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Solar distillation is a promising self-sustainable technique for achieving potable water in remote locations in an economical and eco-friendly manner. However, low productivity is the drawback of the traditional solar stills to meet the increasing demand of portable water. During the recent past, research, development, and demonstration in several directions including design, climatic and operation parameters have been enumerated to enhance the productivity of solar still. Using the paraffin wax (PCM) incorporated in the stepped design, the productivity has enhancement by 67.18%. Dual slope solar still with paraffin (PCM) and dispersed with Cu nanoparticles yields higher by 125% than the conventional design. An increase in productivity by 21.5% has been reported when nanoparticles are mixed with PCM. Active integration revealed that PVT-FPCs integrated system using CuO-based nanofluid yields ∼ 32% higher than the system operating without nanofluid. The active solar still embedded with U tube evacuated collector (ETC) yields higher by 50.97% and 55.24%, respectively, compared to the PVT-FPC, PVT-CPC integrated system. Adding PCM with still coupled with concentrator shows the increase in yield by 26%. The results reported by researchers revealed that active designs of solar still incorporated with PCMs and nanoparticles could magnify the productivity effectively and a prominent solution to meet scarcity of fresh water. The conclusions drawn from this review would facilitate the future researchers in selecting and incorporating appropriate modifications in the configuration of solar still with new phase change materials (PCMs) with nanomaterials to compete with the existing and future technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, we report the synthesis of cuprous oxide (Cu 2 O) nanoparticles modified vertically oriented aligned titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) nanotube arrays through wet chemical treatment of TiO 2 nanotubes and their multi-functional application as enhanced photo electrochemical and hydrogen generation. The synthesized samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, SEM, TEM, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The structural characterization revealed that the admixed Cu 2 O nanoparticles on the TiO 2 surface did not alter its crystalline structure of vertically oriented aligned TiO 2 nanotube. The photocatalytic performance and hydrogen generation of as synthesized Cu 2 O nanoparticles modified aligned TiO 2 nanotube was found to highly depend on the Cu 2 O content. The optical characterizations reveal that the presence of Cu 2 O nanoparticles extends its absorption into the visible region which improves the photocurrent density in comparison to pristine aligned TiO 2 nanotubes electrodes due to enhanced photoactivity and better charge separation. The optimum photocurrent density and hydrogen generation rate has been found to be 3.4 mA cm −2 and 127.5 μmole cm −2 h −1 in 1 M Na 2 SO 4 electrolyte solution under 1.5 AM solar irradiance of white light with illumination intensity of 100 mW cm −2 . [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Wastewater treatment and water purification have always posed challenges to mankind and this problem has become severe with escalating population and industrialization. This topic has attracted the global scientific community. Activated carbon adsorption became popular choice for water purification but its high cost prompted scientific workers to search for its alternates. In that series, several materials including minerals, waste materials, cellulosic materials, etc. were also applied as adsorbents. Recently, especially after advent of nano technology, there was a shift toward application of nano materials as ‘adsorbents’ and the term was coined as ‘nano adsorbents’. Present review has been focussed on the application of common nano materials for the removal of metallic species which are found in aqueous environment. The ‘most common’ metallic species are As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Hg, and Ni. Sb, Pd, Pt, U and Th are the other miscellaneous metallic species where nano particles are applied for their removal from aqueous solutions and water. We have critically discussed the articles published recently on this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the applicability of Box–Behnken design matrix and response surface methodology (RSM) for removal of chromium (VI) over γ-alumina nanoparticles in designing the experiments to evaluate the interactive effects of the three most important process variables namely, pH (2.0–10.0), adsorbent dose (0.2–1.0 mg/l) and initial concentration of metal ions (5–25 ppm) on the removal. The optimal conditions for the three effective parameters, thus identified, were found to be: pH 2.03, initial metal concentration 5 ppm, adsorbent dose 0.9170 g/50 ml with the desirability score of 1.00. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order model were ascertained to be more appropriate for the process of removal. The process of Cr removal by nano-alumina was feasible, exothermic and spontaneous in nature. The response surface methodology provided important information on interactions between the factors and is recommended for similar adsorption systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study of three nanoparticles Zn, ZnO and CuO doped in Nematic Liquid Crystal Polymer System (NLCPS) with different concentration was studied. The NLCPS combines the orientational ordering properties of liquid crystals, polymer and nanoparticles. The investigations were performed using Polarizing Microscopic Studies (PMS) and Fabry Perot Spectroscopic Studies (FPSS). After doping Zn, ZnO and CuO nanoparticles with liquid crystal polymer system, the response was studied at high temperature. The phase transition temperatures obtained by FPSS were confirmed by PMS. LCPS is useful for displays and may also be used for tunable wavelength filters, tunable liquid-crystal lenses and polarization-independent phase modulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gemcitabine (2′,2′-difluoro-2′-deoxycytidine; dFdC) is an efficacious anticancer agent acting against a wide range of solid tumors, including pancreatic, non-small cell lung, bladder, breast, ovarian, thyroid and multiple myelomas. However, short plasma half-life due to metabolism by cytidine deaminase necessitates administration of high dose, which limits its medical applicability. Further, due to its hydrophilic nature, it cannot traverse cell membranes by passive diffusion and, therefore, enters via nucleoside transporters that may lead to drug resistance. To circumvent these limitations, macromolecular prodrugs and nanocarrier-based formulations of Gemcitabine are gaining wide recognition. The nanoformulations based approaches by virtue of their controlled release and targeted delivery have proved to improve bioavailability, increase therapeutic efficacy and reduce adverse effects of the drug. Furthermore, the combination of Gemcitabine with other anticancer agents as well as siRNAs using nanocarriers has also been investigated in order to enhance its therapeutic potential. This review deals with challenges and recent advances in the delivery of Gemcitabine with particular emphasis on macromolecular prodrugs and nanomedicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Cisplatin is one of the most potent chemotherapeutic agents acting against a variety of tumors, however, its use is mainly limited due to the dose limiting toxicities and acquired resistance to cisplatin. Folate functionalized albumin nanoparticles were developed for targeted delivery of drug to limit the adverse effects of cisplatin. Main methods Cisplatin loaded nanoparticles functionalized with folate (CP-FA-BSA-NPs) were developed and characterized for various parameters. In order to investigate the targeting ability of folate conjugated nanoparticles, in vitro cellular uptake study was performed in folate receptor over expressing cells (MCF-7). Further, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) level, plasma creatinine level, body weight and kidney weight of the mice were measured followed by histopathological examination of various tissues to have an insight into the potential of developed formulation in the reduction of drug associated adverse effects. Key findings The cellular uptake studies demonstrated higher internalization of folate conjugated nanoparticles as compared to plain counterpart (CP-BSA-NPs). Following two cycles of cisplatin treatment, a week apart, BUN and plasma creatinine level were found to be significantly higher in case of free cisplatin as compared to saline, CP-BSA-NPs and CP-FA-BSA-NPs treated groups. Body weight and kidney weight of free cisplatin treated mice were significantly reduced as compared to other group. Histopathological examination of kidney from CP-BSA-NPs and CP-FA-BSA-NPs treated groups revealed no kidney damage, however, a sign of nephrotoxicity was observed in the case of free cisplatin. Significance The results demonstrated the potential of developed formulation in reducing the adverse effects of cisplatin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gemcitabine is one of the most potent anticancer agents acting on a wide range of solid tumors, however, its use is limited by short half life and high dose leading to serious side effects. The present investigation describes the development and characterization of folate functionalized gemcitabine loaded bovine serum albumin nanoparticles (Fa-Gem-BSANPs). The nanoparticles were prepared by desolvation cross-linking technique and characterized for various parameters including morphology, particle size, zeta potential, drug loading and release profile. The particle size of Gem-BSANPs and Fa-Gem-BSANPs was found to be 159.1 ± 5.29 and 208.7 ± 1.80 nm, respectively. DSC and XRD analysis indicated amorphous nature of the drug within the particles. The encapsulated gemcitabine exhibited less hemolytic properties as compared to native drug. The anticancer activity of Fa-Gem-BSANPs was evaluated in folate receptor over expressing cell lines (Ovcar-5 and MCF-7) and folate receptor deficient cell line (MIAPaCa-2). The Fa-Gem-BSANPs showed superior anticancer activity as compared to Gem-BSANPs in Ovcar-5 and MCF-7 cells while no significant difference in cytotoxicity was found with MIAPaCa-2 cells. Confocal microscopy indicated facilitated intracellular uptake of Fa-Gem-BSANPs in MCF-7, which in turn result in a higher potential for apoptosis. Further, Fa-Gem-BSANPs exhibited improved anti-tumor activity in Ehrlich solid tumor model in mice. In conclusion, our study indicates that folate functionalized nanoparticles confer enhance cellular uptake and cytotoxicity for gemcitabine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper highlights the effect of varying nano-PTFE concentrations (0–6%) in 150 N API Group II oil on physical and tribological properties (based on Four-ball testers and SRV Optimol). The results showed that nano-PTFE particles at 3 wt% can significantly improve the weld load (5 times), as well as anti-wear and friction reduction properties of the virgin oil. The topography and surface chemistry of the specimens were examined using scanning electron microscopy and Energy dispersive X-ray analysis. A possible mechanism was proposed to explain the deterioration in performance beyond 3% of PTFE nano-particles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The increasing applications of different nanomaterials in the myriad of nano-enabled products and their potential for leaching have raised considerable environmental, health and safety (EHS) concerns. As systematic studies investigating potential anomalies in the morphology and anatomy of crop plants are scarce, herein we report on the developmental responses of two agriculturally significant crop plants, maize (Zea mays L.) and cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L.), upon in vitro exposure to nanoparticles of citrate-coated silver (Citrate–nAg) and zinc oxide (nZnO). Analyses involve histology of the primary root morphology and anatomy using light microscopy, metal biouptake, moisture content, rate of germination, and root elongation. Comparative toxicity profiles of the ionic salts (AgNO3 and ZnSO4) are developed. Notably, we uncover structural changes in maize primary root cells upon exposure to Citrate–nAg, nZnO, AgNO3, and ZnSO4, possibly due to metal biouptake, suggesting potential for functional impairments in the plant growth and development. Citrate–nAg exposure results in lower Ag biouptake compared to AgNO3 treatment in maize. Microscopic evidence reveals ‘tunneling-like effect’ with nZnO treatment, while exposure to AgNO3 leads to cell erosion in maize root apical meristem. In maize, a significant change in metaxylem count is evident with Citrate–nAg, AgNO3, and ZnSO4 treatment, but not with nZnO treatment (p>0.1). In both maize and cabbage, measures of germination and root elongation reveal lower nanoparticle toxicity compared to free ions. As moisture data do not support osmotically-induced water stress hypothesis for explaining toxicity, we discuss other proximate mechanisms including the potential role of growth hormones and transcription factors. These findings highlight previously overlooked, anatomically significant effects of metal nanoparticles, and recommend considering detailed anatomical investigations in tandem with the standard developmental phytotoxicity assays (germination and root elongation) as the latter ones appear less sensitive for screening plant responses to nanomaterial insults. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This article is aimed to extend a simple protocol for preparation of various plant leaves extract and their application to green synthesis of the metallic nanoparticles. Five plant leaves extract showed mild reduction and stabilization ability for silver and gold nanoparticles (AgNPs and AuNPs) at room temperature. The particle size range varied from 25 to 42nm and 21 to 47nm for AgNPs and AuNPs, respectively. Plant leaves extract-mediated nanoparticles were characterized to confirm the shape, size, crystallinity, and content using different spectroscopic investigations. Differences in stability of nanoparticles at different pH were also measured by zeta potential. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] Photothermal therapy (PTT) is a minimally invasive procedure for treating cancer. The two significant prerequisites of PTT are the photothermal therapeutic agent (PTA) and near-infrared radiation (NIR). The PTA absorbs NIR, causing hyperthermia in the malignant cells. This increased temperature at the tumor microenvironment finally results in tumor cell damage. Nanoparticles play a crucial role in PTT, aiding in the passive and active targeting of the PTA to the tumor microenvironment. Through enhanced permeation and retention effect and surface-engineering, specific targeting could be achieved. This novel delivery tool provides the advantages of changing the shape, size, and surface attributes of the carriers containing PTAs, which might facilitate tumor regression significantly. Further, inclusion of surface engineering of nanoparticles is facilitated through ligating ligands specific to overexpressed receptors on the cancer cell surface. Thus, transforming nanoparticles grants the ability to combine different treatment strategies with PTT to enhance cancer treatment. This review emphasizes properties of PTAs, conjugated biomolecules of PTAs, and the combinatorial techniques for a better therapeutic effect of PTT using the nanoparticle platform. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Our aim in the present investigation was to develop a nanoparticulate carrier of amphotericin B (AmB) for controlled delivery as well as reduced toxicity. Nanoparticles of different gelatins (GNPs) (type A or B) were prepared by two-step desolvation method and optimized for temperature, pH, amount of cross-linker, and theoretical drug loading. AmB-loaded GNPs were characterized for size, polydispersity index (PI), shape, morphology, surface charge, drug release, and hemolysis. The developed GNPs (GNPA300) were found to be of nanometric size (213 ± 10 nm), having low PI (0.092 ± 0.015) and good entrapment efficiency (49.0 ± 2.9%). All GNPs showed biphasic release characterized by an initial burst followed by controlled release. The in vivo hematological toxicity results suggest nonsignificant reduction (P > .05) in hemoglobin concentration and hematocrit. Nephrotoxicity results showed that there was a nonsignificant (P > .05) increase in blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine levels. The results confirm that developed GNPs could optimize AmB delivery in terms of cost and safety, and type A gelatin with bloom number 300 was found suitable for such preparation. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• Comprehensive review of iron nanoparticle transport through porous media. • Multiple concurrent phenomena may be responsible for nanoparticle retention. • Continuum modelling tools helps in designing robust remediation plan. Injection of surface modified zero valent iron nanoparticles for in situ remediation of soil, contaminated with an array of pollutants has attracted great attention due to the high reactivity of zero valent iron towards a broad range of contaminants, its cost effectiveness, minimal physical disruption and low toxicity. The effectiveness of this technology relies on the stability and mobility of injected iron nanoparticles. Hence the development of a modelling tool capable of predicting nZVI transport is indispensable. This review provides state of the art knowledge on the mobility of iron nanoparticles in porous media, mechanisms involved in subsurface retention of nZVI based on continuum models and field scale application. Special attention is given to the identification of the influential parameters controlling the transport potential of iron nanoparticles and the available numerical models for the simulation of laboratory scale transport data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present research, etoricoxib nanoparticles were prepared using newly developed ultrasonication assisted solvent-antisolvent method. Neem gum (NGP) and their semisynthetic derivatives NGP-g-Am (acrylamide graft copolymer of neem gum) and CMNGP (carboxymethylated neem gum) were used to provide stability to drug nanoprecipitates. In this research response surface methodology based on 3 2 factorial design was utilized to evaluate the effect of two independent variables (concentration of drug and polymer) over size and entrapment efficiency of nanoparticles (dependent variables). When compared with pure drug nanocrystals, polymer stabilized molecular composite nanoparticles were of smaller size and spherical shape. CMNGP stabilized composite nanoparticles shown smaller size hence better performance in terms of solubility and dissolution rate as compared to NGP and NGP-g-Am. As shown by zeta seizer analysis for the same concentration of drug and stabilizer, size of nanoparticles were found in the range of NGP-g-Am > NGP > CMNGP and reverse case was observed for dissolution rate. Contact angle determination easily predict better hydrophilicity of CMNGP than NGP followed by NGP-g-Am. DSC thermogram predict the amorphous nature of CMNGP than NGP and NGP-g-Am. SEM revealed spherical shaped and non-aggregation of nanoparticles. Prepared nanosuspension show no aggregation and Ostwald repining after 45 days when ultrasonicated for 5 s. t 90% of optimized formulations of NGP (N9), NGP-g-Am (A8) and CMNGP (C1) was found to be 249.46 min, 296.63 min and 223.39 min and followed 1° order, Higuchi and 1° order kinetics of drug, respectively. Similarity factor analysis predict that release pattern of drug from three different polymer stabilized nanoparticles are significantly differ to each other. Particle size of nanoparticles was studied in presence of solvent and findings showed no change in size after 45 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Both bare and CMC pre/post-coated nanoparticles can remove Cr(VI). • Pre-coating method led to smaller particles with better stability. • Coating nanoparticles with CMC reduced reactivity of the materials. • Particle dispersion is positively correlated with removal efficiency. High redox activity and superior magnetic property of nano-scale zero valent iron (nZVI) leads to the formation of surface oxide layers and large agglomerates, limiting its application in remediation activities. To inhibit surface oxidation and to overcome the aggregation challenge, copper (Cu) doped bimetallic iron/copper (Fe/Cu) nanoparticles with/without polymeric stabilization (carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)) were chemically synthesized and compared with bare iron (Fe) nanoparticles for hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) removal. CMC stabilization of Fe/Cu nanoparticles was carried out in both post and pre-grafting pathways to evaluate the role of stabilization method on nanoparticle characteristics and reactivity. Detailed material characterization and CMC bonding mechanisms onto nanoparticle surface were explored by performing TEM, FTIR, XRD, XPS, and TGA analysis. TEM results showed spherical morphology of nanoparticles with better stability and smaller particle size for CMCpre-Fe/Cu (∼25 nm). Batch experiment results exhibited lower Cr(VI) removal efficiency for stabilized nanoparticles in contrast with bare nanoparticles (CMCpost-Fe/Cu (20.68%) < CMCpre-Fe/Cu (41.79%) < Fe/Cu (58.19%) < Fe (62.09%)) – attributable to the electrostatic repulsion between stabilized nanoparticles and Cr(VI) species. Contrary to other materials, despite the low Cr(VI) removal efficiency of stabilized nanoparticles, CMCpre-Fe/Cu showed a faster initial adsorption rate (22.23 mg·g−1.min−1). Acidic pH and particle dispersion were found to impact the removal process positively. XPS analysis of the materials before and after the reaction described the removal mechanism as a synergistic effect of adsorption, reduction, and precipitation. In conclusion, Cu doping can boost the removal process by facilitating reductive pathways, and polymer coating may result in reduced Cr(VI) removal from wastewater due to surface charge properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A novel and simple method to synthesize Ag–ZnO nanocomposites. [•] Broad spectrum antibacterial activity of Ag–ZnO nanocomposites. [•] Investigated the mechanism of antibacterial action of Ag–ZnO nanocomposites. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Growth factors play a pivotal role in orchestrating cellular growth and division by binding to specific cell surface receptors. Dysregulation of growth factor production or activity can contribute to the uncontrolled cell proliferation observed in cancer. Peptide-based nanoformulations (PNFs) have emerged as promising therapeutic strategies for growth factor-deficient cancers. PNFs offer multifaceted capabilities including targeted delivery, imaging modalities, combination therapies, resistance modulation, and personalized medicine approaches. Nevertheless, several challenges remain, including limited specificity, stability, pharmacokinetics, tissue penetration, toxicity, and immunogenicity. To address these challenges and optimize PNFs for clinical translation, in-depth investigations are warranted. Future research should focus on elucidating the intricate interplay between peptides and nanoparticles, developing robust spectroscopic and computational methodologies, and establishing a comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationship governing peptide-nanoparticle interactions. Bridging these knowledge gaps will propel the translation of peptide-nanoparticle therapies from bench to bedside. While a few peptide-nanoparticle drugs have obtained FDA approval for cancer treatment, the integration of nanostructured platforms with peptide-based medications holds tremendous potential to expedite the implementation of innovative anticancer interventions. Therefore, growth factor-deficient cancers present both challenges and opportunities for targeted therapeutic interventions, with peptide-based nanoformulations positioned as a promising avenue. Nonetheless, concerted research and development endeavors are essential to optimize the specificity, stability, and safety profiles of PNFs, thereby advancing the field of peptide-based nanotherapeutics in the realm of oncology research. The graphical abstract concerns theranostic applications of peptide-based nanoparticles in growth factor defective cancers. They can carry drugs or gene-silencing molecules to the cancer cells as cargo, bind to specific receptors on the cancer cells and enter them. The particles then release their cargo inside the cells and kill them. This approach is claimed to be more selective, flexible, and effective than traditional therapies, subject to more clinical data from large-scale human trials. Efforts are more towards increasing the scalability of this technology. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Current understanding of potential toxicity of engineered nanomaterials to aquatic microorganisms is limited for risk assessment and management. Here we evaluate if the MetPLATE™ test can be used as an effective and rapid screening tool to test for potential aquatic toxicity of various metal-based nanoparticles (NPs). The MetPLATE bioassay is a heavy metal sensitive test based on β-galactosidase activity in Escherichia coli. Five different types of metal-based NPs were screened for toxicity: (1) citrate coated nAg (Citrate-nanosilver), (2) polyvinylpyrrolidone coated nAg (PVP-nAg), (3) uncoated nZnO, (4) uncoated nTiO2 and (5) 1-Octadecylamine coated CdSe Quantum Dots (CdSe QDs); and compared with their corresponding ionic salt toxicity. Citrate-nAg was further fractionated into clean Citrate-nAg, unclean Citrate-nAg and permeate using a tangential flow filtration (TFF) system to eliminate residual ions and impurities from the stock Citrate-nAg suspension and also to differentiate between ionic- versus nano-specific toxicity. Our results showed that nAg, nZnO and CdSe QDs were less toxic than their corresponding ionic salts tested, while nano- or ionic form of TiO2 was not toxic as high as 2.5gL−1 to the MetPLATE™ bacteria. Although coating-dependent toxicity was noticeable between two types of Ag NPs evaluated, particle size and surface charge were not adequate to explain the observed toxicity; hence, the toxicity appeared to be material-specific. Overall, the toxicity followed the trend: CdCl2 >AgNO3 >PVP-nAg>unclean Citrate-nAg>clean Citrate-nAg>ZnSO4 >nZnO>CdSe QDs>nTiO2/TiO2. These results indicate that an evaluation of β-galactosidase inhibition in MetPLATE™ E. coli can be an important consideration for rapid screening of metal-based NP toxicity, and should facilitate ecological risk assessment of these emerging contaminants. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

[Display omitted] • Development of RP-HPLC method using QbD approach for quantification of REP. • Forced degradation study perform to identify degradation medium of REP. • The amphiphilic polymers have been synthesized and characterized by GPC, NMR. • Method was applied to understand % EE, % DL and release modeling of nanoparticles. Repaglinide (REP) an insulinotropic agent used in the treatment of type-2 diabetes. It belongs to meglitinides, which act by blocking the ATP sensitive potassium channels and stimulates the insulin release. REP is the first insulin secretagogue used to target postprandial hyperglycemia. In this study, a rapid, sensitive, and reproducible RP-HPLC method has been developed and validated using an analytical quality-by-design approach. Initially, the Ishikawa fishbone diagram provides the basis of variation in critical analytical attributes with various inputs. Additionally, Taguchi design was selected to screen the critical method parameters affecting method development. Further, systemic optimization of the RP-HPLC method was determined by using Box-Behnken design. The chromatography separation was achieved by acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (60:40) with isocratic flow system on waters Nova-pack C 18 column (3.9 × 150 mm, 4 μm) with 0.8 mL/min flow rate and the developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines. Moreover, the force degradation studies were also performed under different conditions (acidic, basic, oxidation and photolytic) to understand the degradation pathways and products. Furthermore, an amphiphilic di-block biodegradable polymer, i.e. , polyethylene glycol-polycaprolactone (mPEG-PCL) was synthesized with different molecular weights to encapsulate REP and understand the release kinetics with mathematical modeling. In addition, the validated RP-HPLC method was effectively utilized to determine percent entrapment efficiency and loading efficiency of REP loaded nanoparticles. The developed method would also be applicable to quantify the REP from the biological matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a recurring infection that is difficult to treat due to the limited bioavailability of antimicrobials. In this study, Metronidazole (MTZ)-loaded chitosan nanoparticles (MCSNP) were synthesized employing phytic acid (PA) as a crosslinking agent for treating bacterial vaginosis. The prepared MCSNPs were characterized for size, shape, surface charge, compatibility, cytotoxicity, biofilm inhibition, and in-vitro / in-vivo antimicrobial activities. Morphological examination revealed that nanoparticles generated from 0.535 % w / v chitosan and 0.112 % w/v PA were non-spherical, discontinuous, and irregular, with zeta potential ranging from 25.00 ± 0.45 to 39 ± 0.7. The results of DSC and XRD demonstrated no change in the physical state of the drug in the finished formulation. The optimized formulation demonstrates a cumulative drug release of about 98 ± 1.5 % within 8 h. Antimicrobial studies demonstrated that the optimized formulation had enhanced efficacy against acid-adapted BV pathogens, with a MIC value of 0.9 ± 0.1 μg/mL. Compared to the MTZ alone, the in-vivo antibacterial results of in the case of developed nanoparticles showed a four-fold reduction in bacterial count in female Swiss albino mice. Based on the experimental findings, it was concluded that MCSNPs, due to their excellent physiochemical and antibacterial properties, could serve as a potential topical alternative for treating BV. [Display omitted] • The successful preparation of polyelectrolyte complex nanoparticles MCSNP from PA and CS has been achieved. • MCSNP demonstrated potential antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory activities and calcium-chelating properties. • The nanoparticles showed a significantly higher capability for inhibiting biofilms while exhibiting lower cytotoxicity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract The present study demonstrated the development of gemcitabine and betulinic acid co-encapsulated PLGA−PEG polymer nanoparticles for enhancing the chemotherapeutic response. This combinatorial PLGA-PEG nanoparticle was formulated using double emulsion and had size <200 nm. The developed nanoparticles were characterized using dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy for their size and shape, respectively. The in vitro release of the drugs from combinatorial nanoparticles was predominantly followed by Fickian diffusion phenomenon. Study on hemocompatibilty approved the administration of this combinatorial nanoparticle for animal study. In vitro cytotoxicity study on Panc1 cells using MTT assay, reactive oxygen species production and cellular apoptotic assay demonstrated that combinatorial nanoparticle was more cytotoxic compared to native drugs solution. Furthermore, the combinatorial nanoparticle suppressed tumor growth more efficiently in Ehrlich (solid) tumor model than the native gemcitabine and betulinic acid at the same concentrations. These findings indicated that PLGA-PEG nanoparticle might be used to co-deliver multiple chemotherapeutic drugs with different properties for enhancing antitumor efficacy. Highlights • Development of gemcitabine and betulinic acid loaded PLGA−PEG nanoparticles. • Combinatorial nanoparticle was more cytotoxic compared to native drugs. • Mechanistic investigation was performed using ROS and apoptotic assay in PANC1 cells. • Combinatorial nanoparticle exhibited improved anti-tumor efficacy in solid tumor model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years scientific community has drawn a great deal of attention towards understanding the enigma of cluster of differentiation-44 (CD44) in order to deliver therapeutic agents more selectively towards tumor tissues. Moreover, its over-expression in variety of solid tumors has attracted drug delivery researchers to target this receptor with nanomedicines. Conventional nanomedicines based on biodegradable polymers such as poly(lactide- co -glycolide) (PLGA) are often associated with insufficient cellular uptake by cancer cells, due to lack of active targeting moiety on their surface. Therefore, to address this limitation, CD44 targeted PLGA nanomedicines has gained considerable interest for enhancing the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. In this review, we have elaborately discussed the recent progress in the design and synthesis of CD44 targeted PLGA nanomedicines used to improve tumor-targeted drug delivery. We have also discussed strategies based on co-targeting of CD44 with other targeting moieties such as folic acid, human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2), monoclonal antibodies using PLGA based nanomedicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective To characterize and deliver fabricated CHX-loaded PLGA-nanoparticles inside micron-sized dentinal-tubules of demineralized dentin-substrates and resin-dentin interface. Methods Nanoparticles fabricated by emulsion evaporation were assessed in-vitro by different techniques. Delivery of drug-loaded nanoparticles to demineralized dentin substrates, interaction with collagen matrix, and ex-vivo CHX-release profiles using extracted teeth connected to experimental setup simulating pulpal hydrostatic pressure were investigated. Furthermore, nanoparticles association/interaction with a commercial dentin-adhesive applied to demineralized dentin substrates were examined. Results The results showed that the formulated nanoparticles demonstrated attractive physicochemical properties, low cytotoxicity, potent antibacterial efficacy, and slow degradation and gradual CHX release profiles. Nanoparticles delivered efficiently inside dentinal-tubules structure to sufficient depth (>10 μm) against the simulated upward pulpal hydrostatic-pressure, even after bonding-resins infiltration and were attached/retained on collagen-fibrils. These results verified the potential significance of this newly introduced drug-delivery therapeutic strategy for future clinical applications and promote for a new era of future dental research. Significance This innovative drug-delivery strategy has proven to be a reliable method for delivering treatments that could be elaborated for other clinical applications in adhesive and restorative dentistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of silicon (Si) in alleviating biotic as well as abiotic stresses is well known. However, the potential of silicon nanoparticle (SiNP) in regulating abiotic stress and associated mechanisms have not yet been explored. Therefore, in the present study hydroponic experiments were conducted to investigate whether Si or SiNp are more effective in the regulation of UV-B stress. UV-B (ambient and enhanced) radiation caused adverse effect on growth of wheat ( Triticum aestivum ) seedlings, which was accompanied by declined photosynthetic performance and altered vital leaf structures. Levels of superoxide radical and H 2 O 2 were enhanced by UV-B as also evident from their histochemical stainings, which was accompanied by increased lipid peroxidation (LPO) and electrolyte leakage. Activities of superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were inhibited by UV-B while catalase and guaiacol peroxidase, and all non-enzymatic antioxidants were stimulated by UV-B. Although, nitric oxide (NO) content was increased at all tested combinations, but its maximum content was observed under SiNps together with UV-B enhanced treatment. Pre-additions of SiNp as well as Si protected wheat seedlings against UV-B by regulating oxidative stress through enhanced antioxidants. Data indicate that SiNp might have protected wheat seedlings through NO-mediated triggering of antioxidant defense system, which subsequently counterbalance reactive oxygen species-induced damage to photosynthesis. Further, SiNp appear to be more effective in reducing UV-B stress than Si, which is related to its greater availability to wheat seedlings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The unprecedented capability to control and characterize materials on the nanometer scale has led to the rapid expansion of nanostructured materials. The expansion of nanotechnology, resulting into myriads of consumer and industrial products, causes a concern among the scientific community regarding risk associated with the release of nanomaterials in the environment. Bioavailability of excess nanomaterials ultimately threatens ecosystem and human health. Over the past few years, the field of nanotoxicology dealing with adverse effects and the probable risk associated with particulate structures <100 nm in size has emerged from the recognized understanding of toxic effects of fibrous and non-fibrous particles and their interactions with plants. The present review summarizes uptake, translocation and accumulation of nanomaterials and their recognized ways of phytotoxicity on morpho-anatomical, physiological, biochemical and molecular traits of plants. Besides this, the present review also examines the intrinsic detoxification mechanisms in plants in light of nanomaterial accumulation within plant cells or parts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although, silicon – the second most abundant element in the earth crust could not supersede carbon (C) in the competition of being the building block of life during evolution, yet its presence has been reported in some life forms. In case of the plants, silicon has been reported widely to promote the plant growth under normal as well as stressful situations. Nanoform of silicon is now being explored for its potential to improve plant productivity and its tolerance against various stresses. Silicon nanoparticles (SiNPs) in the form of nanofertilizers, nanoherbicides, nanopesticides, nanosensors and targeted delivery systems, find great utilization in the field of agriculture. However, the mechanisms underlying their uptake by plants need to be deciphered in detail. Silicon nanoformss are reported to enhance plant growth, majorly by improving photosynthesis rate, elevating nutrient uptake and mitigating reactive oxygen species (ROS)-induced oxidative stress. Various studies have reported their ability to provide tolerance against a range of stresses by upregulating plant defense responses. Moreover, they are proclaimed not to have any detrimental impacts on environment yet. This review includes the up-to-date information in context of the eminent role of silicon nanoforms in crop improvement and stress management, supplemented with suggestions for future research in this field. [Display omitted] • Silicon nanoforms improve growth and plant productivity. • Silicon nanoforms have capability to improve tolerance against various stresses and disease. • Nanoforms of silicon are more effective than silicon. • They positively regulate antioxidant pools and content of reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of silicon nanoparticles (SiNp) against Cr (VI) phytotoxicity in pea seedlings. Results show that Cr(VI, 100 μM) significantly (P < 0.05) declined growth of pea which was accompanied by the enhanced level of Cr. Additionally, photosynthetic pigments and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters like F v /F m , F v /F 0 and qP were decreased while NPQ significantly (P < 0.05) increased under Cr(VI) treatment. Superoxide radical, hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde (MDA-lipid peroxidation) contents were enhanced by Cr(VI). Activities of antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase were increased by Cr (VI) while activities of catalase, glutathione reductase and dehydroascorbate reductase were inhibited significantly (P < 0.05). Micro and macronutrients also show decreasing trends (except S) under Cr(VI) treatment. However, addition of SiNp together with Cr(VI) protects pea seedlings against Cr(VI) phytotoxicity hence improved growth was noticed. In conclusion, the results of this study show that Cr(VI) causes negative impact on pea seedlings, however; SiNp protects pea seedlings against Cr(VI) phytotoxicity by reducing Cr accumulation and oxidative stress, and up-regulating antioxidant defense system and nutrient elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation described the development of novel PLGA:poloxamer blend nanoparticles for intravenous administration of paclitaxel in order to limit the cremophor-associated adverse effects. The developed formulation was well-characterized using various techniques including scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The nanoparticles had an average particle size around 180 nm and zeta potential of −22.7 mV. The in vitro release study of nanoparticles exhibited biphasic release pattern. The non-hemolytic potential of the nanoparticles indicated the suitability of the developed formulation for intravenous administration. The PLGA:poloxamer blend nanoparticles showed significantly improved cytotoxicity in cell lines (MCF-7 and Colo-205), as compared to free drug. Further, the developed formulation was stable under the accelerated storage conditions. In conclusion, the results indicated that the developed polymeric formulation is a novel and potential alternative for the paclitaxel delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights: [•] A novel self-assembling nanoparticle (SAPN) that contains the Toxoplasma gondii GRA720–28 peptide was successfully produced. [•] The SAPN elicits HLA-B*0702-restricted CD8+T cells responses in HLA-B*0702 mice. [•] Protective immune responses of SAPN against T. gondii type I and II strains. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Highlights: [•] Characterization of AgNPs using spectroscopic and microscopic analysis. [•] Apoptosis induction by AgNPs analyzed by FACS. [•] Cytotoxicity studies confirm the anticancer nature of AgNPs. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Breast cancer is commonly known life-threatening malignancy in women after lung cancer. The standard of care (SOC) treatment for breast cancer primarily includes surgery, radiotherapy, hormonal therapy, and chemotherapy. However, the effectiveness of conventional chemotherapy is restricted by several limitations such as poor targeting, drug resistance, poor drug delivery, and high toxicity. Nanoparticulate drug delivery systems have gained a lot of interest in the scientific community because of its unique features and promising potential in breast cancer diagnosis and treatment. The unique physicochemical and biological properties of the nanoparticulate drug delivery systems promotes the drug accumulation, Pharmacokinetic profile towards the tumor site and thereby, reduces the cytotoxicity towards healthy cells. In addition, to improve tumor-specific drug delivery, researchers have focused on surface engineered nanocarrier system with targeting molecules/ligands that are specific to overexpressed receptors present on cancer cells. In this review, we have summarized the different biological ligands and surface-engineered nanoparticles, enlightening the physicochemical characteristics, toxic effects, and regulatory considerations of nanoparticles involved in treatment of breast cancer. • Breast cancer is the most diagnosed life threatening malignancy in women after lung cancer. • Conventional strategies are restricted due to poor targeting, drug resistance, and high toxicity. • Here we summarize various surface engineered nanoparticles used to target breast cancer. • Information about toxic effects, and regulatory considerations of nanoparticles also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Organophosphorus agents (OPA) represent a serious concern to public safety as nerve agents and pesticides. Here we report the development of gold nanoparticle based surface enhanced fluorescence (NSEF) spectroscopy for rapid and sensitive screening of organophosphorus agents. Fluorescent from Eu3+ ions that are bound within the electromagnetic field of gold nanoparticles exhibit a strong enhancement. In the presence of OPA, Eu3+ ions are released from the gold nanoparticle surface and thus a very distinct fluorescence signal change was observed. We discussed the mechanism of fluorescence enhancement and the role of OPA for fluorescence intensity change in the presence of gold nanoparticles. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]