotic as a control like ampicillin and erythromycin when using Klebsiella pneumoniae as test bacterial obtained clear zone value from T36 sample respectively as many as 7 mm, 10 mm and 11 mm while T48 sample as many as 17 mm, 17 mm and 18 mm. So, the conclude that tomato fruit extract having the ability as an antibacterial against Klebsiella pneumoniae bacteria in an effort to prevention of pneumonia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present work we have utilized fruit extracts (pomegranate, jack fruit) as an alternative, effectual, low-cost and environment friendly green synthesis method to produce well-defined geometries of gold nanoparticles at room temperature (30 °C) having unique structural corelated optical property. The phytochemicals present in the aqueous leaf or fruit extract acted as a reducing agent and stabilization is also achieved with other organic molecules. The generated AuNPs and were characterized by Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS) and Zeta potential. Selected electron area diffraction (SEAD) pattern showed the particles to be crystalline in nature, with a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. The morphology and average size of particles were analyzed by TEM measurements and DLS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using aqueous extract of Piper retrofractum fruits by the sonication-assisted an eco-friendly method. The compounds of Piper retrofractum extract can perform as reducing as well as capping agent in the synthesis process of AgNPs. Silver nitrate was used as a starting material and was reacted with Piper retrofractum extracts. The formation of AgNPs was monitored by a color change from colorless to dark brown. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized using UV-Visible, FTIR, XRD, and FESEM-EDS analysis. Surface plasmon resonance peak of silver nanoparticles analyzed using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer was observed at 476 nm. FTIR spectrum of silver nanoparticles peaks at 3420 cm−1, 2922 cm−1, 1632 cm−1, and 1021 cm−1 was similar to the Piper retrofractum extract spectrum, which indicated the compounds might involve in stabilizing nanoparticles, whereas the additional new peaks at 702 cm−1 and 535 cm−1 revealed the characteristic band of Ag-O-H. The X-ray diffractogram showed the crystalline properties of silver nanoparticles, and the average crystallite size was found around 24.86 nm. The spherical shape of morphology silver nanoparticles was observed in the SEM photograph. EDS spectrum showed the high presence of silver. Synthesized silver nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial activity against E.coli and S.aureus. This study reported the successful green synthesis of AgNPs implementing of plant extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the absorption spectra of pitaya and spinach extract adsorbed onto 10 µm and 15 µm rutile anatase TiO2. The proposed novel dyes were immersed into TiO2 film and tested on its UV-Vis absorbance spectrometer. The focus of this experiment is to characterise two dyes which are from pitaya and spinach. The fruit extract absorbs visible light which sensitizes the oxide semiconductor to lower energy with RAP-15 while RAP-10 shows higher absorption of dye volume and better visible light interaction. The dyed photo anode causes the absorption band to be broaden, this is due to the interaction of the charge transfer that is causing the oxide surface and the dye to bind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effectiveness of Morus nigra as natural antimicrobial agents were assessed by the ability of the crude extract to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus brasiliensis, and Candida albicans. Different parts (fruit, root, leaves and stem) of M. nigra were extracted by maceration using different solvents; ethanol and methanol. The antimicrobial assays were carried out by paper disc diffusion method. M. nigra of all part extracted in ethanol were able to inhibit the growth of test microorganisms compared to, when extracted in methanol. Root and fruit extracts of M. nigra were able to inhibit the test microorganisms. The analytical analysis using HPLC-DAD was able to identify the presence of flavonoids rutin, quercetin, apigenin and kaempferol in crude extracts that correspond to inhibition zones observed. Hence, the results suggested that crude extracts from M. nigra root and fruit have antimicrobial properties to prevent the growth of test microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tyrosinase is the main enzyme involved in melanin biosynthesis. The amount of melanin produced by melanocyte cells will affect a person's skin color. Therefore, the body's skin needs a compound that can inhibit the work of the enzyme tyrosinase. The purpose of this study was to determine the potential of G. xanthochymus fruit extracts as a whitening agent. The dried sample was continuously macerated using n-hexane and methanol. Furthermore, each extract's tyrosinase enzyme inhibitory activity was measured using a microplate reader 96 well spectrophotometers at 490 nm and a substrate of 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine, L-D OPA. The results showed that the results of the Inhibitory Activity test at a concentration of 100 ppm from each extract were 35.41±11.10% (hexane extract), and 28.83 ± 6.77% (methanol extract). Percentage inhibition of the positive control (kojic acid) was 65.07 ± 0.03 % at 100 ppm. The conclusion of this research is that G. xanthochymus pericarp hexane and methanol extract have the potential as skin lightening with hexane extract results better than methanol extract, with inhibitory activity of tyrosinase enzyme half of kojic acid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parijoto (Medinilla speciosa) is one of fruits in Indonesia that contains high anthocyanin, which is a flavonoid compound that exerts beneficial effects on blood pressure, endothelial function, oxidative stress and as antioxidants. Antioxidants helps in converting the radicals to less reactive species, or as an inhibitor of the process of oxidation. Antioxidants also can help the body's defense system if there are elements of disease generation. Compounds that can increase the body's resistance to various infections through increasing of the oxidative activity of neutrophils, phagocytic cell activity and stimulating cytotoxic cells are called immunostimulants. This study aimed to determine the antioxidant activity and phagocytosis of macrophage cells that were given methanol extract of parijoto pericarp and whole fruit (M. speciosa). Antioxidant activity of parijoto pericarp and whole fruit (M. speciosa) were calculated using DPPH test. Phagocytosis activity test was carried out in 5 groups, control; macrophage cells were given 125 ppm; 250 ppm; 500 ppm; and 1000 ppm of parijoto pericarp and whole fruit extract. Macrophage cells were isolated from the peritoneum part of mice, then cultured using RPMI medium for 24 hours. Non-specific phagocytosis ability tests were carried out in vitro using latex beads. The result showed that the total antioxidant activity of methanol extract of parijoto (M. speciosa) pericarp and whole fruit were very strong with IC50 values of 29.68 ppm and 23.73 ppm respectively. Administration of methanol extract of parijoto (M. speciosa) pericarp and whole fruit increased phagocytosis capacity (highest at 1000 µg / ml with a value of 61.50% and 74.00%). Phagocytosis index values also increased, where the highest increase at concentrations of 500 µg / ml with values of 2.53 and 3.16. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melon (Cucumis melo L.) cv. Gama Melon Parfum (GMP) is a new melon cultivar made by cross breeding between female ♀NO-3 (Natsumo Omoide) dan ♂MR-5 (Miyamauri) parents has a distinctive scent at ripening stage. During the ripening stages there are chemical changes of the fruit including antioxidant properties. The aims of this research were to study the changes of antioxidant activity and antioxidant compound during ripening stages of melon cv. Gama Melon Parfum (GMP). Melon with three ripening stages (10 DAA, 20 DAA and 30 DAA) were harvested and analyzed their antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, and flavonoid. The methods were used flavonoid quantitative analysis by extraction and spectrophotometer, antioxidant activity was quantified by free- radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and ascorbic acid content was determined by iodometric method. The results showed that antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, and flavonoid increased during ripening. Content of antioxidant activity 10 DAA (27,29 %), 20 DAA (48,56 %) and 30 DAA (73,78 %), content of ascorbic acid 10 DAA (19,53 mg/100g), 20 DAA (23,33 mg/100 g) and 30 DAA (27,19 mg/100g), and flavonoid content 10 DAA (70,62 µg/g), 20 DAA (73,14 µg/g) and 30 DAA (81,87 µg/g). Antioxidant activity positively correlated with ascorbic acid and flavonoid content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Betacyanin, the major compound in red dragon fruit extract is a high value bioactive polyphenol compound with wide application in functional food. This bioactive compound is very sensitive to oxidation and has low bioavaibility. In this research, we prepared w/o/w nanoemulsion encapsulating hydrophilic betacyanin using two-step high energy emulsification. Polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) as hydrophobic surfactant, soya bean oil, red dragon fruit extract, ultraturrax (10,000 rpm, 3'), ultrasonic (20 KHz, 5') were used for primary water in oil (w/o) emulsification. The influence of PGPR concentration and sonification time on the droplet size and Poly Dispersity Index (PDI) of the fabricated w/o primary emulsion was investigated. The results showed that PGPR concentration affected significantly on droplet size and PDI of w/o primary emulsion. The selected w/o primary emulsion (A3B3) was emulsificated with aqueous phase (20:80) and 1% w/w Tween 80 using High Pressure Homogenizer at 200 Bar, 3 cycles and formed w/o/w nanoemulsion with the following characteristics: droplet diameter was 199 nm; PDI was 0.18; zeta potential was -37.1 mV. The antioxidant activity of this w/o/w nanoemulsion applying the DPPH method was 9.15 ppm for betacyanin. It has been observed that betacyanin in nanoemulsion (0.068 %w/w) performed antioxidant activity 3.5% from betacyanin content in natural extract (0.34%). Hence, betacyanin loaded in w/o/w nanoemulsion was better as an antioxidant natural red dragon fruit extract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]