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Chemical investigation on the roots and rhizomes of Nardostachys chinensis Batal led to the isolation of twenty-one sesquiterpenoids with various carbocyclic skeletons including three eudesmane-type (1-2, 4), nine nardosinane-type (3, 5-12), and nine aristolane-type sesquiterprenoids (13-21). The structures of the new compounds 1 and 3, and the new natural product 2 were established by extensive spectroscopic analysis, and their absolute configurations were established by computational electronic circular dichroism (ECD) method. Nitric oxide (NO) is one of the most important inflammatory modulators in many inflammatory diseases. Thus, inhibitory effects of compounds 1-21 on NO production were investigated in lipopolysaccaride (LPS)-mediated RAW 264.7 cells, and compounds 13-15 displayed NO inhibitory activity with IC50 values of 2.67, 2.79, 9.87 μM, respectively. Moreover, a further study revealed that compound 13 exhibited anti-inflammatory activity via suppression of IL-6, IL-10, and IL-23.

Ten previously undescribed triterpenoid congeners, namely irpeksolactins A–J, together with eighteen known ones, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the rainforest-dwelling medicinal fungus Irpex lacteus. The structures of all the isolates were characterized by extensive spectroscopic approaches, including 1D & 2D NMR and MS spectroscopic methods. Irpeksolactin J displayed selective and weak cytotoxicity against the human lung cancer cell line A549 and the human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line SMMC-7721.

Phytochemical investigation on the fermentation broth of the fungus Stereum hirsutum led to the isolation of ten steroids, including two previously unreported ones, namely steresterones A (1) and B (2). The semi-synthesis products 3a and 3b were prepared by reduction of the known compound 3 with NaBH4. Their structures and absolute configurations were established via 1D & 2D NMR spectroscopic analysis, and TDDFT/ECD calculations as well as single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The structure of 3 which harbored a 5β-H was confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis for the first time. All the compounds reported in this study were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines. Bioassay results revealed that 3, 4, 6―9 displayed significant anti-proliferative effects with IC50 values varying from 2.3 to 34.3 μM. The structure-activity relationships of 3, 3a, 3b were discussed.

Three previously undescribed cyathane-type diterpenoids, hericinoids A-C (1‒3) and three known analogues (4‒6) have been isolated from fermentation broth of Hericium erinaceus. Their structures of hericinoids A-C were determined by in-depth analyses of NMR spectra and HRESIMS. The absolute configurations of compounds 1 and 2 were determined by the ROESY spectra along with the DP4+ calculations based on quantum chemistry. Compounds 1–5 were inactive on the enhancement of NGF-induced neutrite outgrowth in PC-12 cells. Instead, compounds 2, 4, and 5 showed potent cytotoxicity against HL-60 cell lines with the IC50 values of 18.3, 8.9, and 0.5 μM, respectively. Compounds 4 and 5 showed moderate cytotoxicities against MCF-7 cell lines with the IC50 values ranging from 13.4 to 15.8 μM.

Two new pyridine derivatives climacomontaninates A–B (1–2), and a new sesquiterpenoid derivative climacomontanetate (3), together with twelve known compounds (4–15) were isolated from the culture extract of the fungal strain Climacocystis montana from the root bark of Paeonia ostii. The structures of these compounds were determined through spectroscopic methods such as NMR and HRMS. Moreover, we expound the absolute configuration of 1 using the organic synthesis method. The cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines of new compounds were evaluated by SRB assay.

Seven previously undescribed polyketides, namely childinins A-G, and one previously undescribed 8,14-seco-ergosterol, namely childinasterone A, were obtained from the fruiting bodies of Daldinia childiae. Their structures and absolute configurations were established via extensive spectroscopic analyses, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, and TDDFT/ECD calculations. Childinins A represents the first example of natural product possessing a previously undescribed 6H-naphtho[2,1-c]chromen-6-one scaffold. The single crystal X-ray diffraction of childinasterone A unambiguously determined the absolute configuration of a 8,14-seco-ergosterol skeleton. Childinins A, B, F and G (MIC90 54.9 μg⋅mL-1) showed anti-bacterial activities. Childinasterone A showed significant anti-NO activity (IC50 21.2 μM) and weak activities against SMMC-7721, MCF-7 and SW480 cell lines.

Betulactones A (1) and B (2) were isolated from the cultures of basidiomycete Lenzites betulinus. Betulactone A (1) was a novel highly oxygenated rigid spiro-g-lactone with the 5/5/6 ring system rarely found in fungal sources while betulactone B (2) was a highly degraded sterol. These structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic methods and computational ECD analysis. Compounds 1 and 2 were evaluated for their inhibitory activity of protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) 1B in vitro. (C) 2017 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Eighteen new lanostane-type triterpenoids, namely leucocontextins A-R (1-18) were isolated from the fruiting bodies of Ganoderma leucocontextum. Their structures were established by 1D and 2D NMR data in conjunction with HRESIMS/HREIMS, X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. Compound 18 exhibited weak cytotoxicity against K562 and MCF-7 cell lines with IC50 of 20-30 μM.

Matsudipeptides A (1) and B (2), two previously undescribed diketopiperazines with peroxy groups, were isolated from the fruiting bodies of the basidiomycete Tricholoma matsutake. These two compounds were featured by unusual scaffolds biogenetically related with cyclic dipeptide. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data and calculated methods. Both the two compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against five human cancer cell lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A549, MCF-7, and SW-480), and their inhibition on acetylcholinesterase.

Five new tremulane sesquiterpenes (1-5), together with seven known ones (6-12), were isolated from cultures of the fungus Phellinus igniarius. The new compounds were established as 6 beta, 11,12-trihydroxytremul- 1(10)-ene (1), 11,12-dihydroxyl-7 beta-peroxy-hydroxyl-tremul-1(10)-ene (2), 6 beta, 12-dihydroxytremulene (3), 10 beta, 12-dihydroxy-tremulene (4), and 12,15-dihydroxy-tremulene (5) on the basis of their MS and NMR data. Compounds 1-6 were evaluated for their vascular-relaxing activities. In preliminary in vitro assays, at 3 x 10(-4) M, they showed vascular-relaxing activities against phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction with relaxing rates of 29.9%, 39.9%, 48.5%, 78.7%, 32.3%, and 59.3%, respectively. In addition, compounds 1, 4, and 6 exhibited different levels of vascular-relaxing activities against KCl-induced vasoconstriction with relaxing rates of 31.3%, 57.7%, and 14.0%, as compared with the blank control. (C) 2014 Phytochemical Society of Europe. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Four new highly unsaturated pyranone derivatives A-D (1-4), together with one known compound 5 (-)-nitidon were isolated from cultures of the fungus Junghuhnianitida. Planar structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of extensive NMR spectroscopic and mass spectrometric analyses. Absolute configurations of the new compounds were determined on the basis of biosynthetic considerations and quantum chemistry theory. Compound 1 exhibited almost the same cytotoxic activities as cis-platin. (C) 2014 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Ochracines A-E, five previously undescribed norsesquiterpenes featured by unusual scaffolds biogenetically related to chamigrane, were isolated from the cultures of Steccherinum ochraceum. Ochracines A (1) and B (2) represent the first examples of norsesquiterpenes with an unprecedented 1,2-6,7-diseco-1,8-cyclochamigrane scaffold. Ochracines C-D (3–5) possess an unusual 1,2-6,7-diseco-chamigrane skeleton. Their structures were elucidated by analysis of spectroscopic data. The absolute configuration of ochracine A (1), and the relative configuration of ochracine B (2) were determined by ECD and/or NMR calculations. The biosynthetic pathways for the norsesquiterpenes were proposed. All isolates were evaluated for their cytotoxicity against the five human cancer cell lines HL-60, SMMC-7721, A549, MCF-7, and SW-480.