The Liguro-Provençal region extends from the Mediterranean Sea to the Southern Alps and from the Northern Apennines to the Rhone River. In this coastal and mountainous region, the emergence and the development of agro-pastoral subsistence economies, at the beginning of the VIth mill. BCE, led to changes in interactions between societies and the landscapes they exploited as well as in the composition and the physiognomy of the pre-existing forest cover. However, if the anthropogenic modifications of the vegetal cover’s composition are broadly known, the vegetation dynamic needs to be specified at regional scale. Furthermore, characterizing the impacts of these modifications on the physiognomy of the landscape and their influences on the settlement strategies is still a challenge. Thus, we investigated the modalities of the vegetal landscape evolutions and the diversity of the territories suitable for agro-pastoral purposes throughout a comprehensive altitudinal gradient. These data allow to document from a new perspective the spatial organisation of the Neolithic groups and the process of territory appropriation, from the sea to the mountains. This work specifies the modalities of these socio-ecological transformations through charcoal analyses of six well documented archaeological sites located in southern-eastern France that were occupied from the end of the Mesolithic (Castelnovian) to the late Neolithic (6500-2000 cal. BCE). It concerns sites located in various environments ranging from the coast to regions reaching 1000 m a.s.l: la Font-aux-Pigeons (Châteauneuf-les-Martigues, Bouches-du-Rhône), l’abri Pendimoun (Castellar, Alpes-Maritimes), "RD 560/RD 28 déviation de St-Maximin" and "le Clos de Roques/Route de Barjols" (Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume, Var), la Grotte de Pertus II (Méailles, Alpes-de-Haute-Provence), Ponteau (Martigues, Bouches-du-Rhône) and Limon-Raspail (Bédoin, Vaucluse). Archaeological occupations were temporary to sub-permanent and are precisely radiocarbon dated. As a result, this research has filled previously existing chronological, geographical and settlement pattern lacunae. Examination of a broad corpus of charcoal and pollen data (78 sequences from archaeological and natural contexts) permits to propose nuanced scenarios on landscape evolution across the Liguro-Provençal region and their relation to human practices. The key contribution of this corpus of data relies on the combination of sequences from archaeological sites and of sequences from natural contexts. Thanks to the recently improved chronological frame, it enables linking, spatially and chronologically, the environmental data and the socio-economic data related to the different populations that succeeded each other during the Neolithic. An ecological and phytosociological approach of the archaeobotanical data allows qualifying the vegetation dynamic at various scales (from the site scale to the micro-regional and the regional scales), focussing on the temporalities of the processes and on the variation of the landscapes, as well as on their effects on the organisation of the Mesolithic and Neolithic societies.This diachronic and multiscale reconstitution reveals that while vegetation dynamics seem relatively synchronous across the Liguro-Provençal region, their translations in terms of composition and physiognomy of the landscapes are more variable. During the Castelnovian and Impressa periods (6500-5600/5400 cal. BCE), besides the predominance of forest taxa such as deciduous oak (Quercus deciduous), elm (Ulmus sp.), lime (Tilia sp.), we highlighted the expansion of fir (Abies sp.), which supports the importance of dense, diversified and sub-mature forests, on a broad altitudinal gradient. Open landscapes (characterised by evergreen taxa and light-demanding conifers) also prevailed in the lowlands and at high altitudes. These open landscapes appear to have been more attractive for settlement than fir forests, either for Mesolithic hunter-gatherers or for early Neolithic farmers, maybe because they are more favourable for the main subsistence activities of both groups (hunting, farming, pastoralism). From as early as the second half of the VIth mill. BCE, there was a discreet rise in plant-types that are more competitive in case of an opening up of the canopy and a decrease of taxa that are more sensitive to open conditions (mainly fir and deciduous oak) as a response to the first anthropogenic disturbances of the forest cover. Depending on the vegetation belt, it benefited mainly to buckthorn and/or phillyrea (Phillyrea sp./Rhamnus alaternus), evergreen oak (Quercus sempervirent), box-tree (Buxus sempervirens) and later, in the high-lands, beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) as the opening up of the forests and their replacement by more disturbance-adapted formations growing in the form of coppices increased through time. This process unfolded in parallel with the diversification of the territories (lowland to upland) and the woody resources exploited by human populations. A staged exploitation of the environment developed in concordance with the increased of anthropogenic pressures related to the expansion of agro-pastoral systems. However, charcoal sequences from sites such as Limon-Raspail and Saint-Maximin-la-Sainte-Baume provide evidence of the maintenance of deciduous oak forests in the hinterland until the late Neolithic. Thus, despite the thinning of the forest cover spread progressively over the course of the Neolithic, it seems to have remained spatially restricted to rather limited areas. The linking of different types of sequences in the different micro regions enables to catch an accurate perception of the vegetal landscape around and between the sites, in five stages (stage 1: steppe formation; stage 2: forest optimum; stage 3: anthropogenic opening of forest cover; stage 4: dominance of the open formations; stage 5: increase in the forest cover). Despite the phasing is valid for the whole area, its expression in terms of vegetation dynamic proved polymorphic. Depending on the areas of the Liguro-Provençal region, the taxa that participate to each stage of the vegetation dynamic may vary. Moreover, the trend towards an opening up of the canopy is neither linear nor unidirectional since it depends on the cycles of decline and recovery of the economic activities. For example, during the late Neolithic in the low lands, pre-forest taxa often develop over under-used lands, resulting in an increasingly mosaic-like landscape. At a regional scale, this evolution appears arrhythmic, since around some sites the vegetation evolves directly from dense forests to widespread open environments under drastic anthropogenic disturbances. Furthermore, we propose that the trees habit, and therefore the appearance of the landscape (e.g. high forest vs. coppices) could have been anthropogenically modified long before the changes in the vegetal composition became strong enough to be detected by pollen or charcoal analyses.Changes in the vegetal landscape concern a broad range of altitude. Thus, we questioned the origin of the staged exploitation of the territory and tried to identify the drivers of the highlands conquest. Field data concerning the behaviour of modern caprine herds shed a new light on the paleo-economic and paleo-environmental indicators of the staged exploitation of the land. We propose that the “climbing” behaviour of grazing herds together with the exploratory and independent nature of the goats may have been one of the drivers of an early extensive exploration of the uplands by the first agro-pastoralists who settled on the coast. A holistic approach is necessary to discuss issues such as pastoral mobility. Obviously, archaeological and paleoenvironmental indicators are needed on a large altitudinal range, but the input of ethological data also contributed to feed the debate., En région liguro-provençale, l’avènement de l’agriculture et de l’élevage (début du VIe mill. BCE) a modifié le couvert forestier et la relation entre les sociétés et le milieu qu’elles exploitent. L’analyse anthracologique de 6 sites archéologiques répartis du littoral jusqu’à 1000 m d’altitude et occupés entre la fin du Mésolithique (Castelnovien) et le Néolithique final (ca 6500-2000 BCE) précisent les modalités de ces évolutions, venant combler les lacunes chronologiques, géographiques et sitologiques d’un large corpus préexistant (78 séquences, anthracologiques et polliniques, en contexte archéologique ou naturel). De part et d’autre de l’arc liguro-provençal, des dynamiques de végétation relativement similaires se traduisent de façon variable en termes de paysages. Au Castelnovien et à l’Impressa (6500-5600/5400 BCE), les futaies denses et diversifiées prédominent sur un large gradient altitudinal. Dans les basses terres et en altitude, les milieux ouverts, sans doute plus propices aux activités de subsistance (chasse, pastoralisme, agriculture) semblent toutefois préférés par les derniers mésolithiques et les premiers néolithiques. À partir de la seconde moitié du VIe mill., de la méditerranée aux étages alpins, les premières atteintes anthropiques sur le couvert forestier favorisent l’augmentation discrète des végétaux tolérant l’ouverture du milieu et le recul des taxons plus sensibles. Bien que ce processus se renforce progressivement, à toutes les altitudes, sur fond de diversification de l’exploitation du territoire, des séquences anthracologiques attestent du maintien des chênaies caducifoliées dans l’arrière-pays jusqu’au Néolithique final. Ainsi, au fil du Néolithique, l’ouverture anthropique du milieu se déploie sous forme d’éclaircies, de plus en plus répandues mais qui demeurent localisées. Le recul des formations forestières, la baisse de leur diversité et l’essor des taxons de milieux ouverts témoignent directement d’un changement des paysages débuté sans doute en amont, par la modification de l’apparence des forêts (taillis vs. futaies). Ainsi, le paysage végétal actuel trouve sa genèse dans les pratiques néolithiques.