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In both narrative theory and evolutionary psychology, equitable-retribution —or the idea that punishments for committing a moral transgression should be equivalent to the transgression itself—is a centerpiece of discussion. This article reports results from a blocked within-subjects experiment that examined speed of cognitive processing and subjective rating of three types of narrative retribution: equitable-retribution; under-retribution, where punishment is absent for a transgression; and over-retribution, where punishment exceeds the severity of the transgression. Results suggest that narrative endings depicting equitable-retribution are processed more quickly and liked more than endings with under-retribution and over-retribution. In addition, liking seems to correspond with enjoyment for equitable-retribution and over-retribution; for under-retribution, liking seems to correspond with appreciation. Discussion focuses on implications for theory and extending the current experimental paradigm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 1950s, Toronto ratepayer associations inserted themselves into debates about property relations and the appropriate use of the City's new redevelopment authority as then being tested by elected officials and developers. Two case studies are presented: a designated redevelopment area where the City failed to close a deal with development firms, and a request, ultimately denied, by a developer group to have the City establish another area to acquire the properties they had failed to. In both cases, ratepayer associations did not question City expropriation of private property if done for a sufficiently public purpose but argued vehemently against City expropriation of land from one set of private owners to benefit another. Although it is not possible to fully know the effect ratepayer associations had on these failed attempts of using redevelopment authority, they should be seen as urban social movements organized to protect local property rights from developers and a new interventionist local state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Actor and comedian Charles Mathews sought information and inspiration to portray African American characters previously unrepresented on the London stage. During his visit in 1822-23 to major cities in the northeastern United States he encountered 'literary blackface', nonsensical dialogue that ridiculed the intelligence and citizenship rights of African Americans. He transcribed two stanzas from the most recent 'bobalition' broadside. Although he did not include these 'scraps of songs and malaprops' directly into his Trip performance, they formed part of his informal rehearsals on tour, and his cultural memory: 'literary blackface' influenced the style, rather than the content, of his London show. His friend, the actor and singer Thomas Philipps, whom he met again in New York, arranged the song 'Possum up a gum tree'. David Claypoole Johnston, who performed on stage with Mathews in Philadelphia in early 1823, produced four prints of Mathews and also parodied African American speech in his illustrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is now recognized as a major public health issue. One consequence of this condition is disturbance of mineral and bone homeostasis. Bone disease (renal osteodystrophy) as a consequence of CKD has long been recognized. However, it is now appreciated that the mineral and bone disturbances of CKD (and perhaps treatment of them) lead to vascular calcification, which is a cause of significant morbidity. In recognition of the widespread nature of the condition, the term CKD-mineral bone disorder (CKD-MBD) is now in general use to describe the biochemical, skeletal and vascular changes that occur in CKD. The pathogenesis of CKD-MBD is incompletely understood but has recently been redefined with the emergence of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) as a major influence on control of vitamin D and parathyroid hormone. This review describes the classification of CKD and current understanding of the mechanisms underlying CKD-MBD (incorporating FGF-23). It describes and evaluates the means of identifying CKD-MBD in the clinical setting and the interventions available for treatment. It then reviews current clinical guidelines for the use of biochemical markers in clinical decision-making. In acknowledgement of the paucity of evidence upon which these guidelines are based, areas where clinical research might be directed in the future will be identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the renovation and construction of the Parc des Princes and the Stade de France in post-Second World War Paris. The history of the two stadia testifies to a shift in the envisioned role of stadia in the Parisian basin between the late 1960s and the end of the twentieth century and stands as evidence for the emergence of new urban planning actors. Both stadia were also critiqued as symbols of broader problems with Parisian urbanization, notably as manifestations of anti-democratic planning processes. At the same time, the Parc and the Stade also reflected an emerging consensus over the role of spectator sport in society, accompanied by attempts to re-envision mass sporting spectatorship as a more democratic and familial practice. This article thus situates the two stadia within the history of Parisian urbanization and within broader global urbanizing processes. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This article examines global food supply and the potential for a protracted food shortage. There are various reasons for the crisis. Australia, a major grain producer and exporter, has suffered a protracted drought, while bad weather has reduced farm output in many other countries. Diversion of corn, sugar cane, and palm oil for use in biofuels is a lesser factor. World production of grains has increased at a normal pace, but has generally lagged behind demand. The author attributes increased demand from rapidly developing countries as the main source of the situation.

Recounts the performance of central-city manufacturing industries in the United States between 1870-1950. Impact of pre-1920 annexation on the character of metropolitan society and politics; Social and political character of population annexation; Background history on the building of a central-city manufacturing base.

Outlines an interpretation of the changing geography of North American cities and suburbs from about 1900 to 1950. Discussion on urban economy; State of office employment and retailing in the twentieth century; Social geographic patterns; Land development and house building.

Abstract The New Zealand weta, Hemideina thoracica, is a nocturnal orthopteran insect which emerges from holes in trees or from under bark soon after sunset to forage for several hours on plant and animal material before returning to its refuge before dawn. In tests of the internal clock hypothesis it exhibits clear circadian locomotor rhythms in which the period is initially somewhat less than 24 h, but frequently spontaneously increases to over 25 h. The rhythms are entrainable by light and temperature cycles, obey Aschoff's Law and are temperature compensated. A single oscillator feedback model accounts for these basic properties of the weta clock, but does not explain a variety of examples of rhythm lability, such as day skipping, spontaneous change in period, scalloping and desynchrony typically found in the real data. To account for these characteristics the model is expanded into two linked populations of oscillators, which retain the basic properties of the simple model and in addition interact through their coupling to show the various types of free-run lability. To make these control systems models compatible with the molecular interpretation of circadian biology, each of the components in the feedback loop is matched with molecular function and structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes the central elements of a family-based reunification service that was found to be effective in reducing foster care placements in Utah. In addition, the article assesses the relation between types of services and program outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Explores the relationships among industrialization, the location of industry and residential pattern in Montreal, Quebec. Demonstration of the importance of class and occupation in Montreal's residential pattern; Introduction of a methodological approach to social class using a select set of occupations.

This article examines the efforts of the Bermuda Department of Tourism and its interaction with the island's hotel industry to maintain the tourist flow during the off-season. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

One way to determine an optimum price for a product or service is to assess what the customer is willing to pay and then set production methods and costs to achieve a profit based on that price. Traditional pricing methods, including "cost-plus" and "gut feel," operate backwards by setting a price based on the operator's costs or profit goals. Measuring the customer's price sensitivity in a reasonably unbiased way is difficult, however. Moreover, the matter of appropriate pricing is complicated by the fact that consumers use price as an indicator of quality. So, it is not only possible to set a price too high (pricing the item out of the market), but also to set it too low (giving a perception of unacceptably low quality). The statistical technique of price-sensitivity measurement (PSM) works by asking consumers questions that allow them to indicate when a product is "too expensive" or "too cheap." Graphing these numbers shows a range between expensive and cheap-indicating the likely best price range. Proprietors of Taco Bell applied the PSM method in creating their value menu, with considerable success. As an example, the authors developed a price-value range for buyers in the association-meeting market. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Most hoteliers will answer "service" when asked what makes them better than their competition. But focusing on service is not the same as focusing on the customer. Service must be defined relative to the customers' needs, and the price of a room must reflect the guests' expectations regarding the desired level of service. Most customers are unwilling to pay for amenities they don't want and will avoid those properties where high rates aren't clearly related to value. To develop a service strategy, first identify the markets to be served, identify what it is your customers want and what they expect, and choose the optimal mix and level of service for those markets. Next, evaluate your current service performance and make any adjustments that ensure you're offering the right service at the right price. Finally, make it easy for your guests to give you feedback. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Your hotel's or restaurant's business position can be improved through marketing research. Here are some of the things you should know before you conduct a study [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

When asked how his firm derived guest profiles, the senior vice president of marketingfor one national hotel chain replied, "We ask the desk clerks."The need for more sophisticated marketing research in the hospitality industry is clear.But, with the exception of firms gathering their information only from desk clerks, mostcompanies can get better management information even from their existing researchdata. This article launches a six-part series on marketing research, focusing on ways toanalyze data for better marketing decisions [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

As hospitality educators, it is our mandate to seek solutions, to do research, to get involved, to teach students new ideas and new ways of doing things, and to be visionaries of the industry. Yet, if we examine many of the courses we are teaching, we will probably find that the bulk of them emphasize the same concerns today as they did twenty years ago [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

A recent survey produced both expected and surprising results-including the finding that certain performance measures looked on favorably by personnel departments and college-admissions committees were associated with low career progress [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Effective management depends on information. Guest surveys could offer crucial information for evaluating current policies and making management decisions, but many surveys in use today obscure as much as they reveal. This article shows how traditional surveys fail and outlines a new method for getting the facts [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Although hotel executives expect little real sales growth in the industry between now and 1985, most are more optimistic about the outlook for their own operations [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Through the use of discriminant analysis, the traditional challenge to anyadvertising — "Will it sell? " - can now be answered in advance. A recent study identifiesthe attributes that should be stressed in advertising restaurants of three types [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Part VI. Demonstrates the many potential uses and means of analyzing market-research data. Discussion of the characteristics of discriminant analysis; Distinctive determinant attributes for a number of hotels; Questions that can determine if an operator needs market research.

Discusses the use of regression analysis to identify the meaningful relative values of different factors that contribute to hotel selection of customers. Details on factors determining choice; Result of the multiple regression analysis; Information on hotel preference. INSET: Multiple Regression Analysis.

Part II. Presents guidelines for conducting a marketing research in the hospitality industry. Theoretical foundations of market segmentation; Importance of consumers' preferences; Factors that affect research design. INSETS: Perceptual Maps and Market Segments;Picking the Sample Size.

Focuses on a study which examined the persuasive effect of food quality claims in restaurant advertising copy on consumers. Description of the study design; Measures used in judging the persuasive potency of advertising messages; Results of the study.

Demonstrates how the identification of benefit segments can inform the development of a positioning marketing strategy at hotels and restaurants. Evaluation of the prospect's needs; Ways in which consumers choose products and services; Types of restaurants.

Focuses on a study which examined the effect of inflation on the hospitality industry in the U.S. Methodology; Results of the study; Conclusions.

Hospitality management education hasn't changed with the times, and 10 years from now, many current North American programs will cease to exist. To survive, programs must pay greater attention to quality teaching and quality, real-world research that addresses the way companies are really run. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Conjoint measurement, ortrade-offanalysis, has received very limited literature attention in the hospitality industry. As a statistical marketing research tool, however, its strong predictive power of consumer choice among multiattribute product alternatives can be extremely useful in the development of products, among other things. The consumer's choice of a hospitality product frequently involves trade-offs among multiattribute product alternatives, and a majority of the product attributes, such as location, brand name, image, ambience, and amenities, maybe non-metric in form, thus limiting the use of other multivariate techniques requiring continuous variables with normal distributions. Marriott Corporation used conjoint analysis in the design of Courtyard by Marriott (Wind, Green, Shifflet & Scarbrough, 1989), and later in the design of Fairfield Inns. Muhlbacher and Botschen (1988) demonstrated the use of conjoint in selecting holiday tra vel packages, while Renaghan and Kay (1987) used it to measure meeting planners' tradeoffs. In this article, we expand its application to measuring consumerchoice of hotel weekend packages.Key Words:Trade-off analysis, conjoint method, full profile, consumer preference. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The location of the circadian pacemakers of the orthopteran Hemideina thoracica (White) has been investigated through observation of the effects of surgical removal of brain tissues (principally optic lobes and tracts) on free-running and entrained locomotor rhythms. Bilobectomy and severance of optic tracts invariably resulted in arrhythmicity, whereas rhythmicity was sustained following unilateral lobectomy, generally with increases in the free-running period (FRP) and decreases in both the active-phase lengths and activity-to-rest ratios of the rhythm. Bilobectomized subjects could be entrained by temperature cycles, but exhibited no transients or residual rhythmicity, indicating that temperature brought about a direct response or masking effect. These results support the hypothesis that the circadian locomotor pacemakers of Hemideina are located within each optic lobe, and that there are no extraoptic centers for the control of the timing of locomotor activity. Although confirmation of the pacemaker role of the optic lobes requires transplantation of the tissues, the conclusion may be drawn by inference from other studies (e.g., Leucophaea maderae—Page , 1983; Gryllus bimacu latus—Tomioka and Chiba, 1986). Light entrainment continued after surgical blinding and blackening of the compound eyes and ocelli, supporting the view that direct illumination of neural tissue through the cuticle may be one possible pathway for light entrainment. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses about the population redistribution in the Soviet Union and its impact on the society. It aims at measuring dispersal of Russians into non-Russian areas of the Soviet Union since 1897, and endeavor to explain this population redistribution in terms of general formulations from the migration literature. Because the bulk of the Russian migration was to the urban areas of the non-Russian areas, major emphasis is placed upon the changing shares they have comprised of the urban population in these areas outside of the RSFSR. The article also considers the prospects of future migration of non-Russians into Russian areas. The Russians have been relatively highly mobile, which is to be expected of such a modernized and dominant group. In particular, they have experienced a great amount of regional dispersal from their traditional areas in the western Soviet Union to regions farther east. The article suggests that determining conditions in the explanation of ethnic identity and tension, particularly the competition for jobs and economic improvement, which are associated with the differential integration of the various groups into the modernized sectors of society.

The author says that he agrees with many points that the researcher Lee Freese raises in his article, and yet he does not agree with all of what he writes. First, the author strongly agree that family sociologists in general have not developed many cumulative solutions in their theorizing and research. Theory building in family sociology has proceeded primarily through the codification of empirical generalizations, as Freese notes, rather than through a reliance on formal language and deduction. People are still a young science. In many areas of study people cannot yet agree on basic definitions of the most powerful variables, much less use formal or mathematical language to advance our theoretical propositions and empirical studies. If what Freese envisions as meeting his criteria for serial progressions and cumulative solutions implies laws for the genetic and social engineering of human breeding, people have thus far failed. Evidently, Freese sees little value in specification and testing specifications of low-order propositions.