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A facultative anaerobic Gram-negative bacterium, designated as strain 2205BS29-5 T , was isolated from a marine sponge, Phakellia elegans , in Beomseom on Jeju Island, Republic of Korea, and taxonomically characterized. The cells were catalase and oxidase positive, non-motile, coccoid-rod shaped and capable of poly-β-hydroxybutyrate production. Growth was observed at 10-37 °C (optimum, 25 °C) and pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0), and in the presence of 0-9% NaCl (w/v) (optimum, 3.0-4.0%). The major cellular fatty acids and respiratory quinone were identified as summed feature 8 (C 18 : 1  ω 7 c /C 18 : 1  ω 6 c ) and Q-10, respectively. The major polar lipids comprised diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, four phosphoglycolipids, two unidentified amino lipids and eight unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content was 67.8%. Strain 2205BS29-5 T was most closely represented by Paracoccus amoyensis 11-3 T and P. caeni MJ17 T with 97.8 and 97.5% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA genes and whole-genome sequences showed that strain 2205BS29-5 T was affiliated with the genus Paracoccus . Genomic analysis showed that strain 2205BS29-5 T could synthesize vitamin B family (folate and cobalamin) and ectoine. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 2205BS29-5T and P. amoyensis 11-3 T were 77.1% and 18.8%, respectively, and with P. caeni MJ17 T were 78.4 and 21.2%, respectively. Based on phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and genome relatedness analyses, strain 2205BS29-5 T represents a novel species of the genus Paracoccus , for which the name Paracoccus spongiarum sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2205BS29-5 T (=LMG 33062 T =KACC 23240 T ).

Two-novel filamentous actinobacteria designated strains 2-2 T and 2-15 T were isolated from soil of a coal mining site in Mongolia, and their taxonomic positions were determined using a polyphasic approach. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that each of the strains formed a distinct clade within the genus Amycolatopsis . The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity analysis showed that both strains were mostly related to Amycolatopsis rhabdoformis NCIMB 14900 T with 99.0 and 99.4% sequence similarity, respectively. The genome-based comparison indicated that strain 2-2 T shared the highest digital DNA-DNA hybridization value of 35.6% and average nucleotide identity value of 86.9% with Amycolatopsis pretoriensis DSM 44654 T , and strain 2-15 T shared the corresponding values of 36.5 and 87.9% with A. rhabdoformis NCIMB 14900 T , all of which being well below the thresholds for species delineation. The chemotaxonomic properties of both strains were typical of the genus Amycolatopsis . In silico prediction of chemotaxonomic markers was also carried out, and the results were consistent with the chemotaxonomic profiles of the genus. Genome mining for secondary metabolite production in strains 2-2 T and 2-15 T revealed the presence of 29 and 24 biosynthetic gene clusters involved in the production of polyketide synthase, non-ribosomal peptide synthetase, ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides, lanthipeptide, terpenes, siderophore, and a number of other unknown type compounds. Both strains showed broad antifungal activity against several filamentous fungi and also antibacterial activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumannii . The phenotypic, biochemical, and chemotaxonomic properties indicated that both strains could be clearly distinguished from other species of Amycolatopsis , and thus the names Amycolatopsis nalaikhensis sp. nov. (type strain, 2-2 T =KCTC 29695 T =JCM 30462 T ) and Amycolatopsis carbonis (type strain, 2-15 T =KCTC 39525 T =JCM 30563 T ) are proposed accordingly.

A bacterial strain designated MMS21-TAE1-1 T , capable of degrading paraoxon, was isolated from red pepper soil (36° 25' 26.0″ N, 126° 25' 47.0″ E) and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterisation. MMS21-TAE1-1 T was an aerobic, non-motile and Gram-stain-positive bacterium. MMS21-TAE1-1 T showed growth at 10-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 4-10 (optimum, pH 7) and in the presence of 0-6 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). On the basis of the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, MMS21-TAE1-1 T could be assigned to the genus Paenarthrobacter and shared the highest sequence similarities with Paenarthrobacter aurescens NBRC 12136 T (99.72 %), then with Paenarthrobacter nitroguajacolicus G2-1 T (99.65 %) and Paenarthrobacter ilicis DSM 20138 T (99.17 %). However, the results of genome-based comparison using orthologous average nucleotide identity (orthoANI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation indicated that MMS21-TAE1-1 T could be readily distinguished from all species of the genus with validly published names. The predominant menaquinone of MMS21-TAE1-1 T was MK-9(H 2 ). The diagnostic polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol, and unidentified glycolipids were also present. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 17 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and iso-C 15 : 0 . The chemotaxonomic properties of MMS21-TAE1-1 T were generally consistent with those of members of the genus Paenarthrobacter . The genome of MMS21-TAE1-1 T contained genes related to degradation of aromatic compounds. It is evident from the results of this study that strain MMS21-TAE1-1 T merits recognition as representing a novel species of the genus Paenarthrobacter , for which the name Paenarthrobacter aromaticivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MMS21-TAE1-1 T (=KCTC 49652 T = LMG 32368 T ).

Two Gram-negative bacterial strains designated MMS20-SJTN17 T and MMS20-SJTR3 T were isolated from a grassland soil sample, and taxonomically characterized using a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicates that both strains belong to the genus Paraburkholderia of the class Betaproteobacteria , with strain MMS20-SJTN17 T being mostly related to Paraburkholderia sprentiae WSM5005 T (96.45 % sequence similarity) and strain MMS20-SJTR3 T to Paraburkholderia tuberum STM678 T (98.59 % sequence similarity). MMS20-SJTN17 T could grow at 15-40 °C (optimum, 25-30 °C) and at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 6.0-7.0), whereas MMS20-SJTR3 T could grow at 10-40 °C (optimum, 30-37 °C) and at pH 6.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 6.0). Both strains tolerated up to 1 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). The major fatty acids of MMS20-SJTN17 T were C 16 : 0 and C 19 : 0 cyclo ω8 c , and those of MMS20-SJTR3 T were C 17 : 0 cyclo and a summed feature comprising C 18 : 1  ω7 c and/or C 18 : 1  ω6 c . The major isoprenoid quinone of both strains was ubiquinone-8 and the diagnostic polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Regarding plant growth promoting potential, both strains were capable of producing indole acetic acid, siderophore and 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid deaminase, and also showed phosphate-solubilizing activity. A genome-based comparison using orthologous average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values indicates that strain MMS20-SJTN17 T shares highest relatedness with Paraburkholderia monticola JC2948 T and MMS20-SJTR3 T with Paraburkholderia antibiotica G-4-1-8 T , with values clearly below the cutoffs for species distinction. Examination of biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for secondary metabolite production reveals unique characteristics distinguishing each strain from closely related Paraburkholderia species. On the basis of genotypic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenomic data, each strain should be classified as a novel species of the genus Paraburkholderia , for which the names Paraburkholderia translucens sp. nov. (=MMS20-SJTN17 T =LMG 32366 T =KCTC 82783 T ) and Paraburkholderia sejongensis sp. nov. (=MMS20-SJTR3 T =LMG 32367 T =KCTC 82784 T ) are proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterial strain, designated MMS21-Ot14 T , was isolated from a freshwater river, and shown to represent a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium on the basis of the results from a polyphasic approach. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that MMS21-Ot14 T represented a member of the genus Chryseobacterium of the family Weeksellaceae and was closely related to Chryseobacterium hagamense RHA2-9 T (97.52 % sequence similarity), Chryseobacterium gwangjuense THG A18 T (97.46 %) and Chryseobacterium gregarium P 461/12 T (97.27 %). The optimal growth of MMS21-Ot14 T occurred at 25-30 °C, pH 6.0-7.0 and in the absence of NaCl. MMS21-Ot14 T was capable of hydrolysing casein, starch, DNA, Tween 20 and tyrosine. The strain also showed keratinolytic activity with keratin azure and decolourising activity with remazol brilliant blue R (RBBR), which indicated potential ability to degrade keratin and lignin. The main polar lipids of MMS21-Ot14 T were phosphatidylethanolamine, unidentified aminophospholipids, unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified phospholipid and several unidentified lipids. The predominant fatty acids of MMS21-Ot14 T were iso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH, and the major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). The whole genome of MMS21-Ot14 T was 5 062 016 bp in length with a DNA G+C content of 37.7 %. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation values between MMS21-Ot14 T and phylogenetically related members of the genus Chryseobacterium were well below the threshold values for species delineation. It is evident from the results of this study that MMS21-Ot14 T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Chryseobacterium , for which the name Chryseobacterium fluminis sp. nov. (type strain, MMS21-Ot14 T = KCTC 92255 T = LMG 32529 T ) is proposed.

A novel filamentous actinobacterium designated strain 4-36 T showing broad-spectrum antifungal activity was isolated from a coal mining site in Mongolia, and its taxonomic position was determined using polyphasic approach. Optimum growth occurred at 30 °C, pH 7.5 and in the absence of NaCl. Aerial and substrate mycelia were abundantly formed on agar media. The colour of aerial mycelium was white and diffusible pigments were not formed. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain 4-36 T formed a distinct clade within the genus Amycolatopsis . The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity showed that the strain was mostly related to Amycolatopsis lexingtonensis DSM 44544 T and Amycolatopsis rifamycinica DSM 46095 T with 99.3 % sequence similarity. However, the highest digital DNA-DNA hybridization value to closest species was 44.1 %, and the highest average nucleotide identity value was 90.2 %, both of which were well below the species delineation thresholds. Chemotaxonomic properties were typical of the genus Amycolatopsis , as the major fatty acids were C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and C 16 : 0 , the cell-wall diamino acid was meso- diaminopimelic acid, the quinone was MK-9(H 4 ), and the main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmethanolamine and phosphatidylethanolamine. The in silico prediction of chemotaxonomic markers was also carried out by phylogenetic analysis. The genome mining for biosynthetic gene clusters of secondary metabolites in strain 4-36 T revealed the presence of 34 gene clusters involved in the production of polyketide synthase, nonribosomal peptide synthetase, ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptide, lanthipeptide, terpenes, siderophore and many other unknown clusters. Strain 4-36 T showed broad antifungal activity against several filamentous fungi. The phenotypic, biochemical and chemotaxonomic properties indicated that the strain could be clearly distinguished from other species of Amycolatopsis , and thus the name Amycolatopsis mongoliensis sp. nov. is proposed accordingly (type strain, 4-36 T =KCTC 39526 T =JCM 30565 T ).

Three Gram-positive, aerobic and rod shaped actinobacteria, designated strains MMS21-STM10 T , MMS21-STM12 T and MMS21-STM26, were isolated from riverside soil and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic analysis. The strains grew optimally at mesophilic temperatures (25-30 °C) and neutral to slightly alkaline pH (7-8), and NaCl was not required for growth. Best growth was observed on nutrient agar or marine agar media. The strains contained diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and a series of unidentified phospholipids, glycolipids and aminolipids, and anteiso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 as the main fatty acids in common. The genome sizes ranged between 2.65 and 2.78 Mbp, and the DNA G+C contents between 70.4 and 72.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain MMS21-STM10 T showed highest sequence similarity of 98.3 % to Microcella putealis CV-2 T , and MMS21-STM12 T and MMS21-STM26 of 99.2-99.3 % to Microcella flavibacter WY83 T , respectively. In the whole genome-based comparison using the orthologous average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization, each of strains MMS21-STM10 T and MMS21-STM12 T could be separated from other species of Microcella . The genome analysis also indicated that both strains contained gene clusters involved in the biosynthesis of alkylresorcinol, microansamycin and carotenoids. The phenotypic characteristics again differentiated the strains from related species, and two new species of Microcella , Microcella humidisoli sp. nov. (type strain, MMS21-STM10 T =KCTC 49773 T =LMG 32522 T ) and Microcella daejeonensis sp. nov. (type strain, MMS21-STM12 T =KCTC 49750 T =LMG 32523 T ) are proposed accordingly. It was also evident that Marinisubtilis pacificus KN1116 T should be reclassified as a new species of Microcella , and Microcella pacifica comb. nov. (type strain, KN1116 T =CGMCC 1.17143 T =KCTC 49299 T ) is proposed. In addition, an emended description of Microcella is proposed based on this study.

A Gram-stain-negative, non-motile by gliding and moderately halophilic rod-shaped bacterium HN-2-9-2 T was isolated from seawater in Tongyeong, Republic of Korea. The strain grew at concentrations of 0.5‒7 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 5.5‒8.5 and in a temperature range of 18‒45 °C. HN-2-9-2 T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence percentage with Salinimicrobium xinjiangense BH206 T (98.2 %). The average nucleotide identity (ANI), average amino acid identity (AAI) and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation (dDDH) values between HN-2-9-2 T and the S. xinjiangense BH206 T were 76.0 %, 81.9 % and 19.7 %, respectively. The genome comprised 3 509 958 bp with a DNA G+C content of 43.0%. HN-2-9-2 T contained MK-6 as the sole menaquinone. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 , anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C 16 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 1 G and summed feature 9, comprising iso-C 17 : 1 ω6 c /C 16 : 1 10-methyl. The polar lipids contained phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, two unidentified aminolipids, an unidentified glycolipid and six unidentified lipids. The polyphasic taxonomic properties indicate that the strain represents a novel species within the genus Salinimicrobium , for which the name Salinimicrobium tongyeongense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HN-2-9-2 T (=KCTC 82934 T =NBRC 115920 T ).

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, rod-shaped, motile, and endospore-forming bacterial strain designated MMS20-4M-10-Y T was isolated from riverside soil and subjected to taxonomic characterization. Strain MMS20-4M-10-Y T was moderately thermophilic, alkaliphilic and halotolerant, as the strain grew at 25-50 °C (optimum, 45 °C), at pH 7.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and in the presence of 0-6 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that MMS20-4M-10-Y T fell into a phylogenetic cluster belonging to the genus Brevibacillus . Strain MMS20-4M-10-Y T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Brevibacillus marinus SCSIO 07484 T (96.7 %). Based on the reults of orthologous average nucleotide identity analysis, MMS20-4M-10-Y T was again mostly related to B. marinus SCSIO 07484 T with 78.0 % identity, which also shared the highest average nucleotide identity of 68.0 %. In contrast, the digital DNA-DNA relatedness analysis indicated that Aneureibacillus migulanus DSM 2895 T was the closest species with 29.5 % similarity. The genome-based analyses indicated that all compared species showed low genomic relatedness with MMS20-4M-10-Y T . The major fatty acids of the strain were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and iso-C 17 : 0 , the major respiratory quinone was MK-7, the diagnostic polar lipids were phosphatidyl- N -methylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, and diagnostic cell-wall diamino acid was meso -diaminopimelic acid, which was consistent with the general chemotaxonomic features of the genus. The total length of the genome was 4.91 Mbp and the DNA G+C content was 51.8 mol%. Based on both phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, strain MMS20-4M-10-Y T should be classified as representing a novel species of the genus Brevibacillus , for which a name Brevibacillus humidisoli sp. nov. (type strain=MMS20-4M-10-Y T =KCTC 43333 T =LMG 32359 T ) is proposed.

An actinobacterial strain designated MMS20-HV4-12 T , displaying a high hydrolytic potential for various substrates, was isolated from a riverside soil sample and characterized by polyphasic taxonomic analysis. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum, 30°C), with NaCl concentrations of 0-4 % (optimum, 0 %) and at pH 7-9 (optimum, pH 8). MMS20-HV4-12 T was catalase-positive, oxidase-negative, rod-shaped and formed creamy white-coloured colonies. Based on the results of 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, MMS20-HV4-12 T was found to be mostly related to the type strains of Nocardioides alpinus (98.3 % sequence similarity), Nocardioides furvisabuli (98.1 %) and Nocardioides zeicaulis (98.0 %). MMS20-HV4-12 T showed optimal growth on Reaoner's 2A agar, forming white-coloured colonies. The diagnostic polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol, the major fatty acids were iso-C 16 : 0 , C 17 : 1  ω8 c and 10-methyl-C 17 : 0 , the major isoprenoid quinone was MK-8(H 4 ), the diagnostic cell-wall sugar was galactose, and the cell-wall diamino acid was ll-diaminopimelic acid. The genome of MMS20-HV4-12 T was 4.47 Mbp in size with a G+C content of 72.9 mol%. The genome based analysis indicated low relatedness between MMS20-HV4-12 T and all compared species of Nocardioides , as the highest digital DNA-DNA hybridization and the orthologous average nucleotide identity values were 26.8 and 83.8% respectively. Based on genotypic, phenotypic and phylogenomic characterization, MMS20-HV4-12 T evidently represents a novel species of genus Nocardioides , for which the name Nocardioides okcheonensis sp. nov. (type strain=MMS20-HV4-12 T =KCTC 49651 T =LMG 32360 T ) is proposed.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, yellow-pigmented, non-motile and rod-shaped bacterial strain designated MMS21-Er5 T was isolated and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. MMS21- Er5 T could grow at 4-34 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6-8 (optimum, pH 7) and in the presence of 0-2% NaCl (optimum, 1 %). The results of phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that MMS21- Er5 T showed low levels of sequence similarities with other species, as the highest similarity of 97.83 % was observed with Flavobacterium tyrosinilyticum THG DN8.8 T , then 97.68 % with ' Flavobacterium ginsengiterrae ' DCY 55 and 97.63 % with Flavobacterium banpakuense 15F3 T , which were well below the suggested cutoff for species distinction. The whole genome sequence of MMS21-Er5 T consisted of a single contig of 5.63 Mbp, and the DNA G+C content was 34.06 mol%. The in-silico DNA-DNA hybridization and orthologous average nucleotide identity values were highest with Flavobacterium tyrosinilyticum KCTC 42726 T (45.7 and 91.92% respectively). The predominant respiratory quinone for the strain was menaquinone-6 (MK-6), the major cellular fatty acid was iso-C 15 : 0 , and the diagnostic polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidyldiethanolamine. The combination of physiological and biochemical tests clearly distinguished the strain from related species of the genus Flavobacterium . On the basis of these results, strain MMS21-Er5 T evidently represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium humidisoli sp. nov. is proposed (type strain=MMS21-Er5 T =KCTC 92256 T =LMG 32524 T ).

A Gram-positive, non-motile, pale yellow coloured actinobacterial strain designated MMS17-SY077 T was isolated from island soil, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Strain MMS17-SY077 T grew optimally at 30 °C, at pH 7 and in the absence of NaCl on Reasoner's 2A agar. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the strain was assigned to the genus Agromyces of the family Microbacteriaceae , and the most related species were Agromyces italicus DSM 16388 T (98.8 % sequence similarity), Agromyces allii UMS-62 T (98.1 %) and Agromyces terreus DS-10 T (97.8 %). Strain MMS17-SY077 T formed a distinct cluster within the Agromyces clade in the phylogenetic tree. Genome-based comparative analyses confirmed a clear distinction between the strain and neighbouring species, as the highest orthologous average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values with other related species were 77.2 and 21.4% respectively, which were far below the cutoffs for species distinction. The diagnostic polar lipids of MMS17-SY077 T were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified glycolipids and an unidentified aminolipid were also present. The main isoprenoid quinones were menaquinones with 11 and 12 isoprene units (MK-11 and MK-12), and main fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 (34.4 %) and iso-C 16 : 0 (33.2 %). The whole-cell hydrolysates contained rhamnose, ribose and galactose as diagnostic sugars, and l-2,4-diaminobutyric acid as the major diamino acid. The DNA G+C content was 72.1 mol %. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxnomic and phylogenetic characterization, strain MMS17-SY077 T should be classified as representing a new species of the genus Agromyces , for which the name Agromyces seonyunensis sp. nov. is proposed (type strain MMS17-SY077 T =KCTC 49423 T =LMG 31762 T ).

A novel Gram-stain-positive, aerobic actinobacterial strain designated NR30 T was isolated from riverside soil. A polyphasic approach was employed for the taxonomic characterization of NR30 T . The strain developed extensively branched light brown to light pink substrate mycelia and light grey aerial mycelia, and produced spiny spores in loose spiral spore chains on ISP 3 and 4 agars. NR30 T grew at 10-40°C (optimum, 30°C), at pH 6.0-9.0 (optimum, pH 8.0) and in the presence of 0-3 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that NR30 T represents a member of the genus Streptomyces . NR30 T shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with Streptomyces cyaneus NRRL B-2296 T (98.6 %). On the basis of orthologous average nucleotide identity, NR30 T was most closely related to Streptomyces panaciradicis NBRC 109811 T with 86.3 % identity. The results of the digital DNA-DNA hybridization analysis also indicated low levels of relatedness with other species, as the highest value was observed with Streptomyces panaciradicis NBRC 109811 T (31.1 %). The major fatty acids of the strain were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , C 16 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and anteiso-C 17 : 0 . The major respiratory quinones were MK-9(H 8 ) and MK-9(H 6 ). The diagnostic polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major cell wall diamino acid was ll-diaminopimelic acid, and the characteristic whole-cell sugars were rhamnose, ribose and glucose. The DNA G+C content was 70.3 mol %. NR30 T exhibited antimicrobial activity against several Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. On the basis of the results of both phenotypic and phylogenetic analyses, strain NR30 T evidently represents a novel species of the genus Streptomyces , and the name Streptomyces guryensis sp. nov. (type strain=NR30 T =KCTC 49653 T =LMG 32476 T ) is proposed accordingly.

Two novel actinobacterial strains, designated MMS20-R2-23 T and MMS20-R2-29 T , were isolated from riverside soil and subjected to taxonomic characterization. Both strains were Gram-stain-positive, aerobic, non-motile and filamentous, and formed orange to strong orange-brown coloured colonies, which later turned black. Both strains grew optimally at mesophilic temperatures, neutral to slightly alkaline pH and in the absence of NaCl. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two novel strains fell into phylogenetic clusters belonging to the genus Micromonospora . Strains MMS20-R2-23 T and MMS20-R2-29 T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to Micromonospora phytophila SG15 T (99.3 %) and Micromonospora humida MMS20-R1-14 T (99.4 %), respectively. Based on the comparative genome analysis, strain MMS20-R2-23 T had the highest orthologous average nucleotide identity (orthoANI) value of 92.70 % with Micromonospora matsumotoense DSM 44100 T , and MMS20-R2-29 T shared 94.99 % with Micromonospora wenchangensis CCTCC AA 2012002 T . Besides, the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values of MMS20-R2-23 T and MMS20-R2-29 T with the same species were 47.6 and 59.2% respectively, which were also highest among the compared species, thus confirming the separation of each strain at species level from related species. The orthoANI and dDDH values between MMS20-R2-23 T and MMS20-R2-29 T were 92.18 and 44.9% respectively. The genomes of strains MMS20-R2-23 T and MMS20-R2-29 T were estimated as 7.56 Mbp and 7.13 Mbp in size, and the DNA G+C contents were 72.5 and 72.9 mol%, respectively. The chemotaxonomic properties of both strains were consistent with those of the genus. The novel strains showed antimicrobial activity against a broad range of microbes, in particular Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. It is evident that each of the isolated strains merits recognition as representing novel species of Micromonospora , for which the names Micromonospora antibiotica sp. nov. (type strain=MMS20-R2-23 T =KCTC 49542 T =JCM 34495 T ) and Micromonospora humidisoli sp. nov. (type strain=MMS20-R2-29 T =KCTC 49543 T =JCM 34496 T ) are proposed.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and motile bacterium designated strain UL073 T was isolated from a forest soil of an island, and subjected to taxonomic characterization. Strain UL073 T grew at 10-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5.0-10.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-3 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %), respectively. Strain UL073 T showed the highest sequence similarity to Pseudomonas lalkuanensis PE08 T based on 16S rRNA gene analysis with a sequence similarity of 98.08 %, which was well below the suggested cutoff for species distinction. The 16S rRNA gene tree as well as the multilocus sequence analysis and genome-based trees indicated the independent taxonomic position of strain UL073 T , and the orthologous average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain UL073 T and related species were no higher than 84.7 and 28.3% respectively, thus confirming the distinctive taxonomic position of the strain. The chemotaxonomic properties were consistent with those of the genus, as the major fatty acids of the strain were a summed feature consisting of C 18 : 1  ω7 c /C 18 : 1  ω6 c (31.4 %), another summed feature consisting of C 16 : 1  ω7 c /C 16 : 1  ω6 c (23.1 %), and C 16 : 0 (22.0 %), the major respiratory quinone was ubiquinone 9, and the major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and diphosphatidylglycerol. The genome size and DNA G+C content of strain UL073 T were 4.87 Mbp and 65.9 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, strain UL073 T should be classified as representing a novel species of Pseudomonas , for which the name Pseudomonas insulae sp. nov. (type strain=UL073 T =KCTC 82407 T =JCM 34511 T ) is proposed.

A Gram-stain-positive, aerobic actinobacterial strain designated MMS17-BM035 T isolated from mountain soil around a decaying tree was subjected to taxonomic characterization. The isolate developed extensively branched substrate mycelia and white aerial hyphae on International Streptomyces Project 2 agar. Strain MMS17-BM035 T grew at 15-34 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 5.0-8.0 (optimum, pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-6 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that MMS17-BM035 T fell into a phylogenetic cluster belonging to the genus Streptomyces . MMS17-BM035 T shared the highest sequence similarity of 99.45 % with Streptomyces fuscigenes JBL-20 T , and no higher than 98.7 % with other species of Streptomyces . Based on the orthologous average nucleotide identity, MMS17-BM035 T was again mostly related to S. fuscigenes JBL-20 T with 84.14 % identity, and less than 80 % with other species. The digital DNA-DNA hybridization analysis also indicated low levels of relatedness with related species, as the highest value was observed with S. fuscigenes JBL-20 T (28.8 %). The major fatty acids of the strain were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , a summed feature (consisting of C 18 : 1  ω7 c /C 18 : 1  ω6 c ), iso-C 15 : 0 , C 16 : 0 and C 20 : 0 . The major respiratory quinones were MK-9(H 4 ) and MK-9(H 6 ). The diagnostic polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositolmannoside. The major cell-wall diamino acid was ll-diaminopimelic acid, and the characteristic whole-cell sugars were glucose and ribose. The DNA G+C content was 72.1 mol%. Strain MMS17-BM035 T exhibited antimicrobial activity against several Gram-positive bacteria and yeasts. Based on both phenotypic and phylogenetic evidences, strain MMS17-BM035 T should be classified as representing a novel species, for which the name Streptomyces montanisoli sp. nov. (type strain=MMS17-BM035 T =KCTC 49544 T =JCM 34528 T ) is proposed.

A bacterial strain designated BG109 T was isolated from bamboo grove soil, and subjected to polyphasic taxonomic characterization. BG109 T is an aerobic, non-motile, Gram-stain-positive and endospore-forming bacterium. BG109 T showed growth at 10-40 °C (optimum, 37 °C), at pH 4-10 (optimum, 8), and in the presence of 0-7 % NaCl concentration (optimum, 0-1 %). The predominant menaquinone of BG109 T was MK-7, and the cell wall peptidoglycan contained major amounts of meso -diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid. The diagnostic polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol, and unidentified phospholipids and glycolipids were also present. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 15 : 0 , iso-C 14 : 0 , iso-C 16 : 0 and C 16 : 0 . The chemotaxonomic properties of BG109 T were generally consistent with those of members of the genus Metabacillus . BG109 T shared highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with ' Metabacillus elymi ' KUDC1714 (99.26 %), Metabacillus sediminilitoris DSL-17 T (98.17 %), Metabacillus litoralis SW-211 T (98.16 %) and Metabacillus crassostreae JSM 100118 T (97.13 %), all of which were well below the suggested cutoff level for species distinction. The genome level relatedness also confirmed the separation of BG109 T from other species of the genus Metabacillus . Thus, it is evident that BG109 T merits recognition as representing a novel species of the genus Metabacillus , for which the name Metabacillus bambusae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is BG109 T (=KCTC 43190 T =JCM 34515 T ).

Two Gram-positive, endospore-forming, rod-shaped bacterial strains designated MWE-103 T and DLE-14 T were isolated from plant roots. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that strain MWE-103 T was closely related to Paenibaillus sacheonensis SY01 T with a sequence similarity of 97.82 %, and strain DLE-14 T to Paenibacillus rhizoryzae IZS3-5 T with 99.09 % similarity. The orthologous average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values using whole genome data indicated that strains MWE-103 T and DLE-14 T could be readily distinguished from the mostly related species. Both strains grew at mesophilic temperature ranges, and grew best at pH 6 and in the absence of NaCl. The major fatty acid in both strains was anteiso-C 15 : 0 , but their relative proportions differed. The predominant quinone of both strains was menaquinone 7, the cell-wall diamino acid was meso -diaminopimelic acid, and the diagnostic polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol, which were consistent with those of related species. Amylase and cellulase activities were positive for both strains. Strain DLE-14 T exhibited the potential for lignin degradation. The DNA G+C contents of strain MWE-103 T and DLE-14 T were 60.9 and 50.8 mol% respectively. The genomes of the two strains revealed potential plant-growth-promoting characteristics such as nitrogen fixation, siderophore production and phosphate solubilization. Based on phylogenetic and phenotypic evidence, strains MWE-103 T and DLE-14 T should each be recognized as a novel species of Paenibacillus , for which the names Paenibacillus artemisiicola sp. nov. (type strain: MWE-103 T =KCTC 43287 T =JCM 34503 T ) and Paenibacillus lignilyticus sp. nov. (type strain: DLE-14 T =KCTC 43288 T =JCM 34504 T ) are proposed.

A flagella bacterium, designated strain 202IG2-18 T was isolated from a marine sponge Hymeniacidon sinapium from Ulleung-do in the Republic of Korea. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, motile, aerobic, rod-shaped and non-pigmented. The strain was able to grow at pH 5.5-9.5 (optimum, pH 7.5), in the presence of 1-5 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 3 %, w/v) and at 18-30 °C (optimum, 30 °C). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain 202IG2-18 T belonged to the family Shewanellaceae , and was most closely related to [ Shewanella ] irciniae NRRL B-41466 T (97.9 %), followed by Parashewanella tropica KCCM 43304 T (97.1 %), Parashewanella curva KCTC 62318 T (96.3 %) and Parashewanella spongiae KCTC 22492 T (96.2 %). The predominant fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 0 (25.7 %), C 17 : 1  ω 8 c (13.5 %), summed feature 3 (C 16 : 1  ω 7 c and/or C 16 : 1  ω 6 c , 12.7 %), iso-C 13 : 0 (10.4 %) and C 16 : 0 (9.6 %). The only detected respiratory quinone was ubiquinone Q-8. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, three unidentified glycolipids, two unidentified aminophospholipids, an unidentified phospholipid and an unidentified aminolipid. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 39.8 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values compared to all other related species was below 72.8 % and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were 21.1-22.3 %, all below the threshold for bacterial species delineation. Phenotypic, phylogenetic, genomic and chemotaxonomic characteristics showed that strain 202IG2-18 T represents a novel species of the genus Parashewanella , for which the name Parashewanella hymeniacidonis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 202IG2-18 T (=KACC 22256 T =LMG 32203 T ).

An actinobacterial strain designated MMS20-R1-14 T was isolated from a riverside soil sample. Colonies on agar plates were orange to strong orange brown in colour, which later became black. The cells grew at 10-40 °C (optimum, 37 °C), pH 5.0-11.0 (pH 8.0) and in the presence of 0-4 % NaCl (1 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence of strain MMS20-R1-14 T showed highest similarities to Micromonospora wenchangensis CCTCC AA 2012002 T (99.51 %) and Micromonospora rifamycinica AM105 T (99.37 %). The orthoANI values between strain MMS20-R1-14 T and the two type strains were 95.72 and 90.99 %, and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were 63.6 and 40.8 %, respectively, thus confirming the distinction of strain MMS20-R1-14 T from its mostly related species. The DNA G+C content of strain MMS20-R1-14 T was 72.9 mol%. The strain contained meso -diaminopimelic acid as the major cell-wall amino acid, and the characteristic whole-cell sugars were arabinose, xylose, glucose, ribose and rhamnose. The main cellular fatty acids were C 18 : 1  ω 9 c , iso-C 15 : 0 and iso-C 16 : 0 , the diagnostic polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the predominant menaquinones were MK-10(H 4 ) and MK-10(H 6 ), all of which were consistent with those of Micromonospora . Strain MMS20-R1-14 T showed antimicrobial activity against a range of bacterial and yeast species. The genome of the strain was found to contain 33 potential biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites, thus showing a high potential as a producer of bioactive compounds. On the basis of these phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic data, strain MMS20-R1-14 T merits recognition as representing a novel species of the genus Micromonospora , for which the name Micromonospora humida sp. nov. (type strain=MMS20 R1-14 T =KCTC 49541 T =JCM 34494 T ) is proposed.

Two Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacteria designated strains SR9 T and UL070 T , were isolated from soil and subjected to taxonomic characterization. Strain SR9 T grew at 10-37 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 4.0-10.0 (optimum pH 8.0) and in the presence of 0-1 % NaCl (optimum 0 %), and UL070 T at 4-33 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 4.0-10.0 (optimum pH 7.0) and in the presence of 0-2 % NaCl (optimum 0 %), respectively. Strain UL070 T was motile with flagella. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains fell into phylogenetic clusters belonging to the genus Pseudomonas . Both strains SR9 T and UL070 T were mostly related to Pseudomonas campi S1-A32-2 T with 99.70 and 99.01% sequence similarities, and the similarity between the two isolates was 98.90 %. The genome-based in silico analyses indicated that each of the strains SR9 T and UL070 T was clearly separated from other species of Pseudomonas , as the orthologous average nucleotide identity (OrthoANI) and the digital DNA-DNA hybridization (dDDH) values were no higher than 93.09 and 50.03% respectively with any related species, which were clearly below the cutoff for species distinction. The fatty acid profiles of the two strains mainly consisting of unsaturated components, the presence of ubiquinone 9 (Q-9) as the major respiratory quinone, and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG) as the diagnostic polar lipids were consistent with their classification into Pseudomonas . The DNA G+C contents of strains SR9 T and UL070 T were 63.2 mol% and 63.6 mol% respectively. On the basis of both phenotypic and phylogenetic evidences, each of the isolated strains should be classified as a novel species, for which the names Pseudomonas guryensis sp. nov. (type strain=SR9 T =KCTC 82228 T =JCM 34509 T ) and Pseudomonas ullengensis sp. nov. (type strain=UL070 T =KCTC 82229 T =JCM 34510 T ) are proposed.

This paper presents a polyphasic taxonomic study of a Gram-stain-negative bacterium designated GA093 T , a soil isolate capable of benzo(α)pyrene degradation. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain GA093 T is a member of the genus Flavobacterium , and formed an independent phylogenetic line while clustering with the type strains of Flavobacterium hibernum , Flavobacterium branchiarum and Flavobacterium hydatis . Strain GA093 T was facultatively anaerobic, and could grow at 4-33 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6-11 (optimum, pH 7) and in the presence of 0-2 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Strain GA093 T was capable of producing acid from various carbon sources, which was comparable to other related species of Flavobacterium . The strain contained MK-6 as the only isoprenoid quinone, iso-C 15 : 0 as the major cellular fatty acid, phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylinositol as diagnostic polar lipids, and sym -homospermidine as the major polyamine. The chemotaxonomic properties of strain GA093 T were consistent with the general properties of Flavobacterium except the presence of phosphatidylinositol, which distinguished it from other related species. The total stretch of the obtained genome of GA093 T was 5.05 Mbp, and the DNA G+C content was 34.79 mol%. The genome contained genes potentially related to the degradation of aromatic hydrocarbons. On the basis of the present polyphasic analysis, strain GA093 T was found to have properties that distunguished it as representing a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium , for which the name Flavobacterium hydrocarbonoxydans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is GA093 T (=KCTC 72594 T =LMG 31760 T ).

A Gram-stain-negative, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, aerobic, orange-pigmented, rod-shaped and non-motile bacterium designated strain MMS17-SY002 T was isolated from island soil. The isolate grew at 20-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6.0-9.5 (optimum, pH 7) and in the presence of 0.5-4.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 2.0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain MMS17-SY002 T was mostly related to the genus Muriicola of the family Flavobacteriaceae and had highest sequence similarity of 96.82 % to Muriicola marianensis A6B8 T and Muriicola jejuensis EM44 T , but formed a distinct phylogenetic line within the genus. Chemotaxonomic analyses showed that menaquinone 6 was the predominant isoprenoid quinone, the major fatty acids were iso-C 15 : 1 G and iso-C 15 : 0 , and the diagnostic polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The genomic DNA G+C content was 42.4 mol%. Strain MMS17-SY002 T could be distinguished from related species by the combination of trypsin, α-chymotrypsin, acid phosphatase, naphthol-AS-BI-phosphohydrolase, α-galactosidase, β-galactosidase and β-glucosidase activities. The orthologous average nucleotide identity between the genomes of strain MMS17-SY002 T and M. jejuensis and that between the strain and M. marianensis A6B8 T were 73.26 and 73.33%, respectively, thus confirming the separation of the strain from related species at species level. Based on the phenotypic, phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and genomic characterization, MMS17-SY002 T should be recognized as a novel species of the genus Muriicola , for which the name Muriicola soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MMS17-SY002 T (=KCTC 62790 T =JCM 32370 T ).

A polyphasic study was carried out to establish the taxonomic position of an acidophilic isolate designated MMS16-CNU292 T (=JCM 32302 T ) from pine grove soil, and provisionally assigned to the genus Kitasatospora . On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the strain formed a novel evolutionary lineage within Kitasatospora and showed highest similarities to Kitasatospora azatica KCTC 9699 T (98.75 %), Kitasatospora kifunensis IFO 15206 T (98.74 %), Kitasatospora purpeofusca NRRL B-1817 T (98.61 %) and Kitasatospora nipponensis HKI 0315 T (98.42 %), respectively. Strain MMS16-CNU292 T possessed MK-9(H 6 ) and MK-9(H 8 ) as the major menaquinones, and a major amount of meso -diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The whole-cell hydrolysates were rich in galactose, glucose and mannose, and the polar lipids mainly consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylinositol mannosides. The major fatty acids were anteiso-C 15 : 1 -A, anteiso-C 15 : 0 , and iso-C 15 : 0 , and the DNA G+C content was 71.5 mol%. The strain exhibited antibacterial activity against a number of bacterial strains, and the activity was generally greater when grown in acidic conditions. The phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic properties enabled distinction of MMS16-CNU292 T from related species, and thus the isolate should be recognized as a new species of the genus Kitasatospora , for which the name Kitasatospora acidiphila sp. nov. (type strain=MMS16-CNU292 T =KCTC 49011 T =JCM 32302 T ) is proposed.

Three aerobic, rod-shaped actinobacterial strains, designated MMS17-SY117 T , MMS17-SY207-3 T and MMS17-SY213 T , were isolated from soil and their taxonomic positions were analysed using a polyphasic approach. The isolates showed best growth at 30 °C, pH 7 and 0-1 % (w/v) NaCl. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the isolates were affiliated to the genus Nocardioides , and the closest species to MMS17-SY117 T , MMS17-SY207-3 T and MMS17-SY213 T were Nocardioides aestuarii JC2056 T (97.76%), Nocardioides currus IB-3 T (97.41%) and Nocardioides exalbidus RC825 T (98.71%), respectively. Each isolate formed a distinct cluster within the Nocardioides clade in the phylogenetic tree. The orthologous average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization values were in the range of 74.4-85.7 % and 16.6-39.2 %, respectively, with the type strains of related species. The major polar lipids in all three strains were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. The predominant fatty acids were iso-C 16 : 0 and C 17 : 1  ω8 c . MK-8(H 4 ) was the major isoprenoid quinone and ll-DAP was the major diamino acid. Galactose, glucose and rhamnose were present in the whole-cell hydrolysate, and MMS17-SY213 T also contained mannose and ribose. The DNA G+C contents of MMS17-SY117 T , MMS17-SY207-3 T and MMS17-SY213 T were 72.2, 70.4 and 71.5 mol%, respectively. The phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic data supported the classification of each strain as representing a new species of Nocardioides , for which the names Nocardioides euryhalodurans sp. nov. (MMS17-SY117 T =KCTC 49175 T =JCM 32831 T ), Nocardioides seonyuensis sp. nov. (MMS17-SY207-3 T =KCTC 49176 T =JCM 32832 T ) and Nocardioides eburneiflavus sp. nov. (MMS17-SY213 T =KCTC 49177 T =JCM 32833 T ) are proposed accordingly.

A mycolic acid-containing actinobacterium designated strain MMS17-SY073 T was isolated from island soil. The isolate showed best growth at 25 °C, pH 6, and 0 % (w/v) NaCl. The phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain MMS17-SY073 T belongs to the genus Gordonia , and is mostly related to the type strains of Gordonia soli (98.5 % sequence similarity), Gordonia polyisoprenivorans (98.1%), and Gordonia hankookensis (97.8%). The genome-based comparisons showed a clear distinction between the strain and the two neighbouring species, G. soli and G. polyisoprenivorans , with the average nucleotide identities (ANI) of 75.8 and 76.3 %, respectively. Notably, the genome of strain MMS17-SY073 T was the largest in total stretch and gene counts among the complete genomes of Gordonia , and contained a number of biosynthetic gene clusters for secondary metabolites, in particular those for non-ribosomal peptide synthetases. The major polar lipids were diphosphatidyl glycerol (DPG), phosphatidyl glycerol (PG), phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE), phosphatidyl inositol (PI) and phosphatidyl inositol mannoside (PIM). The isoprenoid quinone was MK-9(H 2 ), and the main fatty acids were C 16 : 0 (30.2%) and 10-methyl-C 18 : 0 (33.7%). The whole cell hydrolysates contained galactose, arabinose, and meso -diaminopimelic acid. The DNA G+C content was 67.4 mol%. Based on phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genetic analysis, strain MMS17-SY073 T should be classified as a new species of the genus Gordonia , for which the name Gordonia insulae sp. nov. is proposed (type strain=MMS17-SY073 T =KCTC 49257 T =JCM 33277 T ).

A novel actinobacterial strain producing an antifungal substance was isolated from a sample of acidic mine area soil, and its taxonomic position was evaluated. The novel strain, designated TW1S1 T , formed white-grey aerial mycelium and yellow substrate mycelium on oatmeal agar. Growth occurred at 10-45 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 4-9 (pH 6-7) and in the presence of up to 8 % (w/v) NaCl. Melanin was produced on peptone-yeast extract-iron agar. Phylogenetic analysis based on its 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that the novel strain should be assigned to the genus Streptomyces, and the closest species was Streptomyces puniciscabiei S77 T with 99.1 % sequence similarity, which was followed by Streptomyces durhamensis NRRL B-3309 T (99.0 %), Streptomyces filipinensis NBRC 12860 T (98.9 %) and Streptomyces yaanensis Z4 T (98.7 %). The chemotaxonomic properties were consistent with those of Streptomyces. ll-Diaminopimelic acid was the diagnostic diamino acid, and alanine, glutamic acid and glycine were present in the peptidoglycan. The cell-wall hydrolysate also contained galactose, glucose, mannose and ribose. The predominant isoprenoid quinones were MK-9(H4) and MK-9(H6), the major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified phospholipid, and the main fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. However, strain TW1S1 T could be distinguished from its neighbouring species by its phenotypic properties. In addition, the genome-based comparison with the closest species indicated that strain TW1S1 T should be recognized as a separate species. The phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic as well as genomic evidence supported that TW1S1 T represents a novel species of Streptomyces, for which the name Streptomycesfodineus sp. nov. is proposed (type strain, TW1S1 T = KCTC 49013 T = JCM 32404 T ).

A moderately acidophilic actinobacterial strain, designated MMS16-CNU450 T , was isolated from pine grove soil, and its taxonomic position was analysed using a polyphasic approach. The isolate showed best growth at 30 °C, pH 6 and 0.5 % (w/v) NaCl. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, the isolate was assigned to the genus Streptacidiphilus, and the closest species were Streptacidiphilus rugosus AM-16 T (sequence similarity, 98.61 %), Streptacidiphilus melanogenes NBRC 103184 T (98.53 %), Streptacidiphilus jiangxiensis NBRC 100920 T (98.19 %) and Streptacidiphilus anmyonensis NBRC 103185 T (98.05 %). The isolate formed a distinct cluster of its own within the Streptacidiphilusclade in the phylogenetic tree. Based on whole-genome comparison between the strain MMS16-CNU450 T and the type strains of related species, the orthologous average nucleotide identity and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization values were in the range of 77.9-87.0 and 22.3-32.7 %, respectively. The DNA G+C content of the isolate was 68.6 mol%. The phylogenetic, phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genomic data supported the affiliation of the strain to Streptacidiphilus, and the name Streptacidiphilus pinicola sp. nov. (type strain, MMS16-CNU450 T =KCTC 49008 T =JCM 32300 T ) is proposed accordingly.

Three Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped and motile bacterial strains, designated MMS16-UL250 T , MMS16-UL253 T and MMS16-UL482 T , were isolated from coastal seawater and subjected to taxonomic characterization. All isolates grew at 4-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6-10 (pH 7) and in the presence of up to 8 % NaCl (2.5-4.5 %). The 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities between the three isolates and Shewanella algicola St-6 T , the closest species, were 98.1-99.2 %, and those among the isolates were 98.5-99.0 %. In the phylogenetic tree, MMS16-UL250 T formed a cluster with S. algicola St-6 T , but the DNA-DNA relatedness between the two strains was 28.8±1.5 %, thus confirming their separation at species level. The other two strains formed separate phylogenetic lines respectively. The main quinones for all strains were Q-7, Q-8, MK-7 and MMK-7, which is typical for Shewanella. The major polar lipids of all strains were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the common major fatty acid was a summed feature consisting of C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c while the proportions varied among the three strains. The DNA G+C contents of the strains also varied between 42.1 and 43.7 mol%. Phenotypic properties distinguished each strain from S. algicola as well as from one another. Based on the polyphasic analysis, each strain is considered to represent a novel species of Shewanella, for which the names Shewanellasaliphila sp. nov. (type strain, MMS16-UL250 T =KCTC 62131 T =JCM 32304 T ), Shewanella ulleungensis sp. nov. (type strain, MMS16-UL253 T =KCTC 62130 T =JCM 32305 T ) and Shewanella litoralis sp. nov. (type strain, MMS16-UL482 T =KCTC 62129 T =JCM 32306 T ) are proposed.

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow, facultatively-anaerobic, short, rod-shaped, non-spore-forming bacterium, designated PK15 T , was isolated from freshwater. Growth was observed at 4-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH 6-9 (optimum, 8), and in the presence of 0-0.8 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0.4 %). Strain PK15 T exhibited both catalase and oxidase activities and was able to reduce nitrate. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities, strain PK15 T was shown to belong to the genus Flavobacterium with close similarities to Flavobacterium palustre S44 T (97.9 %) and Flavobacterium seoulense EM1321 T (97.7 %). Menaquinone-6 (MK-6) was the major respiratory quinone, while the G+C content of the genomic DNA was 35.5 (±0.9) mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, three unidentified aminolipids, one unidentified aminophospholipid and three unidentified polar lipids. The predominant cellular fatty acids (≥10 %) were anteiso-C15 : 0 (17.3 %), a summed feature comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c (15.1 %) and iso-C15 : 0 (10.0 %). Chemotaxonomic data supported the affiliation of strain PK15 T to the genus Flavobacterium. The results of physiological and biochemical tests allowed genotypic and phenotypic differentiation of strain PK15 T from strains of closely related species. It was, therefore, evident that PK15 T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium commune sp. nov. is proposed with strain PK15 T (=KCTC 52562 T =JCM 32115 T ) as the type strain. Based on the results of the chemotaxonomic characterization in the present study, an emended description of Flavobacterium seoulense is also proposed.

A Gram-stain-positive strain, designated DT7-02 T , was isolated from the surface-sterilized root of Oenotherabiennis (evening primrose) and subjected to taxonomic characterization. Cells of DT7-02 T were slender rod-shaped, motile by means of flagella, and oxidase- and catalase-positive. The colonies were circular, pinkish-yellow, opaque, glistering and 1-2 mm in diameter. The strain was moderately thermophilic and halophilic, as growth occurred at 20-44 °C (optimum 40 °C), pH 7-10 (optimum pH 8-9) and in the presence of 0-8 % of NaCl (optimum 4 %) in tryptic soy broth. The analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain represented a member of the genus Pseudogracilibacillus of the family Bacillaceae, and the sequence similarity was 96.5 % with Pseudogracilibacillus auburnensis P-207 T and 95.9 % with Pseudogracilibacillus marinus NIOT-bflm-S4 T . Other related taxa were Ornithinibacillus contaminans DSM 22953 T and Sinibacillus soli KCTC 33117 T , with 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 95.4 and 94.3 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids of DT7-02 T were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0 and iso-C16 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 35.1 mol%, and the respiratory quinone was MK-7. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. The combination of chemotaxonomic properties enabled differentiation of DT7-02 T from the other two species of the genus Pseudogracilibacillus. The results of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses demonstrate that strain DT7-02 T (=KCTC 33854 T =JCM 31192 T ) merits recognition as representing a novel species of the genus Pseudogracilibacillus, for which the name Pseudogracilibacillusendophyticus sp. nov. is proposed.

Little is known on members of the genus Amycolatopsis inhabiting acidic habitats. In this study, a moderately acidophilic Amycolatopsis strain, designated 2-5T, was isolated from coal mine soil, and subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic characterization. Analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain was most closely related to the type strain of Amycolatopsis bartoniae, sharing 99.30 % similarity, while similarity to all other Amycolatopsis species was less than 97 %. The DNA-DNA relatedness between the new isolate and the type strain of A. bartoniae was 56.5±0.7 %. The optimal pH range of the isolate for growth was 5.5-6.0, but growth also occurred at pH 4.5 and 7.5. The isolate tolerated up to 6 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0 %), and the temperature range for growth was 15-40 °C (optimum, 30 °C). The isolate was able to utilize most substrates tested for sole carbon sources, showing its metabolic versatility. The isolate exhibited antimicrobial activity against Serratia marcescens and weak antifungal activity against Fusarium proliferatum. The chemotaxonomic profiles of strain 2-5T included polar lipids containing phosphatidylethanolamine, phsphatidylmethylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol dimannosides, fatty acids containing C17 : 1ω6c and iso-C16 : 0 as the major components, MK-9(H4) as the predominant menaquinone, and meso-diaminopimelic acid and arabinose, galactose, glucose and ribose as the diagnostic diamino acid and sugars in the cell wall. The combined phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and genotypic analyses clearly indicated that the isolate merits recognition as represnting a novel species of Amycolatopsis, for which the name Amycolatopsis acidiphila sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 2-5T (=KCTC 39523T=JCM 30562T).

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive and rod-shaped bacterium designated strain 3R17T was isolated from freshwater. Strain 3R17T produced bright-yellow, circular, convex and smooth colonies on R2A agar, tryptic soy agar, potato dextrose agar, nutrient agar and brain-heart infusion agar media. The strain was motile by gliding. The strain grew at 4-30 °C (optimum, 25 °C), at pH 6-9 (optimum, pH 7) and in the presence of up to 3 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %) on R2A agar. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that 3R17T represents a member of the genus Flavobacterium and is most closely related to Flavobacterium resistens BD-b365T, with a sequence similarity of 97.78 %, but the strain formed a distinct phylogenetic lineage of its own. Fatty acid analysis indicated that a summed feature comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1G, anteiso-C15 : 0, C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 3-OH and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH were the major components (>5 %). Strain 3R17T contained phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and several unidentified aminolipids as main polar lipids, and MK-6 as the predominant isoprenoid quinone. Flexirubin pigments were not produced. The DNA G+C content was 35.4 mol%. The combination of physiological and chemotaxonomic properties distinguished 3R17T from related species of the genus Flavobacterium. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomy, 3R17T evidently represents a novel species within the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium fluminis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 3R17T (=KCTC 42062T=JCM 30338T).

A yellow-pigmented, oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, aerobic and non-motile bacterial strain designated K3R-10T was isolated from a freshwater source. The strain grew over a temperature range from 4 to 35 °C (optimum, 30 °C), pH range pH 6-8 (optimum, pH 7) and in the presence of 0-0.5 % NaCl (optimum, 0 %). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed that strain K3R-10T belonged to the genus Flavobacterium and shared close similarities with Flavobacterium succinicans LMG 10402T (97.0 %), Flavobacterium chungangense LMG 26729T (96.4 %), Flavobacterium branchiophilum IFO 15030T (96.4 %) and Flavobacteriumpiscis412R-09T (96.3 %), but formed a distinct phylogenetic line of its own in the phylogenetic trees. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, an unidentified aminolipid and three unidentified phospholipids. The DNA G+C content was 35.4 mol%, MK-6 was the major isoprenoid quinone, and homospermidine was the predominant polyamine. The predominant cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0, a summed feature comprising C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c and iso-C15 : 1 G. The absence of aminophospholipid, acid production from carbohydrates, DNA G+C content and colony morphology differentiated strain K3R-10T from related species of the genus Flavobacterium. Thus, on the basis of phenotypic, chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic features, strain K3R-10T evidently represents a novel species in the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium keumense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is K3R-10T (=JCM 31220T=KCTC 52563T).

A Gram-stain-negative, motile by gliding, non-spore-forming and oval-shaped bacterial strain designated T1-10T was isolated from pine forest soil, and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Growth occurred at 10-37 °C (optimum, 30 °C), at pH 6-7 and in the presence of 0-1 % (w/v) (optimum, 0 %) NaCl. Flexirubin-type pigments were produced. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain T1-10T was assigned to the genus Taibaiella of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and the most closely related species was Taibaiella koreensis THG-DT86T with 97.11 % sequence similarity, but the strain formed an independent lineage in the phylogenetic tree. The genomic DNA G+C content of strain T1-10T was 42.5 mol%. The main cellular fatty acids were iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH. The only isoprenoid quinone detected in the strain was MK-7, and the major polyamine was homospermidine. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine and unidentified aminophospholipids. Strain T1-10T could be distinguished from related species by physiological and biochemical properties. Phenotypic and phylogenetic data supported that strain T1-10T represents a novel species of the genus Taibaiella, for which the name Taibaiella soli sp. nov. is proposed (type strain T1-10T=KCTC 42277T=JCM 31014T).

A novel actinobacterial strain, designated R1-20 T , was isolated during a study of the bacterial diversity of the soil at a white heron nesting site. The isolate was non-motile, Gram-stain-positive and short rod-shaped. Colonies were dull white and convex with entire margin during the early stages of growth, and gradually became yellow. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the isolate belongs to the genus Humibacter of the family Microbacteriaceae, as sequence similarity with its nearest neighbours was 97.16 % with Humibacter antriD7-27 T and 96.44 % with Humibacter albusDSM 18994 T . However, the combination of cultural and physiological as well as chemotaxonomic properties clearly distinguished strain R1-20 T from other Humibacter species. The DNA G+C content of strain R1-20 T was 65.5 mol%, and the major respiratory isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone MK-11. The acyl group of the peptidoglycan was of acetyl type, and the diagnostic diamino acid was 2,4-diaminobutyric acid. Glutamic acid, alanine and glycine were also present in the cell wall. The major fatty acids of strain R1-20 T were anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and anteiso-C15 : 0. On the basis of phylogenetic, phenotypic and chemotaxonomic analysis, strain R1-20 T merits recognition as a representative of a novel species of the genus Humibacter, for which the name Humibacter soli sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is R1-20 T (=KCTC 39614 T =JCM 31015 T ).

A novel actinobacterium designated strain MWE-A11T was isolated from the root of wild Artemisia princeps (mugwort). The isolate was aerobic, Gram-stain-positive and short rod-shaped, and the colonies were yellow and circular with entire margin. Strain MWE-A11T grew at 15-37 °C and pH 6.0-8.0. The predominant isoprenoid quinones were MK-11 and MK-10. The predominant fatty acids were anteiso-C15:0 and iso-C16:0, and the DNA G+C content was 68.8 mol%. The main polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified glycolipid. The peptidoglycan contained 2,4-diaminobutyric acid as the diagnostic diamino acid, and the acyl type was glycolyl. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons indicated that strain MWE-A11T was affiliated with the family Microbacteriaceae, and was most closely related to the type strains of Humibacter antri (96.4% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Herbiconiux moechotypicola (96.3%), Leifsonia soli (96.3%), Leifsonia lichenia (96.2%), Leifsonia xyli subsp. cynodontis (96.1%), Microbacterium testaceum (96.0%) and Humibacter albus (96.0%). However, the combination of chemotaxonomic properties clearly distinguished strain MWE-A11T from the related taxa at genus level. Accordingly, Allohumibacter endophyticus gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed to accommodate a new member of the family Microbacteriaceae. The type strain of the type species is MWE-A11T (=JCM 19371T=KCTC 29232T).

A Gram-stain-negative, non-spore-forming and coccus-shaped bacterial strain, designated 4DR5T, was isolated from freshwater and its taxonomic position was investigated using a polyphasic approach. Growth occurred at 10-40 °C (optimum 30 °C), at pH 6-9 (optimum pH 7) and in the presence of 0-0.4 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum 0 %) on R2A agar. On the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity, strain 4DR5T was assigned to the family Moraxellaceae of the class Gammaproteobacteria, and its closest related taxa were species of the genera Perlucidibaca (93.67 % sequence similarity), Agitococcus (93.07 %), Paraperlucidibaca (92.31-92.38 %), Alkanindiges (91.79 %) and Acinetobacter (90.24-91.23 %). The predominant isoprenoid quinone detected in strain 4DR5T was Q-10. The major cellular fatty acids were a summed feature consisting of C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c, one consisting of C18 : 1ω7c and/or C18 : 1ω6c, and C16 : 0. The major polar lipid was phosphatidylethanolamine. The genomic DNA G+C content of the strain was 61.2 mol%. The phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and biochemical data not only supported the affiliation of strain 4DR5T to the family Moraxellaceae, but also separated it from other established genera within the family. Therefore, the novel isolate evidently represents a novel species of a new genus of Moraxellaceae, for which the name Fluviicoccus keumensis gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Fluviicoccus keumensis is 4DR5T ( = KCTC 32475T = JCM 19370T).

A Gram-stain-negative, motile by gliding, yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated KNUS1T, was isolated from Lake Paro in Korea. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain KNUS1T formed a distinct lineage within the genus Flavobacterium. Strain KNUS1T was closely related to Flavobacterium cheonhonense ARSA-15T (96.8 %16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Flavobacterium pectinovorum DSM 6368T (96.3 %) and Flavobacterium dankookense ARSA-19T (96.1 %). The major fatty acids of strain KNUS1T were iso-C15 : 0 and iso-C15 : 1 G. The major polyamine was sym-homospermidine. The major polar lipids of strain KNUS1T were phosphatidylethanolamine, five unidentified aminolipids and three unidentified polar lipids. The major respiratory'quinone was menaquinone 6 (MK-6). The DNA G+C content of strain KNUS1T was 34.2 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, strain KNUS1T represents a novel species of the genus Flavobacterium, for which the name Flavobacterium paronense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KNUS1T ( = KACC 17692T = CECT 8460T).

A Gram-stain-negative, yellow, motile by gliding, filamentous bacterium, designated SR 2-06T, was isolated from surface-sterilized root of garden cosmos. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that SR 2-06T was related most closely to Filimonas lacunae YT21T of the family Chitinophagaceae at a sequence similarity of 96.90 %, while levels of similarity to other related taxa were less than 93.08 %. Strain SR 2-06T exhibited similar features to F. lacunae in that it contained MK-7 as the major respiratory quinone, and iso-C15 : 1 G, iso-C15 : 0 and a summed feature consisting of C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c as the major fatty acids. However, strain SR 2-06T was distinguished from F. lacunae using a combination of physiological and biochemical properties. The cellular polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, unknown aminophospholipids, unknown aminolipids, an unknown phospholipid and unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C content was 46.0 mol%. The phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence clearly indicates that strain SR 2-06T represents a novel species of the genus Filimonas, for which the name Filimonas endophytica sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is SR 2-06T ( = KCTC 42060T = JCM 19844T).

Two Gram-staining-positive, aerobic, endospore-forming, motile bacteria, strains DT7-4T and DLE-12T, were isolated from roots of evening primrose (Oenothera biennis) and day lily (Hemerocallis fulva), respectively, and subjected to taxonomic characterization. Analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two strains fell into two distinct phylogenetic clusters belonging to the genus Paenibacillus. Strain DT7-4T was most closely related to Paenibacillus phyllosphaerae PALXIL04T and Paenibacillus taihuensis THMBG22T, with 96.3% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity to each, and strain DLE-12T was most closely related to Paenibacillus ginsengarvi Gsoil 139T and Paenibacillus hodogayensis SGT, with 96.6 and 93.3% sequence similarity, respectively. Both isolates contained anteiso-C15 : 0 as the dominant fatty acid, meso-diaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic diamino acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan and MK-7 as the respiratory menaquinone. The cellular polar lipids were composed of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and unidentified polar lipids. The DNA G+C contents of strains DT7-4T and DLE-12T were 50.1 ± 0.7 and 55.2 ± 0.5 mol%, respectively. The chemotaxonomic properties of both isolates were typical of members of the genus Paenibacillus. However, our biochemical and phylogenetic analyses distinguished each isolate from related species. Based on our polyphasic taxonomic analysis, strains DT7-4T and DLE-12T should be recognized as representatives of novel species of Paenibacillus, for which the names Paenibacillus oenotherae sp. nov. (type strain DT7-4T = KCTC 33186T = JCM 19573T) and Paenibacillus hemerocallicola sp. nov. (type strain DLE-12T = KCTC 33185T = JCM 19572T) are proposed.

An actinobacterium, designated strain DLS-70(T), was isolated from a soil sample from the surface of a rock on the peak of Darangshi Oreum (a volcanic cone) in Jeju, Republic of Korea. Substrate mycelium was produced abundantly on most of the media tested. Spiral chains of spores with warty surface developed on the aerial hyphae. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain DLS-70(T) belonged to the genus Actinomadura and was most closely related to Actinomadura bangladeshensis DSM 45347(T) (98.9% sequence similarity), Actinomadura madurae DSM 43067(T) (98.8%) and Actinomadura chokoriensis DSM 45346(T) (98.6%). Chemotaxonomic observations supported the assignment of the isolate to the genus Actinomadura . DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain DLS-70(T) and the type strains of the closest phylogenetic relatives were less than 20%. On the basis of data from this polyphasic study, strain DLS-70(T) ( =KCTC 29224(T) =DSM 45941(T)) is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Actinomadura , for which the name Actinomadura darangshiensis sp. nov. is proposed., (© 2015 IUMS.)

A novel Gram-stain-positive, non-spore-forming, pale yellow, irregular rod-shaped bacterium designated strain HWE2-01(T) was isolated from the surface-sterilized root of horseweed (Conyza canadensis). Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain HWE2-01(T) belongs to the family Microbacteriaceae and showed sequence similarity levels of 97.1-97.7% with species of the genus Salinibacterium, 95.9-97.6% with species of the genus Leifsonia and 97.1% with Homoserinimonas aerilata. The highest sequence similarity (97.7%) was with Salinibacterium xinjiangense 0543(T). The genomic DNA G+C content of the novel strain was 68.1 mol%. The predominant cellular fatty acid of strain HWE2-01(T) was anteiso-C15 : 0, major menaquinones were MK-10, MK-9 and MK-11, and diagnostic polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylglycerol. The peptidoglycan of the novel strain contained 2,4-diaminobutyric acid, alanine, glycine and glutamic acid. The cell-wall sugars of strain HWE2-01(T) were galactose, mannose and rhamnose. The murein was of the acetyl type. Based on the results of the phenotypic and phylogenetic analysis, strain HWE2-01(T) differed in some respects from other members of the family Microbacteriaceae. Therefore, strain HWE2-01(T) is proposed to represent a novel species of a new genus in the family Microbacteriaceae with the name Conyzicola lurida gen. nov., sp. nov. (type strain = HWE2-01(T) = KCTC 29231(T) = JCM 19257(T))., (© 2014 IUMS.)

A non-motile, pale yellow, colony-forming strain, designated HME6839(T), was isolated from the wetland of Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. The major fatty acids of strain HME6839(T) were summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c), iso-C15 : 0 and C16 : 1ω5c. The DNA G+C content was 41.2 mol%. A phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HME6839(T) formed a lineage within the genus Mucilaginibacter. Strain HME6839 (T) [corrected] was closely related to Mucilaginibacter dorajii (96.7 %), Mucilaginibacter polysacchareus (96.5 %) and Mucilaginibacter lappiensis (96.3 %). On the basis of the chemotaxonomic and phylogenetic results presented in this study, strain HME6839(T) represents a novel species of the genus Mucilaginibacter, for which the name Mucilaginibacter flavus sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is HME6839(T) ( = KCTC 23441(T) = CECT 7857(T)).

A horseshoe-shaped, orange-pigmented strain, HMD3055(T), was isolated from a solar saltern in Korea. Strain HMD3055(T) grew optimally at 25 °C and with a salt concentration of 3-5 %. The predominant quinone of strain HMD3055(T) was menaquinone (MK)-7. The major fatty acids of strain HMD3055(T) were iso-C15 : 0, summed feature 3 (comprising C16 : 1ω6c and/or C16 : 1ω7c) and summed feature 9 (iso-C17 : 1ω9c and/or 10-methyl C16 : 0). The polar lipids of HMD3055(T) consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, one unidentified phospholipid, one unidentified aminolipid and five unidentified polar lipids. The phylogenetic tree based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that strain HMD3055(T) formed a distinct lineage within the genus Cyclobacterium. Strain HMD3055(T) was closely related to Cyclobacterium lianum (95.8 %), Cyclobacterium lianum HY9(T) (95.8 %), C. marinum DSM 745(T) (93.2 %) and C. amurskyense KMM6143(T) (92.6 %) form a distinct lineage from other members of the genus Cyclobacterium. The DNA G+C content of strain HMD3055(T) was 45.6 mol%. On the basis of the evidence presented in this study, it is concluded that strain HMD3055(T) represents a novel species of the genus Cyclobacterium, for which the name Cyclobacterium jeungdonense sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is HMD3055(T) ( = KCTC 23150(T) = CECT 7706(T)).

Two Gram-stain-positive, non-motile, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped actinobacterial strains were isolated from the surface-sterilized roots of mugwort (Artemisia princeps) and horse-weed (Conyza canadensis), and subjected to taxonomic characterization. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the isolates, designated MWE 3-5(T) and HWE 2-02(T), should be placed in the genus Nocardioides of the family Nocardioidaceae. The strains were closely related to Nocardioides hankookensis DS-30(T), which exhibited 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity values of 97.99 and 99.09 % with strains MWE 3-5(T) and HWE 2-02(T), respectively. The genome relatedness of N. hankookensis DS-30(T) with strain MWE 3-5(T) was 35.8 %, and that with strain HWE 2-02(T) was 36.4 %, whereas that between the two isolates was 43.2 %. Strains MWE 3-5(T) and HWE 2-02(T) possessed MK-8(H4) as the major isoprenoid quinone, and ll-diaminopimelic acid in the cell-wall peptidoglycan. The main fatty acids were iso-C16 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and C18 : 1ω9c for strain MWE 3-5(T) and iso-C16 : 0, 10-methyl C18 : 0 and C18 : 1ω9c for strain HWE 2-02(T). Based on phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic studies, the following two novel species are proposed: Nocardioides endophyticus sp. nov. (type strain, MWE 3-5(T) = KCTC 29122(T) = JCM 18532(T)) and Nocardioides conyzicola sp. nov. (type strain, HWE 2-02(T) = KCTC 29121(T) = JCM 18531(T)).

A strictly aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, rod-shaped, non-motile and yellow-pigmented bacterial strain, designated KMM 6208(T), was isolated from a sea urchin. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that this novel isolate was affiliated to the class Gammaproteobacteria and formed a robust cluster with Arenicella xantha KMM 3895(T) with 98.2 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity. Strain KMM 6208(T) grew in the presence of 0.5-5 % NaCl and at a temperature range of 4-38 °C. The isolate was oxidase-positive and hydrolysed aesculin, casein, chitin, gelatin, starch and Tweens 40 and 80. The prevalent fatty acids of strain KMM 6208(T) were C16 : 1ω7c, iso-C16 : 0, iso-C18 : 0, C18 : 1ω7c and C16 : 0. The polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and an unidentified aminophospholipid, and the major isoprenoid quinone was Q-8. The DNA G+C content of strain KMM 6208(T) was 46.3 mol%. The DNA-DNA relatedness value of strain KMM 6208(T) with Arenicella xantha KMM 3895(T) was 5 %. Molecular data in a combination with phenotypic findings strongly suggest inclusion of this novel strain in the genus Arenicella as a representative of a novel species for which the name Arenicella chitinivorans sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is KMM 6208(T) ( = KCTC 12711(T) = LMG 26983(T)).

An aerobic, halotolerant, Gram-negative bacterium was isolated from the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius and subjected to taxonomic characterization. The strain, designated KMM 6042(T), was rod-shaped, motile and yellow-pigmented. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the strain was most closely related to the type strain of Altererythrobacter dongtanensis, and the level of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity between the two was 99.0 %. However, the DNA-DNA relatedness between the two strains was 34.4 ± 7.6 %. Physiological and chemotaxonomic properties clearly distinguished the novel strain from other species of the genus Altererythrobacter. It is thus evident from the phylogenetic and phenotypic analyses that strain KMM 6042(T) merits recognition as a novel species of the genus Altererythrobacter, for which the name Altererythrobacter troitsensis sp. nov. (type strain, KMM 6042(T) = KCTC 12303(T) = JCM 17037(T)) is proposed.

The 16S rRNA and gyrB genes of 22 Streptomyces strains belonging to the Streptomyces griseus cluster were sequenced, and their taxonomic positions were re-evaluated. For correct analysis, all of the publicly available sequences of the species were collected and compared with those obtained in this study. Species for which no consensus sequence could be identified were excluded from the phylogenetic analysis. The levels of 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity within the cluster ranged from 98.6 to 100% with a mean value of 99.6 ± 0.3%, and those of the gyrB gene ranged from 93.6 to 99.9% with a mean value of 96.3 ± 1.5%. The observed average nucleotide substitution rate of the gyrB gene was ten times higher than that of the 16S rRNA gene, showing a far higher degree of variation. Strains sharing 99.3% or more gyrB sequence similarity (corresponding to an evolutionary distance of 0.0073) always formed monophyletic groups in both trees. Through the combined analysis of the two genes, clear cases of synonymy could be identified and, according to the priority rule, the assertion of the status of Streptomyces setonii as a distinct species and the reclassification of Streptomyces fimicarius as a later synonym of S. setonii and Streptomyces albovinaceus as a later synonym of Streptomyces globisporus are proposed. Emended descriptions of S. setonii and S. globisporus are provided.