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In this work, vanadium-substituted cesium phosphomolybdate salts were evaluated as catalysts in glycerol furfural condensation reactions, an attractive route to produce fuel-green bioadditives. Molybdenum atoms of phosphomolybdic acid were substituted with vanadium and precipitated as cesium salts generating catalysts with general formulae Cs3+nPMo12-nVnO40 (n = 1–3). Among the salts evaluated, Cs4PMo11V1O40 was the most active and selective catalyst toward the glyceryl furfural acetals, isomers (dioxolane: dioxane) were obtained at 2: 1 molar ratio with 90% conversion after a 2 h reaction at room temperature. The effect of main reaction parameters such as the glycerol: furfural molar ratio, the catalyst load, solvent, vanadium load, and the temperature were studied. The use of a solid, active, and easily synthesizable catalyst makes this an attractive route to produce fuel bioadditives from renewable raw materials at room temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important steps in identifying priority areas for conservation is the assessment of species richness and their extinction risks. While most species remain undescribed, the identification of cryptic lineages is frequent in phylogenetic and phylogeographic studies. This is particularly common in troglobites, exclusively subterranean organisms. The Jandaíra Formation, in the Brazilian semiarid, combines the occurrence of extensive karstic areas with hundreds of caves and subterranean aquifers in a region with intense paleoclimatic changes. This region is recognized for the richness of troglobitic species, some of which are widely distributed in heterogeneous areas. This suggests cryptic lineages that can be differentially exposed to anthropogenic threats, with distinct extinction risks regarding the nominal taxa of which they putatively belong. To test it, a large sampling was conducted and, by means of lineage delimitation analyses, the genetic structure of four troglobitic taxa, three aquatic and one terrestrial, was evaluated. In addition, the extinction risk of these lineages was assessed and priority areas for conservation were identified. The results indicated that while Cirolanidae sp. 1 (Isopoda) is a single species widely distributed, Cirolanidae sp. 2, Potiberaba porakuara (Amphipoda) and Kinnapotiguara troglobia (Hemiptera) present an extensive diversity of cryptic and endemic lineages, most of which are likely new threatened species. Furthermore, two priority areas for conservation of these lineages were identified. Thus, comparative phylogeography may represent a first step in the conservation of subterranean taxa, indicating areas that should be prioritized in a context of increasing threats and dwindling conservation resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study analyses how startups implement circular business models supported by innovation and Industry 4.0, in which strategic stakeholders for value creation are to be found in this specific business ecosystem. The theoretical framework of circular business models supported by innovation was used for analysing the startups based on some assumptions of stakeholder theory. Fifty-one startups were selected, which correspond to the unit of analysis for this study on the improvement of supply chains through circular business models supported by innovation aimed at sustainability in organizations. We conducted a multiple case study whose results suggest that: (i) circularity is strategic for the business to assume its commitment to a sustainable development agenda, especially regarding pollution prevention and proactive action; (ii) visionary entrepreneurs are actively engaged with circular economy practices and technological innovation to promote a circular flow for their business ecosystem; (iii) Industry 4.0 is still incipient, but it is synergistic and beneficial for a successful circular economy in startups; and (iv) primary stakeholders are the activators of circular cycles in the startups surveyed. The present study contributes to the literature in four ways by: (i) presenting a framework which brings together exploratory theoretical propositions on strategic stakeholders for startups, innovative capabilities and assumptions of circular business models; (ii) validating exploratory theoretical propositions with 51 startups; (iii) providing lessons learned so far by the startups which are in line with the assumptions of circular business models for triggering their innovation capabilities and promoting Industry 4.0; (iv) providing an original typology of circular economy assumptions and technological innovations adopted by startups. The originality of this study lies in presenting useful insights for motivating managers to: (i) invest in circular business to become one of the first entrants and earn extra profits; (ii) make investments in circular business and technological innovations to obtain efficiency, practicality and process optimization; (iii) internalize Industry 4.0 technologies concomitantly with technological innovations and circular economy to generate systemic effects; (iv) integrate relevant stakeholders of the business ecosystem to generate a synergistic and effective effect for sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this initial study of a research project, this paper seeks to understand the thermal conditions in the cities of Lisbon and Munich, specifically focusing on Urban Heat Island intensity and on thermal comfort using the Universal Thermal Climate Index modeling data at the Local Climate Zone scale. Based on these datasets, Munich has exhibited more unfavourable thermal conditions than Lisbon. In terms of UHII, both cities have shown that low, medium, and high rise compact urban areas and bare rock or paved areas have the highest values, while sparsely built areas have the lowest. These results differ from the UTCI, which indicates that in Lisbon and Munich, these sparsely built areas as well as areas with low plants and vegetation are the most uncomfortable. In Munich, the population was exposed to very strong heat stress, while Lisbon experienced strong heat stress conditions. Conversely, low, medium, and high rise compact urban areas and densely wooded areas in Munich, and scattered trees areas and large low-rise urban areas in Lisbon, have demonstrated the lowest monthly mean and average maximum values. These results will be further explored in future studies in the city of Lisbon and cross-checked with data obtained from roving missions. This will enable a more detailed temporal and local analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A fundamental study of CO 2 / CH 4 plasma is performed in a glow discharge at a few Torr. Experimental and numerical results are compared to identify the main reaction pathways. OES-based techniques and FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared) spectroscopy are used to determine molecules densities and gas temperature. Several conditions of pressure, initial mixture and residence time are measured. The main dissociation products are found to be CO and H 2 . The LoKI simulation tool was used to build a simplified kinetic scheme to limit the uncertainties on rate coefficients, but sufficient to reproduce the experimental data. To this aim, only molecules containing at most one carbon atom are considered based on the experimental observations. Obtaining a good match between the experimental data and the simulation requires the inclusion of reactions involving the excited state O (1 D) . The key role of CH 3 radical is also emphasized. The good match obtained between the experiment and the simulation allows to draw the main reaction pathways of the low-pressure CO 2 - CH 4 plasmas, in particular to identify the main back reaction mechanisms for CO 2 . The role of CH 2 O and H 2 O in the gas phase is also discussed in depth as they appear to play an important role on catalytic surface studied in the part II of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In situ FTIR transmission experiments for CO 2 and CO 2 – CH 4 plasma were performed for a fundamental study of surface plasma interaction with cerium oxide ( CeO 2 ) as catalytic surface. Utilizing a DC glow discharge plasma reactor at low pressure, it was observed that CO 2 gas adsorbs in the surface forming tridentate carbonates and hydrogen carbonates. When CO 2 – CH 4 plasma is ignited, formate species were formed while carbonate species disappeared from the surface. The CeO 2 pellet has also been placed downstream the plasma in order to observe the role of the gas composition at the exit of CO 2 – CH 4 plasma on CeO 2 without any heating or strong electric field. In addition, the effect of water was investigated in several surface phenomena. OH groups play an important role in the reaction with tridentate carbonates to generate formates under plasma. The gas phase chemistry of the CO 2 – CH 4 plasma used here has been described in details in the part I of this work. The conclusions drawn on the gas phase contribute to the understanding of the observed phenomena on CeO 2 . These results enlighten the complex mechanisms occurring during CO 2 – CH 4 plasma reactions on surfaces that could help in the improvement of CO 2 recycling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Silicotungstic acid potassium salts had the silicon heteroatom substituted by Co(III) or Co(II) cations and were evaluated as catalysts in oxidation reactions of terpenic alcohols with hydrogen peroxide. Borneol was the model molecule selected. All the catalyst salts were characterized by Fourier-transformed infrared, ultraviolet–visible and Raman spectroscopies, thermal analyses, powder X-rays diffraction and cyclic voltammetry analyses, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and scam electronic microscopy (SEM) analyses, potentiometric titration. This set of techniques revealed that salts containing Co(II) or Co(III) as the heteroatom were successfully obtained. The activity of potassium dodecatungstocobaltate(III) (i.e., K5CoIIIW12O40) was compared to other tungsten heteropoly catalysts (i.e., H4SiW12O40, K4SiW12O40, K6CoIIW12O40, Co2SiW12O40) and the precursor CoCl2. Among the various heteropoly compound investigated, the K5CoIIIW12O40 salt was the most active and selective catalyst toward oxidation product (i.e., camphor). Conversion and selectivity higher than 90% were achieved, indicating the high efficiency of this catalyst. The effects of the main reaction parameters such as temperature, the stoichiometry of reactants, type and catalyst load, were investigated. Special attention was given to correlating the structural properties of catalysts with their activity. Based on experimental data, a reaction pathway was proposed. As far as we know, it is the first time that silicotungstic acid-derived salts having heteroatom Co(II) or Co(III) cations, were used as catalysts in oxidation reactions of terpene alcohols. The effect of the oxidation state and position of Co on the activity of silicotungstic acid was evaluated. The H4SiW12O40 had the Si(IV) heteroatom exchanged with Co(II) or Co(III). Their potassium salts were tested in borneol oxidation reactions with H2O2 being the K5CoIIIW12O40 the most active and selective catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Micro-milling of cemented carbides is a challenging task due to their high hardness, low toughness and high wear resistance. Ensuring good surface quality and dimensional accuracy is crucial for extending parts service life, which in turn enhances economical and environmental sustainability. This paper is mainly focused on evaluating surface formation mechanisms, scale effects, fracture behaviour and chip formation using distinct cemented carbide micro-milling tools with multi-layer diamond HF-CVD. In order to achieve higher precision and more efficient micro-milling operations on WC-15Co and WC-10Co, a systematic experimental approach has been carried out. The influence of cutting parameters, achievable surface quality and defects occurrence were thoroughly examined. Experimental results evidence the influence of operational conditions on the chip formation of cemented carbides as well as an important impact of the utilized cutting tool. Micro-pits, cracks, thin ploughing layer and fractured workpiece edges are amongst the observed surface damage mechanisms. A ductile cutting regime of the high-hardness composite material is confirmed, exhibited by the plastic deformation even when small depths of cut are considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of the friction stir channelling (FSC) technology has a potential to revolutionize the manufacturing industry, providing an innovative way to produce continuous sub-surface channels in monolithic components in a single step. However, the process generates heat that can lead to defects and loss of stationarity, affecting the quality of the channels produced and the process' efficiency and control. To address these challenges, a ground-breaking study was conducted using a cooled copper backing plate to adjust the process temperatures and investigate the influence of the temperature on FSC stability. The results of the study showed that the cooled copper backing plate has a significantly higher rate of heat conduction, effectively preventing the processed component from overheating and ensuring that the process maintains its stationarity. When using the steel backing plate, only one combination of process parameters (a rotation speed of 450 rev/min and a traverse speed of 71 mm/min) yielded satisfactory results. Moreover, the use of the cooled copper backing plate allowed for a wider range of process parameters to be employed, resulting in sub-surface channels with higher quality and fewer defects. The 710/71 parameters combination resulted in a lower heat input, while the 900/45 parameters set produced channels with a more rectangular geometry. A rotation speed of 900 rev/min and a traverse speed of 45 mm/min have been shown to be the best choice. This innovative approach to FSC technology represents a major step forward in solid-state manufacturing, envisaging new possibilities for producing longer sub-surface channels with superior quality and greater efficiency. Highlights: • Conducting the FSC process at low temperature has improved its stability. • The use of a cooled copper backing plate enabled a broader range of FSC process parameters. • Longer and stabler leak-free sub-surface channels have been produced in aluminium alloys. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal additive manufacturing (MAM) currently allows the production of mechanical components with technical specifications suitable for structural applications with a high level of complexity. Despite the most recent technological developments, additively manufactured parts may still lack the geometrical and dimensional accuracy as well as surface integrity required for precision mechanical assemblies and system reliability. These requirements often lead to post-processing operations through precision machining technologies. The present work focuses on the machinability study of 18Ni300 maraging steel obtained by laser powder bed fusion and its comparison with the conventional counterpart. Milling tests were carried out covering a wide range of cutting parameters, aiming at understanding their influence and comparing the obtained results in terms of cutting force, specific cutting pressure, roughness and chip morphology. In depth residual stresses have been measured for different operational and metallurgical conditions and their comparison was performed. A more significant effect of the feed parameter on the analysed data is noticed, particularly regarding the affected layer depth of the residual stresses due to cutting. Moreover, the higher mechanical strength of the additively manufactured alloy does not translate into an equivalent increase in the required average specific cutting pressure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contributing to the development of sustainable electroanalytical chemistry, electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO) films obtained from residual graphite of discharged Zn-C batteries are proposed in this work. Graphite from the cathode of discarded Zn-C batteries was recovered and used in the synthesis of graphene oxide (GO) by the modified Hummer's method. The quality of the synthesized GO was verified using different characterization methods (FT-IR, XRD, SEM, and TEM). GO films were deposited on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) by the drop coating method and then electrochemically reduced by cathodic potential scanning using cyclic voltammetry. The electrochemical features of the ERGO films were investigated using the ferricyanide redox probe, as well as paracetamol (PAR) and hydroquinone (HQ) molecules as model analytes. From the cyclic voltammetry assays, enhanced heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants (k0) were observed for all redox systems studied. In analytical terms, the ERGO-based electrode showed higher analytical sensitivity than the bare and GO-modified GCE. Using differential pulse voltammetry, wide linear response ranges and limits of detection of 0.14 μmol L−1 and 0.65 μmol L−1 were achieved for PAR and HQ, respectively. Furthermore, the proposed sensor was successfully applied to the determination of PAR and HQ in synthetic urine and tap water samples (recoveries close to 100%). The outstanding electrochemical and analytical properties of the proposed ERGO films are added to the very low cost of the raw material, being presented as a green-based alternative for the development of electrochemical (bio)sensors with unsophisticated resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding the morphological characteristics and the physical and chemical attributes of the soil is fundamental for the conservation of landscapes, especially those with fragile soils. This study aimed to characterize soils representative of the Pandeiros River wetland, in the Cerrado biome, identifying them as to their fragility, through the analysis of morphological, physical and chemical attributes, providing the basis for the development of strategies for conservation and management of these areas. Seven soil profiles located in the lower third of the Pandeiros River basin, formed by sediments of mineral and organic origin, were collected. Soil pits were opened, the profiles were described morphologically, and then soil chemical and physical analyses were performed to characterize soil organic matter. The morphological attributes of the soils were influenced by the type of parent material (organic and mineral) and by the relief and drainage conditions. The studied soils are considered fragile and need special attention regarding their management and conservation. In the study area, soil vulnerability is determined by different factors and can be stratified in decreasing order as follows: Histosols > Gleysols > Fluvisols > Cambisols > Planosols. Despite the different degrees of vulnerability observed in the soil profiles, as all occur in an environment of great environmental importance, the study area requires full protection of its soils and associated vegetation to perpetuate the development of its ecological and environmental functions. Such detailed knowledge on soil attributes is especially important for the maintenance of soil functions. This study significantly contributes to the definition of policies of conservation and protection of wetlands, especially those that are located in conservation units of sustainable use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environment where plants grow, such as acidic soils, interferes with the nutrient concentration and physiological quality of seeds. This hypothesis was tested using wheat seeds as a model crop, grown in a tropical soil with and without lime application for twelve years. Here we show that lime provides remarkable enhancements in soil chemistry and seed composition, without altering the seed's germination and vigor. Also, it favors the production of seeds with additional molecular mechanisms that extend their longevity. Our results indicate that the application of lime mitigates acidity in tropical soils and ensures the production of seeds with enhanced chemical composition and longer life span. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand DNA methylation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) from both mechanistic and biomarker perspectives, we performed an epigenome-wide meta-analysis of blood DNA methylation in two large independent blood-based studies in AD, the ADNI and AIBL studies, and identified 5 CpGs, mapped to the SPIDR, CDH6 genes, and intergenic regions, that are significantly associated with AD diagnosis. A cross-tissue analysis that combined these blood DNA methylation datasets with four brain methylation datasets prioritized 97 CpGs and 10 genomic regions that are significantly associated with both AD neuropathology and AD diagnosis. An out-of-sample validation using the AddNeuroMed dataset showed the best performing logistic regression model includes age, sex, immune cell type proportions, and methylation risk score based on prioritized CpGs in cross-tissue analysis (AUC = 0.696, 95% CI: 0.616 − 0.770, P-value = 2.78 × 10−5). Our study offers new insights into epigenetics in AD and provides a valuable resource for future AD biomarker discovery. DNA methylation differences in Alzheimer's disease have been previously reported, although the interpretation of the differences is unclear. Here, the authors performed epigenome-wide meta-analyses of DNA methylation in blood and brain, and developed a methylation-based risk prediction model for AD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate inflammatory changes in the induced sputum (IS) of gas station attendants (GSAs) at risk of exposure to fuel vapors through inhalation and susceptible to respiratory complaints and impaired lung function. Methods: Hypertonic saline-IS was collected from 52 GSAs who had never smoked (42 men, age = 35.9 ± 8.9 years) and had no known comorbidities. A group of 22 non-smokers (11 men, age = 30.5 ± 5.1 years) selected from the University staff served as control. The GSAs answered a questionnaire and underwent spirometry and chest tomography. A total of 15 inflammatory biomarkers associated with inflammation, including cytokines, chemokines, and mediators of immunological response, were also measured. Results: The most common symptoms of GSAs were coughing (42.3%) and dyspnea (59.6%) based on the New York Heart Association (NYHA; Class II) classification. Significant elevations (p < 0.05) in forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume within the first second were observed in the GSAs relative to those in the controls (GSA vs. control: 99 ± 12% vs. 90 ± 9% and 94 ± 11% vs. 87 ± 10%, respectively). The GSAs had a lower percentage of IS lymphocytes than that in the control group (4.5 ± 5.7% vs. 7.7 ± 9.8%). The GSAs also had significantly lower concentrations of IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-12P70, IFN-γ, and MIP-1α, but IL-3 levels were higher. No differences were observed in the airway thickness and the amount of emphysema between the GSAs and the controls. Conclusion: Despite normal lung function and absence of abnormalities on HRCT, GSAs have a higher frequency of respiratory complaints, with evidence of impairment of lymphocytic activity in the airways. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the chemical composition and energy value of passion fruit seed cake (PFSC) and to evaluate the inclusion of different levels of PFSC in the diets for quails on growth performance, carcass quality, litter quality, lipid stability of the meat, and economic viability. In the metabolism assay, 108 European quails of 21 days of age were used, being distributed in a completely randomized design with 3 treatments (one reference ration and two test rations with substitution of 20% and 40% of the reference ration by PFSC) and 6 replications of 6 birds each. It was observed that the apparent metabolizable energy corrected by the nitrogen balance (AMEn) determined in the ration with 20% PFSC (3876.17 kcal/kg DM) was higher than in the 40% (3469.00 kcal/kg DM). In the performance assay, 432 European quails from 7 to 42 days of age were used, being distributed in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments, consisting of a control diet and the others with increasing levels of inclusion of passion fruit seed (5, 10, 15, 20, and 25%), and 6 replications of 12 birds. It was observed that the inclusion of PFSC starting from 10% promoted increase FI and FC values, and increasing linear effect of these variables starting from 5% of inclusion. The PFSC did not affect the carcass characteristics and lipid oxidation of the meat. Regarding the litter quality, there was a linear increase in the pH values and worse economic indexes starting from the inclusion of 10% of PFSC. In conclusion, PFSC can be used up to the level of 5% in diets for meat quails from 7 to 42 days of age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1990s, more or less structured remains of ships have frequently been unearthed in the riverine area of Lisbon, in the scope of urban requalification works. The first remains were identified during the Metro enlargement at Corpo Santo and in the tunnel of Cais do Sodré station. The most recent cases were recorded during the construction of EDP—Electricidade de Portugal's new corporate headquarters; these ships were named Boa Vista 1 and Boa Vista 2. Besides the vessels, a number of ships' timbers were also found. These timbers had been recycled in the construction of nautical structures or in waterfront revetments of the Tagus River and its tributaries, as in the cases of Praça D. Luís I, Av. D. Carlos I and Boqueirão do Duro. This paper will present an overview of these discoveries, focusing on several issues that need to be investigated, including the origin of the archaeological contexts (shipwreck, abandonment and recycling), their chronology and the relationship with the construction and operation of the Port of Lisbon during the Early Modern period. Some aspects related to shipbuilding will also be addressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a collection of biologically diverse cancers characterized by distinct transcriptional patterns, biology, and immune composition. TNBCs subtypes include two basal-like (BL1, BL2), a mesenchymal (M) and a luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype. Through a comprehensive analysis of mutation, copy number, transcriptomic, epigenetic, proteomic, and phospho-proteomic patterns we describe the genomic landscape of TNBC subtypes. Mesenchymal subtype tumors display high mutation loads, genomic instability, absence of immune cells, low PD-L1 expression, decreased global DNA methylation, and transcriptional repression of antigen presentation genes. We demonstrate that major histocompatibility complex I (MHC-I) is transcriptionally suppressed by H3K27me3 modifications by the polycomb repressor complex 2 (PRC2). Pharmacological inhibition of PRC2 subunits EZH2 or EED restores MHC-I expression and enhances chemotherapy efficacy in murine tumor models, providing a rationale for using PRC2 inhibitors in PD-L1 negative mesenchymal tumors. Subtype-specific differences in immune cell composition and differential genetic/pharmacological vulnerabilities suggest additional treatment strategies for TNBC. Triple negative breast cancer can be divided into additional subtypes. Here, using omics analyses, the authors show that in the mesenchymal subtype expression of MHC-1 is repressed and that this can be restored by using drugs that target subunits of the epigenetic modifier PRC2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Force-directed algorithms are a class of methods widely used to solve problems modeled via physics laws and resolved by particle simulation. Visualization of general graphs is one of the research fields which uses such algorithms and provides a vast knowledge about their benefits and challenges. Taking advantage of the knowledge provided by graph visualization theory, some authors have adopted force-directed algorithms as a tool to deal with the community detection problem. However, researches in that direction seem to be neglected by the literature of complex network. This paper explores the use of force-directed algorithms as a tool to solve the community detection problem. We revisit the works proposed in this area and point out the similarities, but mainly highlight the particularities of such a problem concerning the draw of a general graph. This literature review aims to organize the knowledge about the subject and highlight the state-of-the-art. To conduct our review, we followed a research protocol inspired by systematic review guidelines. Our review exposes that many works have chosen models that are not ideal for dealing with the community detection problem. Furthermore, we also highlight the most appropriate force-directed models for community detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous applications have required the study of CO 2 plasmas since the 1960s, from CO 2 lasers to spacecraft heat shields. However, in recent years, intense research activities on the subject have restarted because of environmental problems associated with CO 2 emissions. The present review provides a synthesis of the current state of knowledge on the physical chemistry of cold CO 2 plasmas. In particular, the different modeling approaches implemented to address specific aspects of CO 2 plasmas are presented. Throughout the paper, the importance of conducting joint experimental, theoretical and modeling studies to elucidate the complex couplings at play in CO 2 plasmas is emphasized. Therefore, the experimental data that are likely to bring relevant constraints to the different modeling approaches are first reviewed. Second, the calculation of some key elementary processes obtained with semi-empirical, classical and quantum methods is presented. In order to describe the electron kinetics, the latest coherent sets of cross section satisfying the constraints of "electron swarm" analyses are introduced, and the need for self-consistent calculations for determining accurate electron energy distribution function (EEDF) is evidenced. The main findings of the latest zero-dimensional (0D) global models about the complex chemistry of CO 2 and its dissociation products in different plasma discharges are then given, and full state-to-state (STS) models of only the vibrational-dissociation kinetics developed for studies of spacecraft shields are described. Finally, two important points for all applications using CO 2 containing plasma are discussed: the role of surfaces in contact with the plasma, and the need for 2D/3D models to capture the main features of complex reactor geometries including effects induced by fluid dynamics on the plasma properties. In addition to bringing together the latest advances in the description of CO 2 non-equilibrium plasmas, the results presented here also highlight the fundamental data that are still missing and the possible routes that still need to be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Leaf-cutting ants (genera Atta and Acromyrmex) are defoliation pests of great agronomic importance. Currently, the most effective control method is chemical using granulated baits containing sulfluramid as a standard active ingredient. In this work, a new protocol was proposed for the synthesis of the encapsulates with chitosan, tapioca, citrus pulp and sulfluramid. A sulfluramid is a pesticide which is used extensively in Brazil for management of leaf cutting ants. The main focus of this work is to use a polymeric combination aligned with the active ingredient that allows the formation of an encapsulated which the ants can transport and incorporate to their nests, being an effective methodology for the death of colonies. The encapsulated makes the active ingredient less available to the environment, but maintains the mortality level similar to the used granulated baits. For this reason, it was proposed to develop a chitosan and tapioca encapsulated for the control of leaf-cutting ants.The presence of sulfluramid in the encapsulated was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The behavioral acts related to the transport and the incorporation of leaf disks and encapsulates were observed utilizing A. sexdens colonies. The encapsulates containing sulfluramid have presented a similar intoxication of A. sexdens workers causing mortality in the same proportion as the commercial baits. The protocol for the synthesis of the encapsulates can be utilized with other substances, as entomopathogenic and parasite microorganisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiversity and food web ecology are interconnected in the study of community dynamics, being related to underlying factors, such as complexity, productivity, and community assembly. Biodiversity can contribute to increasing the ecosystem function, but its effect on consumer trophic levels remains inconclusive. We generated a multitrophic seed-herbivore-parasitoid food web based on seed traits, insect species abundance and richness, structural and functional food web attributes and the relationship between the seed biomass and the number of eggs laid by the herbivorous beetle Stator maculatophygus. We hypothesized that the food web structure (i.e., connectivity, linkage density and connectance) was determined by the parasitoid trophic levels. Our second hypothesis was that food web functionality (e.g., the parasitism rate) was not affected by the dominance of a single parasitoid species. From the seeds of a plant species (Senegalia tenufolia) (primary trophic level), we recorded nine species and four trophic levels, with one herbivore and seven parasitoids. A significant positive relationship was found between the number of eggs laid and the seed biomass. Connectivity and linkage density were affected by the parasitoid trophic level, and the dominance of a single parasitoid species led to decreases in the structural complexity and the parasitism rate. We described the relationship between structure and function in the field in a multitrophic host-parasitoid food web. The biodiversity of parasitoids plays an important role in the food web, maintaining its complexity and functionality. Synergies between processes acting at lower and higher levels may be driving the food web patterns presented here. Implications for insect conservation: Our results highlight the positive role of parasitoid insect biodiversity in the biological population control of herbivorous insects in this microhabitat (fruit/seed). This demonstrates the importance of public policies aimed at the conservation of natural areas to maintain the diversity and ecosystem functions performed by parasitoid insects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The chemical composition of inland desalination concentrate (DC) contains several microelements necessary for metabolism in microalgae. This study investigated the biomass concentration and biochemical composition of Spirulina platensis cultivated in DC under indoor (laboratory) and outdoor (raceway ponds) units. Initially, S. platensis was cultivated indoor testing different concentrations 0-, 20-, 40-, 60-, 80-, 100-% of DC, and results showed that mixing 60% DC with 40% Paoletti Synthetic Medium (PSM) is a suitable medium for S. platensis. After that, the optimum 60% DC to cultivate S. platensis under outdoor raceway pond was utilized. In parallel, a control assay using 100% PSM constituents was performed. S. platensis cultured in optimum DC, under outdoor conditions, exhibited biomass productivity (~ 10 g m−2 day−1) and protein content (45.0%) comparable to literature data. In addition, S. platensis cultivated in optimum DC was also able to synthesize carbohydrates, amino acids, fatty acids, and phycocyanin, which could be potentially used as biofertilizer and supplement in animal and aquaculture feed. Our results demonstrated the valorization of brine management through S. platensis cultivation, which can be considered as a step forward of reducing freshwater and conventional nutrients for algal mass cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Marine non-indigenous species are a significant threat to marine ecosystems with prevention of introduction and early detection considered to be the only effective management strategy. Knowledge of the unaided pathway has received relatively little attention, despite being integral to the implementation of robust monitoring and surveillance. Here, particle tracking modelling is combined with spatial analysis of environmental suitability, to highlight UK coastal areas at risk of introduction and spread of Magallana gigas by the unaided pathway. 'Introduction into UK' scenarios were based on spawning from the continental coast, Republic of Ireland, Channel Islands and Isle of Man and 'spread within UK' scenarios were based on spawning from known UK wild populations and aquaculture sites. Artificial structures were included as spawning sites in an introduction scenario. The UK coast was scored, based on parameters influencing larval settlement, to reflect environmental suitability. Risk maps were produced to highlight areas of the UK coast at elevated risk of introduction and spread of M. gigas by the unaided pathway. This study highlights that introduction of M. gigas into UK waters via the unaided pathway is possible, with offshore structures increasing the potential geographical extent of introduction. Further, there is potential for substantial secondary spread from aquaculture sites and wild populations in the UK. The results of the study are considered in the context of national M. gigas management, whilst the approach is contextualised more broadly as a tool to further understanding of a little-known, yet significant pathway. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robotic soccer simulation is a challenging area, where the development of new techniques is paramount to remain competitive. Robotic skill evolution has accelerated with recent developments in deep learning algorithms, leading to improvements in behavior number and complexity. Shooting a ball towards a defined target is one of the most basic yet indispensable skills in soccer. However, fast and accurate kicks pose several challenges. In order to reach that target, the skill is highly dependent on the ability of the agent to self-locate and self-orient, in order to better position itself before the kick. To tackle these issues, a 6D localization technique was devised. To optimize the kick behavior, two scenarios were proposed. In the first, the robot walks to the ball, stops, and then kicks. In the second, it kicks the ball while moving. We used state-of-the-art algorithms — Proximal Policy Optimization and Soft Actor Critic — to solve these complex problems and show their applicability in the context of RoboCup. Obtained results have shown very significant improvements over previously used behaviors by FC Portugal 3D team. The new kick in motion executes 5 times faster than the previous kick, and the new 6D pose estimator has an average error of just 6.3mm, a reduction of more than 97%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to evaluate the water intake and ingestive behavior of sheep fed diets containing silages of cactus pear combined with tropical forages. Forty sheep without defined breed, intact, with initial average weight of 22.65 ± 1.01 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 8 replications. The experimental diets consisted of cactus pear silage (CPS), cactus pear + buffel grass silage (CPBS), cactus pear + gliricidia silage (CPGS), cactus pear + pornunça silage (CPPS), and corn silage (CS). CPGS provided higher water intake via food, total water intake, metabolic water, and excretion via feces and urine (P < 0.05). Animals that received diets containing CS showed higher water intake via drinking fountain, less efficient feeding and rumination of dry matter, less efficient rumination of neutral detergent fiber, grams of dry matter per cud, grams of neutral detergent fiber per cud, and the shortest average time spent in chewing per cud (P < 0.05). CPGS, CPPS, and CS provided longer times for rumination and numbers of cuds per day (P < 0.05). CPS showed animals spending more time in idleness, lower quantity of cuds per minute, higher concentration of crystals in urine, with a higher frequency of ammonia-magnesium phosphate and calcium oxalate. Silages based on cactus pear are an alternative to the supply of water via food for sheep in semi-arid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CpG Island promoter genes make up more than half of human genes, and a subset regulated by Polycomb-Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2+-CGI) become DNA hypermethylated and silenced in cancer. Here, we perform a systematic analysis of CGI genes across TCGA cancer types, finding that PRC2+-CGI genes are frequently prone to transcriptional upregulation as well. These upregulated PRC2+-CGI genes control important pathways such as Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) and TNFα-associated inflammatory response, and have greater cancer-type specificity than other CGI genes. Using publicly available chromatin datasets and genetic perturbations, we show that transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) within distal enhancers underlie transcriptional activation of PRC2+-CGI genes, coinciding with loss of the PRC2-associated mark H3K27me3 at the linked promoter. In contrast, PRC2-free CGI genes are predominantly regulated by promoter TFBSs which are common to most cancer types. Surprisingly, a large subset of PRC2+-CGI genes that are upregulated in one cancer type are also hypermethylated/silenced in at least one other cancer type, underscoring the high degree of regulatory plasticity of these genes, likely derived from their complex regulatory control during normal development. A subset of CpG Island promoter genes are regulated by Polycomb-Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2+-CGI), which become DNA hypermethylated and silenced in cancer. Here, the authors investigate the transcriptomic and epigenomic characteristics of PRC2-occupied CGI and free CGI across pan-cancer types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stranded cetaceans (whales, dolphins, and porpoises) are frequently used to obtain data on species occurrence and demographic trends. Accurate species-level identification of these individuals is crucial, but often challenging or impossible when relying solely on morphological features (e.g., for highly decayed specimens). To aid in the development of a reliable molecular assay for cetacean DNA-based identification, we tested the efficacy of the standardized DNA barcode segment of the coxI gene in identifying cetaceans occurring off the Brazilian coast and in its continental waters. We generated coxI sequences from 150 specimens (collected by 16 Brazilian institutions), most of which included voucher material (skulls, skeletons and/or images) deposited in scientific collections. This allowed a direct comparison between their morphological and molecular identification. CoxI sequences correctly identified ~93% of the samples, comprising 33 species (70% of the 47 cetaceans reported for Brazilian waters). Two species (Berardius arnuxii and Phocoena dioptrica) were sequenced for coxI for the first time. For only two dolphins (Stenella coeruleoalba and S. clymene) and a right whale (Eubalaena australis), coxI failed to identify the species due to overlapping distributions of intra- vs. interspecific divergences. Only one right whale species occurs in the southern hemisphere, facilitating identification in this case. Stenella dolphins present extensive sympatry and potential inter-species hybridization, suggesting that nuclear markers may be required for their reliable identification. These results indicate that DNA barcoding can reliably identify most stranded cetaceans and highlight the importance of voucher materials to validate the construction of a reliable DNA-based identification system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is increasingly important to find solutions for the problem of construction waste (CW) which is generated in high quantities and is often disposed of irregularly. The reuse of this material in large scale projects, such as base and sub-base layers for road pavements, can lead to long term environmental benefits. This paper describes the novel use of CW to partially replace a lateritic natural soil in fiber-reinforced cement mixtures. In addition to the CW, Portland cement and polypropylene fibers were added to the natural soil as a percentage of its dry mass. The geotechnical characterization, unconfined compressive strength, tensile strength, direct shear strength, permanent strain and resilient modulus were used to the evaluate the effect of polypropylene fiber and Portland cement on the behavior of the soil–CW mixtures. Laboratory test results indicate that the partial replacement of soil with CW and the addition of 0.1% of 50 mm long polypropylene fiber to soil–CW mixtures produces a viable alternative material for geotechnical applications, with better performance than natural soil alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The right ventricle´s (RV) characteristics—thin walls and trabeculation—make it challenging to evaluate extracellular volume (ECV). We aimed to assess the feasibility of RV ECV measurements in congenital heart disease (CHD), and to introduce a novel ECV analysis tool. Patients (n = 39) and healthy controls (n = 17) underwent cardiovascular magnetic resonance T1 mapping in midventricular short axis (SAX) and transverse orientation (TRANS). Regions of interest (ROIs) were evaluated with regard to image quality and maximum RV wall thickness per ROI in pixels. ECV from plane ROIs was compared with values obtained with a custom-made tool that derives the mean T1 values from a "line of interest" (LOI) centered in the RV wall. In CHD, average image quality was good (no artifacts in the RV, good contrast between blood/myocardium), and RV wall thickness was 1–2 pixels. RV ECV was not quantifiable in 4/39 patients due to insufficient contrast or wall thickness < 1 pixel. RV myocardium tended to be more clearly delineated in SAX than TRANS. ECV from ROIs and corresponding LOIs correlated strongly in both directions (SAX/TRANS: r = 0.97/0.87, p < 0.001, respectively). In conclusion, RV ECV can be assessed if image quality allows sufficient distinction between myocardium and blood, and RV wall thickness per ROI is ≥ 1 pixel. T1 maps in SAX are recommended for RV ECV analysis. LOI application simplifies RV ECV measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To propose and validate a novel imaging sequence that uses a single breath-hold whole-heart 3D T1 saturation recovery compressed SENSE rapid acquisition (SACORA) at 3T. Methods: The proposed sequence combines flexible saturation time sampling, compressed SENSE, and sharing of saturation pulses between two readouts acquired at different RR intervals. The sequence was compared with a 3D saturation recovery single-shot acquisition (SASHA) implementation with phantom and in vivo experiments (pre and post contrast; 7 pigs) and was validated against the reference inversion recovery spin echo (IR-SE) sequence in phantom experiments. Results: Phantom experiments showed that the T1 maps acquired by 3D SACORA and 3D SASHA agree well with IR-SE. In vivo experiments showed that the pre-contrast and post-contrast T1 maps acquired by 3D SACORA are comparable to the corresponding 3D SASHA maps, despite the shorter acquisition time (15s vs. 188s, for a heart rate of 60 bpm). Mean septal pre-contrast T1 was 1453 ± 44 ms with 3D SACORA and 1460 ± 60 ms with 3D SASHA. Mean septal post-contrast T1 was 824 ± 66 ms and 824 ± 60 ms. Conclusion: 3D SACORA acquires 3D T1 maps in 15 heart beats (heart rate, 60 bpm) at 3T. In addition to its short acquisition time, the sequence achieves good T1 estimation precision and accuracy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades, efforts to reduce the use of fossil fuels have increased the search for alternative sustainable sources of renewable energy. In this scenario, hydrocarbons derived from fatty acids are among the compounds that have been drawing attention. The intracellular production of hydrocarbons by bacteria derived from cold environments such as the Antarctic continent is currently poorly investigated, as extremophilic microorganisms provide a great range of metabolic capabilities and may represent a key tool in the production of biofuels. The aim of this study was to explore the ability of bacterial cells derived from extreme environments to produce hydrocarbons with potential for further use as biofuels. Seven bacteria isolated from Antarctic samples were evaluated for hydrocarbon production using GC–MS approaches. Two isolates, identified as Arthrobacter livingstonensis 593 and Pseudoalteromonas arctica 628, were able to produce the hydrocarbon undecane (CH3-(CH2)9-CH3) in concentrations of 1.39 mg L−1 and 1.81 mg L−1, respectively. Results from the present work encourage further research focusing on the optimization of hydrocarbon production by the isolates identified as producers, which may be used in further aircraft biofuel production. This is the first report on the production of the undecane compound by bacteria isolated from waterlogged soil and sponge from Antarctica. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel electrochemical method for determination of losartan using a glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon black nanoparticles immobilized within a crosslinked chitosan film is proposed. The electrochemical behavior of losartan was investigated using cyclic voltammetry, which presented an irreversible oxidation peak at a potential of + 1.28 V vs. Ag/AgCl (3.0 mol L−1 KCl). The electroactivity of losartan on the modified electrode was significantly improved in terms of peak potential and peak current intensity comparatively to bare working electrode. Using square-wave voltammetry technique under optimized conditions, the modified electrode showed a linear response in the concentration range of 4.97 to 47.6 μmol L−1 with a limit of detection of 0.479 μmol L−1. The developed electrochemical method was successfully applied for the determination of losartan in pharmaceutical formulation samples, with results consistent with those obtained by a comparative UV-Vis spectrophotometric method at 95% confidence level. In addition, losartan quantification was also achieved at synthetic biological fluid samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Spittlebugs are the main pest of tropical pastures and Marandu palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu) is the most representative cultivated pasture in the tropics. Our objective was to characterize Marandu palisade grass responses subjected to Mahanarva (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) attack and to estimate the losses in terms of beef production from pasture-based systems. A set of five experiments were carried out. Three consecutive years of monitoring showed that Mahanarva spittlebugs increased their abundance after first rains with three to four peaks throughout the wet season. A decrease of 66% on herbage yield was observed in the greenhouse trial, with an average decrease of 61% on pools of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, crude protein, neutral-detergent fiber and in vitro digestible dry matter of Marandu palisade grass. Results from field experiments corroborated with greenhouse trial showing decreases on herbage yield varying from 31 to 43% depending on level of fertilization and grazing severity of Marandu palisade grass. Finally, an unprecedented 154-ha field experiment indicated that Mahanarva decreases 74% the beef productivity (i.e. kg body weight ha−1) of Nellore heifers grazing Marandu palisade grass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric rivers (ARs) are an important component of the hydrological cycle linking moisture sources in lower latitudes to the Antarctic surface mass balance. We investigate AR signatures in the atmospheric vertical profiles at the Dronning Maud Land coast, East Antarctica, using regular and extra radiosonde measurements conducted during the Year of Polar Prediction Special Observing Period November 2018 to February 2019. Prominent AR events affecting the locations of Neumayer and Syowa cause a strong increase in specific humidity extending through the mid-troposphere and a strong low-level jet (LLJ). At Neumayer, the peak in the moisture inversion (up to 4 g kg−1) is observed between 800 and 900 hPa, while the LLJ (up to 32 m s−1) is concentrated below 900 hPa. At Syowa the increase in humidity is less pronounced and peaks near the surface, while there is a substantial increase in wind speed (up to 40 m s−1) between 825 and 925 hPa. Moisture transport (MT) within the vertical profile during the ARs attains a maximum of 100 g kg−1 m s−1 at both locations, and is captured by both ERA-Interim and ERA5 reanalysis data at Neumayer, but is strongly underestimated at Syowa. Composites of the enhanced MT events during 2009-19 show that these events represent an extreme state of the lower-tropospheric profile compared to its median values with respect to temperature, humidity, wind speed and, consequently, MT. High temporal- and vertical-resolution radiosonde observations are important for understanding the contribution of these rare events to the total MT towards Antarctica and improving their representation in models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In underwater navigation, the global positioning system is unavailable; hence, other solutions must be pursued in the development of navigation systems. In this paper, filters for the position, linear velocity, and acceleration of underwater vehicles are derived by combining a long baseline acoustic positioning system with an inertial navigation system. A dynamic model is devised via state augmentation, including the bias of the pseudo-ranges, which accounts for the effect of the unknown offset between the emitters' and receivers' clocks. With this technique, the resulting dynamics are linear, in spite of the original nonlinear nature of the problem. The proposed solution, which includes the explicit dynamic estimation of the bias of the pseudo-ranges, is a linear Kalman filter. The observability of the system is assessed, which allows to establish globally exponentially stable error dynamics. The performance of the solution is evaluated with realistic simulation results, considering sensor noise and discrete-time measurements. Finally, the comparison with the extended Kalman filter (EKF), the unscented Kalman filter (UKF), and the Bayesian Cramér–Rao bound is presented, including Monte Carlo simulations. This comparison shows the goodness of the proposed solution, which converges for all initial conditions and exhibits performance comparable to the EKF and the UKF, whereas the EKF and UKF are shown to lack global convergence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The extraction of collagen from fish skins is being proposed as strategy for valorization of marine origin by-products, being a sustainable alternative to mammal collagen. The method commonly uses solutions of organic acids, but new methodologies are arising, aiming to improve process yields and/or the properties of the resulting products. In this work, skins removed from salt brine Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were used to extract collagen, using water acidified with CO2, obtaining an extraction yield of 13.8% (w/w). Acidified water extracted collagen (AWC) presented a total content of proline-like amino acids of 151/1000 residues, with a degree of hydroxylation of 38%, and its SDS-PAGE profile is compatible with type I collagen. Moreover, FTIR, CD and XRD results suggest the presence of preserved triple helix, having a denaturation temperature of 32.3 °C as determined by micro-DSC. AWC exhibited a typical shear thinning behavior, interesting regarding their further processing, namely in jelly-like formulations. Additionally, the presence of AWC in MRC-5 human fibroblasts culture did not affect cell viability, demonstrating the non-cytotoxic behavior. Overall, the results support the efficiency of the proposed approach for collagen extraction and further enable the design of methodologies to address AWC use in biomedical or cosmetic context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, dark Ti(OxH)y films were obtained by DC magnetron reactive sputtering under different oxygen partial pressures (PO2) starting from a high base pressure chamber atmosphere (10−5 mbar) with the purpose of investigating the visible light absorption dependence of the hydrogen content and stoichiometry. The TiOx film compositions, thicknesses, and elemental depth profiles were measured by ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques in a self-consistent approach. The optical properties were investigated by visible and near-infrared spectrophotometry, and the crystallography was examined by small-angle X-ray diffraction. The films deposited at a low PO2 were dark, and as the partial oxygen pressure increases, they became transparent. The IBA showed that the hydrogen content exponentially decreased as the PO2 increased. The optical constants for the films, n and k, are dependent on oxygen and hydrogen ratio as well as the optical band gap that can be modulated from 0.40 to 3.25 eV, and thus a significant improved PEC activity. These modulations may be useful for optical or electronic devices as a variable semiconductor or dielectric layer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer driver gene alterations influence cancer development, occurring in oncogenes, tumor suppressors, and dual role genes. Discovering dual role cancer genes is difficult because of their elusive context-dependent behavior. We define oncogenic mediators as genes controlling biological processes. With them, we classify cancer driver genes, unveiling their roles in cancer mechanisms. To this end, we present Moonlight, a tool that incorporates multiple -omics data to identify critical cancer driver genes. With Moonlight, we analyze 8000+ tumor samples from 18 cancer types, discovering 3310 oncogenic mediators, 151 having dual roles. By incorporating additional data (amplification, mutation, DNA methylation, chromatin accessibility), we reveal 1000+ cancer driver genes, corroborating known molecular mechanisms. Additionally, we confirm critical cancer driver genes by analysing cell-line datasets. We discover inactivation of tumor suppressors in intron regions and that tissue type and subtype indicate dual role status. These findings help explain tumor heterogeneity and could guide therapeutic decisions. Identification of cancer driver genes, especially those that can act as tumour suppressors or oncogenes depending on context, remains a challenge. Here, the authors introduce Moonlight, a tool that integrates multi-omic data to address this challenge and identify numerous dual-role cancer genes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the large number of catalytic studies involving Ag/Al2O3 catalysts, especially in deNOx reactions, the phenomenon of aging observed during catalysts storage after preparation by impregnation followed by a calcination treatment has not been reported earlier and rises questions. The present paper highlights firstly the colors of the calcined Ag/Al2O3 catalysts (white to yellowish) and the associated UV–visible spectra as a function of the Ag loading (0.5–4 wt% Ag) and secondly the gradual changes of color to gray/black and the associated UV–visible spectra when the samples are stored in ambient air or in vacuum in a desiccator in dark. These changes were found to be reversible when the samples are re-calcined. The physicochemical changes in the silver species during aging were explained thanks to a comprehensive characterization study of the Ag/Al2O3 catalysts after calcination and after aging. Several techniques such as UV–visible spectroscopy, XRD, electron microscopy, XAS and photoluminescence were used. After calcination, in addition to highly dispersed Ag+ species on alumina, the presence of Agn clusters of size smaller than 1 nm was found to be responsible for the yellowish color of the Ag/Al2O3 catalysts with Ag loadings higher than 2 wt% Ag and for the associated plasmon band at 350 nm. The aging process was explained based on characterizations, coupled to a close examination of the literature data on the mechanisms of reduction of Ag+ species and on physicochemical phenomena that can influence the color of various silver-containing materials, such as Ag0 particle size, aggregation/redispersion and surface alteration. Consequently, the aging process of the calcined Ag/Al2O3 catalysts, associated with sample darkening and with Ag plasmon band shift and broadening in the entire visible range, was proposed to result from the modification of the nature of the supported Ag phase: the reduction of Ag+ species (by auto-reduction and/or photoreduction), followed by the growth of Ag0 particles; It is proposed that the Agn clusters may act as nucleation sites for the formation of larger Ag0 particles, and that the formation of aggregates is favored by an easy migration of Ag on alumina. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the global trend in the search for alternative natural compounds with antioxidant and sun protection factor (SPF) boosting properties, bacterial carotenoids represent an opportunity for exploring pigments of natural origin which possess high antioxidant activity, lower toxicity, no residues, and no environmental risk and are readily decomposable. In this work, three pigmented bacteria from the Antarctic continent, named Arthrobacter agilis 50cyt, Zobellia laminarie 465, and Arthrobacter psychrochitiniphilus 366, were able to withstand UV-B and UV-C radiation. The pigments were extracted and tested for UV absorption, antioxidant capacity, photostability, and phototoxicity profile in murine fibroblasts (3T3 NRU PT–OECD TG 432) to evaluate their further potential use as UV filters. Furthermore, the pigments were identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography–photodiode array detector–mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-MS/MS). The results showed that all pigments presented a very high antioxidant activity and good stability under exposure to UV light. However, except for a fraction of the A. agilis 50cyt pigment, they were shown to be phototoxic. A total of 18 different carotenoids were identified from 23 that were separated on a C18 column. The C50 carotenes bacterioruberin and decaprenoxanthin (including its variations) were confirmed for A. agilis 50cyt and A. psychrochitiniphilus 366, respectively. All-trans-bacterioruberin was identified as the pigment that did not express phototoxic activity in the 3T3 NRU PT assay (MPE < 0.1). Zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin, β-carotene, and phytoene were detected in Z. laminarie 465. In conclusion, carotenoids identified in this work from Antarctic bacteria open perspectives for their further biotechnological application towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way of pigment exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An iridescent yellow pigmented bacterium isolated from the Antarctic continent, named Cellulophaga fucicola strain 416, was found to be able to tolerate UV-B radiation. Its crude pigment extract was tested for antioxidant capacity, UV light stability and phototoxicity profile against murine fibroblast lines. The pigments were further isolated and chemically identified by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array and mass spectrometry detectors. The results showed that the pigment extract presented weak stability under exposure to UV light, a phototoxic profile in the 3t3 Neutral Red Uptake test and a very high antioxidant activity, suggesting that it could be used as food and feed colourants. Zeaxanthin and two isomers of zeaxanthin, β-cryptoxanthin and β-carotene, were identified using a C18 column. These five carotenoids were the major pigments isolated from C. fucicola 416. In conclusion, the identification of pigments produced by the bacterial strain under study may help us understand how bacteria thrive in high UV and cold environments, and opens avenues for further biotechnological application towards a more sustainable and environmentally friendly way of pigment exploitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to analyze the efficacy of using rhBMP-2 (recombinant human morphogenetic protein-2) in the treatment of patients with cleft lip and palate defects (CLPD). Seven databases were screened: PubMed (Medline), Lilacs, Ibecs, Web of Science, BBO, Scopus, and The Cochrane Library. Clinical trials that evaluated the use of bioactive treatment with rhBMP-2 in the treatment of patients with CLPD were included. Statistical analyses were performed by comparing the standardized mean difference of bone formation volume and bone filling percentage (p = 0.05). Ten studies compared the use of rhBMP-2 and iliac crest bone graft (ICBG). The global analysis for bone formation volume and bone filling percentage showed that bioactive materials were similar to ICBG with a standardized mean difference of respectively 0.07 (95% CI - 0.41 to 0.56) and 0.24 (95% CI - 0.32 to 0.80). The available literature suggested that use of rhBMP-2 presented similar bone formation results to those of ICBG in secondary alveolar bone grafting for patients with CLPD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fragmentation is one of the many threats that leads to the decline in the population of bees, and stingless bees compose the most abundant pollinator group in the neotropical rain forests. Considering the importance of forested areas to the presence of bees that forage above the ground and nest in trees, this study aimed to discuss the effectiveness of artificial bee shelters as a strategy for the conservation of stingless bees in fragmented habitats. Artificial bee shelters (n = 72) were installed in Atlantic Forest patches and were monitored for 8 months. Four (5.5%) artificial shelters were successfully colonized by Scaptotrigona postica (Latreille, 1807) and 23 (32%) shelters contained signs of initial colonization or traces of dead stingless bees. Difficulties faced by the bees in colonizing the artificial bee shelters included water accumulation, predation, and occupation by other species. The occurrence of Scaptotrigona bees may be related to the group’s need to nest in the hollows of living trees. The artificial shelters supported the swarming of Scaptotrigona bees by providing nesting sites that assisted in their self-maintenance in highly fragmented forest patches with scarce adequate nesting sites. The use of artificial bee shelters can be a strategy for studying stingless bees in their natural environment and for evaluating conservation strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe for the first time the food web of insects associated with fruits and seed of Piptadenia gonoacantha (Fabaceae), and analyze their relationships with resource traits, such as biomass and fruit area. A total of 440 fruits of P. Gonoacantha were sampled in the city of Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil. We found twenty-one species of insects distributed in three trophic levels. The most widely sampled species was Acanthoscelides clitellarius (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae), the main consumer species of seeds. It was also verified the presence of Lepidoptera larvae consuming both seeds and the internal fruit tissue. Other species of herbivorous insects were found in low numbers. The food web was subdivided into one sub-web of 10 parasitoid species and one hyperparasitoid species associated to A. clitellarius and another one sub-web of four parasitoid species associated with Lepidoptera. For the parasitism rates, we obtained the following: 19.11% for the total food web, 17.93% for the A. clitellarius parasitism, and 36% for the Lepidoptera parasitism. The resource traits had influence on the oviposition behavior of A. clitellarius, where fruits with larger area showed more eggs of this species. Fruits with higher biomass showed greater abundance and richness of insects as well as more interactions. Seeds with higher biomass were more often used by herbivorous insects. The larval forms of Lepidoptera caused the greatest damage in seed biomass among herbivores. Seeds with parasitoids did not show a significant difference in biomass when compared to predated seeds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The determination of eugenol employing voltammetry of immobilized microdroplets (VIM) is reported in this work. The construction of the electrode was based on a glassy carbon substrate modified with carbon black nanoparticles and eugenol standard or clove oil sample within a dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate (DHP) film. The different experimental parameters related to this proposed procedure, i.e., supporting electrolyte composition, pH, ionic strength, and square-wave voltammetry (SWV) parameters (amplitude, frequency, and step potential) were optimized. By doing that, the SWV measurements were performed on the following optimum experimental conditions: 0.2 mol L−1 phosphate buffer solution (pH 2.0), amplitude 90 mV, frequency 30 Hz, and step potential 5 mV. The analytical curve for eugenol was linear in the wide range from 0.03 to 26 μg (r = 0.999) with limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.13 and 0.42 ng, respectively. Three commercial clove oil samples were successfully immobilized and analyzed using the proposed VIM procedure showing eugenol concentrations ranging from 14.0 to 68.3%. Comparing the results obtained by the proposed and comparative procedure (spectrophotometric), relative standard deviations (RSDs) lower than 5.0% were verified, demonstrating the concordance of the results obtained by both methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increasing awareness on the toxicity of several synthetic dyes, demand for pigments from natural sources, such as microbial carotenoids, has gained interest as a promising safe alternative colour additive. In this study, a surface response methodology based on the Doehlert distribution for two factors [% of glucose in a mixture of glucose + fructose (10 g/L total sugars), and sulfate concentration] was used towards the optimal carotenoids production by Gordonia alkanivorans strain 1B in the presence of light (400 lx). Time influence on pigment production by this bacterium was also evaluated, as well as the cell viability profile during longer incubation periods at optimal conditions. Indeed, the highest carotenoid production (2596-3100 μg/g) was obtained when strain 1B was cultivated in the optimal conditions: glucose 10 g/L and sulfate ≥ 22 mg/L, in the presence of light for 19 days at 30 °C, 150 rpm. Flow cytometry showed that the highest production was somehow related with the cellular stress. These results highlight the great potential of strain 1B as a new hyperpigment producer to be exploited towards several applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Removing organics from hybrid nanostructures is a crucial step in many bottom-up materials fabrication approaches. It is usually assumed that calcination is an effective solution to this problem, especially for thin films. This assumption has led to its application in thousands of papers. We here show that this general assumption is incorrect by using a relevant and highly controlled model system consisting of thin films of ligand-capped ZrO2 nanocrystals. After calcination at 800 °C for 12 h, while Raman spectroscopy fails to detect the ligands after calcination, elastic backscattering spectrometry characterization demonstrates that ~18% of the original carbon atoms are still present in the film. By comparison plasma processing successfully removes the ligands. Our growth kinetic analysis shows that the calcined materials have significantly different interfacial properties than the plasma-processed counterparts. Calcination is not a reliable strategy for the production of single-phase allinorganic materials from colloidal nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we revisit the MIT bag model to describe quark matter within both the usual Fermi-Dirac and the Tsallis statistics. We verify the effects of the non-additivity of the latter by analysing two different pictures: the first order phase transition of the QCD phase diagram and stellar matter properties. While the QCD phase diagram is visually affected by the Tsallis statistics, the resulting effects on quark star macroscopic properties are barely noticed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]