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Friction stir lap welding experiments between 6061 aluminum alloy plate and DP590 dual-phase steel plate were carried out. The effects of welding parameters and addition of Ni foil interlayers with different thickness on the microstructures and mechanical properties of the lap joints were investigated. The shear strength of the joint reached the maximum value of 6597 N and showed a mixed ductile-brittle fracture mode when the welding speed, the rotating speed and the thickness of the Ni foil intermediate layer were set to 100 mm/min, 900 rpm and 0.3 mm, respectively. A certain amount of beneficial plastic AlNi and FeNi3 intermetallic compounds are formed through the reaction of Al, Fe and Ni at the aluminum alloy/steel interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The İmren Erşen Oya Museum, located in Eskişehir, Turkey, is the first museum in the Central Anatolian Region dedicated to textiles. The museum showcases a collection of Oya, a type of lace made from silk or cotton thread. The museum was established with the support of the local government and is housed in a renovated building in the Odunpazarı district. Oya is not only a form of decoration but also a means of communication for women in Anatolia, with different designs and techniques reflecting their feelings and experiences. The museum provides a valuable resource for researchers, historians, and students interested in fashion and textile design. [Extracted from the article]

Current practices involve wrapping organic aerosol (OA) filter samples with aluminum foil and storing in a freezer to avoid sample degradation prior to analysis. However, there is a lack of evidence supporting these practices. Here, we investigate the effect of thermal and photodegradation on toluene-combustion OA, pine-combustion OA, and ambient OA samples by storing them in petri dishes for one month at three different conditions: covered with aluminum foil and in a freezer (F), covered with aluminum foil at room temperature (RC), and uncovered at room temperature (RUC). We performed three types of analyses: thermal-optical measurements, electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and UV-Vis spectroscopy. For all samples, we observed a mild reduction in the relatively volatile organic carbon fraction (OC1) in the RC and RUC conditions. We did not account for positive artifacts in this study, and therefore, this reduction was at least partially due to the evaporation of adsorbed vapors rather than particles. There was no evidence of significant systematic change in chemical composition relative to control for any of the storage conditions, except for loss of some small-molecular-size compounds in conditions RC and RUC for pine-combustion OA, likely due to evaporation. There was no evidence that photobleaching occurred in the RUC condition for any of the samples. On the contrary, we observed an increase in absorption in the RC and RUC conditions for pine-combustion OA, likely due to evaporation of small-molecular-size species with relatively weak absorption. Copyright © 2023 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is always a challenge to separate cathode materials and aluminum foil collector efficiently in the pretreatment process of spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycling. In this work, the effects of NaOH concentration, liquid-solid ratio, dissolution temperature, and time on the traditional NaOH dissolving pretreatment process were systematically studied. Under the optimal conditions, the traditional dissolving process shows a limited aluminum dissolution rate of 83.59%. Through characterization and thermodynamic analysis, the fact that the traditional dissolving process results in the dissolution loss of lithium (5.5%) has been proved. The lost lithium may come from the free lithium ion and SEI layer on the cathode surface. Furthermore, a green and facile ultrasonic-assisted-enhanced dissolving pretreatment method was proposed. The dissolution rate of aluminum increases from 83.59% to 94.8% under the optimal conditions of NaOH concentration of 10 wt%, liquid-solid ratio of 10:1 ml/g, dissolution temperature of 30°C, dissolution time of 60 min and ultrasonic power of 288 W. Due to the mechanical and cavitation effects of ultrasonic, the efficient separation of cathode materials and aluminum foil and the decomposition of binder PVDF are completed in one step, which reduces energy consumption and avoids HF gas emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, aluminum chloride hexahydrate (AlCl3.6 H2O) was derived from aluminum foil waste as a heterogeneous acid catalyst in the esterification of waste cooking oil. The parameters of catalyst loading (2–8 wt%), ultrasonic frequency (12–40 kHz), and reaction time (15–60 min) were optimized for maximum biodiesel yield production. Under constant condition of methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1 and temperature of 50°C, a biodiesel yield of 91% was obtained at 2 wt% catalyst loading, 26 kHz ultrasonic frequency, and 40 min reaction time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microcapsules of Lactobacillus plantarum LN66 were prepared to improve the cell viability in simulated gastrointestinal and different packaging conditions. Microcapsules containing Lactobacillus plantarum LN66 were produced by complex coacervation followed by freeze drying and characterised by water activity, moisture content, size, encapsulation efficiency, SEM, FTIR, XRD, as well as the resistance of probiotics to the simulated gastrointestinal tract and storage under different packaging conditions. The microcapsules presented the particle size of 196.57 ± 1.46 μm and the encapsulation efficiency of 75.26 ± 1.95% (w/w). After simulated gastrointestinal conditions, viability of encapsulated cells was 71.33 ± 0.99% (w/w) and 70.39 ± 0.86% (w/w), separately, while that of free cells was only 45.45 ± 0.5% (w/w) and 8.59 ± 0.67% (w/w). Compared with aluminium foil, the viable cells in glass bottles at 4 °C and 25 °C was increased 1.1-fold and 1.4-fold, respectively. Complex coacervation could be considered an appropriate alternative to increase the viability of probiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the design, manufacture, characterization, and evaluation of a solar disinfection (SODIS) reactor based on compound parabolic concentrators (CPCs). Two materials were used to manufacture the reflective surface of the CPCs, high reflectivity aluminum sheet (CPCHRS) and commercial aluminum foil (CPCAF). In both configurations, the solar energy collection area, the concentration ratio, and the volume capacity were the same, 1 m2, 1-Sun and 100 L per day, respectively. CPC-type reactor was manufactured with low-cost materials affordable for the end user in rural communities. The experimental evaluation was carried out under real-life conditions using water from a river consumed by the inhabitants of a rural community in Mexico. The effectiveness of CPCs for disinfection using the SODIS process was demonstrated using a flow rate of 10 L/h. CPCHRS achieved 100% bacterial removal of fecal coliforms in 2 h of solar exposition, while CPCAF reached the same results in 4 h under similar conditions. Solar disinfection of natural freshwater sources using a CPC type reactor shows the feasibility of eliminating the main microorganisms that cause gastrointestinal diseases, thus improving the quality of life of the rural community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly in courts, the source of forensic DNA trace evidence is not challenged by the defence. Instead, the issue relates to how the suspect's DNA got to the crime scene, suggesting it arrived via a legitimate activity. Many burglaries are committed using a new lock-picking method called 'foil impressioning', which involves inserting aluminium foil into the lock. When DNA is recovered from this foil, suspects will say that they only cut the foil and sell or discard it, to be used later in lock-picking by someone else. This study elucidates the probabilities of recovering DNA profiles from aluminium foil in three situations: (1) when a person only cuts the foil, (2) when they cut and then use it for lock-picking and (3) when they cut it and someone else uses it for lock-picking. Using a Bayesian network, we conclude that the probability of recovering a person's DNA profile from foil inside a picked lock is seven times higher if they picked the lock than if they only cut the foil. This study demonstrates how likelihood ratios based on probabilistic models of DNA transfer and persistence can now help the court address questions about the mode of deposition of DNA traces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The potential of Iris pseudacorus and Typha domingensis to remove the pharmaceutical active compound (PhAC) Furosemide from a nutrient solution was assessed. Both plants were exposed to 2 mg L−1 of furosemide during 21 days and the removal of furosemide was monitored. Vessels without furosemide were also implemented as control systems for plants development. Likewise, unplanted vessels with furosemide were employed to assess abiotic removal mechanisms. All vessels were covered with aluminum foil to avoid photodegradation of the compound. Both plants showed potential to remove Furosemide, attaining, at the end of the experiment, a removal of 42.0–66.9% and 40.5–57.8%, for Typha and Iris, respectively. The plants do not presented a visible negative stress response to the exposure to furosemide, having a positive growth rate at the end of the experiment. Biodegradation seems to play an important role in furosemide removal, being enhanced by the presence of the plants. The two macrophytes presented different removal behaviors, particularly in the first 48 h of contact time. FUR removal by Iris follows a pseudo-first order while by Typha is divide in different phases. These results indicate that different plants species seem to have different mechanisms to remove pollutants from water. PhACs removal potential of Iris pseudacorus and Typha domingensis was assessed. Plants were exposed to 2 mg L−1 of furosemide during 21 days. Both macrophytes showed good removal efficiencies. Biodegradation of furosemide seems to be the main removal mechanism. Plants demonstrated different removal behavior along the experiment. Removal mechanisms of plants seem to differ between species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sea bass was wrapped in aluminum foil, then baked, grilled, or pan-broiled at 200°C for 20 min to determine the possible effect of cooking conditions on aluminum leaching. Negligible increase (p >0.05) in aluminum concentration was observed after cooking. The use of different cooking methods did not result in different levels of aluminum leaching from the foil. The aluminum leaching in whole sea bass, mussels, and shrimp was compared with that of skinned/shelled samples after baking in foil, and no significant difference (p˃0.05) was determined between them. There was no barrier effect of skin or shell on aluminum leaching from aluminum foil during baking. For all trials, aluminum intake was well below the tolerable weekly intake value. The target hazard quotient (THQ) was below 1, indicating insignificant health risk. Negligible leaching of aluminum could be associated with the high-protein, non-acidic nature of seafood, as well as the absence of salt or organic acid during cooking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experimental program was conducted to measure the relative and absolute roughness of phenolic duct systems connected with a four-bolt flange and cleat joint. Ducts with seven distinct rectangular cross sections (internal aspect ratios) were investigated. In every instance, the duct material thickness was 7/8 in. (22 mm), with smooth aluminum foil covering the internal surface between flanges. For unreinforced phenolic ducts with 10 ft (3.0 m) sections connected by four-bolt flanges, the relative roughness ε/Dh ranged from 0.0002 to 0.0005, with an average value of 0.0003. For similar ducts having 5 ft (1.5 m) duct sections (double the number of flanges per test section), the relative roughness range and average doubled. It appears that the flanges are the dominant effect on relative roughness and that the ducts tested have about 1.5 to 2.8 times more absolute roughness than the average value for galvanized steel ducts described in the ASHRAE Handbook. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intermittent drying techniques for drying timber may provide various benefits by improving timber quality and addressing energy efficiency through saving in energy consumption. The purpose of this study was to compare two intermittent drying schedules applied in the treatment of Eucalyptus delegatensis boards, through assessing surface and internal check development, moisture content (MC) profiles during drying, and timber distortions at the end of drying. The study used identical conditions during the heating phase at 45°C/60% relative humidity (RH), except for RH during the nonheating phase (80 and 90%). The results, discussed in this paper, analyzed the timber quality during and at the end of drying. The different RH during the nonheating phase did not generate a significant difference in MC at the case boards between the two drying schedules. The assessed quality of timber at the end of drying was based on AS/NZS 4787:2001. MC gradient, drying stress residual, internal checking and collapse were graded as class "A" (class A is the highest grade and D is the lowest). Bow, cupping, and spring were under the permissible levels based on grading standard AS 2082–2007. Measured data were validated using Drytek® simulation software showing MC movement in case boards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The roll bonding technique is one of the most widely used methods to produce metal laminate sheets. Such sheets offer interesting research opportunities for both scientists and engineers. In this paper, we report on an experimental investigation of the ‘thickness effect’ during laminate rolling for the first time. Using a four-high multifunction rolling mill, Cu/Al/Cu laminate sheets were fabricated with a range of thicknesses (16, 40, 70 and 130 μm) of the Al layer. The thickness of the Cu sheets was a constant 300 μm. After rolling, TEM images show good bonding quality between the Cu and Al layers. However, there are many nanoscale pores in the Al layer. The fraction of nanoscale pores in the Al layer increases with a reduction in the Al layer thickness. The finite element method was used to simulate the Cu/Al/Cu rolling process. The simulation results reveal the effect of the Al layer thickness on the deformation characteristics of the Cu/Al/Cu laminate. Finally, we propose that the size effect of the Al layer thickness during Cu/Al/Cu laminate rolling may offer a method to fabricate ‘nanoporous’ Al sandwich laminate foils. Such foils can be used in electromagnetic shielding of electrical devices and noisy shielding of building. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminium is an omnipresent part of everyday life. It is widely used in industry and furthermore in products like cosmetics, sun creams or it can be applied for instance as aluminium foil by consumers during food preparation in households. However, over the last decades the toxicity of aluminium for humans has been heavily discussed and is still not completely clarified. Therefore, food aluminium concentrations were investigated in different untreated foodstuff as well as a possible aluminium transfer from aluminium foil to food. The results show that untreated food is not significantly contaminated. Furthermore, short time contact to aluminium foil increases the food aluminium concentration only marginally. Nevertheless, as soon as the food is in contact to aluminium foil and at the same time in contact with metals (alloys) with a higher standard electrode potential than aluminium (−1.66 V) high aluminium contaminations were observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The total interaction energies for a large number of water proton configurations in the unit cell of hydrate structure I consisting of 46 molecules are compared for qualitatively different water models, such as SPC/E, TIP4P, TIP5P, TIP 3f and AMOEBA. All calculations were carried out using the TINKER molecular modelling package. The Ewald summation method with metallic tin-foil boundary conditions is used to account for long-range electrostatic interactions. It was established that there is a high correlation between the energies calculated using the five water models (interaction potentials). The average correlation coefficient for all pairs of potentials is equal to 0.91. Analogous calculations were carried out to evaluate the consistency of the different water models with respect to a new property of the ice-like system: the hydrogen-bondreversal asymmetry. It was established that, for all water models, there is relatively high correlation between the energy differences for proton configurations with opposite direction of all hydrogen bonds. In this case, the average correlation coefficient is 0.77. Data for the TIP4P potential differ noticeably from the others, especially owing to the variation in the total interaction energy. The validity and usefulness of simple discrete models of inter-molecular interactions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A very compact cascade impactor with 2 L/min sampling flow rate has been developed. Its dimensions are 8.5 cm L x 5.0 cm W x 11.4 cm H, and it weighs 0.27 kg, with ten impaction stages with aerodynamic cutpoints in the range of 60 nm to 9.6 μm. The top eight stages, collecting particles down to 170 nm in aerodynamic diameter, can be used as a stand-alone impactor with a portable, battery-powered pump. Particle collection efficiencies were obtained with two types of commonly used substrates, aluminum foil and glass fiber filters. Impactor cutpoints with aluminum foil substrates agree well with conventional impactor theory. The efficiency curves are sharp with minimum overlap between them. Thus, the compact impactor design does not compromise its performance, making it suitable for general purpose applications where a lower sampling flow rate provides adequate mass collection. With glass fiber filter substrates, impactor cutpoints are smaller and the efficiency curves are less steep, in particular for the last stages. Also, the collection efficiency curves do not drop to near zero at small Stokes numbers. Instead, excess particle collection efficiency of around 10% is observed for the top six stages, and becomes higher for the last four stages. This is due to the collection of particles by filtration as the impinging jets penetrate the filter substrate. Thus, using glass fiber filter substrates should generally be avoided due to the non-ideal effect on the impactor collection efficiency curves, especially for the last two stages. Copyright © 2018 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

In this study, short-term prediction of aluminum foil thickness time-series data recorded during cold-rolling process was investigated. The locally projective nonlinear noise reduction was applied in order to improve the predictability of the time series. The higher-order statistics methods (bispectrum and bicoherence) were used to detect the nonlinearity. The embedding vectors with appropriate embedding dimension and time delay were obtained via the false nearest neighbors and mutual information methods, respectively. The maximum prediction horizon was determined depending on the maximal Lyapunov exponent. For various prediction horizons, the embedding vector and corresponding thickness value pairs were used as the dataset to assess the prediction performance of various machine learning algorithms (i.e., multilayer perceptron neural network, support vector machines with Pearson VII function-based kernel, and radial basis function network). The n-step ahead prediction outputs of the machine learning algorithms were globally combined with simple voting in favor of the one having minimum absolute error. The accuracy of our proposed method was compared with nonlinear autoregressive exogenous model for various thickness time-series data using mean absolute percentage error measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The dielectric constant, ε, of a dilute vapour can be estimated from the dielectric virial equation of state (VEOS), but the long-ranged nature of the electrostatic interactions complicates the evaluation of coefficients of this series. We propose a formulation of the second and third dielectric coefficients of a general non-polarisable molecular model that permits their reliable calculation using Mayer sampling Monte Carlo. We demonstrate for three models: dipolar hard spheres, dipolar Lennard–Jones, and TIP4P water. The coefficients are used to compute ε for each model as a function of density, which are compared to molecular-simulation data. The form of the VEOS relating ε to density depends on the dielectric constant ε′ of the embedding medium. Three choices are examined: vacuum (ε′ = 1), self-consistent (ε′ = ε) and tin foil (ε′ = ∞). The vacuum-boundary form is found to be unreliable, losing accuracy at low density and yielding divergent results for ε at moderate densities. In contrast, the series formulated using the tin-foil boundary produces accurate and stable values of ε for almost all conditions and models examined here, even when truncated at second order (which itself is shown to be a large improvement over the first-order Clausius–Mossotti–Debye formula). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On several substrates, including dried silver-coated filter paper, electro-polishing aluminum foils, and anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) nanometer array templates, surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of Azo Dye Sudan III molecules were studied, and high-quality SERS spectra were obtained, which indicated that electro-polishing aluminum foils and AAO nanometer array templates were also active SERS substrates. A number of additional modes were presented, as well as some split peaks, which were especially obvious on electro-polishing aluminum foil and AAO nanometer array template. The enhancement mechanisms were discussed and the enhancement factors G were calculated as 104, 106, and 105, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this activity, I show how high school students apply their knowledge of density to solve an unknown variable, such as thickness. Students leave this activity with a better understanding of density, the knowledge that density is a characteristic property of a given substance, and the ways density can be measured. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A computer-controlled mechanical chamber was used to perform multiple contacts between human cadaver skin or cotton sheet samples and soil-laden carpet or aluminum foil to measure mass soil transfer. The amount transferred was measured with an analytical balance. The contact parameters of pressure (10 to 50 kPa) and time (10 to 50 s) were varied for 760 separate multiple contact experiments, where two soil types (play sand and lawn soil) and two soil sizes (< 139.7 and ≥ 139.7 < 381 μm) were used. Through parametric and non-parametric tests, this article specifically looks at the influence and interaction of these experimental parameters on the transfer of soil or sand to human skin during multiple contacts. The relationships between the amount of soil or sand that transfers for a first contact, for a second contact, and overall are also presented. On average, a second contact added an additional 8% of soil or sand to the adherence material (i.e., cloth, skin). The experimental variables of pressure, time, soil size, and soil type had less influence on the magnitude of transfer for the second contact as compared to the first contact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A study was undertaken to examine the possibility of qualitative analysis of photocopy and laser printers toners by three different microscopic infrared spectrometry techniques: Diffuse Reflectance (DRIFTS), microscopic Attenuated Total Reflectance (μATR), and microscopic Reflection-Absorption (μRA), respectively, with a variety of reflecting media including mirrored slides, low emissive glass, or aluminum foil. Selection of the analysis technique can be made based on equipment availability, ease of sample preparation, speed of analysis, and importance of the original document to determine if a mildly destructive technique can be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aluminium foil is an important material in laminates and has wide application in food packaging. Its barrier function against the migration of moisture, oxygen and other gases, and volatile aroma, as well as against the impact of light is generally higher than any plastic laminate material. Therefore, aluminium foil is used in the laminates when insufficient barrier properties are the limiting factor for shelf-life stability of food. The barrier properties of aluminium-coated plastic laminates, which can offer an alternative to aluminium foil laminates, are somewhat less efficient. The use of aluminium foil in rigid, semirigid, and flexible package for in-pack thermal processing allows the selection of package geometries that ensure rapid heating and minimum heat damage during processing. On the tightness of packages, the mechanical stability and quality of sealing is of particular importance. The chemical stability of aluminium foil in contact with food depends on the composition of the food items. With present toxicological knowledge, the use of aluminium in packaging material is considered to be safe, and inner-coating of the foil is recommended in specific cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) is applied for the characterization and detection of fingerprints. In this case the possibility of surface imaging in various ions appears to be very interesting and useful. Experimental work was carried out using six types of surface (stainless steel, copper, brass, aluminium foil, glass, paper) on which fingerprints were placed. 'Natural' fingerprints and fingerprints polluted with Ni(NO3)2·6H2O, gunpowder residues and As2O3. were examined. The results suggest the possibility of relating the TOF-SIMS fingerprints to other evidence found at the crime scene, e.g. chemicals, beverages or gun shot residues discovered on the fingerprints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the effect on capacitance features of the solid state high performance polypyrrole capacitor with the chemically synthesized aluminum foil. Atomic force microscope (AFM) was used to analyze the surface structure of the chemically synthesized aluminum foil for the experiment and distribution of polypyrrole on the surface of the foil was observed and analyzed through scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy dispersive x-ray spectrometer (EDS). Finally, evaluation of electric performance was conducted so as to establish the parameters for the surface structure of the chemically synthesized foil with the best series capacitance features. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation experimentally studied the penetration curve of particles that impact on a sintered stainless-steel filter with various pore sizes, sampling flow rates and jet diameters. The penetration curves were compared to those with an aluminum foil substrate. Test data reveal that when the sintered stainless-steel filter has larger pore sizes (100 µm or 40 µm), the particle penetration, P(%), is lower and the curve is less steep than that obtained from the aluminum foil substrate. The penetration curve of the sintered stainless-steel filter with smaller pore size (5 µm) is close to that of the aluminum foil substrate. The dimensionless cutsize-shift (the ratio of the dimensionless cutsize of sintered stainless-steel filter to that of aluminum foil) falls as the pore sizes and the Reynolds number increase. Experimental data were then compared with theoretical results, and theory over-predicted the dimensionless cutsize-shift. Hence, a regression equation for the dimensionless cutsize-shift is proposed by fitting the experimental data. The discrepancy between the experimental data and the regression prediction is within 4%. The regression equation can be used to predict the dimensionless cutsize for the size-fractionated measurements of particles that impact on a sintered stainless-steel filter with various sized pores and Reynolds numbers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electron optical experiments on Al foils have revealed individual dislocations in the interior of the metal. The arrangement and movement of individual dislocations have been observed. Most of the dislocations occur in the boundaries of a substructure, the diameter of the subrains being of the order of 1&ThickSpace; μ or more. Tilt-boundaries, networks and disloca- tion nodes have been resolved. The results apply to aluminium recovered at 350°C after heavy deformation by beating; the dislocation density is 10 10 /cm 2 . The dislocations can be seen to move along traces of (111) slip planes; the motion of the dislocations can be either rapid or slow and jerky. Cross-slip by the screw dislocation mechanism has been observed frequently. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A series of disposable aluminium foil containers designed for cooking and packaging foods and available on the Italian market were investigated. Using different analytical techniques (near infrared (NIR), High Resolution Gas Chromatography (HRGC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS)), organic substances used as lubricants in the manufacturing of the containers were detected on the aluminium layer in contact with the food. These contaminants were not mineral hydrocarbon fractions used for the shaping of can lids and bodies, but had an organic structure identifiable as esters derived by synthesis between fatty acids C8 and C10 with glycerine, and between C16 and C18 with butyl alcohol. Mixtures of higher esters were also identified as contaminants. Twelve samples were analysed, and the total amount of contaminant substances was found to range from 900 to 1200&ThickSpace;µg&ThickSpace;dm -2 . It is recommended, for safety and compliance with European Community (EC) Regulation No. 1935/2004 (27 October 2004), that the use of aluminium foil containers be subject to appropriate regulation concerning substances adopted for technological purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work seeks a suitable silane coupling agent for the bonding of poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) to aluminum surfaces. Candidate silanes are selected on the basis of the thermodynamic compatibility of the organofunctional group of the silane with the polymer, as expressed by the (negative) Gibbs free energy of mixing for equimolar pseudo-solutions of the organofunctional group of the silane and the repeat units of the polymer, (-ΔGm0.5). The latter is calculated using the group contribution modified UNIFAC (Dortmund) method. Samples prepared with polymer bonded to silane-modified aluminum surfaces are investigated using a 90-degree peel test. An aromatic sulfide silane is predicted both to yield optimum compatibility with the polymer and is found to produce a 12-fold enhancement of adhesion (the maximum among the systems tested) over the case in which the aluminum substrate was untreated. The extent of the correlation between the compatibility parameter and the measured practical adhesion, however, is limited by several factors, including the unavailability of a wide range of candidate silanes and the incompleteness of the current UNIFAC parameter database. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuous fiber composite/metal laminates (FMLs) offer significant improvements over currently available composite materials for aircraft structures due to their excellent fatigue endurance and low density. Glass fiber–epoxy composite laminae and aluminum foil (GLARE) are commonly used to obtain these hybrid laminates. In this work, FMLs were produced by treating the aluminum foil to promote adhesion bonding by two methods: sulphuric chromic acid etching (SCAE) and chromic acid anodization (CAA). The surface treatments were evaluated by contact angle, roughness and scanning electron microscopy techniques. In order to compare different families of fiber composite/metal laminates, carbon fiber and glass fiber fabrics were used as reinforcements for the hybrid laminates. The adhesion of the hybrid laminates was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and three-point bending test. CAA resulted in better wetting properties. The interlaminar shear strength results for both carbon fiber-epoxy/metal and glass fiber-epoxy metal, were close to the interlaminar shear strength results found in the literature (approx. 40.0 MPa). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A simple sampling technique was developed for the impurity substances analysis in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU). The sample of impurity substances was cut from the TPU and was interposed between the aluminum foil and a Teflon sheet. Thermal pressing was performed for ca. 10 s at 240°C. The Teflon sheet was removed from the sample pressed on the aluminum foil. The pressed sample could be directly analyzed by the microscopy-FTIR with reflection measurement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Five methods for estimating the surface areas of river rocks were compared. True surface area was assumed to be estimated most accurately by wrapping the rock in a single layer of aluminum foil. Foil weight and tracing methods provided the closest estimates of true area. A volume displacement method was a poor estimator of area. A caliper method always underestimated true area, although the caliper method was fastest and could be completed in situ. Predictive relationships were established between true area and caliper method estimates for rocks from two rivers with distinctly different rocky substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses a study that developed a novel process for synthesizing highly active mesoporous alumina catalysts from aluminium foil waste. Researchers at Queen's University Belfast in Northern Ireland created foil-derived catalysts which are said to offer better surface and bulk characteristics than commercial alumina in terms of surface structure and surface acidity. They are exploring the use of the catalysts in the catalytic converters of natural gas vehicles.

Reactions between Al containing materials and counterfeit refrigerant chloromethane (R-40) were investigated under various conditions. The addition of Mg effected a reaction indicating that trimethylaluminum may have been produced in the reaction. A different study involving Al-foil, AlCl3 and chloromethane resulted in cracks detected on the Al-foil which reduced in weight by 19% and methane was detected. Studies conducted either at room temperature or at 80°C with two other genuine refrigerants, R-142b (1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane) and R-133a (2-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoroethane) did not form organoaluminum compounds. Several commercially available refrigerant oils were subjected to Me3Al. Only polyester oil resulted in a decrease in the quantity of methane released upon final deactivation with alcohol. Various chemicals were added to Me3Al in order to find which ones would react and not produce methane. Phthalaldehyde was determined to be the most efficient reagent by deactivating approximately 50% of the methyl groups on Me3Al. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the diverse uses for aluminum foil. Data from the European Aluminum Foil Association indicate the percentage of use and production of the material for packaging, household and technical applications. Description also shows the process for obtaining the thinnest kind of aluminum oil. It refers to formability and hygiene as the two properties of aluminum foil that are often taken for granted. It also affirms aluminum as a recyclable material without loss of quality.